RAHUL

INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL

BIOLOGY PROJECT

TOPIC: INFERTILITY IN MALES

NAME: ANJALI JITENDRA DUBEY

CLASS: XII
SECTION: A
ROLL NUMBER: 5

GUIDED BY: PRASSANA SIR

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ANJALI JITENDRA DUBEY of

class 12th has successfully completed the project work
on biology, on the topic “INFERTILITY IN MALES”,
for class XII practical examination of the Central
Examination Board of Secondary Examination in the
year 2023-24. It is further certified that this project is
the individual project of the candidate.
---------------------
Sign of subject
teacher
--------------------
Sign of principal
sir
--------------------
Sign of the
examiner

Date:
Place: RIS BOISAR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I as a student at Rahul International School (Boisar)

wants to thank respected Principal Mr. Mukesh Sharma
Sir for supporting us in this research-based project
which gave me an academic idea of research studies of
my subject under the guidance of our biology teacher.

Thank you.

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 INDEX

Serial No. Subtopics Page Number

1. Male Infertility 5

2. What is Male Infertility? 5

3. How common is Male 5

Infertility?
4. Which males are more 6
likely to have Infertility?
5. Symptoms and Causes 7

6. Diagnosis and Tests 9

7. Management and 11
Treatment
8. Preventions 14

9. Bibliography 15

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 MALE INFERTILITY

Infertility is a common problem for males. Conception is a

complicated process and there are many obstacles.
Fortunately, if you have infertility issues, that doesn’t
automatically mean that you won’t be able to have your own
child with your partner. There are treatments and procedures
that can increase the chances of conception.

WHAT IS MALE INFERTILITY?

Infertility is a problem with your reproductive system that
stops you from impregnating a female. If a male and a female
have repeated unprotected sex for over a year and the female
doesn’t get pregnant then you, she, or both of you may have
infertility issues.

HOW COMMON IS MALE INFERTILITY?

Infertility is a common issue, with more than five million
couples in the United States dealing with this problem.
Infertility affects one in every six couples who are trying to
conceive. In at least half of all cases of infertility, a male factor
is a major or contributing cause. This means that about 10% of
all males in the United States who are attempting to conceive
suffer from infertility.

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WHICH MALES ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE
INFERTILITY?
Some males are more likely than others to experience
infertility. You might be more likely if:
• You have overweight or obesity.
• You’re age 40 or older.
• You’ve been exposed to radiation.
• You’ve been exposed to environmental toxins including
lead, calcium, pesticides or mercury.
• You use tobacco, marijuana or alcohol.
• You’re taking some medications including cyproterone,
flutamide, spironolactone, bicalutamide, cimetidine or
ketoconazole.
• You’re around heat that raises the temperature of your
testes. Those who frequently use a sauna, hot tub or
wheelchair might experience this.
• You have a history of undescended testicle(s).
• You have a history of varicoceles, which are widened
veins in your scrotum.
• You’ve been exposed to testosterone. Some males need
injections, implants or topical gel for low testosterone.

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 SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES

WHAT CAUSES MALE INFERTILITY?

Many biological and environmental factors can impact your
fertility. Possibilities include:
• Azoospermia: Your infertility can be related to your
inability to produce sperm cells.
• Oligospermia: The production of low- or poor-quality
sperm.
• Genetic diseases: Examples include Klinefelter’s
syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, microdeletion and
more.
• Malformed sperm: Sperm that cannot live long enough
to fertilize the egg.
• Some medical conditions: Examples include diabetes,
some autoimmune disorders, cystic fibrosis and some
infections.
• Some medications and supplements.
• Varicoceles: This is a condition where the veins on
your testicles are larger than normal, causing them to
overheat, which can affect the shape or number of your
sperm.
• Cancer treatments: Chemotherapy, radiation or a
surgery that removes the testicles (one or both).
• Unhealthy habits: Substance use, including alcohol,
smoking and drugs.
• Trauma to your testes.

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 • Hormonal disorders: Disorders that affect your
hypothalamus or pituitary glands can affect your
infertility.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF MALE

INFERTILITY?
The infertility itself is the symptom. However, it’s much
more difficult to describe the negative psychological and
emotional symptoms infertility has on a couple who wants
to have children. Many times, conceiving a child becomes
the total focus of their lives. Feelings of depression, loss,
grief, inadequacy and failure are common in males as well
as females seeking pregnancy.
Individuals or couples experiencing any of these feelings
may want to seek professional help from healthcare
providers like a therapist or psychiatrist experienced in
dealing with infertility issues. Such providers can help you
deal realistically with the situation and provide support even
while you are going through treatment.

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 DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS

HOW IS MALE INFERTILITY EVALUATED AND

DIAGNOSED?
Diagnosis begins with a complete physical examination to
determine your general state of health and identify any
physical problems that may impact your fertility. Your
healthcare provider may also interview both you and your
partner about your sexual habits. If the physical examination
and history don’t indicate any reason for your inability to
conceive, the next step may be to conduct testing to identify
the cause of infertility.

WHAT TESTS ARE DONE?

First, your healthcare provider may do a semen analysis. It
determines the following:
• Sperm volume: Amount of sperm per ejaculate.
• pH: A measurement of acidity or basicity.
• Sperm concentration: Number of sperm per millimetre of
semen.
• Total sperm count: Number of sperm in your whole
ejaculate.
• Velocity: How fast your sperm travels.
• Linearity: How straight your sperm moves.
• Morphology: Size and shape of your sperm.
• Colour.

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 • Viscosity: How fast your semen liquefies.

Next, your healthcare provider may do a detailed sperm

analysis, which examines your sperms:
• Viability, or ability to survive.
• Morphology, or quality and shape.
• Motility, your sperm’s ability to move to the egg and
fertilize it.

Other possible tests include:

• Leukocytospermia quantitation/Endtz test.
• Kruger's strict morphology classification.
• W.H.O. morphology for sperm assessment.
• Special staining for azoospermia specimen.
• Semen biochemistry fructose test.
• Sperm antibody tests (direct and indirect immunobead).
• Reactive oxygen species.
• Sperm DNA assessment.

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 MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

HOW IS MALE INFERTILITY TREATED?

With modern technology and methods, the number of
treatment options for male infertility has expanded.
Depending on the cause of infertility, treatments may
include:

Medications:
• Hormone therapy to increase the number of sperm.

Lifestyle changes:
• Maintain a body weight that's healthy for you.
• Stop smoking.
• Stop drinking.
• Stop using marijuana.
• Stop any recreational drug use.

Surgeries:
• Vasectomy reversal: This common procedure is an
outpatient surgery. The surgeon reconnects your vas
deferens which is the tube in the scrotum through
which your sperm passes. Viewing the vas deferens
through a high-power surgical microscope, the surgeon
carefully sews the ends back together.

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 • Vasoepididymostomy: Blockages in your vas deferens
are repaired with a similar technique. Your vas
deferens is surgically split, the blockage is removed
and the ends of the tube are reconnected. When the
original vasectomy was performed many years
previously, an additional blockage may have formed in
the epididymis, the coiled tube that lies against your
testicle where sperm cells mature. Blockage at the
epididymis also can occur due to infection or injury.
Whatever the cause, your surgeon will fix the problem
by bypassing the blockage in the epididymis.
• Sperm Retrieval: In some severe cases, a biopsy of the
testicle is required to find sperm.

Other:
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: Artificial techniques
of reproduction have advanced to the point where a
single sperm can be physically injected into an egg.
This procedure, called intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (ICSI) has dramatically changed the treatment
available for even the most severe male factor
infertility. Because of this technique, 90% of all
infertile males have the potential to conceive their own
genetic child.
• In vitro fertilization: For some couples dealing with
male infertility, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the
treatment of choice. During the IVF process, the
ovaries are stimulated with injectable fertility
medications to cause multiple eggs to mature. When
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the eggs are ready, they are collected in a minor
procedure. Fertilization is accomplished by exposing
the eggs to sperm in a culture dish, or by directly
injecting a single sperm into each mature egg, a
process called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (see
above). After fertilization, embryo development is
monitored over the next three to five days, and two to
three embryos are then placed into the uterus by way of
a small catheter inserted through the cervix.

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 PREVENTION

CAN MALE INFERTILITY BE PREVENTED?

HOW CAN I REDUCE MY RISK OF
INFERTILITY?
If your infertility is affected by lifestyle choices such as
smoking and working around certain chemicals, you might
be able to reduce your risk. Talk to your healthcare provider
about other risk factors and what you can do about them.
If you’re going to go through cancer treatment, talk to your
healthcare provider about sperm banking.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseas
es/17201-male-infertility
• https://www.scribd.com/document/437572
499/Biology-investigatory-project

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