SKMM2123

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I, SESSION 2019/2020

COURSE CODE : SEMM 2123/SKMM 2123

COURSE NAME : MECHANICS OF SOLIDS 2

SEMM, SEMB, SEMI, SEMP, SEMT, SEMV,

PROGRAMME :
SKMM/SKMB/SKMI/SKMP/SKMT/SKMV

DURATION : 3 HOURS

DATE : 00 JANUARY 2020

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:

1. ANSWER ALL FIVE (5) QUESTIONS

2. SHOW ALL YOUR WORKINGS

WARNING!

Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be

liable for disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend
the student to be expelled from the University

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF TWELVE (12) PRINTED PAGES

ONLY
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SKMM2123

QUESTION 1
a) State True or False for the following statements:
i. In-plane stress condition always equal to in-plane strain condition.
ii. Principal stress equals to principal strain.
iii. The absolute maximum shear strain always equals to maximum in-
plane shear strain.
iv. Increase material elasticity, E will reduce both the strain and stress.
(2 marks)

b) A solid circular bar with exterior diameter of 100 mm, as shown in Figure Q1,
is made of steel of elasticity of E = 200 GPa, rigidity of G = 75 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio of v = 0.3. One end of the shaft is fixed, and three torsional loads
of 80 Nm, 50 Nm and 120 Nm are applied at section A, B and D respectively.
A set of strain rosette is positioned at point C for strain measurement, in the
configuration shown in Figure Q1. Determine the:
i. Principal stresses at point C.
ii. Maximum in-plane shear stress at point C.
iii. Absolute maximum shear stress at point C.
iv. The strain rosette reading, εa, εb and εc at point C.
(8 marks)

Figure Q1/Rajah S1
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QUESTION 2

A close-ended thick cylinder of internal and external diameters, 600 mm and 1200 mm,
respectively, is subjected to a gradually increasing internal pressure, Pi. The yield stress
of the material is 550 MPa. Given that the safety factor is 2.5, determine the maximum
permissible value of Pi if the cylinder is designed according to:

a) The maximum shearing stress theory (Tresca criterion),

b) The distortion energy theory (von-Mises criterion).

(8 marks)

If the cylinder is open-ended, WITHOUT ANY CALCULATION, explain whether

the values of Pi are affected by this end condition, using the same yield criteria as
mentioned above.

(2 marks)
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QUESTION 3

Beam ABCD is loaded with a point load P at C as shown in Figure Q3(a). The beam
has a hollow cross section as shown in Figure Q3(b). Given, E = 200 GPa and σY =
250 MPa. The material is elastic perfectly plastic.

i. What is the Moment required for the cross-section to start to yield?

(2 marks)
ii. What is the Moment required for the cross-section to become a plastic hinge
(fully plastic)?
(2 marks)
iii. What is the load P to cause the plastic hinge?
(2 marks)
iv. Sketch the residual stress distribution due to release of the plastic hinge load.
(3 marks)
v. Explain what happens to the value of load P if the cross-section is rotated 90o
and why?
(1 mark)

All Thickness 10 mm

150 mm

100 mm
Figure Q3(a)/Rajah S3(a)

Figure Q3(b) /Rajah S3(b)

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QUESTION 4

a) Figure Q4 (a) shows an L-bracket ABC which lies in the horizontal plane. It is
made from a material with elastic and shear moduli E and G, respectively. If a
vertical load P is applied at end C, determine the total strain energy that is stored in
the whole structure. Express your answer in terms of P, E, G, I and J. Neglect the
strain energy due to transverse shear force.
(2 marks)
b) A L-beam ABC with a diameter of 15 mm shown in Figure Q4 (b) is fixed at A. It
is subjected to a horizontal force of 10 N at B and a vertical force of P at C. The
material has an elastic and shear moduli of 200 GPa and 70 GPa, respectively. Use
Castigliano’s second theorem and consider bending effects ONLY.
(i) What is the value of the vertical force P so that there is NO VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT at C?
(ii) By using the value of P obtained from part (i), calculate the slope at C.
(8 marks)

Figure Q4 (a)/Rajah S4(a) Figure Q4 (b)/Rajah S4(b)

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QUESTION 5

a) Answer TRUE or FALSE for the following statements:

(i) Buckling of a column occurs under transverse load.
(ii) Pure buckling occurs in a long column.
(iii) Pure buckling uses the equation of Rankin-Gordon.
(iv) A long column with fixed ends can carry load 16 times as compared to both
ends hinged.
(2 marks)
b) A steel post AB of hollow circular cross section is fixed at the base and free at the
top. The inner and outer diameters are d1 = 96 mm and d2 = 110 mm, respectively, and
the length L = 4.0 m. The modulus of elasticity of the post material is 205 GPa. Two
ways to weld a rigid fitting to the post. The first is to weld the rigid fitting at the top
and the second is to the side of the post as shown in Figure Q5(a) and Figure Q5(b),
respectively. Cable CBD passes through the fitting in which the contact in between the
cable and the fitting is assumed frictionless. The cable is pretensioned by tightening the
turnbuckles and the angles between the cable and the ground are ⍺ = 53.13o. Determine
the maximum allowable tensile force T in the cable:
(i) for the post as shown in Figure Q5(a) if the plane of the cable (plane CBD)
is aligned with the axis of the post,
(3 marks)
(ii) for the post as shown in Figure Q5(b) if the distance between the plane of
the cable (plane CBD) and the axis of the post is e = 100 mm, and the
deflection at the top of the post is limited to 20 mm.
(5 marks)

Figure Q5(a)/Rajah S5(a) FigureQ5(b)/Rajah S5(b)

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SKMM2123

Terjemahan Bahasa Melayu

SOALAN 1
a) Nyatakan pernyataan berikut adalah BETUL atau SALAH:
i. Tegasan dalam satah sentiasa sama dengan terikan dalam satah.
ii. Tegasan utama sama dengan terikan utama.
iii. Terikan ricihan mutlak sentiasa sama dengan terikan dalam satah
maksimum.
iv. Peningkatan dalam nilai elastic sesuatu bahan, E akan mengurangkan
kedua-dua nilai terikan dn tegasan.
(2 markah)

b) Satu jeriji bulat dengan diameter luar 100 mm, seperti dalam Rajah S1,
diperbuat daripada besi mempunyai modulus elastik E = 200 GPa, modulus
ketegaran G = 75 GPa dan nisbah Poisson v = 0.3. Satu hujung jeriji tersebut
diikat tegar dan tiga daya kilasan 80 Nm, 50 Nm dan 120 Nm dikenakan pada
A, B dan D. Satu terikan rosette di letakkan pada kedudukan C untuk
mengukur terikan seperti Rajah S1. Tentukan:
i. Tegasan utama pada C.
ii. Tegasan dalam satah maksimum pada C.
iii. Tegasan mutlak maksimum pada C.
iv. Bacaan terikan rosette εa, εb and εc pada C.
(8 markah)

SOALAN 2
Satu silinder tebal bertutup mempunyai diameter dalam dan luar 600 mm dan 1200
mm. Ia dikenakan kepada tekanan dalaman, Pi. Tegasan yang dibenarkan adalah 550
MPa. Jika diberi faktor keselamatan sebagai 2.5, tentukan nilai maksimum Pi apabila
silinder direka mengikut:

c) Teori ricihan maksimum (kriteria Tresca),

d) Teori herotan tenaga (kriteria von-Mises).

(8 markah)

Jika silinder adalah jenis terbuka, TANPA SEBARANG PENGIRAAN, terangkan

samada nilai Pi memngalami perubahan disebabkan keadaan hujung menggunakan
teori-teori keggalan diatas.

(2 markah)
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SKMM2123

SOALAN 3
Rasuk ABCD dikenakan daya P pada C seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah S3(a).
Rasuk tersebut mempunyai keratan rentas berlohong seperti Rajah S3(b). Diberi E =
200 GPa dan σY = 250 MPa. Bahan rasuk diperbuat daripada bahan elastik sempurna.

i. Berapa nilai momen diperlukan untuk keratan rentas tersebut mengalami

kegagalan?
(2 markah)
ii. Apakah nilai momen untuk keratan rentas mengalami keadaan plastik penuh?
(2 markah)
iii. Apakah nilai daya P yang menyebabkan keadaan plastik penuh?
(2 markah)
iv. Larkarkan taburan tegasan baki apabila daya plastik penuh dilepaskan.
(3 markah)
v. Terangkan apa yang berlaku kepada daya P sekiranya keratan rentas
diputarkan 90o dan nyatakan kenapa?
(1 markah)

SOALAN 4
a) Rajah S4 (a) menunjukkan braket-L ABC terbina pada satah mendatar. Ia diperbuat
daripada bahan elastic dengan nilai E dan G tertentu. Jika daya menegak P dikenakan
pada hujung C, tentukan jumlah tenaga terikan disimpan dalam struktur. Nyatakan
jawapan anda dalam sebutan P, E, G, I dan J. Abaikan tenaga terikan yang disebabkan
oleh daya ricihan.
(2 markah)
b) Satu rasuk L ABC dengan diameter 15 mm diyunjukkan dalam Rajah S4 (b) diikat
tegar pada A. Ia dikenakan kepada daya mendatar 10 N pada B dan daya menegak P
pada C. Rasuk diperbuat daipada bahan mempunyai modulus elastic dan modulus
ketegaran masing-masing bernilai 200 GPa dan 70 GPa. Guna teori Castigliano kedua
dan HANYA PERTIMBANGKAN KESAN LEDINGAN SAHAJA.
(i) Apakah nilai daya menegak P yang akan menyebabkan TIADA
PERUBAHAN MENEGAK pada C.
(ii) Dengan menggunakan nilai P darpada (i), kira kecerunan pada C.
(8 markah)
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SKMM2123

SOALAN 5
a) Nyatakan jawapan BETUL atau SALAH bagi kenyataan di bawah:
(i) Topang kolum berlaku disebabkan oleh daya melintang.
(ii) Topang asli berlaku dalam kolum yang panjang.
(iii) Topang asli menggunakan teori persamaan Rankin-Gordon.
(iv) Kolum yang panjang dengan hujung terikat tegar boleh memabwa daya 16
kali lebih daripada kolum yang dipinkan pada kedua-dua hujung.
(2 markah)
b) Satu tiang besi AB mempunyai berkeratan rentas lohong diikat tegar pada tapak dan
bebas pada hujung atas. Diameter dalam dan luar adalah d1 = 96 mm dan d2 = 110 mm.
Panjang tiang diberi L = 4.0 m. Modulus elastik tiang adalah 205 GPa. Terdapat 2 cara
untuk mengimpal pemasangan pada tiang. Pertama adalah kimpalan pada atas dan
kedua kimpalan pada sisi seperti Rajah S5(a) dan Rajah S5(b). Kabel CBD melalui
kelengkapan yang dipasang dan dianggap bebas geseran. Kabel diketatkan
menggunakan “turnbuckles” dan sudut antara kabel dan tanah adalah ⍺ = 53.13o.
Tentukan tegangan kabel T:
(i) pada Rajah S5(a), jika satah kabel (satah CBD) dijajarkan dengan paksi
tiang,
(3 markah)
(ii) untuk Rajah S5(b), jika jarak antara satah kabel dan paksi tiang adalah diberi
sebagai e = 100 mm, dan pesongan pada atas tiang dihadkan kepada " = 20
mm.
(5 markah)
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SKMM2123

DATA SHEET

(Sign conventions as adopted in Hibbeler’s Mechanics of Materials book)

PLANE-TRESS TRANSFORMATION

sx’ = sq = ½ (sx + sy) + ½ (sx - sy) cos 2q + txy sin 2q

tx’y’ = − ½ (sx - sy) sin 2q + txy cos 2q

2 τ xy
tan 2θp =
(σ x - σ y )

(σ x - σ y )
tan 2θs = −
2 τ xy

PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION

ex’ = eq = ½ (ex + ey) + ½ (ex - ey) cos 2q + ½ gxy sin 2q

gx’y’ = − (ex - ey) sin 2q + gxy cos 2q

γ xy
tan 2θp =
(ε x - ε y )

(ε x - ε y )
tan 2θs = −
γ xy

2-D STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS

sx =
E
1- n2
[
e x + ne y ] etc

ex =
1
E
[
s x - ns y etc ]

txy = Ggxy etc

E
G=
2(1 + n )
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SKMM2123

3-D STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS

ex =
1
E
[
s x - n (s y + s z )] etc

sx =
E
[
(1 + n )(1 - 2n )
]
(1 - n )e x + n(e y + e z ) etc

THIN CYLINDER

Pd Pd
Hoop stress, sH = Longitudinal stress, sL =
2t 4t

THICK CYLINDER

B B
Hoop stress, sH = A + Radial stress, sR = A -
r2 r2

STRAIN ENERGY DUE TO AXIAL LOAD, BENDING AND TORSION

L L L
P2 M2 T2
U=ò dx ; U=ò dx ; U=ò dx
0
2EA 0
2EI 0
2GJ

CASTIGLIANO’S SECOND THEOREM

¶U
Deflection, d=
¶P

¶U
Slope, q=
¶M

¶U
Angle of twist, f=
¶T
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BUCKLING OF COLUMNS AND STRUTS

p 2 EI
Euler’s buckling load, Pcr =
( KL)2

where, K=1 for pinned-pinned ends

K=2 for fixed-free ends

K = 0.7 for fixed-pinned ends

K = 0.5 for fixed-fixed ends

sY A
Rankine-Gordon’s buckling load, PR-G = 2
æLö
1 + aç ÷
èrø

sY K
where a =
p 2E

r = radius of gyration

Secant formula

é æ P Lö ù
vmax = e êsec çç ÷÷ - 1ú
êë è EI 2 ø úû

P é ec æL P öù
s max = ê1 + 2 sec çç ÷ú
A ëê r è 2r EA ÷øûú