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ChE304 Exp01
ChE304 Exp01
Experiment 01
STUDY OF DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
Submitted by:
Md. Sohel Rana
Student ID: 1702028
Level 3, Term 2
Group: 06 (A1)
Group members: 1702026, 1702027, 1702029, 1702030
Submitted to:
Kaniz Fatema
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
1
Experimental Section
Apparatus:
Double pipe heat exchanger
Pressure gauge
Thermometer
Flowmeter
Balance
Bucket
Experimental Setup:
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the experimental setup of double pipe heat exchanger
Experimental Procedure:
The steam line was kept open to eliminate the stored liquid for some moment. The
thermometer was placed in the inlet and outlet side of the water. Then, the steam
control valve and water inlet control valve was opened. The steam pressure was held
constant (5 psig) by regulating the steam control valve throughout the experiment.
Once the steam pressure became constant, the inlet and outlet temperature of the
water was recorded, and the mass of condensate was measured after a fixed period.
The time to flow 10 L water through the tube side was noted. Once the above
procedure had been followed, the water flow rate was increased, and the above
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procedure was repeated five times. Finally, the above procedure was followed at
increased steam pressure (10 psig and 15 psig).
Table 1: Observed temperature, flow rate, and mass of water and condensate for different
constant steam pressure.
3
Table 2: Water properties at average water temperature.
4
Table 3: Calculated data of mass flow rate of water, and condensate, heat lost by steam, heat gained by water, LMTD, and experimental overall heat transfer.
5
Table 4: Calculated data for velocity, dimensionless numbers, water-side heat transfer coefficient, film temperature, and water properties at film temperature.
6
5 0.70 24830 5.04 129.4 3021 88.1 966.6 0.00032 0.674
Table 5: Calculated data for water and steam side heat transfer coefficient, theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient, experimental, and theoretical 1/U.
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5 3021 7761 1836 0.00080 0.00054 1.32
8
Graphical Representation:
1000.0
10.0
1000 10000 100000
Reynolds number, Re
Figure 2: Log-log plot of Nusselt number vs. Reynolds number at 5 psig steam pressure.
1000.0
10.0
1000 10000 100000
Reynolds number, Re
Figure 3: Log-log plot of Nusselt number vs. Reynolds number at 10 psig steam pressure.
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1000.0
10.0
1000 10000 100000
Reynolds number, Re
Figure 4: Log-log plot of Nusselt number vs. Reynolds number at 15 psig steam pressure.
10000
Water side
heat transfer 1000
coefficient
hi (W/m2 K)
100
0.10 1.00
Velocity, v (m/s)
Figure 5: Log-log plot of water side heat transfer coefficient vs. velocity at 5 psig steam
pressure.
10
10000
Water side
heat transfer
coefficient 1000
hi (W/m2 K)
100
0.10 1.00
Velocity, v (m/s)
Figure 6: Log-log plot of water side heat transfer coefficient vs. velocity at 10 psig steam
pressure.
10000
100
0.10 1.00
Velocity, v (m/s)
Figure 7: Log-log plot of water side heat transfer coefficient vs. velocity at 15 psig steam
pressure.
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0.00100
0.00090
f(x) = 0.000275350960889302 x + 0.000368250030504478
0.00080 R² = 0.93237995888987
0.00070
f(x) = 0.000292982275505292 x + 0.000156451773701435
0.00060 R² = 0.9983527211828
0.00030
0.00020 The
oret
0.00010 ical
0.00000
1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90
(1/v)0.8 (s/m)0.8
Figure 8: Plot of (1/U) vs. (1/v)0.8 for both theoretical and experimental heat transfer
coefficient at 5 psig steam pressure.
0.00100
0.00030
0.00020 The
oret
0.00010 ical
0.00000
1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20
(1/v)0.8 (s/m)0.8
Figure 9: Plot of (1/U) vs. (1/v)0.8 for both theoretical and experimental heat transfer
coefficient at 10 psig steam pressure.
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0.00090
0.00080
f(x) = 9.83310650580682E-05 x + 0.000653890742944773
0.00070 R² = 0.200162652276176
0.00060
f(x) = 0.00027686678133072 x + 0.000176837472758526
0.00050 R² = 0.995571527581224
1/U (m2K/W)
0.00040
0.00030
0.00020 The
oret
0.00010 ical
0.00000
1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50
(1/v)0.8 (s/m)0.8
Figure 10: Plot of (1/U) vs. (1/v)0.8 for both theoretical and experimental heat transfer
coefficient at 15 psig steam pressure.
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5 1257 1836
In this experiment, three different types of graphs were plotted to study the variation
of heat transfer coefficients with Reynolds number and fluid velocity. In Figure 2,
Figure 3, and Figure 4, the relationship between the Nusselt number and Reynolds
number was shown. Each of these graphs indicated an increase of Nusselt number
with an increasing Reynolds number indicating that the heat transfer coefficient,
proportional to Nusselt number, increased with increasing Reynolds number, i.e.,
rising velocity. The variation trend of the heat transfer coefficient of water with the
velocity of water was illustrated in Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7. Although the
variation of heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds number and velocity was in
agreement with the theory, the amount of heat that was transferred from the hot steam
to the cold water, i.e., from the annulus section to the tubular section, was not in line
with the theoretical concept. The heat gain of water was larger than the heat loss of
steam, which clearly indicated fouling in the experiment. To analyze this discrepancy,
the fouling factor, i.e., dart factor, of the double pipe heat exchanger was calculated at
each pressure as shown in Figure 8, Figure 9, and Figure 10. The values of the dart
factor were 0.0002 m2K/W, 0.0005 m2K/W, and 0.0003 m2K/W for 5 psig, 10 psig,
and 15 psig steam pressure, respectively. These values indicate that the equipment had
considerable fouling.
Despite high precaution in minimizing the experiment's errors, some discrepancies
were observed in the experimental results. The unavoidable reasons behind these
discrepancies might be as follow:
The fluctuation of steam pressure throughout the experiment might be the
primary reason for inaccurate data. The steam was coming from a central
pipeline. Some other groups of persons were using the steam sometimes from
the same pipeline, which occasionally reduced the steam pressure. Again, the
steam pressure dropped when the steam trap opened to eliminate the
condensate.
The steam trap was opening and closing unpredictably. The collected
condensate might not represent the actual condensate formed during the
measurement period.
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The water temperature was measured using an analog thermometer, which
might be inaccurate due to human error.
The flow rate of inlet water might not be steady, or the flow meter might be
inaccurate in measurement.
Appendices
Appendix A: Sample Calculation
Nominal diameter of tube = 1"
Schedule No. = 40
Length of tube = 7’4” = 2.2352 m
Outer tube diameter, Do = 33.4 mm = 0.0334 m
Inner tube diameter, Di = 26.6 mm = 0.0266 m
(Reference: J. P. Holman. 'Heat Transfer'. McGraw – Hill. 10th Edition. Table A-11,
page 665)
Outside area of inner tube available for heat transfer, Ao = πDoL
= (π×0.0334×2.2352) m2
= 0.2345 m2
2 2
π Di π × 0.0266 2
Internal cross-sectional area of inner tube, Ai = = m = 5.57×10-4 m2
4 4
For observation no. 05 at 5 psig steam pressure
Water flow rate, ṁ = 38.05×10-2 L/s
Inlet water temperature, T1 = 25℃
Outlet water temperature, T2 = 40℃
Temperature difference, ∆T = T2 – T1 = 40 – 25 = 15℃ = 15 K
T 1 +T 2 25+ 40
Mean temperature of water, T m= = =32.5 ℃
2 2
At, 32.5℃ mean temperature,
Density of water, ρm = 994.81kg/m3
Specific heat capacity of water, CPm = 4178.1 J/kg℃
Thermal conductivity, km = 0.620 Wm-1K-1
Dynamic viscosity, μm = 0.00076 Pa s
−2
38.05× 10 ×994.8
Mass flow rate of water, Mw = = 0.379 kg/s
1000
Collected mass of condensate = 1.35 kg
15
Time of collection = 120 s
1.35
Mass flow rate of condensate, Mc = = 0.011 kg/s
120
Rate of heat taken up by water, Qw = MwCpm(T2-T1)
= 0.379 × 4174 × 15
= 23699 W
At 5 psig steam pressure,
Saturation temperature of steam, TS = 108.37℃
Latent heat of vaporization, λS = 2234.3 kJ/kg
Rate of heat given up by steam, Qs = Mcλs= 0.011 × 2234.3 × 1000 = 25136 W
Qw +Qs 23699+25136
Mean rate of heat flow, Qm = = =24418 W
2 2
( )
∆ T1 83.37
ln ln
∆ T2 68.37
Qm 24418
Experimental overall heat transfer coefficient, U OE = = W m-2
A o ∆ T lm 0.2345 ×75.6
K-1
= 1377 W m-2 K-1
Calculation of velocity (v), Reynolds number (Re) and Prandtl umber (Pr)
T s +T m 108.37+ 32.5
Tube wall temperature, Tw = = =70.4 ℃
2 2
Mw 0.379
Velocity, v = = =0.68 m/s
ρm A i 994.8× 5.57 ×10−4
Di v ρ m 0.0266 × 0.68 ×994.8
Reynolds Number, Re = = =23809
μm 0.00076
μ m C pm 0.000753× 4174
Prandtl Number, Pr = = =5.12
km 0.62
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Calculation of water side heat transfer coefficient (hi) and Nusselt number (Nu)
For turbulent flow, according to Dittus-Boelter equation,
1 1
0.8 3 0.8
hi = 0.023 ×km × ℜ × Pr = 0.023 ×0.62 ×23809 × 5.12 =2932 Wm−2 K−1
3
Di 0.0266
hi D i 2932 ×0.0266
Nusselt Number, Nu = = =125.8
km 0.62
( )
k 3 ρ2f gλ s 1/ 4
f
D0 (T s−T w ) μf
Nusselt equation for film type condensation, ho = 0.725
= 0.725 ×
( )
1 /4
0.6703 ×971.8 2 × 9.81× 2234.3× 1000
0.0334 × (108.37−70.4 ) × 0.00035
= 7864 W m-2 K-1
( )
−1
1 Do xW Do
Theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient, UOT = + +
ho D 1 h1 k M Dlm
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Dirt factor, Rd = 0.0004 – 0.0002 = 0.0002 m2 K/W
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