Review: Temperature

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 1

 P-V-T diagram
P V = nRT
N
= RT
NA o rs
c h
= N kB T iso
isot
her
ms

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 2

 P-V-T diagram
P V = nRT
N
= RT
NA
a rs
ob = N kB T
is

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 3

 Example - 1
A spherical air bubble of radius 2 cm is released 30 m below the surface of a pond at
280 K. What is its volume when it reaches the surface which is at 300 K assuming it is in
thermal equilibrium the whole ?me? Ignore the size of the bubble compared to other
dimensions like 30 m.

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 4

 Review: First law of thermodynamics

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 5

 Example - 2
If 400 g of ice at -2 ∘C is placed in 1 kg of water at 21 ∘C what is the end product when
equilibrium is reached?

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 6

 Example - 3
Two thermally insulated vessels are connected by a narrow tube fiKed with a valve that
is ini?ally closed as shown in the Figure. One vessel of volume 16.8 L contains oxygen at
a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 1.75 atm. The other vessel of volume 22.4 L
contains oxygen at a temperature of 450 K and a pressure of 2.25 atm. When the valve
is opened, the gases in the two vessels mix and the temperature and pressure become
uniform throughout. (a) What is the final temperature? (b) What is the final pressure?

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 7

 Example - 3

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 8

 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

Vf

∫V
W=− PdV Work done on a
gas (on a system)
i

For the process of compressing a gas in a cylinder, the work done depends on
the particular path taken between the initial and final states.
N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 9
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a special case of the law of
conservation of energy that describes processes in which only the
internal energy changes and the only energy transfers are by heat
and work
ΔEint = Q + W

Q is the energy transfer to a system (to a gas)

• Consider + when
• Consider - when

W is the work done to a system (to a gas)

• Consider + when
• Consider - when

ΔEint is the change of the internal energy of the system. It depends

only on the temperature of the system.
N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 10
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
1

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 11

 Molar specific heat at constant volume / pressure

Case: constant volume

Case: constant pressure

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 12

 Molar specific heat at constant volume / pressure

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 13

 Processes in Thermodynamics

Isochoric/Isovolumetric
Isobaric
Isothermal
Adiaba?c
Free expansion
Cyclic

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 14

 Isochoric/Isovolumetric (constant volume)
An isochoric process is a term used to describe
a situation where the volume of a system remains
constant.

dWon gas = − PdV = 0

From the first law we see that

ΔEint = Q

If energy is added by heat to a system kept at

constant volume, all the transferred energy
remains in the system as an increase in its
internal energy.

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 15

 Isobaric (constant pressure)
An isobaric process could be established by
allowing the piston to move freely so that it is
always in equilibrium between the net force from
the gas pushing upward and the weight of the
piston plus the force due to atmospheric
pressure pushing downward.
Vf

∫V
Won gas = − Pdv PdV = − P(Vf − Vi)
i
P ข Vi
Case:
i f
Vf > Vi → Won gas < 0 :

Vi Vf Vf < Vi → Won gas > 0 :

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 16
 Example - 4
An ideal gas ini?ally at Pi, Vi, and Ti is taken through a cycle as
shown in the Figure.
(a) Find the net work done on the gas per cycle for 1.00 mol of
gas ini?ally at 0°C.
(b) What is the net energy added by heat to the gas per cycle?

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 17

 Example - 5
A gas expands from I to F in Figure. The energy 0
added to the gas by heat is 418 J when the gas goes
from I to F along the diagonal path. (a) What is the
change in internal energy of the gas? (b) How much
energy must be added to the gas by heat along the
indirect path IAF?
W
a 0E _G dj
48 5 เ
ๆ น ก 2

sE ต5
Vf Vi Wmh
b DE Gewsni
82 Q ๔เอง4 ส7
Q 718J

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 18

 Isothermal
A process that occurs at constant temperature.
This process can be established by immersing
the cylinder in an ice–water bath or by putting
the cylinder in contact with some other
constant-temperature reservoir.

ΔEint = 00
From the first law we see that

Q=−W
trn Q Woum

ป"มาณความ(อน+ออก-.งแวด2อมเ4า5บงาน+
7ใ95บระบบ (งาน+7ใ95บแ<ส)

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 19

 Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal gas
Start from ideal gas law
NkBT
P= ท rn
V
Therefore,
Vf

∫V
Won gas = − PdV
i

nRT In

PiUi Pfvt

And since the temperature is constant, we will get

Wongeu ะ nRY h
f

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 20

 Adiabatic
An adiabatic process is a type of thermodynamic process which
occurs without transferring heat between the system and
its surroundings. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process
transfers energy to the surroundings only as work.
G อ 7 DE. W
adiisaticcomt

ast
n Pfบ Pii

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 21

 Free expansion
(A)
น
For an adiabatic free expansion of an ideal
gas, the gas is contained in an insulated
container and then allowed to expand in a
vacuum. Because there is no external
pressure for the gas to expand against, the
work done by or on the system is zero.
Since this process does not involve any
(B) heat transfer or work, the first law of
thermodynamics then implies that the net

I
internal energy change of the system is
zero. For an ideal gas, the temperature
remains constant because the internal energy
only depends on temperature in that case.

N. Srimanobhas; The first law of thermodynamics 22

 Review: First law of thermodynamics
Pdytropicpmess
inย

PVะaัn
mo Irobaric
u ล Isochrorio
Isovolumetric
Idealgas
Isothermal
แ า
Isentropic
ท 5
Adrribaticreversible

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 23

 Review: First law of thermodynamics

ΔEint = Q + W
Process Condi-ons Results
Isochoric/Isovolumetric
Isobaric
Isothermal
Adiaba?c
Free expansion
Cyclic

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 24

 Example - 6
A sample of an ideal gas goes through the
process shown in the Figure. From A to B, the
process is adiaba?c; from B to C, it is isobaric
with 345 kJ of energy entering the system by
heat; from C to D, the process is isothermal; and
from D to A, it is isobaric with 371 kJ of energy
leaving the system by heat. Determine the
difference in internal energy Eint,B − Eint,A.

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 25

 Example - 6

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 26

 Example - 7
One mole of a gas with γ = 4/3 goes over the cycle

ii
ABCA as shown in the Figure where one of AB or AC
is isothermal and the other adiaba?c. You figure out _iii
which.
Write down the (P, V, T) coordinates of A, B and C
(some of which are already given). What is the work
K
done in each part of the cycle and the heat
absorbed or rejected in the full cycle?
Isothermal PaVAะPV pzPa E
p 50kPa 5 750KPa
Adiabaiu PA P Pก 5okaA 827hR

Rkzn Rf
5อµ3
ก5แรง 1 8.31 7 7 iาtt
Y 15uk
Q Wage e Wcx

6 nReh Ett 658J

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 27
 Example - 7

t.io
แ Fextd
dw
Fpe Fpr

ฐ Pr AdxodV

rightPrแแ1_PNu
i อ

หะ นะ
W
I dv du 2V

W U.IE
Po

z
poV.Ih W
PoU.lnvi z P.v.lk น
. InV2

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 28

 Review: First law of thermodynamics
andnitim exchange of K.E
ระห างcolliding molecules

P d A temperature
ไง gmdihu
KA
P 9
thermalaondnitiity

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 29

 Example - 8
A copper rod of length 50 cm and radius 2 cm has one end dipped in an ice-water
mixture and the other in boiling water. What is the heat flow dQ/dt?

kA 1
µ ะ

Tr น
Ef 397Ymc T

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 30

 Example - 9
A bar of gold (Au) is in thermal contact with a bar of silver (Ag)
of the same length and area. One end of the compound bar is
maintained at 80.0°C, and the opposite end is at 30.0°C. When
the energy transfer reaches steady state, what is the
temperature at the junc?on?

Pau Pag
ฟ
Ttwgfcz ktgAฐ๐
Think 51.2ย

N. Srimanobhas; Temperature and the First law of thermodynamics 31