Energetics Prepared by: Kacy-Ann Brown

Objectives
1. state the chemical reactions take place through energy changes
associated with the breaking and making of bonds;
2. explain the differences between exothermic and endothermic
reactions using energy profile diagrams;
3. explain the term ‘bond energy’;
4. explain how bond energy data may be used to show the relationship
between strength of covalent bonds and reactivity of covalent
molecules;
5. explain the effect of ionic charge and radius on the magnitude of
lattice energy;
6. state Hess’ law of constant heat summation.
 Energy
Particles have two main types of energy:
1.Potential energy is the energy due to the position of  the
particles. The closer two attracting particles are to each
other, the lower the potential energy.
2.Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the movement
of particles.
Energy has to be absorbed to separate particles from each
other. The heat content is the total amount of energy
(potential and kinetic) in chemicals.
What is Energetics?
Energetics is the study of energy changes associated
with chemical reactions.

Thermochemistry is the study of heat changes associated

with chemical reactions.
Enthalpy vs Enthalpy change

Enthalpy(H) = heat content in a substance

Enthalpy change(ΔH)
= heat content of products - heat content of reactants
= Hp - Hr
Internal Energy and Enthalpy
e.g. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Heat change at = Change in internal Work done on the

energy +
constant pressure surroundings
(Heat change at
Enthalpy change constant volume)
Exothermic Reactions

An exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases

heat energy to the surroundings. (ΔH = -ve)
Endothermic Reactions

An endothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs

heat energy from the surroundings. (ΔH = +ve)
 Enthalpy Changes Related to Breaking and
Forming of Bonds

e.g. CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O

In an exothermic reaction, the energy required in breaking the bonds

in the reactants is less than the energy released in forming the bonds
in the products (products contain stronger bonds).
Enthalpy Changes Related to Breaking and
Forming of Bonds

In an endothermic reaction, the energy required in breaking the bonds

in the reactants is more than the energy released in forming the bonds
in the products (reactants contain stronger bonds).
Bond Energy
Bond energy is the amount of energy needed to break one
mole of a particular bond in one mole of gaseous molecules.
This is also called bond dissociation energy. The symbol for
bond energy is E. The type of bond broken is put after this
symbol.
Example
The units of bond energy are kJ mol–1. So E(C=C) = +610 kJ
mol–1 refers to the energy required to break a C=C double
bond
Using Bond Energy to
calculate enthalpy change
Enthalpy changes can be calculated from bond
energies. The bond energy is the energy absorbed
when a bond is broken or the energy evolved when
a bond is formed.
The overall change in energy for bond breaking and
bond forming is calculated as the enthalpy change
for the reaction.
The are two ways to use the bond energy to
calculate enthalpy change.
Using Bond Energy – Method 1
Bond Energies
 Standard Enthalpy Changes
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = -802 kJ mol-1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -890 kJ mol-1
As enthalpy changes depend on temperature and pressure,
chemists find it convenient to report enthalpy changes based
on an internationally agreed set standard conditions:
1. elements or compounds in their normal physical states;
2. a pressure of 1 atm (101325 Nm-2); and
3. a temperature of 250C (298 K)

ø
Enthalpy change under standard conditions denoted by symbol: ΔH
 Standard Enthalpy Change of Neutralization

ø
The standard enthalpy change of neutralization (ΔHneut) is the
enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed from the
neutralization of an acid by an alkali under standard conditions.

e.g. H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) ΔHneut = -57.3 kJ mol-1

ø
e.g. The standard enthalpy change of neutralization between
HNO3 and NaOH is -57.3 kJ mol-1
e.g. The standard enthalpy change of neutralization between
HCl and NaOH is -57.1 kJ mol-1
Standard Enthalpy Changes of Neutralization

Acid Alkali ΔHneu

ø
HCl NaOH -57.1
HCl KOH -57.2
HCl NH3 -52.2
HF NaOH -68.6

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

 Standard Enthalpy Change of Solution

The standard enthalpy change of solution (ΔHsoln) is the enthalpy

ø
change when one mole of a solute is dissolved to form an
infinitely dilute solution under standard conditions.

e.g. NaCl(s) + water → Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq) ΔHsoln=+3.9 kJ mol-1

ø
e.g. LiCl(s) + water → Li+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ΔHsoln=-37.2 kJ mol-1

ø
Note that enthalpy changes of solution associate
with physical changes.
Standard Enthalpy Changes of solution

Salt ΔHsoln(kJ mol-1)

ø
NaOH -44.7
NaCl +3.9
KOH -57.8
KBr +20.0
6.3

Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation

The standard enthalpy change of formation (ΔHf) is the enthalpy

ø
change of the reaction when one mole of the compound in its
standard state is formed from its constituent elements under
standard conditions.

ΔH = -822 kJ mol-1

ø
e.g. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
ΔHf = -411 kJ mol-1

ø
Na(s) + ½Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)
1 mole

Standard enthalpy change of formation of NaCl is -411 kJ mol-1.

Standard Enthalpy Changes of Reactions

What is ΔHf [N2(g)] ?

ø
N2(g) → N2(g)

ΔHf [N2(g)] = 0
ø

The enthalpy change of formation of an element

is always zero.
 Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion
e.g. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) ΔH1 = -2220 kJ
2C3H8(g) + 10O2(g) →6CO2(g) + 8H2O(l) ΔH2 = ?
ΔH2 = -4440 kJ
⇒ It is more convenient to report enthalpy changes
per mole of the main reactant reacted/product formed.
 Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion

ø
The standard enthalpy change of combustion (ΔHc) of a substance is
the enthalpy change when one mole of the substance burns
completely under standard conditions.

e.g. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

ΔHc = -2220 kJ mol-1 1 mole
ø

The standard enthalpy change of combustion

of propane is -2220 kJ mol-1
Standard Enthalpy Changes of Reactions

Substance ΔHc (kJ mol-1)

ø
H2(g) -285.8
C (diamond) -395.4
C (graphite) -393.5
CO(g) -283.0
CH4(g) -890.4
Experimental Determination of Enthalpy
Changes by Calorimetry
Calorimeter = a container used for measuring the
temperature change of solution
Determination of Enthalpy Change of Neutralization
Calculations
Heat evolved = (m1c1 + m2c2) ΔT
Where
m1 is the mass of the solution,
m2 is the mass of calorimeter,
c1 is the specific heat capacity of the solution,
c2 is the specific heat capacity of calorimeter,
Δ T is the temperature change of the reaction.
Determination of Enthalpy Change of Combustion
Hess’s Law
Route 1
A+B C+D
ΔH1
ΔH2 ΔH3
E
ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3
Route 2

Hess’s Law states that the total enthalpy change

accompanying a chemical reaction is independent of
the route by which the chemical reaction takes place.

Why?
 6.5 Hess’s Law (p. 158)

Importance of Hess’s Law

The enthalpy change of some chemical reactions
cannot be determined directly because:
the reactions cannot be performed in the laboratory
the reaction rates are too slow
the reactions may involve the formation of side
products

But the enthalpy change of such reactions can be

determined indirectly by applying Hess’s Law.
Enthalpy Change of Formation of CO(g)
Given: ΔHf [CO2(g)] = -393.5 kJ mol-1; ΔHc [CO(g)] = -283.0 kJ mol-1
ø

ø
ΔHf [CO(g)]

ø
C(graphite) + ½O2(g) CO(g)

+ ½O2(g) + ½O2(g)
ΔH1 ΔH2
CO2(g)
ΔHf [CO(g)] + ΔH2 = ΔH1
ø

ΔHf [CO(g)] = ΔH1 - ΔH2

ø

= -393.5 - (-283.0
= )-110.5 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy Change of Formation of CO(g)
ΔHf CO(g)] + ΔH2 = ΔH1

ø
 Enthalpy Change of Hydration of MgSO4(s)
ΔH

ø
MgSO4(s) + 7H2O(l) MgSO4·7H2O(s)
aq aq
ΔH1 ΔH2

Mg2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 7H2O(l)

ΔH = enthalpy of hydration of MgSO4(s)

ø

ΔH1 = molar enthalpy change of solution of anhydrous magnesium

sulphate(VI)
ΔH2 = molar enthalpy change of solution of magnesium
sulphate(VI)-7-water
ΔH = ΔH1 - ΔH2
ø
Calculations involving standard enthalpy changes
of reactions
ΔHreaction products
reactants

Σ ΔHf [products]
ø

ø
- Σ ΔHf [reactants]
elements

ΔHreaction = Σ ΔHf [products] - Σ ΔHf [reactants]

ø

ø
The END