Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials (2020) 3:530–540

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-020-00179-9

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Study on the effects of fibre volume percentage

on banana-reinforced epoxy composite by finite element method
Upendra Sharan Gupta 1 & Mohit Dhamarikar 1 & Amit Dharkar 1 & Sudhir Tiwari 2 & Rejeev Namdeo 3

Received: 4 May 2020 / Revised: 26 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 / Published online: 26 September 2020
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Abstract
Researchers and engineers have shifted their interest from synthetic fibres to natural fibres. These fibres are not only light weight
and high-strength materials but are also more economical than the conventional synthetic fibres. Moreover, the natural fibres are
eco-friendly and biodegradable. Banana fibre is a bi-product of banana fruit cultivation and hence abundant in nature. Banana
fibre being one of the strongest natural fibres can be used for different applications when reinforced with some binding resin.
Epoxy resin has excellent binding properties and is thus suitable matrix for composite formation. As it has been widely discussed
in previous studies that fibre loading or fibre volume fraction affects mechanical strengths and properties of natural fibre-
reinforced composite, this study is aimed finding the relation between the fibre volume percentage and the load-bearing capacity
of banana fibre-reinforced epoxy composite material by data-driven decision method. In the finite element analysis conducted on
the banana-epoxy composite, it has been seen that the composite bear maximum tensile load of up to 7956 N, flexural load of up
to 411 N and has hardness of up to 167.28. On the basis of this study, it can be said that due to excellent load-bearing properties,
banana-epoxy composite can be used for various medium to high-load industrial applications. The following paper also proposes
an analytical relation based on the regression model superposition of the results of tensile, flexural and hardness test simulation
conducted by finite element analysis software ANSYS 16.0 which was prepared on Minitab 19 software.

Keywords Natural fibre . Banana fibre-reinforced epoxy composite . Finite element analysis

1 Introduction
Natural fibre are plant-derived fibres such as banana fibre,
wood, sisal, hemp, coconut, cotton, kenaf, flax, jute, abaca,
bamboo and wheat straw [1]. These fibres when reinforced
with plastic binder form a hard composite material. The de-
velopment of synthetic fibres was seen as a better alternative
to the conventional forms of materials such as steel and alu-
minium. The synthetic fibres are stronger as compared with
steel and even lighter than aluminium. The natural fibre com-
posites being comparatively less strong have strength up to
* Upendra Sharan Gupta
upendrasharangupta@gmail.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth
Vishwavidyalaya, Indore 453111, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Govindram Sakseria
Institute of Technology and Sciences, Indore 452003, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Vaishnav Polytechnic
College, Indore 452002, India
70% of that of steel but are even lighter as compared with the
synthetic fibre alternatives [2, 3]. Moreover, natural fibre is
abundant in nature and thus is very much economical than the
synthetic fibres [4, 5]. Most importantly natural fibre compos-
ites are green materials. These materials are biodegradable in
nature and thus cause no pollution. Also, these materials are
seen as an opportunity to convert agricultural bio-waste to an
industrial commodity. These characteristics of natural fibre
are drawing the attention of researchers and engineers [6, 7].
Banana fibre is a type of bast fibre obtained by the process-
ing of bark of banana tree. After the cultivation of banana fruit
in one season, the banana trees become useless; these banana
trees are now nothing but a bio-waste, and cutting down of
these trees becomes very essential for cultivation of new crop.
These cut down banana trees are easily dried and can be proc-
essed at minimal cost to convert it to raw banana fibre [8].
Banana fibre being lignocellulosic fibre has various advan-
tages such as high low elongation at break, light weight, good
fire resistance quality, strong moisture absorption quality, low
density, high tensile strength and modulus. These qualities
make them a very sought for material for automobile and
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
Fig. 1 Tensile test specimen as per ASTM D638
aerospace industries [9, 10]. However, the properties of fibre
composite have been seen to be dependent on factors such as
moisture absorption, interfacial adhesion, porosity, compati-
bility between fibre and matrix [11]. In other studies conduct-
ed, physical specifications such as fibre bundle width, orien-
tation, layering pattern, fibre loading or fibre volume/weight
fraction were found to influence the mechanical characteristics
of fibre-reinforced composites [12–14]. It has been seen that
the various strengths and properties of composite are highly
dependent on either weight fraction or volume fraction of the
resin that has been added [15–18]. Laly Pothan et al. [19]
studied that increasing the volume fraction of banana fibre
up to a certain limit in composite improves the stress-strain
characteristics of fibre-reinforced composites.
Finite element analysis is a process of solving engineering
problems in which a 3D model of a specimen is disintegrated
into finite amount of very small elements using a finite ele-
ment analysis (FEA) software. Various mesh shapes can be
chosen according to the surface structure of the specimen. The
results of the analysis are calculated at the nodes of the mesh.
It is seen in the results of the literatures that the FEA model
was very close to the results obtained in the experimental test,
and hence FEA model can be effectively used to study the
mechanical behaviour of natural fibre composites when there
is symmetry and regularity of fibre positioning in actual com-
posite [17, 20–22].
Fig. 2 Flexural test specimen as per ASTM D790
531
Vishnu Prasad et al. [15] conducted fine element analysis
on Banana-Jute-reinforced hybrid polymer matrix. The com-
posite specimens are prepared with varying cashew nut shell
liquid (CNSL) % from 5 to 40%. 3D model of specimens was
prepared using modelling software. The specimen of different
geometries was subjected to tensile test both experimentally
and by finite element analysis (FEA). The maximum load
versus % CNSL characteristics of specimen with varying
composition was plotted.
Ravi Tumkur Suryavanshi et al. [16] conducted the FEA in
order to determine the stress intensity factor of banana fibre
hybrid composite. Hand lay-up method was used for the prep-
aration of banana-cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The spec-
imen was fabricated according to ASTM D5045 of dimen-
sions 96.5 × 22 × 5.5 mm. For finite element analysis, 3D
model of specimen was created using modelling software,
and the test conditions were simulated on the finite element
analysis (FEA) software. It is seen that with the increase in
amount of CNSL, the fracture toughness of the composite
decreases and the sample with 5% CNSL gives optimum
stress intensity factor.
Leandro José da Silva et al. [17] conducted the experimen-
tal and numerical analysis natural fibres reinforced
biocomposites. The composites of banana and sisal respec-
tively were prepared and were used to carry out tensile test
and scanning electron microscopy. 3D and 2D models of
532
Table 1 Failure strengths of various composites
Volume % of banana fibre in composite Failure strength (MPa)
10 125.58
20 194.07
30 264.9
40 334.63
50 402.73
specimen were prepared on modelling software and were sub-
jected to same testing conditions. The finite element analysis
(FEA) results complied with the experimental results, and
hence it was concluded that finite element method (FEM)
can be used for estimation of mechanical behaviour of natural
fibre composite when there is symmetry and regularity of fibre
positioning in actual composite.
P. Shashi Shankar et al. [18] determined the mechanical
characteristics of banana-reinforced epoxy composite. In or-
der to study, the specimens of varying fibre volume fraction
were fabricated respectively as per the ASTM standards of
specific test. The specimen was subjected to Charpy impact,
flexural and tensile test. Assuming unidirectional fibre orien-
tation, 3D model of specimen was prepared. The comparison
between the results of both FEA and experimental tests was
carried out.
M. Rajesh et al. [20] studied the results of FEA of banana/
coir-reinforced hybrid composite. The model of dimensions
100 × 100 × 10 mm was prepared with composition of coir-
reinforced epoxy, banana-reinforced epoxy and coir-banana-
reinforced epoxy composite. The experimental and finite ele-
ment analysis results were compared which seemed to comply
with each other. It was concluded by the finite element anal-
ysis that it is possible to reduce stress concentration by in-
creasing fibre percentage and also the slight variation in ex-
perimental and FEM values is due to negligence of some
phenomenon such as porosity, anisotropy and interphase
properties.
T. Hariprasad et al. [21] studied the characteristics of coir-
banana hybrid composite material using experimental and fi-
nite element method. The banana- and coir-reinforced epoxy
Table 2 Results of tensile test
Volume % of banana fibre in
composite
10
20
30
40
50
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
Fig. 3 Maximum equivalent stress for tensile test by FEM
composites were prepared by hand lay-up method and further
chemically treated. The specimens as per the ASTM standard
dimensions for impact, flexural and tensile test were prepared.
For the finite element analysis (FEA) study, the specimen
models were prepared using modelling software, and the re-
sults of tests were simulated on ANSYS 11.0. It was conclud-
ed that tensile and impact strengths banana and coir fibres
increased, while the flexural strength decreased on alkali treat-
ment of composite. Also, the FEA results were close to the
experimental results; hence, finite element method (FEM) can
employ to predict the mechanical characteristics of fibre
composites.
Shivanshu Dixit et al. [23] conducted finite element analy-
sis on fibre-reinforced composite and studied their character-
istics. The specimens were prepared using five different types
of fibre preparing twenty-five different combinations of them.
The specimen was designed on ANSYS-MECHANICAL
ADPL software for testing its mechanical properties. The de-
sign element was chosen to be 3D 4shell 181; the mechanical
properties were chosen as linear isentropic. A 200 kN point
load was applied on 17 nodes in perpendicular direction. The
fibre orientation angle were taken as 0, 45, 90 and − 45. The
specimen dimensions were 200 mm × 20 mm; the thickness
was 0.2 mm/layer with 5 such layers. The composites were
compared on the basis of x, y, z direction deformations, x, y, z
components of rotation and x, y direction stress.
Maximum load-bearing Maximum allowable Max. deformation
capacity (N) stress (MPa) (mm)
980 125.58 0.4003
2048 194.07 0.6067
3600 264.9 0.8308
5580 334.63 1.0529
7956 402.73 1.2693
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
Fig. 4 Deformation of tensile test by FEM
Mario D. Monẑon et al. [24] attempted to analyse and sim-
ulate the behaviour of woven banana fibre-reinforced compos-
ite. The specimens of respective ISO dimensions of tests were
prepared. For the purpose of simulation, 3D dimensional mod-
el of specimen was prepared. Simulated results were com-
pared with the numerical model results that are obtained by
experimental tests, and all three models showed very less var-
iance in properties; thus, the models are considered reliable.
Manickam Ramesh et al. [25] studied the mechanical be-
haviour of banana-carbon hybrid composite. The specimens
were fabricated complying with respective ASTM standards
for tensile, flexural, impact and water intake test. For finite
element analysis ANSYS 15.0 was used. The general trends in
the experimental results were observed, and the results were
compared with that of finite element analysis (FEA). It was
seen that that both models are very close to each other, and
hence, FEA can be trusted to study the mechanical behaviour
of such composites.
M. Ramesh et al. [26] studied the morphological and me-
chanical properties of glass-flax hybrid composite using FEA.
Hand lay-up method was employed for the composite prepa-
ration. The specimens were prepared as per the respective
ASTM standards of impact, flexural and tensile test. The finite
element analysis (FEA) model was prepared and analysed on
Fig. 5 Graph showing percentage of fibre vs ultimate tensile load from P.
Shashi Shankar et al. [18]
533
Fig. 6 Graph showing experimental and theoretical tensile strength from
V. Santhanam et al. [36]
ANSYS 12.0. The trends in experimental results were ob-
served, and fibre with maximum strength was pointed out.
The experimental studies also seemed to verify the FEA re-
sults; thus, finite element analysis model shall be considered
reliable.
Vishnu Prasad et al. [27] analysed the mechanical behav-
iour of polymer matrix reinforced with jute fibre composite
using FEM. The jute-cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) compos-
ite was prepared by employing hand lay-up method. Tensile
test of specimen was conducted using INSTRON machine.
The finite element analysis of model was carried out using
ANSYS. The load vs deformation and load vs % CNSL char-
acteristics of varying CNSL percentage composites are
plotted.
M. Ramesh et al. [28] perform finite element analysis on
glass-kenaf fibre-reinforced polymer composite to evaluate
the mechanical behaviour. Hand lay-up method was
employed for the preparation of composites. The specimens
were prepared as per the standard ASTM dimensions of im-
pact, flexural and tensile test. The finite element analysis
(FEA) was conducted on NX NASTRAN 9.0 software. It
was observed that both experimental and finite element anal-
ysis (FEA) models predicted the mechanical behaviour of
composite quite precisely, and hence, finite element analysis
(FEA) model shall be considered reliable.
Adewale George Adeniyi et al. [29] attempted the multi-
scale FEA of sisal fibre-reinforced polystyrene composite.
The specimens of 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight of fibre were
534 Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540

Fig. 7 Graph plotting the

variation of maximum bearable
load with % volume of banana
fibre for tensile test

prepared by hand-operated injection moulding machine. The
finite element method (FEM) modelling was done on
ABAQUS 6.14. The model was prepared using 3D represen-
tation technique. Various curves of fibre loading vs transverse
modulus/Poisson’s ratio/longitudinal modulus were plotted.
Siva Bhaskara Rao Devireddy et al. [30] studied the effects
of representative volume element and fibre geometry on ther-
mal and elastic properties of unidirectional fibre-reinforced
composites. The composite model was prepared on ANSYS
using representative volume element (RVE) model. The curve
of fibre loading vs longitudinal modulus/Poisson’s ratio/
transverse modulus/in plane shear modulus were plotted and
studied. Also curves were plotted to discuss the effects of
volume fraction on thermal conductivity.
K. Balasubramanian et al. [31] analysed the mechanical
characteristics of natural fibre composites by experimental
and finite element method. Hand lay-up method was
employed for the preparation of composites. The specimens
were prepared as per the standard ASTM dimensions of im-
pact and tensile test. The finite element analysis of 3D models
of specimen was carried out using ANSYS software. The
experimental and finite element method (FEM) models were
compared which came to be in fair agreement with each other
thus validating finite element analysis (FEA) model as suit-
able for study of mechanical characteristics of composite
material.
2 Materials and methodology
The E-B-E-B-E stacking sequence was used in compos-
ite due its good binding nature because of directly

Fig. 8 Graph plotting the

variation of maximum
deformation under tension with
percentage volume of banana
fibre
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
Table 3 Results of flexural test
Volume % of banana fibre in Maximum load-bearing
composite capacity (N)
10 90
20 151
30 218
40 305
50 411
binding to 4 sides of fibre layer thus enabling more
contact area as compared with E-B-E composite where
only two sides are in contact for a large bundle. The
composite model was prepared in E-B-E-B-E (E-epoxy,
B-banana) stacking, and the fibre orientation is 0 . The
thickness of each layer is calculated according to total
thickness × volume fraction/no. of layers (i.e. 3 layers
of epoxy and 2 layers banana). The specimen models
with volume fraction of banana fibre 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and 50% were prepared on PTC CREO 5.0
Parametric software. The tensile test was conducted as
per the ASTM D638 (Fig. 1), and the specimen dimen-
sions were 145 × 20 × 4 mm. The flexural test was con-
ducted as per the ASTM D790 (Fig. 2), and the speci-
men dimensions were 60 × 10 × 4 mm. The modelling
was done on CREO 5.0 Parametric, and the analysis
was conducted on FEA software ANSYS 16.0. The
Brinell hardness test was performed on the sample of
dimensions 20 × 20 × 6 mm.
3 Theoretical modelling
For the analysis of banana-epoxy composite, the parallel layer
composite is prepared. Both of them, fibre and the epoxy,
have very different strength properties. So, the overall strength
of the composite (E-B-E-B-E) is determined with the help of
the rule of parallel mixture taking the strength of raw banana
Fig. 9 Maximum equivalent stress in Flexural test by FEM
535
Maximum allowable Max. deformation
stress (MPa) (mm)
125.58 1.633
194.07 2.178
264.9 2.256
334.63 2.873
402.73 3.118
fibre as 750 MPa and strength of epoxy as 54.6 MPa [32, 33].
According to this the tensile strength of the fibre composite is
given by the equation (1), where, Sc is failure strength of
composite, Vf is volume fraction fibre, Sf is strength of fibre,
Sm is strength of matrix and Vm is volume fraction of matrix
(Table 1).
Halpin-Tsai Formula: S c ¼ S f  …V f þ S m  V m ð1Þ
4 Result and discussion
4.1 Tensile test
The results obtained from the tensile test of various specimens
having different volume percentage of banana fibre ranging
from 10 to 50% were determined and tabulated below
(Table 2). The maximum load-bearing capacity and the max-
imum deformation under tensile loading on the aforemen-
tioned specimen were calculated, and the trend was plotted
on the graph in order to validate the trend with that of previous
researches. The specimen with 50% fibre loading of banana
fibre was found to bear the maximum load of 7956 N along
with maximum deformation of 1.2693 mm (Fig. 3), while the
minimum bearable load and deformation values of 980 N and
0.4003 mm were obtained for specimen with 10% volume of
banana fibre specimen (Fig. 4). The trend of increasing load-
bearing capacity under tension on increasing the fibre loading
Fig. 10 Deformation in flexural test by FEM
536
Fig. 11 Graph showing percentage of fibre v/s Flexural load P. Shashi
Shankar et al. [18]
can be confirmed from P. Shashi Shankar et al. [18] where
experiment shows that the tensile load increases when the
fibre loading is increased from 5 to 20%, the increase in tensile
property on increase in fibre volume percentage or fibre load-
ing is in accordance with Halpin-Tsai model and can be con-
firmed from Khulsairy et al. [34] and Ramesh et al. [35].
Figures 5 and 6 show graphs from Shankar et al. [18] and
Santhanam et al. [36] where the increase of tensile strength
on increasing fibre volume percent or fibre volume fraction
can be clearly seen for banana-epoxy composite; thus the re-
sults of finite element analysis conducted in this study are in
compliance with these previous studies.
The results of the tensile test were plotted on the graph
using Minitab 19 software, and the points were fitted on a
regression curve as seen in Figs. 7 and 8. It was observed
that the load-bearing capacity in tension vs percentage
volume of banana fibre curve followed an exact quadratic
curve of equation:
Fig. 12 Graph plotting the
variation of maximum bearable
load with percentage volume of
banana fibre for flexural test
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
P ¼ 309:6 þ 44:38  V þ 2:174  V2 ð2Þ
where P is the load-bearing capacity of specimen under
tension (in N) and V is the volume percentage of banana
fibre (%).
Similarly, when the results of maximum deformation for
each specimen was plotted against percentage volume of fibre
on a regression model using Minitab 19 software, a linear
relation was obtained between the quantities which can be
given as follows:
δmax ¼ 0:1767 þ 0:02184  V ð3Þ
where δmax is the maximum deformation observed on appli-
cation of tensile load (mm) and V is the volume percentage of
banana fibre (%).
4.2 Flexural test
The flexural tests results of various specimens having different
volume percentage of banana fibre ranging from 10 to 50% are
tabulated below (Table 3). In addition, the maximum load before
its failure and the maximum deformation in flexural loading on
various specimens were compared using the regression plots
(Fig. 9). It was observed that the minimum flexural strength is
shown by the specimen having 10% volume of banana fibre
which is gradually increased as the volume percentage of banana
fibre increased. The maximum bearable load of 411 N was found
in specimen with 50% volume of banana fibre with maximum
deformation of 3.118 mm, while the minimum load-bearing ca-
pacity and deformation values of 90 N and 1.633 mm were
obtained for specimen with 10% volume of banana fibre in com-
posite (Fig. 10). The trend of increasing load-bearing capacity
under 3-point bending condition on increasing the fibre loading
can be confirmed from P. Shashi Shankar et al. [18] where
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540 537

Fig. 13 Graph plotting the

variation of maximum
deformation under flexural
loading with percentage volume
of banana fibre

experiment shows that the flexural load increases when the fibre
loading is increased from 5 to 20%, the increase in flexural
strength on increase in fibre volume percentage or fibre loading
is in accordance with Halpin-Tsai model and can be confirmed
from Khulsairy et al. [34] and Ramesh et al. [35]. Figure 11
shows graph from Shankar et al. [18] showing increasing flexural
strength on increase in percentage of banana fibre volume which
is seen in our results too.
The results of the flexural test were plotted on the graph
using Minitab 19 software, and the points were fitted on a
regression curve as seen in Figs. 12 and 13. It was observed
that the load-bearing capacity under flexural load vs percent-
age volume of banana fibre curve followed an exact quadratic
curve of equation:
P ¼ 51:20 þ 3:246  V þ 0:07857  V2
where P is the load-bearing capacity of specimen under 3-
point flexural bending condition (in N) and V is the volume
percentage of banana Fibre (%).
Similarly, when the results of maximum deformation in
bending for each specimen was plotted against percentage
volume of fibre on a regression model using Minitab 19 soft-
ware, a quadratic relation was obtained between the quantities
which can be given as follows:
δmax ¼ 1:036 þ 0:06558  V þ 0:07857  V2 ð5Þ
where δmax is the maximum deformation in flexural test (mm)
and V is the volume percentage of banana fibre (%).
4.3 Hardness test
The results obtained from the Brinell hardness test of various
specimens having different volume percentage of banana fibre
ranging from 10 to 50% are tabulated below (Table 4). In
addition, the Brinell hardness number of various specimens
was compared using the regression plot. The maximum
Brinell hardness number of 167.278 was seen in 50% volume
of banana fibre specimen, and the minimum Brinell hardness
ð4Þ number of 95.085 was seen in specimen of 10% volume of
banana fibre in composite (Fig. 14). The results seems to be
very arguable since fibre composites are seen as hard mate-
rials, and increasing fibre percentage up to 50% usually en-
hances the overall mechanical strengths of the composites and
so does the hardness; hence, the results seem very reliable.
Also, the Brinell hardness values when plotted against per-
centage volume of fibre tend to follow a quadratic relation as
shown below (Fig. 15):
BHN ¼ 95:60 þ 0:3554  V þ 0:03588  V2 ð6Þ

Table 4 Results of Brinell hardness test where BHN is the Brinell hardness number and V is the vol-
ume percentage of banana fibre (%).
Volume % of banana fibre in composite Brinell hardness number

10 95.085
20 104.715 5 Conclusion
30 114.864
40 140.054 The present study was aimed to find an analytical rela-
50 167.278 tion between fibre volume percentage and various me-
chanical properties using data-driven decision method.
538
Fig. 14 Brinell hardness test
simulation by finite element
method
The mechanical tests were done using finite element
analysis, and the results of the test were validated from
the previous studies which were found to be in compli-
ance with each other thus proving the reliability of the
results. Following inferences were derived from the
study:
& Increasing of banana fibre loading in the banana-epoxy
composite grove the flexural as well as the tensile strength
of the composite until the fibre percentage reaches 50%
after which the strength starts to decrease which is evident
from the finite element analysis and previous results.
& Brinell hardness of the composite also increases along
with increase in banana fibre volume percentage up to
50%.
& The maximum load-bearing capacity under tension has
been found out to be 7956 N with deformation of
1.2693 mm.
& Maximum flexural load-bearing capacity of fibre investi-
gated by finite element method has been found out to be
411 N along with deformation of 3.118 mm.
Fig. 15 Graph plotting variation
of Brinell hardness number with
percentage of banana fibre
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
& Load-bearing capacity under tension seems to follow a
quadratic relation with the percentage volume fraction of
fibre by the regression model.
& The maximum deformation observed under tensile load-
ing of specimen is linearly dependent on the volume % of
banana fibre by the regression model.
& Both flexural load-bearing capacity and maximum
deformation have been found to be quadratically de-
pendent on fibre volume percentage by the regres-
sion model.
& Similarly, Brinell hardness has also been found to have
quadratic dependency on volume fraction of fibre by the
regression model.
Excellent load-bearing characteristics make banana
fibre-reinforced composite suitable for average load util-
ities. The trends observed in the properties can used to
study and optimize the properties of composite materials
for future scope. The results seem to be compliant with
previous studies done; however, experimental validation
of this model shall be a future research avenue.
Adv Compos Hybrid Mater (2020) 3:530–540
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
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