Q1) Write a short introduction on the electron theory of solids.

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Q2) Differentiate among the classical free electron theory, the Quantum free electron theory and the
Zone theory.

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 Q3) What is resistivity? Explain with the help of its formula.

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Q4) Explain the electrical conductivity of a conductor.

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Q5) List the assumptions of the classical theory of free electron.

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Q6) List the advantages of classical free electron theory.

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Q7) Explain the disadvantages of classical free electron theory.

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Q8) Explain the density of states.

A) The density of states (DOS) in quantum physics is a measure of how many quantum states are
available at different energy levels in a physical system, like a material. It gives information about the
distribution of energy states. Mathematically, it's represented as \(D(E)\), where \(E\) is energy, and
it tells us the number of states per unit energy interval. Understanding DOS is crucial for explaining
various properties of materials, such as electrical conductivity, by revealing how particles like
electrons are distributed across different energy levels.

Q9) What is effective mass of electron?

A) The effective mass of an electron in solid-state physics is a hypothetical mass that simplifies the
analysis of electrons in a crystal lattice. It reflects how electrons behave in the crystal as if they were
free particles with a different mass, making calculations more manageable. The effective mass is
crucial for understanding the electrical properties of materials like semiconductors.

Q10) Describe the Kronig-Penney Model and the origin of energy bands.

A) The Kronig-Penney model is a quantum mechanical representation of electrons in a one-

dimensional periodic potential, such as that found in a crystal lattice. By solving the Schrödinger
equation within this periodic potential, the model reveals the origin of energy bands in solids. These
bands arise from the interference of electron waves within the crystal lattice, leading to constructive
interference regions where electrons are allowed to exist at specific energy levels, forming bands,
and destructive interference regions where electrons are forbidden. This simple model provides
insights into the electronic properties of materials, influencing phenomena like electrical
conductivity, and is a fundamental concept in condensed matter physics.

Q11) What is the Bloch’s theorem for particles in a periodic potential?

A) Bloch's theorem, proposed by Felix Bloch, is a key principle in the study of particles, particularly
electrons, in a periodic potential like that found in crystal lattices. It states that the wave functions of
these particles can be expressed as a product of a plane wave and a periodic function. This means
that the overall wave function exhibits a periodicity consistent with the crystal lattice. Bloch's
theorem is crucial in simplifying the analysis of quantum states in periodic structures, forming the
foundation for understanding electronic properties such as band structures in materials. It provides a
valuable framework for investigating the behaviour of particles in crystalline environments, offering
insights into the electronic properties of various materials.

Q12) What do you understand by periodic potential?

A) A periodic potential refers to a regularly repeating pattern of potential energy in a material's

crystal lattice. It arises from the ordered arrangement of atoms or ions in a crystal, creating a
consistent energy pattern. This periodic potential is essential in determining the electronic properties
of materials, impacting phenomena like energy band formation and electrical conductivity.
Q13) Explain the concept of Fermi level.

A) The Fermi level is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, representing the energy level at
which electrons in a material have a 50% probability of being occupied at absolute zero temperature.
It serves as a reference point for electron energy distribution in a material and plays a pivotal role in
understanding electronic properties, especially in semiconductors and metals. The position of the
Fermi level influences phenomena such as electrical conductivity, with electrons below the Fermi
level being more likely to participate in conduction. The concept is essential for analysing and
predicting the behaviour of charge carriers in materials, making it a central aspect of condensed
matter physics and semiconductor device design.

Q14) Explain the division of materials on the basis of their electrical properties.

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Q15) Define Ohm’s Law. State the mathematical relation as well.

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