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IIT MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHM
WORKBOOK

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 LOGARITHM
1. DEFINITION : Solution : 1 + logb{1 + logc (1 + logpN)} = a0 = 1
Every positive real number N can be expressed  logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0
in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also a
 1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1
positive real number different than unity and is
called the base and 'x' is called an exponent.  logc (1 + logpN) = 0
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic  1 + logpN = 1
form as logaN = x. Hence ax = N logaN = x.  logpN = 0
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is  N=1
the exponent by which the base must be raised
in order to get that number. Do yourself-1
Limitations of logarithm: (i) Express the following in logarithmic form :
loga N is defined only when (a) 81 = 34
(b) 0.001 = 10–3
(i) N > 0, (ii) a > 0, (iii) a 1
(c) 2 = 1281/7
Note :
(i) For a given value of N, loga N will give us a (ii) Express the following in exponential form :
(a) log232 = 5
unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist. (b) log 2 4 = 4
(iii)Logarithm of negative reals are not defined (c) log100.01 = –2
in the system of real numbers.
Illustration 1 : If log4m = 1.5, then find the value (iii) If log 2 3
1728 = x , then find x.
of m. 2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Solution : log4m = 1.5 m = 43/2 m = 8 Using the basic definition of logarithm we
have 3 important deductions :
Illustration 2 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then (a) loga1 = 0
p4 q 4 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is
prove that  1002a 1
100 zero.
Solution : log5p = a p = 5a (b) logNN = 1
log2q = a q = 2a i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base
is 1.
10  = 100
4a 2a
p4q 4 54a.24a
 = = = 1002a–1 
100 100 100 100 (c) log 1 N = –1= logN
N
N

Illustration 3 : The value of N, satisfying loga i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as
its reciprocal is –1
[1 + logb{1 + logc (1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -
Note: N =  a 
loga N
(A) 4 (B) 3 e.g. 2log 7 = 7
2

(C) 2 (D) 1
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 z z
Do yourself-2 logez – logex = c  loge = c  = ec
x x
(i) Find the value of the following :
     
bc c a ab
a b c
3  e × e × e
(a) log1.43
30 a b c   bc a c a b 
=e = e0 = 1
log 2 5
 1
(b)  
 2 Illustration 6 : If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove
(ii) If 4log 2 2x
=36 , then find x.
that log
 a  b
1
=
(log a + log b).
3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF 5 2
LOGARITHMS : Solution : a2 + b2 = (a + b) 2 –2ab = 23ab
If m, n are arbitrary positive numbers where (a + b) 2 = 25aba + b = 5 ab ....(i)
a > 0, a ≠1 and x is any real number, then- Using (i)
(a) logamn = logam + logan
L.H.S. = log
 a  b = log
5 ab
=
1
logab
m 5 5 2
(b) loga = loga m – loga n
n 1
(c) logamx = x logam = (log a + log b)= R.H.S.
2

Illustration 4 : Find the value of Illustration 7 : If logax = p and logbx2 = q, then

2 25 625
2 log + 3 log – log logx ab is equal to (where a, b, x R+ – {1}) -
5 8 128
1 1 1 1
2 25 128 (A)  (B) 
Solution : 2 log + 3 log
5 8
+ log
625 p q 2p q
3
22  52  27 (C)
1 1
 (D)
1

1
= log 2 + log  23  + log p 2q 2p 2q
5 54
22 56 27 Solution : (B)
= log 2 . 9 . 4 = log1 = 0 logax = p  ap = x a = x1/p.
5 2 5
Similarly, bq = x2 b = x2/q
Illustration 5: If logex – logey = a,  1 2 1
 p  q  2
1/p 2/q
logey – logez = b & logez – logex = c, then find Now, logx ab = logx x x = logx x
bc ea ab 1 1
 x  y  z = 
the value of   ×  ×  2p q
 y  z  x
Solution : Do yourself-3
x x
logex – logey = a loge = a  = ea Show that
y y 1 1
log 9 + 2 log 6 + log81 – log12 = 3 log 3
y y 2 4
logey – logez = b loge = b  = eb
z z
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4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM : Solution : (logba. logca – 1) + (logab .logcb – 1)
Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of
+ (logac. logbc – 1) = 0
two numbers is independent of their common
base. log a log a log b log b log c log c
 . + . + . =3
log am log b log c loga log c log a log b
"Symbolically, logbm = ,
log ab (log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga.logb.logc
where a > 0, a 1, b > 0, b 1
(loga + logb + logc) = 0
Note :
[ If a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0
log a log b
(i) logba. logab = . = 1; if a b c]
log b log a
1 log abc = log 1 abc = 1
hence logba =
log ab 1 4

(ii) alog c = clog a

b b
Illustration 9: Evaluate : 81log5 3 + 27log 36 + 3log 79 9

1 Solution : 81log 5 + 33log

3 9 36
+ 34 log 9 7

(iii)Base power formula : logak m = logam

k
= 34 log 5 + 3 3   + 3
3/ 2
3
log 36 log3 72
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any
= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.
positive number other than 1, but in normal
practice, only two bases are popular, these Do yourself-4
are 10 and e(  2.718 approx). Logarithms log 3 135 log 3 5
of numbers to the base 10 are named as (i) Evaluate : –
log15 3 log 405 3
'common logarithm' and the logarithms of
numbers to the base 'e' are called Natural or (ii) Evaluate : log927 – log279
Napierian logarithm.
(iii) Evaluate : 2log 3 5
– 5log 3 2

We will consider logx as logex or nx.

(iv) Evaluate :
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & vice-versa :
log34 . log45 .log56 .log67 .log78 . log89
log10 a
logea = = 2.303 × log10 a ;
log10 e 1 1
(v) If   x then x can be -
log e a log 3  log 4 
log10 a = = log10 e × loge a = 0.434 loge a
log e 10
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 3.5 (D) 
Illustration 8 : If a, b, c are distinct positive
real numbers different from 1 such that (vi) If loga3 = 2 and logb8 = 3, then logab is -
(logba .logca – logaa) + (logab .logcb – logbb) + (A) log32 (B) log23
(logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then abc is equal to-
(C) log34 (D) log43
(A) 0 (B) e
(C) 1 (D) none of these

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5. POINTS TO REMEMBER :
(i) If base of logarithm is greater than 1
then logarithm of greater number is
greater. i.e. log28 = 3, log24 = 2 etc. and
if base of logarithm is between 0 and
1then logarithm of greater number is
smaller. i.e. log1/28 = –3, log1/24 = –2 etc.
 x  y if a 1
loga x < logay  
 x  y if 0  a 1
(ii) It must be noted that whenever the
number and the base are on the same
side of unity then logarithm of that
number to that base is positive, however
if the number and the base are located
on different side of unity then logarithm
of that number to that base is negative.
3 1
e.g. log10 10 = ; log 7 49 = 4; log 1
3 2
 1  1
 8  = 3 ; log2  32 
6. CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA :
For any given number N, logarithm can be
expressed as logaN = Integer + Fraction.
The integer part is called as characteristic
and the fractional part is called as mantissa.
When the value of log n is given, then to
find digits of 'n' we use only the mantissa
part. The characteristic is used only in
determining the number of digits in the
integral part (if n 1) or the number of
zeros after decimal & before first non-zero
digit in the number (if 0 < n < 1).
* Note: If x  R then x = [x] + {x} similarly
logaN = [loga N] + {loga N} where [·] denotes
greatest integer function & {·} denotes fraction
part function.
Here [loga N] is characteristic of N to base
'a' & {loga N} is mantissa of N to base 'a'.

= –5; log10(0.001) = –3 * Note :

(i) The mantissa part of logarithm of a
1
(iii) x + if x is positive real number number is always non-negative
x
(0  m < 1)
1
and x + –2 if x is negative real (ii) If the characteristic of log10N be n,
x
then the number of digits in N is
number
(n + 1)
 (iv) n 2, n N
(iii) If the characteristic of log10N be
n
a  a1/n nth root of 'a' ('a' is a non (–n), then there exist (n – 1) zeros
negative number) after decimal in N.
some important values : 7. ANTILOGARITHM :
log102  0.3010 ; log103  0.4771 ; The positive real number 'n' is called the
antilogarithm of a number 'm' if log n = m
n 2  0.693, n 10  2.303
Thus, log n = m n = antilog m
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 1 1
Do yourself-5 LHS = +
log a  c  b  log a  c  b 
(i) Evaluate : log10 (0.06)6
log a  c  b   log a  c  b 
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820 =
log a  c  b  .log a  c  b 
log a  c2  b 2 
(iii)Determine number of cyphers (zeroes)
between decimal & first significant digit in =
log a  c  b  .log a  c  b 

200

  log a a 2
6 = (using (i))
log a  c  b  .log a  c  b 
5 2
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64. =
6 log a  c  b  .log a  c  b 
= 2log(c+b) a. log(c-b) a = RHS
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 10 : Show that log418 is an irrational ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
number.
1 : (i) (a) log381 = 4
Solution : log418 = log4 (32 × 2) = 2log43 +
log 2 3 1 (b) log10 (0.001) = –3
1
log42 = 2  = log23 +
log 2 4 log 2 4 2 (c) log128 2 = 1/7
assume the contrary, that this number log23 is (ii) (a) 32 = 25
rational number.
p (b) 4 = ( 2 )4
 log23 = Since log23 > 0 both numbers
q (c) 0.01 = 10–2
p and q may be regarded as natural number (iii) 6
 3 = 2p/q 2p = 3q
But this is not possible for any natural number 1
2 : (i) (a) 1 (b) (ii) 3
p and q. The resulting contradiction completes 5
the proof.
4 : (i) 3 (ii) 5/6 (iii) 0
Illustration 11 : If in a right angled triangle, a (iv) 2 (v) (A) (vi) (C)
and b are the lengths of sides and c is the length
of hypotenuse and c – b 1, c + b 1, then 5 : (i) 8.6686 (ii) 26 (iii) 155
show that (iv) 32
logc+b a + logc–b a = 2logc+ba . logc–ba.
Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 – b2 = a2 .......... (i)

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