Exclusive Brethren

The Exclusive Brethren are a subset of the Christian evangelical

Brethren Church
movement generally described as the Plymouth Brethren. They are
distinguished from the Open Brethren from whom they separated
in 1848.[1]

The Exclusive Brethren are now divided into a number of groups,

most of which differ on minor points of doctrine or practice.
Perhaps the best-known of these, mainly through media
attention,[2] is the Raven-Taylor-Hales group, now known as the
Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, which maintains the doctrine
of uncompromising separation from the world based on their
interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 and 2 Timothy 2, believing that Classification Protestant
attendance at the Communion Service, the 'Lord's Supper', Orientation Plymouth
governs and strictly limits their relationship with others, even other Brethren
Brethren groups.
Polity Connectional
These brethren have one fellowship in some nineteen countries – Region 19 countries
including France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Denmark, the
Founder John Nelson
Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Argentina, Jamaica, Barbados,
St Vincent and the Grenadines, but they are more numerous in Darby
Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and North Origin 1848
America,[3][4] where they are referred to as the Exclusive Brethren London
or just the Brethren. Separated from Plymouth
Brethren (N.B.
History The Open
Brethren and the
Exclusive
19th century Brethren, which
emerged from the
The Plymouth Brethren split into Exclusive and Open Brethren in
schism, dispute
1848 when George Müller refused to accept John Nelson Darby's
which party was
view of the relationship between local assemblies following
difficulties in the Plymouth meeting. Brethren that held Muller's responsible for it).
congregational view became known as "Open", those holding Separations numerous
Darby's 'connexional' view, became known as "Exclusive" or schisms
"Darbyite" Brethren.

Darby's circular on 26 August 1848, cutting off not only Bethesda but all assemblies who received anyone
who had ever attended Bethesda, was to define the essential characteristic of "exclusivism" that he was to
pursue for the rest of his life. He set it out in detail in a pamphlet he issued in 1853 entitled Separation from
Evil - God’s Principle of Unity.[5] But a tension had existed since the earliest times, as set out in a letter
from Anthony Norris Groves in 1836 to Darby (who was not a believer in adult baptism):[6]
 Some will not have me hold communion with the Scotts, because their views are not
satisfactory about the Lord’s Supper; others with you, because of your views about baptism;
others with the Church of England, because of her thoughts about ministry. On my principles,
I receive them all; but on the principle of witnessing against evil, I should reject them all.

For most of his life, Darby was able to hold the exclusives together, although several longtime members
had seceded after accusing him of similar errors about the nature of Christ's humanity of which he had
accused Benjamin Wills Newton.[7] The Central Meeting in London (London Bridge) would communicate
with the other assemblies and most difficulties were eventually smoothed over.

But shortly before he died in 1882, things started to fall apart. It all started from an initiative in 1879 of
Edward Cronin, one of the Dublin founding members, that paralleled Darby's initiation of a new assembly
at Plymouth thirty years before. Some members had left a failing assembly in Ryde and Cronin travelled
down to break bread with them. When he reported back to London, different assemblies took differing
views of his action. Though Darby was sympathetic in private he attacked him fiercely in public. By 1881
an assembly in Ramsgate had itself split over the issue and the division, over an issue not of doctrine or
principle but church governance, became irrevocable.[8]

The excluded party became known as the "Kelly Brethren", although William Kelly remained devoted to
the memory of Darby and edited his collected papers. But after another division in 1885, three years after
Darby's death, when a London assembly excommunicated a brother in Reading over the "standing" of a
Christian, the minority in the resultant split (Stuarts) adopted a more "open" approach to fellowship, as did
those who followed Grant in America.

A more serious split occurred in 1890 around the teaching of F. E. Raven of Greenwich. "The seceders
from his communion falsely accused him of denying the orthodox doctrine of the union of the Divine and
the human natures in the Man Christ Jesus – not indeed in a Unitarian, but in a Gnostic sense."[9] After
furious strife in which the leading opponent was William Lowe, many of the remaining assemblies in
Britain stayed with Raven but those on the continent separated whilst the American assemblies were split.

20th century

Not all of the people remaining in fellowship with Raven agreed with him and this led in 1908–9 to further
splits, initiated by actions of the Glanton assembly in Northumberland over dissensions in the neighbouring
Alnwick assembly. Once more assemblies had to decide which side to support and this included those as
far away as Melbourne, Australia. Thus the Ravens and the Glantons were established. In the same year a
festering disagreement in Tunbridge Wells led to a minor breakaway from the Lowe group by a number of
assemblies.[10]

A further division took place in 1970. By this time, James Taylor, Jr. had come to control what had been the
Raven group.[11] At a meeting in Aberdeen, Scotland, on 25 July, it was alleged Taylor's behaviour was
improper.[11] His host published a long letter of protest which was sent to the New York assembly.[11]
Taylor immediately rejected these accusations as lies and the incident definitively divided the Brethren
membership worldwide.[11] Very few based near the scene of the events stayed in fellowship with Taylor –
only two families in Aberdeen and 200 out of 3,000 members in Scotland remained. Altogether, over 200
such assemblies in England, Scotland and Ireland seceded from the Taylor group, according to a 1971
listing.[12]
Others, especially those further afield, believed Taylor's line that he was a pure man and that this incident
was used by God to expose his enemies.[11][13] Following this incident, those who separated from Taylor
"rolled back" the changes in doctrine and practice that he had introduced, reverting to the teachings that had
been followed in the time of his father, James Taylor, Sr., who had led the movement from 1905 till his
death in 1953.[11] This fellowship further fragmented in 1972, and the party which broke away has since
further sub-divided.[11]

However, the history of Exclusive Brethren is not only one of division. Eventually several of the groups
realised that the divisions caused by personalities clashes or ecclesiastical issues were no longer relevant
and reunions occurred. The Kelly and Lowe groups reunited in 1926 to form the Lowe-Kelly group, in
1940 with most of Tunbridge Wells and in 1974 with the Glantons and are sometimes known as Reunited
Brethren. There was a further split in 2000, catalysed by tensions concerning Willem Ouweneel, one of the
'Dutch Five' in 1995.[14] Their ageing congregations have often not been replenished, and are dwindling.
Most of the Grant party merged with the Open Brethren in 1932.[15]

Most Exclusive Brethren have traditionally been described as "Darbyite" as they adhere in the main to the
original doctrines and teachings of John Darby, and do not accept the concept of a doctrine that evolves
through the teachings of successive leaders. Neither do they accept the concept that teachings of church
leaders are authoritative, divinely sanctioned, and binding on those in fellowship, as is the belief of the
Raven/Taylor/Hales Brethren.

Characteristics of the Exclusive Brethren

Overview

At one time, all Exclusive Brethren groups believed that there was a necessary unity of the local church or
assembly, but some who once were in fellowship with the Raven/Taylor/Hales group have become
independent companies modifying their requirements for receiving members to suit individual conscience.
Amongst such groups views concerning their way of life and relationships are frequently affected by the
varying standards in the general community.

This is expressed practically in different ways by the different groups, but matters of fellowship and church
discipline used to be generally not merely questions of local responsibility; such decisions would have been
accepted in all meetings. Exclusive Brethren were therefore sometimes described as Connexional
Brethren, as they recognised an obligation to accept and adhere to the disciplinary actions of other
associated assemblies. For example, where one of their branches had excluded a person from Christian
fellowship, that person remained excluded from all other branches, who must then treat the excluded person
as a leper (according to the book of Leviticus Chapter 15).[11] This is still the practice amongst the Brethren
and no doubt would be claimed by other independent assemblies.

There are common threads throughout all Plymouth Brethren groups, most notably the centrality of the
Lord's Supper (Holy Communion) in the weekly calendar as well as the format of meetings and worship:
the distinctions between the many groups are generally not well understood by non-members. The adjective
exclusive has been applied to the groups by others, partially due to their determination to separate from and
exclude what they believe to be evil. Exclusive Brethren usually disown any name and simply refer to
themselves as Christians, brethren, those with whom we walk, those in fellowship with us, or the saints.
However, the Raven/Taylor/Hales group being the most universally identifiable has attracted the term
Exclusive Brethren and accepted its application to themselves as meaning, the exclusion of, or withdrawal
from, evil.
Dissecting the history and branches of the Exclusive Brethren, particularly in the 20th century, can be a
challenge as there has been no formal mechanism for documenting their movement's history.[11]

Beliefs and structure

With the exception of the hardline Plymouth Brethren

Christian Church (PBCC), Exclusive Brethren differ
very little from the Open Brethren on theological
issues, both holding the Bible as their sole authority in
regard to matters of doctrine and practice. Like the
Exclusives, Open Brethren have traditionally based
much of their doctrine on the teachings of John Nelson
Darby. With few exceptions, particularly in regards to
whom to accept into fellowship, exclusive brethren
have continued to hold the same beliefs that inspired
the early Plymouth Brethren. This notice indicates that the meeting room is a
registered place of worship and gives contact
Exclusive Brethren reject evolution, and if their
details. (Five Oak Green Meeting Room, Kent).
children attend state schools they are withdrawn from
lessons on this.[11] They do not believe that women
should have authority over men.[11] They hold to the concept of the Rapture and the End Times.[11] In the
1960s, the group's teachings were that members could not join trade unions or professional associations, as
this was mixing too much with the world.[11]

The centrality of the Lord's Supper (Holy Communion) is one of the primary linking threads between the
different Brethren groups; however, it is also one of the primary differentiators between the various
Exclusive Brethren sub-groups: there are exclusive groups which receive all professing Christians to
communion, and there are exclusive groups which restrict access to communion to those who are known to
be in their fellowship. The PBCC are generally regarded as having the most stringent and uncompromising
views on this. However, only two of their services are closed to those who are not members in good
standing, the Lord's Supper and the monthly Care Meeting, with well-disposed members of the public free
to come into Gospel Preachings and other meetings.

Most Exclusive Brethren groups have no formal leadership structure. In many assemblies, matters up for
debate may be discussed at special meetings attended solely by adult males called, in some groups,
"Brothers Meetings". As a result, schisms can occur in the Brethren over disagreements about church
discipline and whether other sister groups in other locations have authority to intervene in these
disagreements. There are often global family connections due to the emphasis among members to marry
within the Exclusive Brethren, and family connections often influence which side of the issue members will
take. The PBCC avoid this trend by having a structured leadership with a central authority figure which has
maintained unity through the upholding of a universal standard.

Some Exclusive Brethren assemblies "commend" men who are dedicated to the work of preaching.
Although they usually do not receive a salary, gifts are often given to them by the separate assemblies
where they preach and teach.

Exclusive Brethren do not generally name their meeting rooms or Halls except by reference perhaps to the
road, e.g. Galpins Road Meeting Room, Mallow Street Hall. The meeting room or Hall is often referred to
as "The Room" or "The Hall". Notice boards give the times of Gospel Preachings with a formula such as
"If the Lord will, the Gospel will be preached in this room Lord's Day at 6.30." Meeting rooms of the
Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, perhaps the most hardline of the Exclusive Brethren groups, have
notice boards indicating that the building is a place registered for public worship and give a contact number
for further information.

Unlike the Open Brethren, whose assemblies usually do not have an official membership, Exclusive
Brethren are more particular about affiliation, as people who wish to break bread must be affiliated with a
"local assembly" to which they are responsible in terms of lifestyle choices.

Worship

Hymns are a vital part of the worship of Exclusive Brethren. One of the unifying features in each of the
different branches of the Brethren is a common hymnbook. The first collection used among the united
assemblies was, "Hymns for the Poor of the Flock," from 1838 and again in 1840. Another such
hymnbook, used by Exclusive Brethren (Tunbridge-Wells and Ames) dating back to 1856 is called,
"Hymns and Spiritual Songs for the Little Flock," the first edition of which was compiled by G.V. Wigram.

A revision was made in 1881 by J.N. Darby. The Little Flock hymnbook has gone through many different
editions in different languages. In modern times one of the more commonly used English hymn books in
British and North American assemblies is The Believers' Hymn Book. Most branches of Exclusive Brethren
use one of the many editions of the Little Flock Hymn Book. All editions come from the same source:
J.N.Darby's hymnbook of 1881 which drew on earlier work by George V. Wigram.

Some Exclusive meetings seat accepted men (men who are "in fellowship") in the front rows toward the
table bearing the emblems, with accepted women behind the men, and unaccepted men and women toward
the rear.[11] Other Exclusive meetings seat accepted men and women together (so spouses can be seated
together), and unaccepted men and women towards the rear in the "Seat of the Unlearned" or "Seat of the
Observer".

Women in Exclusive Brethren gatherings wear a headcovering, which is often a headscarf, shawl or
mantilla, in keeping with 1 Corinthians 11.[11][16]

Numbers

It is difficult to number the Exclusive Brethren, with the exception of the Raven/Taylor/Hales group, of
which there are approximately 46,000[17] meeting in 300 church assemblies in 19 countries, with strongest
representation in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, and North America.[3][4] Other Exclusive groups
now number only 2–3,000 in the UK, but there are larger numbers on the European continent and also in
North America.

Film portrayal
The Exclusive Hales branch of the Plymouth Brethren are portrayed in the film Son of Rambow as trying to
restrict the creativity and freedom of the film's main character. The Plymouth Brethren are also featured in
the book Oscar and Lucinda by Peter Carey, and in the film adaptation. Oscar is raised by a strict Plymouth
Brethren father and rebels by becoming an Anglican priest.

Criticism
Some have criticized the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (PBCC), the subgroup of the Exclusive
Brethren that has attracted the most media coverage, for its policy of separating itself from other orthodox
Christian denominations, and because it prohibits radio and television, limits the use of computers and
discourages socializing with people outside the movement.[11][18][19]

Critics of the PBCC have accused it of using cult-like techniques by controlling all aspects of its members'
lives.[20] The group uses a technique of "withdrawing from" or shunning members who are believed to
have offended.[11] The group's control over its members is such that many who have left the group have
had trouble adjusting to everyday life outside.[11] In some cases people have killed themselves in
distress.[11] To help with this problem, several websites have been set up by ex-members to assist people
who have left the church to adjust into mainstream society.[11][21]

Involvement of members of the Exclusive Brethren Church in New Zealand in electioneering led to
criticism in the context of the 2005 New Zealand election funding controversy. The church distributed
political material criticising the New Zealand Labour Party government, and the leader of the opposition
party admitted knowledge of the church's activities.[22] More recently, the church also hired private
investigators to conduct surveillance on ex-members who had criticised the church.[23] There has also been
criticism of the church's practice of "shutting up."[24][25]

Notable Exclusive Brethren

N.B. This is a list of individuals associated with various branches of the Exclusive Brethren for at least a
part of their lives. It includes, but is not limited to, members of the hardline Plymouth Brethren Christian
Church.

Patricia Beer, poet[26][27]

Peter Caws, British philosopher raised Exclusive Brethren, left the sect as an adult[28]
Anthony Crosland, Foreign Secretary in Britain's Labour Government, raised in Plymouth
Brethren[29]
Aleister Crowley, rejected his early PB upbringing to become an occultist[30]
James George Deck, evangelist and missionary to New Zealand[31]
John Nelson Darby, father of the modern Rapture doctrine[32]
L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell – Journalist and writer, raised in the Plymouth Brethren.
John George Haigh, serial murderer[33]
Douglas Harding, rejected his Exclusive Brethren upbringing, became an independent
spiritual teacher[34]
David Hendricks, convicted of killing his wife and children but acquitted in a retrial[35]
William John Hocking – Superintendent of the Royal Mint of the United Kingdom
Garrison Keillor, radio personality (A Prairie Home Companion) and author; raised Exclusive
Brethren; no longer associates with them[36]
William Kelly, leader of the Exclusive Brethren in the late 19th century
C.H. Mackintosh, 19th-century author of Christian books[37]
Watchman Nee, leader in the "Little Flock" movement in China after being excommunicated
by Exclusive brethren for "breaking bread with sectarians"[38]
Roger Panes, member of Exclusive Brethren who, while being "shunned" by his
congregation, killed his wife and three children, before committing suicide[11][39]
 Rebecca Stott, raised fourth generation in the Exclusive Brethren, professor of literature and
creative writing at UEA, novelist, historian and author of the memoir In the Days of Rain
about her childhood in the Brethren and her father's before her.[11] The book was awarded
the Costa Biography Prize in 2017.
James Taylor, Jr., leader of one Exclusive Brethren branch (a.k.a. "Taylorites", now called the
Plymouth Brethren Christian Church) from 1959 to 1970
Ngaire Thomas, wrote Behind Closed Doors, about her childhood abuse in the Exclusive
Brethren[40]
George Wigram, wrote a Greek and English concordance to the New Testament and The
Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament[41]

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3. "Who are the Exclusive Brethren Christian Fellowship?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130
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10. Noel 1936, p. 570ff
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20. Denholm, Matthew (25 September 2006). "Exclusive Brethren school kids 'brainwashed' " (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20100708030535/http://www.news.com.au/exclusive-brethren-sc
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21. "Welcome!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120114103730/http://peebs.net/). Archived from
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23. Hager, Nicky. "Exclusive Brethren used Thompson and Clark to spy on former members" (htt
ps://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/crime/exclusive-brethren-used-thompson-and-clark-to-spy-on-for
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stories' " (https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300289133/exexclusive-brethren-accuse-church-of
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m/chris.thorns/resources/EDX_anthology/EDXL_1950-present_poets.htm). 21 May 2015.
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30. "Looking at the life of reviled poet and occultist" (https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/1359807
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31. Lineham, Peter J. (1990). "Deck, James George" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1d8/d
eck-james-george). Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 1. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
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33. "Detriment and Harm" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150522094751/http://laurencemoffitt.bl
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34. Lang, Richard. "The Illusory Self" (https://dynamic.wakingup.com/course/b958c7). Waking
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35. "Cult Help and Information – Roots of Hendricks' religion traced" (http://www.culthelp.info/ind
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Stempublishing.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.

Bibliography
Bachelard, Michael (2008). Behind the Exclusive Brethren. Scribe Publications. ISBN 978-
1-921372-28-5.
J. L. C. Carson, The Heresies of the Plymouth Brethren (London, 1862) Free Download
19mb (https://archive.org/details/theheresiesofthe00carsuoft)
T. Croskery, Plymouth Brethrenism: A Refutation of its Principles and Doctrines (London,
1879)
A. Miller, Plymouthism and the Modern Churches (Toronto, 1900)
Neatby, William B. (1901). A history of the Plymouth Brethren (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
A_history_of_the_Plymouth_Brethren). London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Noel, Napoleon (1936). History of the Brethren (https://archive.org/stream/historyofthebret02
8097mbp). W F Knapp,Colorado.
W. Reid, The Plymouth Brethren Unveiled and Refuted (Second edition, Edinburgh, 1874–
76) Free Download 17mb (https://archive.org/details/plymouthbrethren00reiduoft)

Further reading
Adams, Norman (1972) Goodbye, Beloved Brethren. Impulse Publications Inc. ISBN 0-
901311-13-8
Dorman (1866) The Close of Twenty-eight Years of Association with J. N. Darby. London
Groves, Henry (1866). Darbyism: Its Rise and Development and a Review of the "Bethesda
Question" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Darbyism:_Its_Rise_and_Development). London:
Houlston & Wright.
Kelly, William (1883) Response by William Kelly to J. S. Teulon's Plymouth Brethren Free
download site (http://presenttruthpublishers.com/pdf/KELLY-TUELON-TEXT.pdf)
 Stott, Rebecca (2017) In the Days of Rain: A Daughter, A Father, A Cult (Fourth Estate, UK
and Spiegel and Grau, US)
Teulon, J. S. (1883) The History and Teaching of The Plymouth Brethren. London Free
download site (https://archive.org/details/historyandteachi00teuluoft)
Wilson, Bryan R. (2000). The Origins And Development of the Brethren Movement (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20080515082851/http://www.theexclusivebrethren.com/documents/acad
emicstudy.pdf) (PDF). Oxford. Archived from the original (http://www.theexclusivebrethren.co
m/documents/academicstudy.pdf) (PDF) on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2006.
{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

External links
WikiPeebia (https://web.archive.org/web/20190319123651/http://wikipeebia.com/):
Hales/Raven Plymouth/Exclusive Brethren Repository.
BBC article on the history and main beliefs of the Exclusive Brethren (https://www.bbc.co.uk/
religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/exclusivebrethren_1.shtml)
Plymouth Brethren Christian Church – The Exclusive Brethren (http://www.plymouthbrethren
christianchurch.org/): The Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, also known as the Exclusive
Brethren, main website.
"The Exclusive Brethren Information site" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120530232348/htt
p://peebs.net/). Peebs.net. Archived from the original (http://peebs.net) on 30 May 2012.
My Brethren (http://www.mybrethren.org/) – History and Ministry of the early 'Exclusive
Brethren' (so-called) – their origin, progress and testimony 1827–1959 and onward
Plymouth Brethren (http://www.plymouthbrethren.com/) - History of, and selected writings
from, the so-called Plymouth Brethren movement.
CH Spurgeon critical of Darby Brethren, from June 1869 edition of Sword and Trowel (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130624215305/http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/dbreth.htm)
Bible Counsel (http://www.biblecounsel.homestead.com) Christian fellowship showing some
church history and distinction between so-called "Plymouth Brethren" sects.
Former Member Testimony (https://web.archive.org/web/20120312073246/http://www.reacho
uttrust.org/articleView.php?id=460) Former member of the Exclusive Brethren reveals the
psychological bullying against them and family members upon attempting to leave the
group.
BBC documentary about the Exclusive Brethren: The Exclusive Brethren - Cult
Documentary (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1fAeRXn6aM&t=986s)

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