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Objectives
1. state the chemical reactions take place through energy changes
associated with the breaking and making of bonds;
2. explain the differences between exothermic and endothermic
reactions using energy profile diagrams;
3. explain the term ‘bond energy’;
4. explain how bond energy data may be used to show the relationship
between strength of covalent bonds and reactivity of covalent
molecules;
5. explain the effect of ionic charge and radius on the magnitude of
lattice energy;
6. state Hess’ law of constant heat summation.
Energy
Particles have two main types of energy:
1.Potential energy is the energy due to the position of the
particles. The closer two attracting particles are to each
other, the lower the potential energy.
2.Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the movement
of particles.
Energy has to be absorbed to separate particles from each
other. The heat content is the total amount of energy
(potential and kinetic) in chemicals.
What is Energetics?
Energetics is the study of energy changes associated
with chemical reactions.
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Enthalpy change under standard conditions denoted by symbol: ΔH
Standard Enthalpy Change of Neutralization
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The standard enthalpy change of neutralization (ΔHneut) is the
enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed from the
neutralization of an acid by an alkali under standard conditions.
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e.g. The standard enthalpy change of neutralization between
HNO3 and NaOH is -57.3 kJ mol-1
e.g. The standard enthalpy change of neutralization between
HCl and NaOH is -57.1 kJ mol-1
Standard Enthalpy Changes of Neutralization
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HCl NaOH -57.1
HCl KOH -57.2
HCl NH3 -52.2
HF NaOH -68.6
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change when one mole of a solute is dissolved to form an
infinitely dilute solution under standard conditions.
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e.g. LiCl(s) + water → Li+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ΔHsoln=-37.2 kJ mol-1
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Note that enthalpy changes of solution associate
with physical changes.
Standard Enthalpy Changes of solution
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NaOH -44.7
NaCl +3.9
KOH -57.8
KBr +20.0
6.3
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change of the reaction when one mole of the compound in its
standard state is formed from its constituent elements under
standard conditions.
ΔH = -822 kJ mol-1
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e.g. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
ΔHf = -411 kJ mol-1
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Na(s) + ½Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)
1 mole
ΔHf [N2(g)] = 0
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The standard enthalpy change of combustion (ΔHc) of a substance is
the enthalpy change when one mole of the substance burns
completely under standard conditions.
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H2(g) -285.8
C (diamond) -395.4
C (graphite) -393.5
CO(g) -283.0
CH4(g) -890.4
Experimental Determination of Enthalpy
Changes by Calorimetry
Calorimeter = a container used for measuring the
temperature change of solution
Determination of Enthalpy Change of Neutralization
Calculations
Heat evolved = (m1c1 + m2c2) ΔT
Where
m1 is the mass of the solution,
m2 is the mass of calorimeter,
c1 is the specific heat capacity of the solution,
c2 is the specific heat capacity of calorimeter,
Δ T is the temperature change of the reaction.
Determination of Enthalpy Change of Combustion
Hess’s Law
Route 1
A+B C+D
ΔH1
ΔH2 ΔH3
E
ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3
Route 2
Why?
6.5 Hess’s Law (p. 158)
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ΔHf [CO(g)]
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C(graphite) + ½O2(g) CO(g)
+ ½O2(g) + ½O2(g)
ΔH1 ΔH2
CO2(g)
ΔHf [CO(g)] + ΔH2 = ΔH1
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= -393.5 - (-283.0
= )-110.5 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy Change of Formation of CO(g)
ΔHf CO(g)] + ΔH2 = ΔH1
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Enthalpy Change of Hydration of MgSO4(s)
ΔH
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MgSO4(s) + 7H2O(l) MgSO4·7H2O(s)
aq aq
ΔH1 ΔH2
Σ ΔHf [products]
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- Σ ΔHf [reactants]
elements
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The END