ARTICLE

THE ROLE OF MANNER OF ARTICULATION IN SPEECH

PRODUCTION

Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Tugas UTS

Mata Kuliah : English Phonology

Dosen Pengampu : Wawat Srinawati,M.Pd.

Disusun Oleh :

Nama : Kamil Awaludin

Student ID : 0142S1C022003

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH BOGOR RAYA

TAHUN 2023
 PREFACE

Human communication is a multifaceted phenomenon, and at its core lies the intricate
dance of speech production. In this exploration, we embark on a journey into the realm of
"The Role of Manner of Articulation in Speech Production." The manner in which we
articulate sounds is a subtle yet profound aspect of language, shaping the way we convey
meaning and connect with one another.

This article delves into the wealth of knowledge accumulated through years of
research, shedding light on the nuanced interplay of airflow and obstruction within the vocal
tract. The prelude, a literature review, sets the stage by unraveling the existing tapestry of
studies that have dissected and analyzed the importance of manner of articulation. From the
foundational classifications to its impact on language acquisition and disorders, the literature
review serves as a compass guiding our exploration.

As we navigate the depths of this linguistic landscape, we encounter the methods that
researchers employ to unravel the secrets of manner of articulation. Acoustic analyses,
imaging techniques, and experimental designs become our tools, allowing us to peer into the
intricate machinery of speech production. The methods section unveils the art and science
behind the study of manner of articulation, showcasing the diversity of approaches that
contribute to our understanding.

With methods as our guide, we embark on a fascinating journey through the results
and discussions. Here, we witness the revelations brought forth by meticulous research—
distinctive patterns, acoustic properties, and perceptual nuances associated with various
manners of articulation. The discussion unravels the implications of these findings, weaving a
narrative that connects the dots between articulatory intricacies and the broader tapestry of
human communication.

Finally, we arrive at the conclusion—a reflection on the significance of manner of

articulation in the grand symphony of speech. From the laboratory to practical applications in
speech therapy and language acquisition, the concluding remarks serve as a bridge between
the theoretical and the tangible, emphasizing the profound impact of understanding how we
shape sounds to convey meaning.

So, with curiosity as our compass and knowledge as our guide, let us delve into the
heart of "The Role of Manner of Articulation in Speech Production," where the complexities
of language unravel, revealing the beauty and precision that underlie our most fundamental
mode of expression.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE.................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................iii
1. INTRODUTION...............................................................................................................1
1.1 The Intricacies of Speech Production...............................................................................1
1.2 Manner of Articulation: A Taxonomy of Sound Production............................................1
1.3 The Developmental Symphony of Speech.........................................................................1
1.4 Unraveling Pathological Threads....................................................................................1
1.5 Cross-Cultural Harmonies...............................................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................3
2.1 Types of Manner of Articulation.......................................................................................3
2.2 Developmental Aspects.....................................................................................................3
2.3 Pathological Implications................................................................................................3
2.4 Cross-Linguistic Variability.............................................................................................4
2.5 Social and Cultural Influences.........................................................................................4
3. METHOD..........................................................................................................................5
3.1 Acoustic Analysis..............................................................................................................5
3.2 Electromyography (EMG)................................................................................................5
3.3 Imaging Techniques..........................................................................................................5
3.4 Experimental Designs.......................................................................................................6
3.5 Simulation Techniques......................................................................................................6
3.6 Cross-Linguistic Studies...................................................................................................6
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................7
4.1 Acoustic Analyses.............................................................................................................7
4.2 Electromyography (EMG) and Imaging Techniques.......................................................7
4.3 Experimental Designs and Perceptual Cues....................................................................7
4.4 Cross-Linguistic Studies...................................................................................................8
4.5 Practical Applications.......................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................11

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 1. INTRODUTION

Speech production is a complex and intricate process involving various elements, and
one crucial aspect is the manner of articulation. Manner of articulation refers to how speech
sounds are produced based on the airflow and obstruction in the vocal tract. This article
explores the significance of manner of articulation in speech production, delving into existing
literature, methods employed in its study, and the implications of results for our
understanding of this essential component of linguistics.

Speech production, a marvelously intricate process, involves an orchestra of

coordinated movements in the vocal tract to give rise to the rich diversity of human language.
Among the many facets that contribute to this symphony, manner of articulation emerges as a
pivotal player, intricately weaving the fabric of sounds that constitute spoken communication.
This article embarks on a journey to explore the profound role played by manner of
articulation in speech production, weaving together insights from linguistic theory,
developmental psychology, pathology, and cross-cultural studies.

1.1 The Intricacies of Speech Production

At its core, speech production is a finely choreographed dance of physiological

processes. From the initiation of neural signals in the brain to the precise coordination of
muscles in the vocal tract, every step contributes to the creation of distinct sounds. Manner of
articulation, a key parameter in this intricate dance, governs how these sounds are shaped,
molded, and ultimately projected into the acoustic landscape of language.

1.2 Manner of Articulation: A Taxonomy of Sound Production

To comprehend the role of manner of articulation, one must first acquaint themselves
with the taxonomy of sound production. Stops, marked by complete closures of the vocal
tract, create bursts of sound upon release, exemplified by the 'p,' 't,' and 'k' sounds. Fricatives
involve turbulent airflow through a narrowed constriction, resulting in the characteristic
hissing or buzzing sounds of 's' and 'f.' Affricates blend the characteristics of stops and
fricatives, giving rise to a distinctive two-phase sound, as heard in 'ch' in 'chase.' Nasals
resonate through the nasal cavity, as in 'm' and 'n,' while liquids, such as 'l' and 'r,' exhibit a
more continuous airflow with partial obstruction.

1.3 The Developmental Symphony of Speech

As infants embark on the journey of language acquisition, their exploration of manner

of articulation mirrors the broader developmental narrative. The early babbling stages witness
the tentative experimentation with simpler sounds, often characterized by stops. This gradual
evolution towards more intricate articulatory patterns underscores the fundamental role of
manner of articulation in the developmental milestones of language acquisition.

1.4 Unraveling Pathological Threads

Beyond the realms of typical language development, the study of manner of

articulation unravels critical insights into speech pathology. Disorders affecting articulatory
coordination or causing deviations in airflow patterns manifest in altered manners of

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articulation. Conditions like apraxia of speech or cleft palate disrupt the natural trajectory of
articulatory development, accentuating the clinical significance of understanding how manner
of articulation shapes not only typical speech but also its aberrations.

1.5 Cross-Cultural Harmonies

In the symphony of global linguistic diversity, the variations in manner of articulation

add unique notes to each cultural melody. Cross-linguistic studies illuminate how different
languages prioritize and employ manners of articulation, providing a nuanced understanding
of the acoustic and perceptual landscapes across diverse linguistic contexts. This exploration
transcends linguistic boundaries, fostering a richer appreciation for the role of manner of
articulation in shaping the tapestry of human communication.

In essence, this introduction sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of manner
of articulation—a phenomenon that transcends mere phonetics. It is a dynamic force,
intricately woven into the broader fabric of language development, pathology, and cultural
expression, guiding us through the labyrinth of human speech production.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

A comprehensive understanding of manner of articulation requires a thorough

examination of the existing literature. Studies have shown that the manner in which speech
sounds are articulated significantly influences the perceived meaning and intelligibility of
spoken language. The classification of manner of articulation includes various types such as
stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, and liquids, each playing a distinct role in shaping the
sounds we produce during speech.

Research by linguists and phoneticians has revealed that manner of articulation is not
only crucial for phonetic analysis but also for understanding language acquisition and
development. Infants, for instance, learn to produce sounds gradually, starting with simple
manners of articulation before progressing to more complex ones. Moreover, disorders
related to manner of articulation can lead to speech impediments, emphasizing its importance
in both normal and pathological speech.

To comprehend the nuanced role of manner of articulation in speech production, it is

imperative to delve into the wealth of existing literature that has illuminated this intricate
aspect of linguistics. The classification of manner of articulation encompasses a spectrum of
phonetic phenomena, each contributing uniquely to the rich tapestry of spoken language.

2.1 Types of Manner of Articulation

The taxonomy of manner of articulation encompasses stops, fricatives, affricates,

nasals, and liquids. Stops involve a complete closure of the vocal tract, leading to a
momentary blockage of airflow before a sudden release, as exemplified in sounds like /p/, /t/,
and /k/. Fricatives, on the other hand, involve turbulent airflow through a narrowed
constriction, producing hissing or buzzing sounds, such as /s/ and /f/. Affricates combine
elements of both stops and fricatives, resulting in a distinct two-phase sound, like /ʧ/ in
'chase.' Nasals involve the resonation of sound through the nasal cavity, as observed in
sounds like /m/ and /n/. Liquids, including lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/, exhibit a more
continuous airflow with partial obstruction.

2.2 Developmental Aspects

Infants' journey in mastering language begins with the exploration of simpler manners
of articulation. Studies indicate a developmental progression from the basic articulatory
patterns to more intricate ones. The early babbling of infants often involves simple sounds
like stops before evolving into the nuanced articulations characteristic of mature speech.
Understanding this developmental trajectory provides insights into the universality of certain
articulatory milestones and the role of manner of articulation in the foundational stages of
language acquisition.

2.3 Pathological Implications

Beyond normal language development, the study of manner of articulation becomes

paramount in the context of speech disorders. Disorders affecting the coordination of

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articulators or causing atypical airflow patterns can manifest in altered manners of
articulation. Conditions such as apraxia of speech or cleft palate can disrupt the natural
progression of articulatory development, underscoring the clinical relevance of understanding
how manner of articulation shapes speech production.

2.4 Cross-Linguistic Variability

Cross-linguistic studies shed light on how different languages prioritize and utilize
manners of articulation. While some languages may heavily rely on fricatives and nasals,
others may exhibit preferences for stops or liquids. Investigating these cross-linguistic
variations not only enhances our appreciation of linguistic diversity but also deepens our
understanding of how manner of articulation contributes to the uniqueness of each language.

2.5 Social and Cultural Influences

Manner of articulation is not only a phonetic phenomenon but also intertwined with
social and cultural factors. Dialects and sociolects often exhibit distinct manners of
articulation, contributing to the rich tapestry of linguistic diversity. Studying these variations
provides insights into how speech communities shape and are shaped by their articulatory
patterns, offering a holistic understanding of language as a dynamic and socially embedded
phenomenon.

In essence, the literature on manner of articulation spans a vast landscape,

encompassing developmental, pathological, cross-linguistic, and sociocultural dimensions.
This multifaceted exploration lays the groundwork for understanding the intricate interplay
between articulatory mechanisms and the broader landscape of human communication.

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 3. METHOD

The investigation into the role of manner of articulation involves employing various
methods to analyze speech sounds. Researchers utilize acoustic analysis, electromyography
(EMG), and imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans to observe and measure the
movements of the articulators during speech production. Additionally, experimental designs
involving stimuli with different manners of articulation help researchers draw connections
between articulatory patterns and their perceptual outcomes.

Studies often use speech synthesizers and computer models to simulate different
manners of articulation, providing insights into the acoustic properties and perceptual cues
associated with each category. Experimental setups involving native and non-native speakers
contribute to our understanding of the universal and language-specific aspects of manner of
articulation.

Understanding the intricacies of manner of articulation in speech production

necessitates the application of a variety of sophisticated research methods. These methods,
ranging from traditional acoustic analysis to cutting-edge imaging techniques, provide a
multi-faceted approach to unravel the complexities of articulatory patterns.

3.1 Acoustic Analysis

Acoustic analysis is a cornerstone in the study of manner of articulation. Researchers

employ spectrograms, which graphically represent the frequency content of speech sounds
over time, to examine the acoustic features associated with different manners of articulation.
Measures such as formant frequencies, duration, and intensity offer valuable insights into the
distinctive acoustic signatures of sounds produced with varying degrees of airflow
obstruction. For instance, stops exhibit short bursts of high-intensity energy, while fricatives
show a continuous spectrum of noise.

3.2 Electromyography (EMG)

To delve into the muscle activity involved in articulation, researchers utilize

electromyography. EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles during speech
production, allowing for a detailed analysis of the coordination and timing of muscle
movements. This method helps identify the specific muscles involved in creating various
articulatory gestures, shedding light on the neuromuscular aspects of manner of articulation.

3.3 Imaging Techniques

Recent advancements in technology have enabled the use of imaging techniques like
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scans to observe the
internal structures of the vocal tract during speech production. These non-invasive methods
provide detailed images of tongue, palate, and lip movements, allowing researchers to
correlate articulatory gestures with the acoustic properties of speech sounds. Such imaging
studies contribute significantly to our understanding of the spatial and dynamic aspects of
manner of articulation.

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3.4 Experimental Designs

Experimental designs play a crucial role in investigating the perceptual aspects of

manner of articulation. Researchers design experiments using stimuli with varying manners
of articulation to observe how listeners perceive and differentiate between different speech
sounds. This can include identifying minimal pairs—words that differ only in their manner of
articulation—to gauge the listener's ability to discriminate between subtle articulatory
variations.

3.5 Simulation Techniques

In addition to empirical studies, researchers often utilize speech synthesizers and

computer models to simulate different manners of articulation. These simulations allow for
controlled manipulation of articulatory parameters, providing a platform to examine the
acoustic outcomes of specific articulatory gestures. This methodological approach facilitates
a deeper understanding of the relationship between articulatory patterns and the resulting
acoustic properties of speech sounds.

3.6 Cross-Linguistic Studies

To explore the universality and language-specific aspects of manner of articulation,

researchers conduct cross-linguistic studies. By comparing speech patterns across different
languages, they can identify commonalities and variations in the use of specific articulatory
gestures. This comparative approach contributes to our understanding of how different
linguistic communities prioritize and utilize manner of articulation in shaping their speech
patterns.

In summary, the methodological toolkit employed in the study of manner of

articulation encompasses a range of techniques, from traditional acoustic analysis to state-of-
the-art imaging methods. This comprehensive approach allows researchers to investigate not
only the acoustic properties associated with different manners of articulation but also the
underlying neuromuscular and perceptual mechanisms shaping human speech production.

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 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of studies on manner of articulation have broad implications for linguistics
and speech pathology. Acoustic analyses reveal distinctive patterns in the frequency and
amplitude of speech sounds based on their manner of articulation. For example, stops exhibit
complete closure of the vocal tract, resulting in abrupt sound releases, while fricatives
involve turbulent airflow creating a hissing sound.

The perceptual aspects of manner of articulation are equally crucial. Listeners can
identify and distinguish words based on these articulatory features, highlighting the
importance of manner in conveying meaning. Furthermore, cross-linguistic studies indicate
that different languages may prioritize certain manners of articulation, influencing speech
patterns and intelligibility.

The exploration of manner of articulation through various methods has yielded

multifaceted results, shedding light on the intricate interplay between articulatory patterns
and their perceptual outcomes.

4.1 Acoustic Analyses

Acoustic analyses play a pivotal role in discerning the distinct characteristics of

different manners of articulation. Studies utilizing spectrograms and waveforms have
demonstrated that stops, characterized by complete closure of the vocal tract, produce short
bursts of energy upon release. Fricatives, on the other hand, exhibit a continuous spectrum of
sound resulting from turbulent airflow, creating the characteristic hissing or buzzing quality.
Affricates, a combination of stops and fricatives, display a unique amalgamation of these
acoustic features.

4.2 Electromyography (EMG) and Imaging Techniques

To complement acoustic analyses, researchers delve into the realm of articulatory

physiology using techniques such as electromyography (EMG) and imaging methods like
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT). EMG helps monitor
the electrical activity of muscles involved in articulation, offering insights into the precise
coordination required for different manners of articulation. Imaging techniques provide a
visual representation of the vocal tract's configuration during speech production, aiding in
understanding the spatial dynamics of articulatory gestures.

4.3 Experimental Designs and Perceptual Cues

Experimental designs employing synthesized speech sounds and controlled stimuli

contribute significantly to our understanding of perceptual cues associated with manner of
articulation. For instance, listeners can reliably identify the manner of articulation based on
cues like the duration of closure, the onset of voicing, and spectral properties. These
perceptual cues not only aid in decoding linguistic meaning but also highlight the role of
context and listener expectations in the recognition of speech sounds.

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4.4 Cross-Linguistic Studies

Cross-linguistic studies involving diverse languages provide a broader perspective on

the role of manner of articulation in shaping phonological systems. Variations in the
prioritization of specific manners of articulation across languages impact speech patterns and
intelligibility. Understanding these cross-linguistic differences enhances our comprehension
of the universal and language-specific aspects of manner of articulation, contributing to the
broader field of linguistic diversity.

4.5 Practical Applications

The insights gained from these results have practical applications, particularly in the
realms of speech therapy and language acquisition. Understanding the acoustic and
perceptual dimensions of different manners of articulation enables clinicians to design
targeted interventions for individuals with speech disorders. Moreover, educators can use this
knowledge to develop effective pedagogical strategies for teaching pronunciation and
phonetics, facilitating language learning in diverse contexts.

In essence, the comprehensive examination of results not only refines our

understanding of the acoustic and perceptual intricacies associated with manner of
articulation but also underscores the practical implications for fields ranging from linguistics
to clinical practice. As researchers continue to unravel the complexities of speech production,
the integration of various methodologies ensures a holistic perspective on the role played by
manner of articulation in shaping human communication.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, manner of articulation is a fundamental aspect of speech production

with far-reaching implications for linguistics and related fields. The literature review
emphasizes its significance in language development, disorders, and cross-linguistic studies.
The methods employed, ranging from acoustic analysis to experimental designs, contribute to
our understanding of the articulatory mechanisms involved.

Results underscore the distinctive acoustic properties associated with different

manners of articulation and their perceptual consequences. This knowledge not only enriches
our understanding of the intricacies of speech but also holds practical applications in fields
such as speech therapy and language acquisition. As we continue to delve into the
complexities of manner of articulation, we gain valuable insights into the nuances of human
communication and expression.

In the pursuit of unraveling the intricacies of manner of articulation, our exploration

has shed light on the fundamental role this aspect plays in the broader landscape of speech
production. As we traverse the landscape of linguistic studies, it becomes evident that manner
of articulation is not merely a technical facet but a linchpin in the understanding of how
humans communicate.

The literature review has woven a tapestry of insights from various studies,
emphasizing that manner of articulation is integral to phonetic analysis, language acquisition,
and the identification of speech disorders. From the tentative babbling of infants to the
nuanced speech patterns of adults, manner of articulation serves as a developmental
milestone, illustrating the intricate journey individuals undertake in mastering the diverse
array of sounds that form the basis of language.

The methods employed in the study of manner of articulation, ranging from acoustic
analysis to advanced imaging techniques, underscore the interdisciplinary nature of this field.
By utilizing innovative technologies, researchers delve into the physiological intricacies of
the vocal tract, providing a deeper understanding of how articulators collaborate to produce
distinct speech sounds. The amalgamation of these methodologies not only enhances our
theoretical understanding but also lays the groundwork for practical applications in areas such
as speech therapy and linguistic diagnostics.

The results and discussions section navigates through the diverse landscape of speech
sounds, revealing the distinct acoustic signatures associated with various manners of
articulation. Stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, and liquids each carve out a unique sonic
footprint, influencing the perception and interpretation of spoken language. It is through this
intricate dance of articulatory movements and acoustic nuances that words take shape,
creating the rich tapestry of human expression.

In conclusion, our journey through the role of manner of articulation underscores its
multifaceted significance. Beyond the technicalities, the study of manner of articulation is a
gateway to understanding the cultural, linguistic, and cognitive dimensions of human
communication. As we continue to probe the depths of this subject, we not only enhance our

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comprehension of speech production but also pave the way for practical applications in
education, linguistic therapies, and even artificial intelligence.

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