EM3015/2017-18

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN SESSION 2016-17

EM3015
Degree examination in EM3015/EG3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

Thursday 14 December 2017 2.00 – 5.00pm

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING

(i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly permitted in the
rules appropriate to this examination. Where this is permitted, such material must not be
amended, annotated or modified in any way.

(ii) You must not have in your possession any material that could be determined as giving you an
advantage in the examination.

(iii) You must not attempt to communicate with any candidate during the exam, either orally or by
passing written material, or by showing material to another candidate, nor must you attempt to
view another candidate’s work.

(iv) You must not take to your examination desk any electronic devices such as mobile phones or other
“smart” devices. The only exception to this rule is an approved calculator.

Failure to comply with the above will be regarded as cheating and may lead to disciplinary action as
indicated in the Academic Quality Handbook.

Notes: (i) Candidates ARE permitted to use an approved calculator

(ii) Candidates ARE NOT permitted to use Engineering Mathematics Handbook

(iii) Candidates ARE NOT permitted to use GREEN or RED pen in their exam booklet.

(iv) Formulae sheets are attached to the paper.

Candidates should attempt ALL FIVE questions.

All questions carry 20 marks each

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1. (a) Describe briefly what you understand by the term plane stress, and
state the underlying assumptions that this term implies.
[5 marks]

(b) A boiler rivet is subjected to a shear stress of magnitude 30 MPa whilst

resisting the movement between the boiler plates and to a tensile stress
of magnitude 55 MPa parallel to the longitudinal axis due to the extension
of the rivet, as indicated on the material element shown in Figure Q1b.
Determine

(i) the magnitude of the principal stresses and the maximum shear
stress in the rivet, [6 marks]

(ii) the direct and shear stresses on a plane CD inclined at an angle of

25o to the longitudinal axis of the rivet, and [6 marks]

(iii) the maximum in-plane shear strain in the rivet assuming plane
stress and linear elastic deformation, and that the rivet is made from
an isotropic material with Young’s modulus E = 70 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.35.
[3 marks]

30 MPa
D
55 MPa 55 MPa y x’

25o θ
C
x
30 MPa

Figure Q1b [Question 1b]

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2. (a) A structural element used as part of a retaining wall in a civil engineering

construction is subjected to triaxial stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3. If the material
is isotropic and the deformation is linear elastic, show that the bulk
modulus, K, is related to the Young’s modulus, E, and the Poisson’s ratio,
ν, by
E
K= . [6 marks]
3(1 − 2ν )

(b) A 45o strain gauge rosette similar to the one shown in Figure Q2b is used
to measure the strains at a point on the surface of an engineering
component. The material from which the component is made has a
Young's Modu6us E = 190 GPa and Poisson's ratio ν = 0.3. Upon loading,
the gauges read: ε a = 600 µ , ε b = 320 µ , ε c = −400 µ .

(i) Determine the magnitude of the in-plane strains εx, εy and γxy/2.
[7 marks]

(ii) By assuming plane strain conditions and linear elastic deformation,

determine the volumetric strain and the corresponding hydrostatic
component of stress at the location of the strain gauge.
[4 marks]

(iii) The strain associated with temperature change is to be eliminated

from the strain gauge measurements. Sketch the Wheatstone
bridge diagram of the experimental set-up for one of the strain
gauges to ensure temperature effects are eliminated from the
strain measurement. [3 marks]

c y
θ b x'
θ θ
a x

Figure Q2b [Question 2(b)]

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3. (a) State Rankine and Tresca failure criteria, and discuss the relative merits
of the two criteria for predicting the onset of failure in engineering
materials. (The failure surfaces are not required here.)
[6 marks]

(b) A 200 mm by 200 mm square thin-walled tube, similar to that shown in

Figure Q3b, is used as part of an engineering construction. The tube,
which has a uniform wall thickness t = 8 mm, is subjected to a torque of T
= 10 kNm. Determine

(i) the maximum shear stress due to the applied torque of 10 kNm
and,
[4 marks]

(ii) the maximum torque that can be applied to ensure the tube remain
elastic based on Tresca criterion, a yield stress of Y = 350 MPa and
design safety factor of 1.5.
[4 marks]

(c) The square thin-walled tube in part (b) above is to be replaced by a circular
thin-walled tube shown in Figure Q3c. The circular tube is to have a wall
thickness of t = 8 mm, mean radius R, and made from the same material
as the square tube. Determine the magnitude of the required radius R
of the circular tube if both tubes have equal maximum shear stress when
subjected to the same magnitude of torque, T = 10 kNm.
[6 marks]

8 mm
8 mm

8 mm R
8 mm 200 mm
8 mm

200 mm

Figure Q3b [Question 3(b)] Figure Q3c [Question 3(c)]

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4. A bushing is connected and locked to a shaft using a key as shown in Figure Q4.
The bushing has an inner radius a = 50 mm, an outer radius b = 150 mm and
made from a material with a density ρ = 8400 kg/m3 and Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3.
The bushing-shaft assembly rotates at an angular speed of ω rad/s, and a radial
clearance exists between the bushing and shaft before and during rotation.
Neglect the stress concentration near the key and keyway, and assume the
bushing is a thin disc.

(a) State the load boundary conditions for the bushing. [3 marks]

(b) Hence, show that the radial stress, σr, and the circumferential stress, σθ,
in the bushing are given by

 0.195 
σ r =  86.66 − − 3465r 2 ω 2
 
2
r
 0.195 
σ θ =  86.66 + 2 − 1995r 2 ω 2
 r 
where r is the radial coordinate and the stresses are in N/m2.
[10 marks]

(c) Determine the magnitude of the circumferential stresses at the inner

surface of the bushing, i.e. r = 0.05 m, as a function of the angular speed
ω. [2 marks]

(d) At what rotational speed will plastic yielding initiate at the inner surface of
the bushing based on von Mises yield criterion and a safety factor of 1.2?
Assume the bushing has a yield stress of Y = 250 MPa.
[5 marks]

Key

ω
Shaft

Bushing

Figure Q4 [Question 4]

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5. (a) A thick-walled cylindrical steel tank with internal diameter 1.5 m is

subjected to an internal pressure of 30 MPa. The uniaxial yield stress of
the steel is Y = 350 MPa. Determine the wall thickness for full plasticity
across the cylinder wall when the internal pressure is 30 MPa, and
[5 marks]

(b) A solid circular bar with cross-sectional area A and length L is fixed at one
end and subjected to a uniaxial force F at the other as shown in Figure
Q5b. Show that the elastic strain energy stored in the bar is given by
F 2L
U=
2 AE

where E is the Young’s modulus of the material.

[5 marks]

(c) A force F = 4 kN is applied to a simple truss as shown in Figure Q5c. Each

member has a circular cross-section of diameter d = 100 mm, and made
from a linear elastic material with Young’s modulus E = 200 GPa.
Determine

(i) the elastic strain energy due to uniaxial loading in each of the two
members, and [7 marks]

(ii) the associated vertical deflection at point B in the direction of the

applied force. [3 marks]

2m
L A B
d 30o
F 1.15 m
Cross-section F = 4 kN
d
C

Figure Q5b [Question 5(b)] Figure Q5c [Question 5(c)]

END OF PAPER

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EM 3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

FORMULAE HANDOUT

1. Stress equilibrium equations

∂σ x ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + Bx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ yz
+ + + By = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z
+ + + Bz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

where (x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and (Bx, By, Bz) are the corresponding
components of the body force.

2. Two-dimensional Strain-Displacement relations (only for small displacements)

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
εx = ; εy = ; γ xy = + ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

where u and v are respectively the displacements parallel to rectangular Cartesian co-ordinate
axes x and y.

3. Stress and strain transformation equations

σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y' = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ y −σ x
τ x' y' = sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
where x' is inclined at an angle of θ anticlockwise from x.

For corresponding strain transformation equations, replace (σx', σy', τx'y') by (εx', εy' γx'y'/2),
and (σx, σy, τxy) by (εx, εy, γxy/2) in the above equations.

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4. Principal stresses and strains in 2D

σ x +σ y σ x −σ y εx +εy εx −εy   γ xy 

2 2 2

σ 1,2 = ±   ( )
 + τ xy 2
;
ε 1,2 = ±   +
  2 

.
2  2  2  2   

5. Maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain in 2D

2 2 2
σ x −σ y  γ max εx −εy  γ 
τ max = ± 
2
 + τ xy
 ( ) 2
;
2
= ±   +  xy  .
  2 
   2   

6. Stress-elastic strain relations

τ xy
1
E
(
ε x = σ x − νσ y − νσ z ; ) γ xy =
G
;
τ yz
1
E
(
ε y = σ y − νσ x − νσ z ; ) γ yz =
G
;

τ xz
1
(
ε z = σ z − νσ x − νσ y ;
E
) γ xz =
G
.

OR

( )
σ x = 2Gε x + λ ε x + ε y + ε z ; τ xy = Gγ xy
σ y = 2Gε y + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ yz = Gγ yz
σ z = 2Gε z + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ xz = Gγ xz

where E is the Young's modulus, ν is the Poisson's ratio, G is the shear modulus,
(x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and
νE
λ=
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
7. Relationships between elastic moduli
E
Shear modulus (G) − Young's modulus (E) relation: G =
2(1 + ν )

E
Bulk modulus (K) − Young's modulus (E) relation: K =
3( 1 − 2ν )

8. von Mises effective stress, σe

σe =
1
2
[(σ 1 − σ 2 ) + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) + (σ 1 − σ 3 )
2 2
]
2 1/ 2

where σ1, σ2, and σ3 are principal stresses.

9. Bending Stress

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My
σ=
I
where M is the bending moment, y is the distance from the neutral axis to the
point where the stress is being evaluated, and I is the second moment of area of
the cross-sectional geometry. I = πR4/4 for a solid circular cross-section with
radius R.

10. Torsion of a closed circular cross-section

T τ Gφ
= =
J r L

where r is the radial distance from the centre to where the shear stress τ is being
( )
evaluated, and J is the second polar moment of area. J = 0.5π Ro4 − Ri4 for a hollow
circular cross-section with outer radius Ro and inner radius Ri, and J = 0.5πRo4 for a
solid circular cross-section with radius Ro.

11. Torsion of a closed, thin-walled non-circular cross-section

T
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
2t i A
φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: = −1
L s 
2
4GA  ∑ i 
 ti 
where T is the applied torque, A is the area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the cross-
section, si is the mean perimeter of the section with wall thickness ti, and G is the shear
modulus of the material.

12. Torsion of thin-walled open sections

Tt i
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
Jo

φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: =
L GJ o

( )
where J o = ∑ 1 bi t i3 , bi is the length of the section with wall thickness ti, T is the
3
applied torque and G is the shear modulus of the material.

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13. Stresses and displacements in a thin circular disc subject to axisymmetric loading

B 3 +ν B 1 + 3ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8 r2 8
 1 −ν   1 + ν  B  1 − ν  ρω r
2 2 3
ur =   Ar +   −
 E   E  r  E  8

where r is the radial distance from the centre of the disc, E and ν are the Young’s modulus
and Poisson’s ratio, respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density
of the material, and A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or
displacement boundary conditions.

14. Stresses and displacements in shafts or thick-walled cylinders subject to axisymmetric

loading

B 3 − 2ν B 1 + 2ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8(1 - ν ) r2 8(1 - ν )

ur =
(1 + ν ) (1- 2ν )Ar + B −  1 − 2ν  ρω 2 r 3 
   
E  r  1 - ν  8 

where r is the radial distance, E and ν are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,
respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density of the material, and
A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or displacement
boundary conditions.

15. Stresses in an elastic/plastic thick-walled cylinder

  r  b2 − c2    r  b2 + c2 
σ r = Y ln  − 2 
; σ θ = Y ln  + 2 
  c  2b    c  2b 
where r (< c) is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where
the stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, c is the radial
distance of the elastic/plastic boundary, and Y is the uniaxial yield stress of the material.

16. Stresses in a fully plastic thick-walled cylinder

r   r 
σ r = Y ln ; σ θ = Y 1 + ln 
b   
b
where r is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where the
stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, and Y is the uniaxial
yield stress of the material.

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17. Stresses in a thin-walled cylinder with closed ends

PRi
PRi
σ r = 0; σθ = ; σz =
2t
t
where P is the applied internal pressure, Ri is the internal radius and t is the wall
thickness.

18. Elastic strain energy per unit volume

1
(
U o = σ x ε x + σ y ε y + σ z ε z + τ xy γ xy + τ yz γ yz + τ xz γ xz
2
)
19. Strain energy due to bending M,
L
M2
U=∫ dx for a straight beam
0 2 EI

θ max
M2
U= ∫0
2 EI
R.dθ for a curved beam with a radius of curvature R.

20. Strain energy due to axial force F, and shear force V

L
F2
U =∫ dx for a straight beam
0
2 EA
L
V2
U =∫ dx for a straight beam
0
2GA
where A is the cross-sectional area, E is the Young’s modulus and G is the shear modulus

21. Some mathematical formulas

sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x ; cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x

1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x = ; cos 2 x =
2 2
d d
cos x = − sin x ; sin x = cos x ;
dx dx
d d n
tan x = sec 2 x ; x = nx n −1
dx dx

∫ cos x dx = sin x ; ∫ sin x dx = − cos x ;

x n +1 1
∫ tan x dx = − ln cos x ; ∫ x dx = (if n ≠ −1 ); ∫ x dx = ln x
n

n +1

The quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has real solutions if b 2 ≥ 4ac and they are:
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

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