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design of concrete bridges

Book · June 2020

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Praveen Nagarajan
National Institute of Technology Calicut
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 To
my parents
Mrs. Rani Nagarajan and Dr. N.M. Nagarajan
and my teachers at
NIT Calicut and IIT Madras

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 is book deals with the design of concrete bridges as per the Indian standard IRC 112: 2011. It is designed as
an easy-to-read textbook for an introductory course in bridge design for senior undergraduate and postgraduate
students of Civil Engineering. It will also be useful for practicing engineers to understand the background behind
design provisions in IRC 112.
e key features of the book are as follows:
1. Explanation of the concepts using simple language.
2. Carefully chosen examples and illustrations that will help to understand the theory easily.
3. Even the smallest step required for design is explained clearly.
4. e book follows a step-by-step approach for problem solving, which will help the readers for solving
problems in a systematic way. is will further help them to develop simple programs/spreadsheets for
design.

Organization of the Book

e book contains eight chapters. e di erent types of bridges and the components of bridges are discussed in
Chapter 1. Chapter 2 explains the di erent types of loads required for analysis and the procedure for design of
structural elements as per IRC 6: 2017 and IRC 112: 2011. e remaining ve chapters (Chapters 3–7) deal with
design of bridge superstructures, such as slab bridges, box culverts, tee beam bridges, box girders and prestressed
concrete bridges. Design of bearings, piers and abutments are discussed in Chapter 8. All the examples and
problems discussed in the chapters are industry oriented and are based on real-life examples.

Features of the Book

Several features are incorporated in the book to make the learning e ective and fun.

Learning Objectives
Learning objectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES
provide a summary After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
of key concepts that
would be discussed in
❯❯ · Understand the advantages of a box section. · Understand the behaviour of box girder bridges.
· Know the di erent types of box girders. · Design a box girder bridge using simpli ed
the chapter and key methods.
takeaways from the
chapter.

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 viii Preface

Review Questions Review Questions

1. Discuss the behaviour of a single cell box girder Review Questions help
subjected to eccentric loading. ❯❯ the students to infer
general idea of the
2. Explain the simpli ed method of analysis for
concepts described in
the design of box girder bridge.
the chapter.

Exercises
Exercises help the students
to understand the concepts
using multiple scenarios and
have an inherent objective of
strengthening the conceptual
understanding.
Exercises
1. Design the box girder bridge shown in Fig. 6.4
for the following loads:
(a) Pedestrian loads acting on the foot path.
(b) Two lanes of Class A loading.
2. Design a reinforced concrete single-cell box
❯❯ girder bridge for the following data:
E ective span = 20 m
Dimensions of box cell (centre line dimensions)
= 4 m (width) × 2 m (height)
ickness of wall = 300 mm
Width of carriage way = 7.5 m

Computer Project
Computer Project
Computer Projects
1. Analyse the box girder bridge given in Example
6.1 using nite element software. Compare the ❯❯ include problems that
are associated with
results with those obtained using the simpli ed
the use of computer
method used in this chapter.
softwares.

Some mistakes are expected to be present in spite of enough care taken during writing of the book. I would be
highly obliged if the mistakes are brought to my notice. I would also appreciate if readers provide their constructive
and valuable suggestions for the improvement of this book.

Dr. Praveen Nagarajan

NIT Calicut

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 Dr. Praveen Nagarajan had his Civil Engineering education from NIT Calicut
and IIT Madras. He was a top-ranking student throughout. After a brief stint as a
Bridge Design Engineer at L&T Ramboll, Chennai, he took to academics.
His areas of interest are Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, Bridge Engineering
and Structural Reliability. He has published more than 90 technical papers in
these areas and has authored the books Prestressed Concrete Design (published by
Pearson) and Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis (published by CRC). He is the
recipient of several awards like the Valli Anantharamakrishnan Merit Prize from
IIT Madras, E P Nicolaides Prize from the Institution of Engineers (India), the Best
Young Teacher Award from NIT Calicut, ICI-UltraTech Award for Outstanding
Young Concrete Engineer of Kerala by the Indian Concrete Institute (ICI) and
ICI-Prof. V. Ramakrishnan Young Scientist Award by the ICI. He has guided four PhD students and more
than 40 MTech projects. He is also guiding 10 research scholars for their doctoral degrees. Presently he is
working as a Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Calicut.

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 I would like to thank Mr. Rupnarayan Das, Mr. Syed Haroon, Mr. Praveen Settigere and Ms. Meenakshi Sehrawat
of Wiley for all the support and to Mr. Beljith P. for typing the manuscript.

D D D DD
NIT Calicut

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 Preface vii
About the Author ix
Acknowledgements xi

Chapter 1: Introduction to Bridges

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Components of Bridges 1
1.3 Classification of Bridges 2
1.4 Selection of the Type of Bridge 11
Summary 12
Review Questions 12

Chapter 2: Road Bridges

2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Limit State Design 14
2.3 Characteristic and Design Loads and Strength of Materials 14
2.4 Loads for Design of Road Bridges 14
2.4.1 Live Loads as per IRC: 6 15
2.5 Materials 21
2.6 Stress–Strain Relations of Materials 21
2.7 Singly Reinforced Section under Bending 23
2.7.1 Limiting Depth of Neutral Axis xlim 24
2.7.2 Moment of Resistance of the Section MR 25
2.7.3 Limiting Moment of Resistance 25
2.7.4 Design of Singly Reinforced Section 25
2.8 Design of Flexural Member for Shear 26
2.9 Design for Torsion 27
2.10 Checks at Serviceability Limit State 28

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 xiv Contents

Summary 34
Review Questions 34
Exercises 34

Chapter 3: Slab Bridges

3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Design of One-Way Slabs Subjected to Concentrated Loads 36
3.3 Dispersion Along the Span – Effective Length 36
3.4 Dispersion Along the Support Direction – Effective Width 36
3.4.1 Effective Width for Slabs Supported on Two Opposite Sides 36
3.4.2 Effective Width for Cantilever Slabs 37
3.5 Load for Analysis 37
3.6 Stresses due to Temperature 82
Summary 92
Review Questions 92
Exercises 92
Computer Project 93

Chapter 4: Box Culvert

4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Analysis of Box Culvert 96
Summary 125
Review Questions 125
Exercises 125

Chapter 5: Tee Beam Bridges

5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Components of Tee Beam Bridges 128
5.3 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs Subjected to Concentrated Loads 130
5.4 Courbon’s Method 138
5.4.1 Reaction Factor using Courbon’s Method 139
Summary 183
Review Questions 183
Exercises 183
Computer Project 184

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 Contents xv

Chapter 6: Box Girder Bridges

6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Behaviour and Design of Box Girder Bridge 186
Summary 199
Review Questions 200
Exercises 200
Computer Project 200

Chapter 7: Prestressed Concrete Bridges

7.1 Introduction 201
7.2 Classification of Prestressed Concrete 201
7.3 Determination of Stresses in Prestressed Concrete Member 202
7.4 Design Loading Stages and Prestressing Force 203
7.4.1 Loading Stage 203
7.4.2 Prestressing Force 204
7.5 Stress Inequalities 205
7.6 Minimum Section Modulus 205
7.7 Minimum Prestressing Force and Maximum Eccentricity of Prestressing Force 206
7.8 Ultimate Moment of Resistance MR 206
7.9 Design Procedure 206
Summary 214
Review Questions 214
Exercises 214

Chapter 8: Bearings and Substructures

8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Bearings 215
8.2.1 Movements at Bearings 215
8.2.2 Classification of Bearings 216
8.3 Abutments and Piers 226
8.3.1 Abutments 226
8.3.2 Piers 228
8.3.3 Loads on Abutments and Piers 230

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View publication stats

xvi Contents

Summary 257
Review Questions 257
Exercises 257

Bibliography 259
Index 261

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