Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 01

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Introduction
1. [MCQ, ]
A fluid is subjected to shear force, which of the 3. [MCQ, ]
following statement is CORRECT ? A fluid is a substance that
A. continuously no matter how small the shear A. is either solid or liquid

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force may be. B. always expands until it fills any container
B. deforms continuously only for large shear C. has shear stress directly proportional to shear
forces. strain

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C. undergoes static deformation. D. can resist external shear force only under
D. deforms continuously only for small shear dynamic condition
forces.

2. [MSQ, ]
c 4. [MCQ, ]
A fluid is one which can be defined as a substance
EG al
Which one or more of the following statement(s) that
is/are CORRECT ? A. has the same shear stress at all points
N rr

A. From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all B. can deform indefinitely under the action of the
matter consists of only two states, fluid &
smallest shear force
solid.
e

B. A solid can resist an external shear force by a C. has the small shear stress in all directions
ef

static deflection; a fluid cannot. D. is practically incompressible

C. The fluid deforms continuously as long as the
[GATE-1996-ME & CE]
external shear force is applied.
R

D. A fluid at rest must be in a state of zero normal

stress.
 Answer Key
1. (A) 3. (D)
2. (A, B & C) 4. (B)

0 de
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c
EG al
N rre
ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (A) 3. Answer: (D)
Basic definition of fluid Fluid is either liquid or gas
Fluid is the phase of substance which can't resist Gas expands but liquid flows
any external shear force. A fluid can't resist external shear force under static
2. Answer: (A, B & C) condition but it can resist in dynamic condition
Option A: Matter states (1) Solid (2) liquid (3) Gas.
(Hence correct) 4. Answer: (B)
Option B: Fluid is a phase of substance which can't
A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously

0 de
resist any external shear force. (Hence correct)
Option C: Fluid definition (Hence correct) under the action of infinitesimally small shear
Option D: For fluid at rest, stress.
τ=0

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σ = −ive

c
EG al
N rre
ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 02

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Density, Specific Weight & Specific Gravity
1. [MSQ, ] 4. [MSQ, ]
Which one or more of the following statement(s) Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT, regarding specific weight ? is/are CORRECT ?

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A. Specific weight is the weight of fluid per unit A. Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.
volume. B. Density is not the reciprocal of specific
B. Specific weight is related to density as; w = volume.

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ρg. C. Specific volume is not commonly used in fluid
2
C. Specific weight SI unit is N/m . mechanics but is used in thermodynamics.

c
D. Specific weight SI unit is N/m3 . D. Density, Specific weight, & Specific gravity are
all interrelated, and from a knowledge of any
one of the three the other can be calculated.
EG al
2. [MSQ,]
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are INCORRECT ? 5. [MCQ,]
N rr

A. Ideal gas is a special type of Ideal fluid. When two immiscible liquids A and B are poured
into a cylindrical container, then they separate out
B. Hydrogen is the lightest gas.
e

into two distinct layers of different heights as

C. Specific weight of water can be taken as shown in the following figure. The specific gravity
ef

9.81 N/m3 . of liquid A is thrice that of the liquid B. If the ratio

h1 : h2 is 2: 1, then the ratio of the mass of the
D. For an oil having density 880 kg/m3 specific
liquid A to the mass of the liquid B in the container
gravity will be 0.880 kg/m3 .
R

is

3. [MSQ,]
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT regarding Mercury?
A. Specific gravity of Mercury is less than 1.
B. Specific gravity of Mercury is more than 1. A. 1 ∶ 6 B. 2 ∶ 3
C. Mercury is almost 13.6 times as dense as C. 6 ∶ 1 D. 3 ∶ 2
water.
D. Mercury will float over water.
 Answer Key
1. (A, B & D) 4. (A, C & D)
2. (A, C & D) 5. (D)
3. (B & C)

0 de
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c
EG al
N rre
ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (A, B & D) Water floats on Mercury. (Water less dense)
Specific weight or weight density (w)
Weight(N) 4. Answer: (A, C & D)
= 1 1
Volume ( m3 ) Specific volume (v) = density = ρ
mg
w= = ρg w = ρg
∀
ρ
s=
ρs
2. Answer: (A, C & D)
w = ρg

0 de
5. Answer: (D)
w = 1000 × 9.81
mA ρA VA
w = 9810 N⁄m3 =
mB ρB VB
w = 9.81 kN⁄m3
mA (1000 × sA )(A × h2 )

I1 o
880 =
s= mB (1000 × sB )(A × h1 )
1000
s = 0.880

3. Answer: (B & C)
c mA sA h2
=
mB sB h1
mA 3 1
EG al
= ×
Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6 mB 1 2
At 20°C, density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m³ mA 3
=
N rr

mB 2
sHg ≅ 13.6
Density of water = 1000 kg/m³
e
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10
Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties
Topic : Viscosity
1. [MCQ,]
The velocity profile of a Newtonian fluid flowing
over a fixed surface is approximated by u =
0 de
1
(4.23 y 3 ) m⁄s, where y is in m. The viscosity of
the fluid is 0.63 × 10−3 N-s/m2 . If y = 5 ×
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10−3 m, then the shear stress within the fluid is
_____ Pa.
A. 0.03037
c B. 0.02156
EG al
C. 0.04124 D. 1126
N rr
2. [MSQ, ]
The velocity profile of a Newtonian fluid flowing
over a fixed surface is approximated by u =
e
(40y − 800 y 2 )m/s, where y is in m. The
ef
viscosity of the fluid is μ = 0.897 × 10−3 N-
s/m2 . Which one or more of the following
statement(s) is/are TRUE?
R
A. Shear stress in the fluid at y = 0 m is
30.75 × 10−3 Pa to 31.35 × 10−3 Pa.
B. Shear stress in the fluid at y = 0 m is
34.88 × 10−3 Pa to 36.88 × 10−3 Pa.
C. Shear stress in the fluid at y = 0.01 m is
18.155 × 10−3 Pa to 18.255 × 10−3 Pa.
D. Shear stress in the fluid at y = 0.01 m is
21.0.35 × 10−3 Pa to 21.935 × 10−3 Pa.
NTPP & PYQs - 03
3. [NAT, ]
A fluid has absolute viscosity of 8.6 Poise. For
the flow of such a fluid over a fixed flat solid
surface, the velocity varies parabolically in y-
3
direction is given by u = (4 y − y 2 ), where u in
m⁄s & y in m. The shear stress at y = 0.15 m is
_____ N⁄m2 (round off to two decimal places).
4. [MCQ, ]
For the flow of a Newtonian fluid over a fixed flat
solid surface, the velocity varies parabolically in
y-direction is given by u(y) = ay − by 2 , where
a & b are constants. The viscosity of the given
fluid is μ. The expression for the wall shear stress
in terms of a, b & μ is
A. τw = μ(a − 2b)
B. τw = aμ
C. τw = aμ − b
D. τw = a − bμ
5. [MSQ, ]
A fluid has absolute viscosity of 8.5 poise . For
the flow of such a fluid over a fixed flat solid
surface, the velocity varies parabolically in y-
direction & maximum velocity occurs at a point
20 cm away from the surface is 120 cm⁄s.
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT ?
A. Velocity variation is given by u = 12y −
0.3y 2 .
B. Velocity variation is given by u = 8y −
0.7y 2 .
 C. Shear stress at wall is given by τw = B.
8.2 N⁄m2 to 8.6 N⁄m2 .
D. Shear stress at wall is given by τw =
10.0 N⁄m2 to 10.4 N⁄m2 .

6. [MSQ, ]
A fluid has absolute viscosity of 0.048 Pas and a C.
specific gravity of 0.913. For the flow of such a
fluid over a fixed flat solid surface, the velocity

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varies parabolically in y-direction & maximum
velocity occurs at a point 75 mm away from the
D.
surface is 1.125 m/s. Which one or more of the
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?

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A. Velocity variation is given by u = 30y −
200y 2 .
c
B. Velocity variation of given by u = 200y −
30y 2 .
EG al
C. Shear stress at wall is given by τw = 30 Pa. 8. [NAT, ]
Consider the two-dimensional laminar flow of
D. Shear stress at wall is given by τw = 1.44 Pa.
water (μ = 0.001 N. s/m2 ) between two
N rr

infinitely long parallel plates 0.1 m apart as

7. [MCQ, ]
shown in the figure below. The velocity profile
Which of the following is the best representation
e

at any location is given by u(y) = 100(0.1y −

of the shear stress for the given below linear
y 2 ) m/s where y is in m. The magnitude of
ef

velocity profile of a Newtonian fluid?

shear stress (in N/m2 , rounded off to 2 decimal
places) acting on the bottom plate is ________
R

A.
[GATE-2019-XE]

9. [MSQ, ]
As temperature increases
A. the dynamic viscosity of a gas increases.
B. the dynamic viscosity of a liquid decreases.
C. the dynamic viscosity of a liquid does not [GATE-2023-XE]
change.
D. the dynamic viscosity of a gas decreases.

0 de
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c
EG al
N rre
ef
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 Answer Key
1. (A) 6. (A, D)
2. (B, D) 7. (C)
3. (0.37 to 0.42) 8. (0.01 to 0.01)
4. (B) 9. (A, B)
5. (A, D)

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c
EG al
N rre
ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (A) du
τ=μ
du dy
τ= μ 3
dy
= 0.86 × ( − 2 × 0.15)
d 4
=μ (4.23 y1/3 ) τ = 0.387 N⁄m2
dy
1 −2/3
τ = μ × 4.23 × y
3 4. Answer: (B)
At y = 5 × 10−3 m. Given u(y) = ay − by 2

0 de
1 du
τ = 0.63 × 10−3 × 4.23 × (5 × 10−3 )−2/3 τ=μ
3 dy
τ = 0.03037 N⁄m2 = 0.03037 Pa d
=μ (ay − by 2 )

I1 o
dy

2. Answer: (B, D) τ = μ(a − 2by)

du
=
dy dy
d c
(40y − 800 y 2 )
Shear stress at wall y = 0 is
∴ τw = μ(a − 2b × 0)
EG al
du τw = μa
= (40 − 1600 y)s −1
dy
Wall shear stress τw = aμ.
N rr

du
τ=μ
dy
5. Answer: (A, D)
e

At y = 0 m
u = A + By + Cy 2
ef

−3
τ = 0.897 × 10 × (40 − 1600 × 0)
At y = Y = 20 cm
τ = 35.88 × 10−3 Pa
u = umax = 120 cm⁄s
R

At y = 0.01 m
u = A + By + Cy 2
−3
τ = 0.897 × 10 (40 − 1600 × 0.01)
At y = 0, u = 0
τ = 21.528 × 10−3 Pa
0 = A + B(0) + C(0)2
⇒A=0
3. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 to 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐)
3 u = By + Cy 2
u = ( y − y2)
4 At y = Y, u = umax
du 3 umax = BY + CY 2 ….. (a)
= ( − 2y)
dy 4
u = By + cy 2
−1
At y = 0.15 & u = 8.6 × 10 Pa-s
 du
= B + 2cy
dy
du
At y = Y, dy = 0

0 = B + 2cy
B = −2cy At
umax = −2cY(Y) + cY 2 y = 0, u = 0
umax = −cY 2 y = Y, u = umax

0 de
umax 120
C=− = − (20)2 = −0.3 du
Y2 y = Y, =0
dy
B = −2 × (−0.3) × (20)
u = A + By + Cy 2
B = 12

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At y = 0, u = 0
∴ u = 12y – 0.3y 2
du
dy
= 12 − 0.6y c 0 = A + B(0) + C(0)2
A=0
EG al
du u = By + Cy 2
τ=μ
dy At y = Y, u = umax
N rr

τ = μ(12 − 0.6y) umax = BY + CY 2 → (a)

At wall y = 0 u = By + Cy
e

τw = μ(12) = 12 × 8.5 × 10−1 = 10.2 N/m2 du

= B + 2cy
dy
ef

6. Answer: (A, D) du
At y = Y, dy = 0
μ = 0.048 Pas
R

0 = B + 2CY
s = 0.913
B = −2CY
⇒ ρ = 913 kg⁄m3
umax = −2CY (Y) + CY 2
2
u = A + By + Cy
umax = −CY 2
At y = Y = 0.075 m umax
C= − 2
u = umax = 1.125 m⁄s Y
1.125
C= −
0.0752
C = −200
B = −2X − 200 × 0.075
 B = 30 8. Answer: (0.01 to 0.01)
u = 30y − 200y 2
du
τ=μ
dy
d
τ=μ (30y − 200y 2 )
dy
τ = μ(30 − 400y)
u = 100 (0.1 y − y 2 )
At wall

0 de
du
τ = μ dy
y=0
d
τ = 30μ τ = μ dy [100(0.1y − y 2 )]
τ = 30 × 0.048

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τ = 100 μ (0.1 − 2y)
2
τ = 1.44 N⁄m or Pa At bottom plate

7. Answer: (C)
c y=0
τB = 100μ(0.1 − 2 × 0)
EG al
τb = 10μ
τB = 10 × 10−3
N rr

τB = 10−2 N⁄m2
τB = 0.01 N⁄m2
e

u = y(y) only
ef

9. Answer: (A, B)
Linear Velocity Profile
τ is constant & is independent of y
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 04

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Various Cases to understand Viscous FORCE Calculation - I

1. [MSQ,] plate and moving bottom plate is Y. Bottom

A thin plate is moving in horizontal fixed gap of plate is moving with the velocity VB (VB < V) in
thickness with terminal velocity V as shown in the opposite direction of thin plate. On the top

0 de
the figure below. On the top of the plate liquid T of thin plate liquid T is having the viscosity μT &
is having the viscosity μT & thickness YT which thickness YT while on the bottom of the thin
on the bottom of the plate liquid B is having the plate liquid B is having viscosity μB & thickness

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viscosity μB & thickness YB . Assuming linear YB . Assuming linear velocity profile which one or
velocity profile which one or more of the more of the following statement(s) is/are

c
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? CORRECT ?
EG al
N rr

A. Expression OF pulling force is given by the

A. Expression of pulling force is given by, F =
e

μ μ
expression
[YT + YB ] VA. V V − VB
T B
F = [μT + μB ]A
ef

B. Location of plate to have same magnitude of YT YB

shear force on both sides is given by,
YT
= B. Expression of pulling force is given by, the
YB
μT
expression
R

. V V + VB
μB
F = [μT + μB ]A
C. Location of plate for minimum pulling force YT YB
Y μ 2 C. The distance of liquid layer having zero
is given by, YT = (μT ) .
B B velocity in liquid T, from top fixed plate (K) is
D. Location of plate for minimum pulling force given by the expression,
Y μ
is given by, YT = √μT . YT − K V
B B =
K VT
D. The distance of liquid layer having zero
2. [MSQ,] velocity in liquid B, from bottom moving
A thin plate having surface area A is moving plate (K) is given by
between top fixed plate and bottom moving YB − K V
plate with terminal velocity V as shown in the =
K VB
figure below. The distance between top fixed
3. [MCQ,]
A rectangular solid block having weight W, slides
down an inclined plane having angle of
inclination with horizontal θ. The plane is
2Wsinθ hW
lubricated by a Y thickness of oil having density A. B. μAsinθ
μA
ρ and viscosity μ. The contact area is A. Which
hWsinθ hWsinθ
one or more of the following statement(s) is/are C. D.
μA 2μA
CORRECT?
A. The terminal velocity (V) is directly 6. [NAT,]
proportional to weight of the block (W). The horizontal belt of negligible weight shown in
B. The terminal velocity (V) is directly the figure moves with a steady velocity (V) of

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proportional to viscosity of oil (μ). 2.5 m⁄s and skims over the top surface of an oil-
C. The terminal velocity (V) is directly
film of depth h = 3 cm. The length (L) and
proportional to thickness of oil film (Y).

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D. If W = 90 N, θ = 30°, Y = 3 mm, ρ = width (b) of the belt are, respectively, 2 m and
kg 60 cm. Find the viscosity of the oil (in Pa-s),
900 m3 , μ = 8 poise, A = 0.3 m2 then V =
c
5.525 m⁄s to 5.725 m⁄s. given that the minimum power required to
move the belt is 100 W. Neglect the end effects.
EG al
4. [MCQ,]
(Round off two decimal places)
Consider an incompressible Couette flow of
N rr

water between two walls spaced 1 m apart. The

lower wall is kept stationary. What is the shear
stress acting on the lower wall if the upper wall
e

is moving at a constant speed of 2 m/s?

ef

(μwater = 1 × 10−3 N. s/m2 )

7. [NAT, ]
A thin 20 cm × 20 cm flat plate is pulled at
R

1 m/s horizontally through a 3.6 mm thick oil

layer sandwiched between two walls, one
A. 3.5 × 10−3 N/m2 B. 7 × 10−3 N/m2
stationary and the other moving at a constant
C. 10.5 × 10−3 N/m2 D. 2 × 10−3 N/m2
velocity of 0.3 m/s, as shown in figure. The
5. [MCQ,] dynamic viscosity of oil is 0.027 Pa-s. Assuming
A block of weight W slides down an inclined the velocity in each oil layer to vary linearly. The
plane on a thin film of oil, as in fig. The film distance from moving wall where the oil velocity
contact area is A and its thickness is h. Assuming is zero is _________ mm (round off to two
a linear velocity distribution in the film, the decimal places)
expression for the terminal velocity ‘V’ of the
block.
 10. [MCQ, ]
8. [NAT, ]
In above question the force (in N) that needs to
be applied on the plate to maintain this motion
is _________.
Two large horizontal plane surfaces are 20 mm
apart. This space is filled with glycerin. A thin
plate of area 0.60 m2 is draged between the
plane surfaces at a velocity of 0.70 m/s. The
dynamic viscosity of glycerin is 8.04 × 10−1 Ns/
m2 . If the plate is 7.50 mm away from one of the
plane surfaces then the force required to drag
the plate between the two plane surfaces is (in
N) (Assume the plate is very thin)
A. 64.38 B. 82.76

0 de
9. [MSQ, ]
C. 72.04 D. 79.8
A lubricant fills the clearance between a shaft
and a bearing. Shaft is having the diameter of 11. [MCQ, ]
30 mm and the gap between the bearing and A plastic strip having a width of 0.2 m and mass

I1 o
the shaft is 1 mm. A force F = 2 N is applied to of 150 g passes between two layers of same
point A and B. A force P = 2 N is applied on the
c
the shaft so that shaft slides along the lubricated
bearing with a constant speed of 0.5 m/s.
Assume the lubricant is a Newtonian fluid and
strip, causing it to move at a constant velocity of
6 mm/s. Neglect any friction at the top and
EG al
the velocity profile in lubricant between the bottom openings, buoyancy effects and assume
shaft and the bearing is linear. the velocity profile through each paint layer is
linear. The viscosity of the paint is (in Ns/m2 )
N rre
ef
R

A. The viscosity of the lubricant is 0.839 N. s/

m2 to 0.859 N. s/m2 .
B. The viscosity of the lubricant is 0.762 N. s/
A. 5.03 B. 4.12
m2 to 0.772 N. s/m2 .
C. If F = 8 N, then the constant speed of the C. 1.28 D. 3.19
shaft will be 2.0 m/s to 2.0 m/s.
12. [MCQ, ]
D. If F = 8 N, then the constant speed of the
A piston of 60 mm diameter moves inside
shaft will be 3.0 m/s to 3.0 m/s.
cylinder of 60.1 mm diameter. The percentage
 decreases in force necessary to move the piston
axially when the lubricant warms up from 0°C to
120°C. Given At 0°C dynamic viscosity is
0.0182 Ns/m2 and at 120°C dynamic viscosity
is 0.00206 Ns/m2
A. 11.32 B. 88.68
C. 66.67 D. 33.33
15. [NAT,]
13. [MCQ, ] A solid block of 2.0 kg mass slides steadily at a
A 100 kg plate is resting on a very thin film of oil velocity V along a vertical wall as shown in the
of viscosity μ = 0.0652 N-s/m2 . A force is figure below. A thin oil film of thickness h =

0 de
applied to the centre of the plate to slide it over 0.15 mm provides lubrication between the
the oil with a constant velocity of 0.2 m/s as block and the wall. The surface area of the face
shown in the figure. Assume the oil thickness is of the block in contact with the oil film is

I1 o
0.1 mm and the velocity profile across this 0.04 m2 . The velocity distribution within the oil
thickness is linear. The bottom of the plate has a film gap is linear as shown in the figure. Take

c
contact area of 0.75 m2 with the oil. Then the
force applied to the plate is (in N) approximately
dynamic viscosity of oil as 7 × 10−3 Pa − s and
acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s 2 . Neglect
weight of the oil. The terminal velocity V (in m/s)
EG al
of the block is _____ (correct to one decimal
place).
N rre

A. 98 B. 113
ef

C. 104 D. 89
14. [NAT,]
A Newtonian incompressible liquid is contained
R

between two parallel metal plates separated by

10−3 m (shown in figure). A force per unit area
of 5 N⁄m2 is required to maintain the upper
plate in motion with a constant speed of
2 m. s−1 in the horizontal direction relative to
the bottom plate. The viscosity of liquid
contained between the plates is _____×
10−3 Pa. s (rounded off to 1 decimal place).
[GATE-2022-CH]
[GATE-2018-ME]
16. [NAT,]
Consider fluid flow between two infinite
horizontal plates which are parallel (the gap
between them being 50 mm). The top plate is
sliding parallel to the stationary bottom plate at
a speed of 3 m/s. The flow between the plates is
 solely due to the motion of the top plate. The
force per unit area (magnitude) required to
maintain the bottom plate stationary is _____
N/m2 . Viscosity of the fluid μ = 0.44 kg/m-s
and density ρ = 888 kg/m3 .
[GATE-2016-ME]
17. [NAT, ]
In the parallel-plate configuration shown,
steady-flow, of an incompressible Newtonian
19. [MCQ, ]
A cubic block of side ‘L’ and mass ‘M’ is dragged
over an oil film across table by a string connects
to a hanging block of mass ‘m’ as shown is fig.
the Newtonian oil film of thickness ‘h’ has
dynamic viscosity ‘μ’ and the flow condition is
laminar. The acceleration due to gravity is ‘g’.
The steady state velocity ‘v’ of block is:

0 de
fluid is established by moving the top plate with
a constant speed, U0 = 1 m/s. If the force
required on the top plate to support this motion
is 0.5 N per unit area (in m2 ) of the plate then

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the viscosity of the fluid between the plates is
_____ N − s/m2
c Mgh Mgh
EG al
A. B.
μL2 μ
mgh mgh
C. D.
μL2 μ
N rr

[GATE-2016-XE]
[GATE-2006-ME]
18. [MCQ,]
e

A 40 cm cubical block slides on oil (viscosity =

20. [MCQ, ]
0.80 Pa. s), over a large plane horizontal
Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear
ef

surface. If the oil film between the block and the

stress in a fluid is proportional to:
surface has a uniform thickness of 0.4 mm, what
A. the velocity of the fluid.
will be the force required to drag the block at
R

4 m/s? Ignore the end effects and treat the flow B. the time rate of change of velocity of the fluid.
as two dimensional. C. the rate of change of velocity of the fluid with
A. 1280 N B. 1640 N
the height of fluid film.
C. 1920 N D. 2560 N
D. the square of the velocity of the fluid.
[GATE-2009-XE]
[GATE-2003-ME]
 Answer Key
1. (A, B, D) 11. (A)
2. (B, D) 12. (B)
3. (A, C) 13. (B)
4. (D) 14. (2.5 to 2.5)
5. (C) 15. (10.6 to 10.8)
6. (0.39 to 0.41) 16. (26.3 to 26.5)
7. 0.60 (0.58 to 0.62) 17. (0.0049 to 0.0051)
8. 1.62 (1.58 to 1.65) 18. (A)
9. (A, C) 19. (C)

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10. (C) 20. (C)

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c
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N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A, B, D) For Minimum Pulling Force
dF
=O
dYB
d μT μB
= [( + ) VA] = O
dYB Y − YB YB
d μT μ
[ + YB ] = O
dYB Y−YB B
1 −1
μT [ 2
× (0 − 1)] + μB [ 2 ] = O
(Y − YB ) YB
μT μB

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2
− 2=O
(Y − YB ) YB
μT μB
− =O
YT2 YB2
μT μB

I1 o
=
YT2 YB2
μ2T μT
c =
YB2 μB
YT μT
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=√
YB μB
ΣFx = O 2. Answer: (B, D)
N rr

→x F − Fst − FsB = O
F = FsT + FsB
F = τT AT + ΤB AB
e

V V
F = μT A + μB A
YT YB
ef

μT μB
F = [ + ] VA
YT YB
FsT = FsB
R

τT = A T = τB A B
V V
μT A = μB A
YT YB
YT μT
=
YB μB
Expression of Pulling Force (F)
μT μB
F = ( + ) VA If the plate is moving with constant
YT YB
velocity/terminal
YT + YB = Y
Velocity (V)
YT = Y − YB
μT μB ΣFx = O
F= ( + ) VA F – FsT − FsB = O
Y − YB YB
 F = FsT + FsB (90 sin 30°)3 × 10−3
V=
FsT = τT − AT 0.8 × 0.3
ΔV V = 0.52625 m⁄s
FsT = μT ( ) AT
Y T
V−O 4. Answer: (D)
FsT = μT ( )A
YT
V
FsT = μT A
YT
FsB = τB AB
ΔV

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FsB = μB ( ) AB
Y B
ΔV
V − (−VB ) τ = μ( )
FsB = μB [ ]A Y
YB V
V + VB τ=μ

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Y
FsB = μB [ ]A 2
YB τ = 10−3 ×
1
V
F = [μT + μB
YT c
(V + VB )
YB
]A τ = 2 × 10−3 N⁄m2
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5. Answer: (C)
N rre
ef

Fs = W Sin θ
3. Answer: (A, C) τ. A = W Sin θ
V
μ = A = W Sin θ
h
R

W Sin θ × h
⇒V=
μA

6. Answer: (0.39 to 0.41)

Fs = W sin θ
V
μ A = W sin θ
Y
(W sin θ)Y
V= V  2.5m / s
μA
 h  3cm  0.03m
L  2m
b  60cm  0.6m
P  100 w
  _____ Pa  s
P  FV
VB K
P  Fs  V =
V YB − K
P  t  As  V 0.3 K
=
 V 

0 de
1 2.6 − K
P     As  V 0.3 × 2.62
 Y  K=
1.3
V
P  Lb  V K = 0.6 mm
h

I1 o
LbV2
P 8. Answer: 1.62 (1.58 to 0.65)
h

Ph
LbV2
c F = FsT + FsB
F = μ(
V−0
h1
)A + μ(
V + VB
h2
)A
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100  0.03 V V + VB
 F = μA [ + ]
2  0.6 0.2  2.52 h1 h2
1 1 + 0.3
N rr

1 F = 0.027 × 0.04 [ + ]
 1 × 10 −3 2.6 × 10−3
0.4  2.5  2.5 F = 1.62 N
1
e

 Pa  s
2.5
  0.4Pa  s
ef

9. Answer: (A, C)
Fs = F
7. Answer: (0.58 to 0.62) τAs = F
R

ΔV
μ( ) (πdL) = F
Y
V
μ ( ) (πdL) = F
Y
FY
μ=
V(πdL)
2 × 1 × 10−3
μ=
0.5(π × 0.03 × 0.05)

μ = 0.8488 N − s⁄m2
V&F
 V2 F2 11. Answer: (A)
=
V1 F1
F2
V2 = × V1
F1
84
V2 = × 0.5
2
V2 = 2.0 m⁄s

10. Answer: (C)

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Y  20 mm
A  0.6 m2
V  0.7 m / s
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c
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N s
  8.04 101
m2
N rr

YB  7.5mm
At equilibrium
F?
At equilibrium P  FSL FSR W
e

F  FST  FSB  V   V 
P    A    A  mg
ef

 V   V   Y L  Y R
F    A    A
 Y T  Y B V  V
P     L     L  mg
 V  V  YL   YR 
R

F    A   A
 Y  YB   YB   1 1 
 1 1  P V  L     mg
F  VA     YL YR 
 Y  YB YB 
2  6  103
 1 1 
F  8.04 101  0.7  0.6  3
 3   1 
12.5 10 7.5 10  1
  0.3  0.2     0.15  9.81
 8  103 6  103
F  72.0384N  
2  0.105  1.4715
N s
  5.033
m2
12. Answer (B) μVA
P=
Y Cos θ
0.0652 × 0.2 × 0.75
P=
0.1 × 10−3 × cos 30°
P = 112.929 N

14. Answer: (2.5 to 2.5)

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F = Fs
d = 60 mm ΔV
D = 60.1 mm F = μ( )A

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Y
μ1 = 0.0182 N − s⁄m2 FY
μ=
μ2 = 0.00206 N − s⁄m2
V
F = μ A ⇒ F = Cμ
Y
μ1 = F1
c μ=
ΔVA
5 × 10−3
2
μ = 2.5 × 10−3 m⁄s
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μ 2 = F2
F1 − F2 Cμ1 − Cμ2 15. Answer: (10.6 to 10.8)
× 100 = × 100
N rr

F1 Cμ1
F1 − F2 0.0182 − 0.00206
× 100 = × 100
F1 0.0182
e

F1 − F2
× 100 = 88.69%
ef

F1
13. Answer: (B)
R

m = 100 kg
μ = 0.0652 N − s⁄m2
V = 0.2 m⁄s At Equilibrium
Y = 0.1 mm Fs = W
A = 0.75 m2 V
At Equilibrium μ A=W
h
P Cos θ = Fs
Wh
V V=
P Cos θ = μ A μA
Y
 (2 × 10) × 0.15 × 10−3 18. Answer: (A)
V=
7 × 10−3 × 0.04
V = 10.714 m⁄s
16. Answer: (26.3 to 26.5)

a = 40 cm = 0.4 m
μ = 0.8 Pa-s
Y = 0.4 mm = 4 × 10−4 m
V = 4 m⁄s

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Y = 50 mm = 0.05 m F = −N
V = 3 m⁄s F = Fs
μ = 0.44 kg⁄m − s
ΔV

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ρ = 888 kg⁄m3 F = μ( )A
Y
F = Fs
F = τA
F
A
ΔV
= μ( )
Y
c V
F = μ ( ) a2
Y
4
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F = 0.8 × × 0.42
F V 4 × 10−4
=μ
A Y F = 1280 N
F 3
N rr

= 0.44 ×
A 0.05
F 19. Answer: (C)
= 26.4 N⁄m2
e

A
ef

17. Answer: (0.0049 to 0.0051)

R

F = Fs
ΔV
F = μ( )A
Y
U0 Fs = mg
F=μ A
Y ΔV
FY μ ( ) A = mg
μ= Y
U0 A V
0.5 × 10−2 μ ( ) L2 = mg
μ= h
1
mgh
μ = 0.005 N − s⁄m2 V=
μL2
20. Answer: (C)
dθ
τ∝
dt
du
τ∝
dy

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 05

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Various Cases to understand Viscous FORCE Calculation - II

1. [MCQ, ] clearance between the tube and cylinder is (in

A shaft of diameter 120 mm is rotating inside a mm)
journal bearing of diameter 122 mm at a speed A. 0.102 B. 0.017

0 de
of 360 r. p. m. The space between the shaft and C. 0.012 D. 0.108
the bearing is filled with a lubricating oil of
viscosity 6 poise. The power absorbed in oil if 4. [NAT, ]
the length of bearing is 100 mm is A cylinder of 0.12 m radius rotates

I1 o
____________. concentrically inside a fixed hollow cylinder of
A. 230.63 B. 115.73
C. 57.32 c
D. 88.73
0.13 m radius. Both the cylinders are 0.3 m long.
Liquid of viscosity μ fills the space between the
cylinders. A torque of 0.88 Nm is required to
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2. [MCQ, ]
maintain an angular velocity of 2π rad/s.
An oil film of viscosity μ and thickness h ≪ R lies
Assume linear velocity variation for solving the
N rr

between a solid wall and a circular disc of radius

problem, the magnitude of μ is ____ Pa-s (round
‘R’. The disc is rotated steadily at constant
off to 2 decimal places).
angular velocity ′ω′. Assuming Newton’s law of
e

viscosity getting valid in the fluid domain. The

5. [MCQ, ]
expression for Torque ′T′ required to rotate the
ef

The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a

disc is __________
viscometer constructed of two 75 cm long
concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the
R

πμωR4 πμωR4
A. B. inner cylinder is 15 cm, and the gap between the
32h 8h
πμωR4 πμωR4 two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is
C. D.
2h 4h
rotated at 200 rpm, and the torque required is
measured to be 0.8 N.m. The viscosity of the
3. [MCQ, ]
fluid required is _______ N-s/m2 .
A steel cylinder 30 cm long and 2.5 cm in
diameter falls due to its own weight at a
constant velocity rate of 10 cm/s inside a tube
of slightly larger diameter. A lubricant oil film of
constant thickness is there between the cylinder
and tube. If μ = 0.08 Pa-s andρsteel =
3
7600 kg/m , neglecting buoyant force the
 D. Force exerted by the liquid-2 on the Lower
plate is 0.00612 N to 0.00691 N.

7. [NAT, ]
The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a
viscometer constructed of two 40 cm long
concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the
inner cylinder is 12 cm, and the gap between the
two cylinders is 0.15 cm. The inner cylinder is
A. 0.0231 B. 0.0123 rotated at 300 rpm, and the torque required is

0 de
C. 0.0321 D. 0.2031 measured to be 1.8 N-m. The viscosity of the
fluid is N-s/m2 is ________ (round off to two
6. [MCQ, ] decimal places).
Two immiscible Newtonian liquids flows

I1 o
steadily between two large parallel plates 8. [MCQ, ]
under the influence of an applied pressure A sealed journal is formed from concentric
c
gradient. The lower plate is fixed, and the upper
plate is pulled with a constant velocity of U =
cylinders. The outer radius of inner cylinder and
inner radius of outer cylinder are 25 mm and
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10 m/s. The thickness of each layer of fluid is 26 mm, respectively the journal length is
0.5 m. The velocity profile for each layer is 100 mm, & it turns at 2800 rpm. The gap is
given by filled with oil in laminar motion. The velocity
N rr

U1 = 6 + ay − 3y 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5 (Liquid – 1) profile is linear across the gap. The torque

U2 = b + cy − 9y 2 , −0.5 ≤ y ≤ 0 (Liquid – 2) needed to turn the journal is 0.2 N.m. The
e

Where y is u is in distance taken from interface, viscosity of the oil is _______ in Pa-s.
Take μ1 = 10−3 Pa-s A. 0.13895 B. 0.27791
ef

C. 0.0695 D. 0.03474

9. [NAT, ]
R

Fluids of viscosities μ1 = 0.15 N. s/m2 , μ2 =

0.5 N. s/m2 and μ3 = 0.2 N. s/m2 are contained
between two plates (each plate is 1 m2 in area).
The thicknesses are h1 = 0.5 mm, h2 =
0.25 mm and h3 = 0.2 mm, respectively. The
μ force applied on top plate is 100 N. The ratio of
A. The viscosity ratio μ2 is 1. 25 to 1.29.
1
μ2 velocity of the Top plate to the velocity at fluids
B. The viscosity ratio μ is 0. 75 to 0.79.
1 1-2 interface is ___________. Assume linear
C. Force exerted by the liquid-1 on the upper velocity distribution in fluids (round off to two
plate is 0.00814 N to 0.00865 N. decimal places).
 12. [NAT, ]
In a simple concentric shaft-bearing
arrangement, the lubricant flows in the 2 mm
gap between the shaft and the bearing. The
flow may be assumed to be a plane Couette
flow with zero pressure gradient. The diameter
of the shaft is 100 mm and its tangential speed

10. [MCQ, ] is 10 m/s. The dynamic viscosity of the

The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a lubricant is 0.1 kg/m. s. The frictional resisting

0 de
viscometer constructed of two 40 cm log
force (in Newton) per 100 mm length of the
concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the
inner cylinder is 12 cm, and the gap between bearing is __________
[GATE-2014-ME]

I1 o
the two cylinders is 0.15 cm. The inner cylinder
is rotated at 300 rpm, and the torque 13. [MCQ, ]

fluid in poise is
A.0.158 B. 1.58
c
measured is 1.8 N − m. The viscosity of the A lightly loaded full journal bearing has journal
diameter of 50 mm, bush bore of 50.50 mm and
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bush length of 20 mm. If rotational speed of
C. 2.58 D. 0.258 journal is 1200 rpm and average viscosity of
N rr

liquid lubricant is 0.3 Pa-sec, the power loss (in

11. [MCQ, ]
The gap δ between two concentric cylinders, Watt) will be:
e

each of height h, is filled with an oil. The torque A. 37 B. 74

C. 118 D. 237
ef

required to rotate the inner cylinder at an

[GATE-2010-ME]
angular velocity of ω against the fixed outer
14. [MCQ, ]
R

cylinder is T. The diameter of the inner cylinder

A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 40 mm
is d and δ ≪ d. Then dynamic viscosity of the oil
and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is rotating at
is given by.
20 rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is
4πδT 4δT
A. d3 ωh B. πd3 ωh
20 MPa-s. The clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss
4πδT 4δT
C. d2 ωh2 D. πdωh3 of torque due to the viscosity of the lubricant is
[GATE-2015-XE] approximately:
A. 0.040 Nm B. 0.252 Nm
C. 0.400 Nm D. 0.652 Nm
[GATE-2008-ME]
15. [NAT, ] d2 u
Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous fluids =0
dy 2
having same densities but different viscosities If the dynamic viscosity of the lower fluid, μ2 , is
are contained between two infinite horizontal twice that of the upper fluid, μ1, then the
parallel plates, 2 m apart as shown below. The velocity at the interface (round off to two
bottom plate is fixed and the upper plate moves decimal places) is ______m/s.
to the right with a constant velocity of 3 m/s.
With the assumptions of Newtonian fluid,
steady, and fully developed laminar flow with
zero pressure gradient in all directions, the [GATE-2019-ME]
momentum equation simplifies to

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I1 o
c
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N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B) 9. (1.43 to 1.47)
2. (C) 10. (B)
3. (B) 11. (B)
4. (0.41 to 0.45) 12. (15 to 16)
5. (A) 13. (A)
6. (A) 14. (A)
7. (0.15 to 0.17) 15. (0.98 to 1.02)
8. (C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer (B) Y = 10−3 m
d = 120 mm π × 6 × 10−1 × (12π)2 × (0.12)3 × 0.1
P=
D = 122 mm 4 × 10−3

N = 360 RPM P = 115.73 W

μ = 6 Paise = 6 × 10−1 N − s⁄m2 2. Answer (C)

πμwd3 L
P = _____W T= ⇒ Cylindrical shaft
4Y

πμwR4
T= ⇒ Disc

0 de
2Y

3. Answer (B)

I1 o
P= T× w
d
P=F× ×w
2
c
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d
P = τ × As × × w
2
N rr

V d
P = μ × πdL × × w
Y 2
μAV
e

dw d F=
P=μ× × πdL × × w Y
2Y 2
μAV
ef

Y=c=
πμw 2 d3 L F
P=
4Y 0.08   π  0.025  0.3  0.1
c=
R

2πN ρg
w=
60 
 7600    0.025  0.3 9.81
2

2π × 360 4
w= c = 0.017mm
60
w = 12π radian
4. Answer (0.41 to 0.45)
D−d T= F×R
Y=
2 μ AV
T= R
122 − 120 Y
Y=
2 μ 2πRL Rω R
0.88 =
Y = 1 mm 0.01
 R = 0.12 d
μ1 (6 + ay − 3y 2 )|y = 0
ω = 2π dy
L = 0.3 d
= μ2 (b + cy − ay 2 )|y = 0
μ = 0.4299 ; 0.43Pa-s dy
μ1 (0 + a − 6y)|y=0 = μ2 (O + C − 18y)|y = 0
5. Answer (A)
aμ1 = cμ2
d3L
T μ2 a
4Y =
μ1 c
4TY
 For Liquid-1

0 de
d3L
2N At y = Y1 , u = U

60 U = 6 + aY1 − 3Y12

I1 o
2  20 0 10 = 6 + a(0.5) − 3(0.5)2

36 0


20 
3
c a = 9.5
u = 6 + 9.5y − 3y 2 → Liquid-1
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At y = 0, u = Vi
2
4  0.8  0.12 10
 Vi = 6 + 9.5 × 0 − 3 × 02

 20  0.153  0.75
N rr

3 Vi = 6.0 m⁄s
N s For Liquid-2
  0.023056
e

m2
At y = 0, u = Vi
ef

6. Answer (A) Vi = b + c × 0 − 9 × 02
b=6
R

u = 6 + cy − 9y 2
At y = −Y2 , u = 0

0 = 6 + c(−0.5) − 9 (−0.5)2
At Interface
c = 7.5
τ1 = τ2
u = 6 + 7.5y − 9y 2
du du μ2 a
μ1 ( ) = μ2 ( ) =
dy 1, y=0
dy 2, y=0 μ1 c
μ2 9.5
=
μ1 7.5
 μ2 4 × 1.8 × 0.15 × 10−2
= 1.266 μ=
μ1 π × (10π) × (0.12)3 × 0.4
Force exerted by Liquid-1 on upper plate μ = 0.1583 N − s⁄m2
du 8. Answer: (C)
F1 = μ1 ( ) A
dy 1,Y πμωd3 L
1
T=
d 4Y
F1 = μ1 [6 + 9.5y − 3y 2 ]Y1 A 4TY
dy μ=
πωd3 L
F1 = μ1 (9.5 − 6Y1 )A Y=R−r
Y = 1 mm

0 de
F1 = 10−3 (9.5 − 6 × 0.5) × 4 2πN
ω=
F1 = 26 × 10−3 N 60
2π × 2800
ω=
F1 = 0.026 N 60 3

I1 o
4 × 0.2 × 10−3
Force exerted by Liquid-2 on lower plate μ= 280π

F2 = μ 2 (
du
)
dy 2,−Y
A c
2
π ( 3 ) (0.05)3 × 0.1
μ = 0.06947 N − s⁄m2
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d 9. Answer: (1.43 to 1.47)
F2 = μ 2 [6 + 7.5y − 9y 2 ]−Y2 A
dy
N rr

F2 = μ2 (7.5 + 18 Y2 )A
F2 = 1.266 μ1 (7.5 + 18 Y2 )A
e

F2 = 1.266 × 10−3(7.5 + 18 × 0.5) × 4

ef

F2 = 0.08355 N
F
τ1 = τ2 = τ3 =
7. Answer (0.15 to 0.17)
R

A
πμωd3 L ΔV ΔV ΔV F
T= μ1 ( ) = μ2 ( ) μ3 ( ) =
4Y Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 A
4TY Vi1 Vi2 − Vi1 V − Vi2 F
μ= μ1 = μ2 ( ) = μ3 ( )=
πμωd3 L h1 h2 h3 A
Vi1
2πN 0.15 × = 100
ω= 0.5 × 10−3
60 1
Vi1 = m⁄s
2π × 300 5 3
ω= Vi1 = 0.333 m⁄s
60 (Vi2 − 0.333)
0.5 × = 100
ω = 10π rad⁄s 0.25 × 10−3
Vi2 = 0.383 m⁄s
 (V − 0.383) πμωd2 L
0.2 = 100 F=
0.2 × 10−3 2Y
V = 0.483 m⁄s πμωd3 L
V 0.483 T=
= 4Y
Vi1 0.383 4TY
μ=
V πωd3 L
= 1.45
Vi1

10. Answer (B) 12. Answer: (15 to 16)

L = 40 cm = 0.4 m Plane Couette Flow ⇒ Linear Velocity

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d = 12 cm = 0.12 m distribution

Y = 0.15 cm πμωd2 L
Fs =
2Y
N = 300 RPM d

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V = ( )ω
T = 1.8 N − m 2
μ = _____ Poise

T=
πμwd3 L
c ω=
2V
d
2 × 10
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4Y ω=
0.1
4TY
μ= ω = 200 rad⁄s
πwd3 L
N rr

2πN π(0.1)(200)5 (0.1)2 (0.1)

w= Fs =
60 2 × 2 × 10−3
2π × 300
w=
e

60 Fs = 5πN
w = 10 π radian Fs = 15.707 N
ef

4 × 1.8 × 0.15 × 10−2

μ= 13. Answer: (A)
π × 10π × 0.123 × 0.4
μ = 0.158 N − s⁄m2 πμω2 d3 L
P=
R

μ = 1.58 Poise 4Y
2πN
ω=
11. Answer (B) 60
2π × 1200 20
ω=
60
ω = 40π
D − d 50.5 − 50
Y= =
2 2
Y = 0.25 mm
F = Fs
dω
F = μ( ) πdL
2Y
 P du
 c1
2 0.5 dy
π × 0.3 × 400π (40π)2 × (0.05)3 × 0.02
=
4 × 0.25 × 10−3 u  c1y  c2
P = 1.2π3 1  2
P = 37.207 W  V   V 
1    2  
 Y 1  Y 2
14. Answer: A  V  Vi   V 0
1    2 2  i 
πμωd3 L  Y1   Y2 
T=  1  
4Y

0 de
π (0.02)(20)(0.04)3 × 0.04 V  Vi  2Vi
T=
4 × 0.02 × 10−3 3Vi  V
T = 0.04021 N − m V
Vi 

I1 o
3
15. Answer: 0.98 to 1.02 3
Vi  1
c 3
Vi  1m / s
EG al
d2u
=0
dy2
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 06

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Viscosity of a Gas & Kinematic Viscosity

1. [NAT, ] 3. [NAT, ]
An incompressible fluid (specific gravity = 0.95) An incompressible fluid having a specific weight
is held between two square parallel plates. Each of 945 N⁄m3 . If the dynamic viscosity of the

0 de
side of the plate is 60 cm. The top plate is moved fluid is 131.67 N-s/m2 , then the kinematic
with a velocity of 2.5 m⁄s requires a force of viscosity of the fluid is _____ (round off to two

I1 o
98.1 N to maintain the speed, while the bottom decimal places).
plate is held stationary & the fluid attains a linear

c
velocity profile in the gap of 12.5 mm between
these plates. The kinematic viscosity of the given
4. [NAT, ]
The dynamic viscosity of a fluid is 0.5 poise &
EG al
fluid is _____ stokes (round off to two decimal specific gravity is 0.4. The kinematic viscosity of
places). the fluid is _____ stokes (round off to two
N rr

decimal places).
2. [NAT, ]
e

Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are 5. [MSQ, ]

ef

separated by a small gap. The bottom plate is An incompressible fluid having a kinematic
fixed and the gap between the plates is filled viscosity of 6 stokes & specific gravity is 1.90.
with oil having density of 981 kg⁄m3 . A shear Which one or more of the following statement(s)
R

flow is induced by moving the upper plate with is/are INCORRECT ?

a velocity gradient of 0.2 s−1. The shear stress A. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is
induced at the upper plate is 0.2452 N⁄m2 . 11.40 poise.
The kinematic viscosity of the oil is _____× B. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is
10−3 m2 ⁄s (round off to two decimal places). 1.14 poise.
Assume linear velocity profile between the C. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 0.114 N-
plates & the oil to be a Newtonian fluid. s/m2 .
D. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 11.40 N-
s/m2 .
6. [MCQ, ] 7. [MCQ, ]
A viscometer is built from a conical pointed shaft
Kinematic viscosity is dimensionally represented
that turns in a conical bearing, as shown below.
as
The gap between shaft and bearing is filled with
M M
a sample of the fluid. The name of fluid for which A. B.
LT L2 T
the applied torque is 0.325 N. m. The fluid is at T2 L2
20°C. Use the chart given in next slide to answer C. D.
L T
is _______. [GATE-2021-CE]
8. [MCQ, ]
The dimension of kinematic viscosity of a fluid

0 de
(where L is length, T is time) are

A. LT −1 B. L2 T −1
C. LT −2 D. L−2 T

I1 o
[GATE-2019-AE]

c 9. [NAT, ]
Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are
EG al
separated by a small gap (d = 20 mm) as shown
in figure. The bottom plate is fixed and the gap
N rr

between the plates is filled with oil having

density of 890 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of
e

0.00033 m2 /s. A shear flow is induced by

ef

moving the upper plate with a velocity of 5 m/s.

Assume, linear velocity profile between the
R

plates and the oil to be a Newtonian fluid. The

shear stress (N/m2 ) at the upper plate is _____

A. Glycerine
B. Caster Oil
C. Water [GATE-2017-XE]
D. SAE 10W Oil
10. [MCQ, ] between two parallel plates. If the top plate is
For a fully developed flow between two parallel moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the
flat plates, the velocity gradient at a point is bottom one is held stationary, the fluid attains a
found to be 1000 s −1. If the density of the fluid linear velocity profile in the gap of 0.5 mm
is 880 kg/m3 and the kinematic viscosity of the between these plates; the shear stress in Pascal
fluid is 7.4 × 10−7 m2 /s, the shear stress at the on the surface of bottom plate is:
same point is approximately A. 65.1 B. 0.651
A. 0 Pa B. 1.30 Pa C. 6.51 D. 651
C. 0.32 Pa D. 0.65 Pa [GATE-2004-ME]
[GATE-2011-XE]

0 de
13. [MCQ, ]
11. [MCQ, ] The SI unit of kinematic viscosity () is:
A 20 cm cubical box slides on oil (mas density = A. m2 /sec B. kg/m-sec

I1 o
3
800 kg/m ), over a large plane surface with a C. m/sec 2 D. m2 /sec 2

c
steady state velocity of 0.4 m/s. The plane
surface is inclined at an angle of 30° with the
horizontal plane. The oil film between the block 14. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2001-ME]
EG al
and the plane surface is 0.4 mm thick. The Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is given to be
weight of the cubical box is 64 N. The kinematic 1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s. Its kinematic viscosity at 70°C
N rr

viscosity of the oil is. will be varying approximately:

A. 0.8 Pa. s B. 0.001 m2 /s A. 2.02 × 10−5 m2 /s
e

C. 1.6 Pa. s D. 0.002 m2 /s B. 1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s

ef

[GATE-2010-XE] C. 1.2 × 10−5 m2 /s

D. 3.2 × 10−5 m2 /s
12. [MCQ, ]
R

[GATE-2001-ME]
An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity =
7.4 × 10−7 m2 /s, specific gravity = 0.88) is held
 Answer Key
1. (14.31 to 14.37) 8. (B)
2. (1.22 to 1.28) 9. (72.5 to 75.0)
3. (1.33 to 1.39) 10. (D)
4. (1.22 to 1.28) 11. (B)
5. (B, C, D) 12. (B)
6. (B) 13. (A)
7. (D) 14. (A)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (14.31 to 14.37) ∴ ν = 1.25 stokes
ΔV
τ = μ( )
Y 5. Answer: (B, C, D)
F ΔV μ
= ρν ( ) ν=
A Y ρ
98.1 2.5 ⇒μ =ν×ρ
= 0.95 × 1000 × ν ( )
0.6 × 0.6 12.5 × 10−3
= 6 × 10−4 × 1.90 × 1000
⇒ ν = 1.4342 × 10−3 m2 ⁄s
μ = 1.14 N-s/m2

0 de
ν = 14.342 stokes
μ = 11.4 poise

2. Answer: (1.22 to 1.28)

6. Answer: (B)

I1 o
ΔV
τ = μ( )
Y

τ = ρν (
ΔV
Y
)
c
EG al
0.2452 = 981 × ν(0.2)
⇒ ν = 1.25 × 10−3 m2 ⁄s
N rr

3. Answer: (1.33 to 1.39)

e

w = ρg reV
ef

ω = 75
945 = ρ × 9.81 s
red
⇒ ρ = 96.33027 kg⁄m3 ω = 75 × 2π
s
R

μ red
ν= ω = 150 π
ρ s
4
πμωR
131.67 T=
ν= = 1.366 m2 ⁄s 2Ysinθ
96.33027
2TYsinθ
μ=
4. Answer: (1.22 to 1.28) πωR4
R
μ tan θ =
ν= H
ρ
R = H tan θ
0.5 × 10−1 R = 25 tan 30°
= = 1.25 × 10−4 m2 ⁄s
0.4 × 1000 R = 14.43375 mm
R = 0.01443 m
 2 × 0.325 × 0.2 × 10−3 × sin30° V 2
μ= ρν a = W Sin θ
π × (150π) × 0.014434 Y
N−s
μ = 1.0126 W SinθY
m2 V=
ρVa2
7. Answer: (D)
[μ] [ML−1 T −1 ] 64 Sin 30° × 0.4 × 10−3
[ν] = = = [ν] = [L2 T −1 ] ν=
[ρ] [ML−3 ] 800 × 0.4 × 0.22

ν = 10−3 m2 /s
8. Answer: (B)

0 de
ν = 0.001 m2 /s
[μ] [ML−1 T −1 ] 2 −1
L2
[ν] = = = [L T ] =
[ρ] [ML−3 ] T

I1 o
12. Answer: (B)
ΔV
9. Answer: (72.5 to 75.0) τ=μ ( )
Δy
τ=μ γ
V
τ = (ρν) γ
c τ = ρν (
Y
ΔV
Y
)
EG al
5
τ = 890 × 0.00033 × 20×10−2 V
τ = 1000 s ν ( )
τ = 73.425 N/m2 Y
N rr

0.5
10. Answer: (D) τ = 1000 × 0.88 × 7.4 × 10−7 ×
0.5 × 10−3
e

du τ = 0.651 N/m2
τ=μ
dy
ef

13. Answer: (A)

du N−s
τ = ρν μ m2
dy ν= =
R

ρ kg
m3
τ = 880 × 7.4 × 10−7 × 1000
kg−m s
× m2
s2
τ = 0.6512 N/m2 = kg
m3

11. Answer: (B)

m3 m2
= =
m−s s
Fs = W Sing θ
14. Answer: (A)
ΔV
μ ( ) A = W Sin θ
Y For Gas

V
μ Y a2 = W Sin θ 𝜇 ∝ T 1⁄2
 3
ν ∝ T 3⁄2 343 2
⇒ ν2 = ( ) × 1.6 × 10−5
293
ν2 T2 3/2
=( ) ν2 = 2.026 × 10−5 m2 /s
ν1 T1

T2 3/2
ν2 = ( ) ν1
T1

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTA - 01

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Viscosity
1. [NAT, ]
The read-write head for a hand-held music
player has a surface area of 0.04 mm2 . The head
is held 0.04 μm above the disk rotating at a

0 de
constant rate of 1800 rpm. Torque required to
overcome the frictional shear resistance of the
air between the head and the disk is _____×
10−6 N-m (round off to three decimal places).

I1 o
Take μair = 18.1 × 10−6 Pa. s. Assume it has a

c
linear velocity profile.
EG al
A. 8.00 B. 6.121
C. 7.65 D. 7.00
N rr

3. [NAT, ]
e

2. [MCQ, ] A shock-free coupling for a low-power

A 10 mm wide tape is drawn through an mechanical drive is to be made from a pair of
ef

applicator, which applies a liquid coating to each concentric cylinders. The annular space between
side of the tape. Assume the liquid coating is of the cylinders is to be filled with oil. The drive
Newtonian fluid having viscosity 0.83 N. s/m2 . must transmit power, P = 10 W. other
R

The gap between each side of the tape and the
applicator’s surface is 0.8 mm. The radius of the
wheel is 150 mm. The troque required to rotate
the wheel at 0.5 rad⁄s (in m N-m) _____.
Assume the velocity profile within the liquid is
linear:
dimensions and properties are as shown in
diagram. Neglect any bearing friction and end
effects. Assume the minimum practical gap
clearance δ for the device is δ = 0.25 mm. The
viscosity of oil is _____ poise (round off two
decimal places).
4. [MCQ, ]
A viscous clutch is to be made from a pair of
closely spaced parallel disks enclosing a thin
layer of viscous liquid. The algebraic expressions
of power transmitted by the disk pair, in terms
of liquid viscosity, μ, disk radius, R, disk spacing,
a, and the angular speeds: ω1 of the input disk
and ω2 of the output disk is ___________.

0 de
1. The piston is set into motion by cutting a
support cord. The terminal velocity (V1 ) of
dead weight having mass, m is ______ m/s.
Assume a linear velocity profile within the

I1 o
oil, neglect any buoyancy effect.
2. The piston is traveling at some terminal

A.
πμω2 (ω1 −ω2 )R4
c B.
πμω2 (ω1 −ω2 )R3
velocity (V1 ). Now suddenly the dead weight
having mass, m is disconnected from the
EG al
2a 16 piston. The new terminal velocity (V2 ) of the
πμ(ω1 −ω2 )R4 πμω2 R4 piston will be _____ m/s.
C. D.
2aω2 4h 3. Time taken by the piston (after the
N rr

deadweight having mass, m is disconnected)

5. [CONVENTIONAL] to reach that instant where piston velocity is
e

A 73 mm diameter aluminium (SG = 2.64) 1 percent % more than the new terminal
piston of 100 mm length resides in a stationary velocity i.e. 1.01 times of new terminal
ef

75 mm inner diameter steel tube lined with oil velocity is _______ s.

having viscosity 0.131 N. s/m2 . A dead weight

6. [CONVENTIONAL]
R

having mass m = 2 kg is suspended from the

A block having square base each side of 0.1 m ,
free end of the piston.
5 kg mass, is kept on a very long smooth inclined
plane having 30° angle with horizontal plane.
There is a uniform 0.20 mm thick oil film
between block & inclined plane all the time . The
dynamic viscosity of oil is 0.4 Pa-s.
1. If the block is released from rest at t = 0, its
initial acceleration is _______ m/s 2
2. The velocity of block after 0.1 s is _______
m/s.
3. The terminal velocity of the block will be
________ m/s.
 Answer Key
1. (0.214 to 0.222) 4. (A)
2. (D) 5. (10.1386 m⁄s , 3.6078 m⁄s , 1.922s)
3. (2.00 to 2.04) 6. (4.905 m/s2 , 0.4043 m/s, 1.22625 m/s)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.214 to 0.222)

A  0.04 mm2
Y  0.04 m
N = 1800 RPM
T  _____106 N  m

0 de
  18.1106 Pa  s
T  Fs  R
V
T As  R

I1 o
Y
R
T As  R T = F×R

T
Y
As R 2
Y
c At equilibrium
EG al
F = FsL + FsR
2N
 V V
60 F = μ ( ) (Lw) + μ ( ) (Lw)
21800 Y Y
N rr


60 V
F = 2μ (Lw)
rad Y
  60
e

s (Rω)
6 6 6 F = 2μ (Lw)
18.110  60 0.04 10  8 10
ef

2
Y
T 6
0.04 10 2μR2 ω (Lw)
T=
T  18.1106  60 64 106 Y
R

T  0.21835 106 N  m 2 × 0.83 × 0.152 × 0.5 × (0.03 × 0.01)

T=
0.0008
0.83 × 0.0225 × 3
2. Answer: (D) T=
8
T = 7.003 × 10−3 N-m

T = 7.003 mN-m
3. Answer: (2.00 to 2.04) 10
μ=
40.384
μ = 0.2476 N − s⁄m2
μ = 2.476 Poise
4. Answer: (A)

P2 = T2 ω2
P2 = F2 (R + δ)ω2

0 de
P2 = [τ2 2π(R + δ)L](R + δ)ω2

I1 o
c T=
πμωR4
2Y
πμ(ω1 − ω2 )R4
EG al
T2 =
2a
P2 = T2 ω2
V1 = Rω1 πμ(ω1 − ω2 )ω2 R4
N rr

P2 =
V2 = (R + δ)ω2 2a
2πN1 2π × 10000 1000𝜋 rad
e

ω1 = = = ( )
60 60 3 3 s
ef

2πN2 2π × 9000 150

ω2 = = = 300𝜋
60 60
rad
R

( )
s
ΔV
P2 = μ ( ) 2πω2 (R + δ)2 L
Y
Rω1 − (R + δ)ω2
P2 = μ [ ] 2πω2 (R + δ)2 L
δ
10
1000π
0.01 × − 0.01025 × 300π
3
= μ[ ] 2π(300π)(0.01025)2
0.00025

× 0.02
ΔV
10 = 40.384 μ τ = μ( )
Y
 rω1 − rω2 Finding of Terminal Velocity for (M + m)
τ=μ
a
(ω1 − ω2 )r
τ=μ
a
(ω1 − ω2 )r
dFs = μ 2πrdr
a
2πμ(ω1 − ω2 )r 2 dr
dFs =
a
2πμ(ω1 − ω2 )r 3 dr
dT2 =
a
R
2πμ(ω1 − ω2 )r 3 dr ΣFn = (Mg + mg) − Fs

0 de
T2 = ∫ 0 = (Mg + mg) − Fs
0 a
πμ(ω1 − ω2 )R4 Fs = Mg + mg
T2 = V1
2a μ A = Mg + mg
Y

I1 o
Y
5. Answer: (𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔 𝐦⁄𝐬 , 𝟑. 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟖 𝐦⁄𝐬 , 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟐𝐬) V1 = [Mg + mg]
μA
c V1 =
10−3
0.131 × π × 0.073 × 0.1
[1.105 × 9.81
EG al
+ 2 × 9.81]
V1 = 10.1386 m⁄s
Finding of Terminal Velocity (V2 ) for M only
N rr

Y
V2 = [Mg]
μA
V2 M
e

=
V1 M + m
ef

1.105
V2 = × 10.1386
1.105 + 2
V2 = 3.6078 m⁄s
R

Time taken
V = 1.01 V2
D−d
Y=
2
75 − 73
Y=
2
Y = 1 mm
π
M = 2640 × × 0.732 × 0.1
4
M = 1.105 kg ΣFn = Mg − Fs
A = π × 0.073 × 0.1 dV V
M = MdVg − μ
A = 0.02293 m2 dt Y
 V=1.01 V2 t
dV dt
∫ μAV = ∫
V1 Mg − 0 M
Y
μAV 1.01V2
ln [Mg − ]
Y V1 1 t
= [t]
−
μA M 0
Y
1.01μAV2
ΣFn = WSinθ − Fs
Mg − μA V
Y
ln [ μAV1 ]=− t man = mg sin θ − μ A
Mg − MY Y
Y
dV AV
μAV m = mgsinθ − μ
MY Mg − Y 1 dt Y

0 de
t= ln [ 1.01μAV2 ] V
dV t
dt
μA Mg − ∫ = ∫
Y μAV
10.1386 0 mgsin θ − 0 m
1.105 × 10−3 1.105 × 9.81 − 0.131 × 0.02293 × Y
0.001
t= ln [ 3.6078]
0.131 × 0.02293 1.105 × 9.81 − 1.01 × 0.131 × 0.02293 × μAV V

I1 o
0.001 ln [mg sin θ − ] 1 t
Y
t = 0.36786 × 5.2253 0
= [t]
−
μA m 0
t = 1.922s
c
6. Answer: (4.905 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 , 0.4043 𝐦/𝐬, 1.22625 𝐦/𝐬) ln [
Y

mg sin θ −
mg sin θ
μAV
Y
]=
μAt
mY
EG al
μAV μAt
ln [1 − ]=
mgYsinθ mY
N rr

μAV μAt
1− = e− mY
mgYsinθ
e

μAV μAt
= 1 − e− mY
mgYsinθ
ef

mgYsinθ μAt
V= [1 − e− mY ]
μA
a = 0.1 m 5 × 9.81 × 0.2 × 10−3 × Sin30°
R

⇒ A = 0.01 m2 V= [1
0.4 × 0.01
m = 5 kg −
0.4×0.01×0.1
−e 5×0.2×10−3 ]
θ = 30°
Y = 0.2 mm V = 1.22625 × 0.32968
μ = 0.4Pa-s V = 0.4043 m⁄s
At t = 0, V = 0 Terminal Velocity (Vt )
Vt
ΣFn = W Sin θ O = W sinθ − μ A
Y
man = mg sin θ
mgY sinθ
an = g sin θ Vt =
μA
an = 9.81 × sin30°
Vt = 1.22625 m⁄s
an = 4.905 m⁄s 2
At t time, Velocity is V
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 07

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Classification of Fluids

1. [MCQ, ] 4. [MCQ, ]
A fluid obeying the equation, τ = τo + In an experiment to determine the rheological
du 0.5 behavior of a material, the observed relation

0 de
k (dy ) τ > τo is held between two parallel
between shear stress, τ, and rate of shear strain,
plates a distance ‘d’ apart. If the stress applied du du 0.5
to the top plate is 3τo , then the velocity with , is τ = τ0 + C (dy ) . The material is.
dy
which the top plate moves relative to the A. a Newtonian fluid

I1 o
bottom plate would be B. a thixotropic substance
2 2
C. a Bingham plastic
τ
A. 2 ( ko ) d
τ 2
C. 4 ( ko ) d
cτ
B. 3 ( ko ) d
τ 2
D. 9 ( ko) d
D. an ideal plastic

5. [MCQ, ]
EG al
2. [MCQ, ] The apparent viscosity of the fluid is given by
A Bingham plastic fluid of apparent viscosity du 0.25
μa = 0.03 |dy | , the fluid is
N rr

10 Pa − s and yield stress τo = 10 N⁄m2 is

A. Thixotropic B. Bingham plastic
sheared between flat parallel plates separated C. Dilatant D. Pseudoplastic
e

by a distance 10−3 m. The top plate is moving

6. [MSQ, ]
with a velocity of 1 m/s. While the bottom plate
ef

Which of one or more of the following

is fixed. The shear stress on the plate is.
statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
A. 10 N⁄m2 B. 20 N⁄m2
A. For a Rheopectic fluid, the apparent viscosity
C. 30 N⁄m2 D. 40 N⁄m2
R

increases with time under a constant applied

3. [MCQ, ] shear stress.
In an experiment, the following shear stress – B. For a pseudo plastic fluid, the apparent
time rate of shear strain values are obtained for viscosity decreases with time under a
a fluid: constant applied shear stress.
Time rate of C. For a Bingham plastic fluid, the apparent
Shear strain (1/s): 0 2 3 4 viscosity increases exponentially with the
Shear stress (kPa): 0 14 2.6 4 deformation rate.
D. For a dilatant fluid, the apparent viscosity
How can the fluid be classified?
increases with increasing deformation rate.
A. Newtonian fluid B. Bingham plastic
C. Pseudo plastic D. Dilatant
7. [MCQ, ]
Consider a fluid confined between two
horizontal parallel plates and subjected to shear
flow. In the first experiment, the plates are
separated by a distance of 1 mm. It is found that
a shear stress of 2 N. m−2 has to be applied to
keep the top plate moving with a velocity of 2
ms −1 , while the other plate is fixed. In the
second experiment, the plates are separated by
a distance of 0.25 mm. It is found that a shear
stress of 3 N. m−2 must be applied to keep the A. S B. P

0 de
top plate moving with a velocity of 1 ms−1 , C. Q D. R
[GATE-2020-XE]
while the other plate is fixed. In the range of
shear rates studied, the rheological character of 10. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
the fluid is. Rheological diagram of different types of fluids
A. Newtonian is shown in figure. Column I represent the nature
B. Pseudoplastic
C. Dilatant
D. Ideal and inviscid
c of the fluid and column II represents the curve
showing the variation of shear stress against
shear strain rate.
EG al
[GATE-2021-CH]
Column I Column II
8. [MCQ, ] (i) Newtonian M
N rr

The general relationship between shear stress τ, (ii) Shear thinning N

du
and the velocity gradient (dy) for a fluid is given (iii) Shear thickening O
du n
(iv) Bingham plastic P
e

by τ = k (dy) , where k is constant with The most appropriate match between columns I
appropriate units. The fluid is Newtonian if and II is.
ef

A. n > 1 B. n < 1
C. n = 1 D. n = 0
R

[GATE-2021-XE]

9. [MCQ, ]
The variation of shear stress (τ) against strain
rate (du/dy) is given in the figure. Identify the
line/curve among P, Q, R and S, that represents
an ideal fluid. A. (i) - O; (ii) - N; (iii) - P; (iv) - M
B. (i) - O; (ii) - P; (iii) - N; (iv) - M
C. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - M; (iv) - N
D. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - N; (iv) - M
[GATE-2018-XE]
11. [MCQ, ] A. P B. Q
Group I contain the type of fluids while Group II C. R D. S
contains the shear stress-rate of shear [GATE-2014-MT]
relationship of different types of fluids, as shown
in the figure. 13. [MCQ, ]
The Rheological diagram depicting the relation
between shear stress and strain rate for
different types of fluids is shown in the figure
below.

0 de
I1 o
Group-I Group-II
P. Newtonian fluid 1. Curve 1

R. Plastic fluid
c
Q. Pseudo plastic fluid 2. Curve 2
3. Curve 3
The most suitable relation for flow of tooth
paste being squeezed out of the tube is given by
EG al
S. Dilatant fluid 4. Curve 4 the curve.
5. Curve 5 A. P B. Q
The correct match between Group I and Group II C. R D. S
N rr

is [GATE-2010-XE]

A. P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-5 14. [NAT, ]

e

B. P-2, Q-5, R-4, S-1 Among the shear stress versus shear strain rate
C. P-2, Q-4, R-5, S-3 curves shown in the figure, which one
ef

D. P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4

corresponds to a shear thinning fluid?
[GATE-2016-CE]
12. [MCQ, ]
R

Which one of the following plots relating shear

stress with strain rate represents Newtonian
behavior of a fluid?

A. P B. Q
C. R D. S
[GATE-2023-XE]
 Answer Key
1. (C) 8. (C)
2. (B) 9. (B)
3. (D) 10. (B)
4. (B) 11. (C)
5. (C) 12. (B)
6. (A, D) 13. (A)
7. (B) 14. (C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) du
τ = A + μapp ( )
dy
du 0.5
τ = τo + k ( ) 1
dy τ = 10 × 103 + 10 ( )
10−3
du n
τ = A + B( ) τ = 10 × 103 + 10 × 103
dy
τ = 20 × 103 N⁄m2
A > 0, n < 1
Thixotropic fluid τ = 20 kN⁄m2

0 de
3. Answer: (D)
du
τ = A + μapp ( )
dy
du
τ = μapp ( )

I1 o
dy
τ
du 0.5 μapp = du
τ = τo + k ( )
dy

ΔV 0.5
c τ
(dy)
0 1.4 2.6 4
EG al
3τo = τo + k ( ) du 0 2 3 4
d dy
ΔV 0.5 μapp 0 0.7 0.867 1
N rr

2τo = k ( )
d
Shear thickening Dilatant Fluid
0.5
2τo ΔV
e

=( )
K d 4. Answer: (B)
ef

2τo 2
ΔV = ( ) d
k
τo 2
R

ΔV = 4 ( ) d
k

2. Answer: (B)
du 0.5
Bingham plastic fluid τ = τ0 + c ( )
dy
μapp = 10 Pa-s du n
τ = A + B( )
A = 10 kN⁄m2 dy
n = 0.5
Y = 10−3 m ⇒n<1
V = 1 m⁄s
τT = _____ kN⁄m2
5. Answer: (C) τ1 2 N−s
μapp1 = = = 10−3
du n−1 du
(dy) 2 × 103 m2
μapp = B ( ) 1
dy
Experiment – 2
n − 1 = 0.25
n = 1.25 Y2 = 0.25 mm

∴ n > 1 ⇒ Dialant Fluid τ2 = 3 N/m2

V1 = 1 M/s
6. Answer: (A, D) du 1
(dy) = 0.25×10−3 = 4 × 103 s−1
du 1−1

0 de
μapp = B ( ) 3 N−s
dy μapp2 = = 0.75 × 10−3
4 × 10 3 m2
For a Rheopectic fluid, the apparent viscosity
Increases with time under a constant applied du du
( ) >( )
dy 2 dy 1

I1 o
shear stress.
For a dilatant fluid, the apparent viscosity μapp < μapp
2 1

7. Answer: (B)
c
increases with increasing deformation rate.
Shear thinning fluid (Pseudo plastic Fluid)
EG al
8. Answer: (C)
du n
τ=k ( )
N rr

dy
∴ n=1
du
e

τ=k ( )
dy
ef

Dynamic Viscosity
dy
For Newtonian fluid, τ = μ. (dy)
Experiment – 1
∴ n=1
R

Y1 = 1 mm
τ1 = 2 N/m2 9. Answer: (B)
V1 = 2 m/s
du ΔV
( ) = ( )
dy 1 Y 1
du V1 2
( ) = = = 2 × 103 s −1
dy 1 Y1 1 × 10−3
du
τ1 = μapp1 ( )
dy 1
 12. Answer: (B)

0 de
10. Answer: (B)

I1 o
13. Answer: (A)

c
EG al
N rr

11. Answer: (C)

e
ef

14. Answer: (C)

Pseudo plastic fluid is also known as shear-
R

thinning fluid.
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 08

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Compressibility

1. [NAT, ] A. 0.1 B. 1

The bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid, if the C. 0.5 D. 10

pressure of the liquid is increased from 4. [MCQ, ]

70 N⁄m2 to 130 N⁄m2

0 de
and the volume The equation of a state for a liquid is P =
decreases by 0.15 percent, is _____ N⁄mm2 1
(3500ρ2 + 2500) N/m2 . The Bulk modulus
(round off to nearest integer)
elasticity of liquid at a pressure of 100 kPa is.

I1 o
2. [MCQ, ] A. 3500 N/m2 B. 2500 N/m2

c
A pressure vessel has an internal volume of
0.5 m3 at atmospheric pressure. It is desired to
C. 48750 N/m2

5. [NAT, ]
D. 6250 N/m2
EG al
test the vessel at 3000 bar by pumping water Water at 1 atm pressure & 20℃ is compressed
into it. The estimated variation in the change of to 800 atm pressure isothermally. The final
N rr

the empty volume of the container due to density of water (in kg/m3 ) is ________. (round
pressurization to 3000 bar is 0.6 percent. Given
e

off to one decimal place). At 1 atm pressure &

the bulk modulus of water is K T = 2000 MPa.
20℃, take the density of water as 998 kg/m3 .
ef

The mass of water to be pumped in after filling

Isothermal compressibility of water is 4.80 ×
the vessel is (in kg). The pressurization shall
10−5 atm−1
R

proceed when pumping is continued after this

vessel is completely filled with water. Take 6. [MCQ, ]
Patm = 1.013 bar A Piston cylinder arrangement contains 0.35 m3
A. 64 B. 71 of air at 50°C temperature and 276 kN/m2
C. 67 D. 78 pressure (absolute). The air is isentropically
compressed to 0.071 m3 volume. The isentropic
3. [MCQ, ]
bulk modulus of elasticity at new state is (after
The percent increase in density of the ideal gas
isentropic compression)_______. (Take the ratio
if it is compressed isothermally from 100 atm to
of specific heats of air γ = 1.4).
101 atm is ______.
 A. 3.6 kN/m2 B. 2.575 kN/m2
C. 3.6 MN/m2 D. 2.575 MN/m2

7. [NAT, ]
The minimum speed (in km/hr) an automobile
would have to travel for compressible effects to
be important is _______ (round off nearest
10. [MCQ, ]
integer).The local air temperature is 15.5°C
Isothermal compressibility of a material is given
by.

0 de
8. [NAT, ]
1 ∂V 1 ∂V
A liquid of specific gravity 1.2 is be subjected to A. − P (∂P) B. P (∂P)
T T
Pressure change to cause reduction in volume by 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
C. − V (∂P) D. V (∂P)

I1 o
T T
one percent isentropically. The velocity of sound [GATE-2013-MT]
in the liquid is 1500 m/s. The change in pressure
c
applied is ______ MPa (round off nearest
11. [MCQ, ]
Oil in a hydraulic cylinder is compressed from an
EG al
integer).
initial volume 2 m3 to 1.96 m3 . If pressure of oil

9. [NAT, ] in the cylinder changes from 40 MPa to 80 MPa

N rr

A cylindrical process reactor is made of heavy during compression, the bulk modulus of

construction and contains two liquids A and B as elasticity of oil is

e

shown below. There is an air space of 200 mm A. 1000 MPa B. 2000 MPa
ef

above the top free surface of Liquid B at 5 atm.

C. 4000 MPa D. 8000 MPa
If in a process, the air pressure changes from
[GATE-2007-ME]
R

5 atm to 45 atm. Assume that there are no

12. [NAT, ]
changes in the temperature and in the
An object is moving with a Mach number of 0.6
dimensions of the tank. Take the isothermal bulk
in an ideal gas environment, which is at a
modulus of elasticity of liquid A as 2 × 109 Pa
temperature of 350 K. The gas constant is
and of liquid B as 1.44 × 109 Pa . The drop in the
320 J/kg. K and ratio of specific heats is 1.3. The
top free surface of liquid B is _____ (round off 2
speed of object is ________m/s (round off to
decimal places).
the nearest integer).
[GATE-2021-ME]
 Answer Key
1. (400 to 400) 7. (364 to 372)
2. (D) 8. (27 to 27)
3. (B) 9. (2.20 to 2.25)
4. (C) 10. (C)
5. (1035.3 to 1037.3) 11. (B)
6. (C) 12. (228 to 230)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (400 to 400) 1 1 1
dm = dρ + dV
1 ∂V m ρ V
βT = − | dm dρ dV
V ∂P T = +
∂P m ρ V
K T = −V | Δm Δρ ΔV
∂V T = +
(P2 − P1 ) m ρ V
K T = −V1 1 ∂ρ
(V2 − V1 ) βT = |
ρ ∂P T
P2 – P1 = 60 N⁄cm2
∂P

0 de
V1 − V2 K T = ρ ∂ρ|
× 100 = 0.15 T
V1
dρ ΔP
V1 − V2 =
= 1.5 × 10−3 ρ KT
V1

I1 o
dρ (300 − 1.013) × 105
60 =
KT = = 40 × 103 N⁄cm2 ρ 200 × 106
1.5 × 10−3
= 400 N⁄mm2 c dρ
ρ
= 0.1499
EG al
dm
2. Answer: (D) = 0.1499 + 0.116
m
K T = 2000 MPa dm
N rr

= 0.1559
Δm = ? m
V1 = 0.5 m3 dm = 0.1559 × 500
e

P2 = 3000 bar dm = 77.97 kg

ef

⇒ 0.6%
3. Answer: (B)
m1 = ρ1 V1
R

PV = mRT
m1 = 1000 × 0.5
P = ρRT
m2 = 500 kg
P
ρ = RT T = Constant
ραP
ρ2 − ρ1 P2 − P1
× 100 = × 100
ρ1 P1
ρ2 − ρ1 101 − 100
× 100 = × 100
mw = ρw Vv ρ1 100
= 1%
ln m = ln(ρV)
lnm = lnρ + ln V
4. Answer: (C) 6. Answer: (C)
dP V1 = 0.35 m3
K=ρ
dρ
T1 = 50°C = 323 K
1/2
P = 3500 ρ + 2500 P1 = 276 kPa
dP 1
= 3500 × ρ−1/2 + 0 V2 = 0.071 m3
dρ 2
K s2 = _____
dP 1750
= 1 K s = γP → Ideal gas
dρ ρ2
K s2 = γP2

0 de
1750
K = ρ 1/2
ρ PV γ = Constant→ [Perfect Gas Isentropic
1
process]
K = 1750 ρ2 γ γ

I1 o
P1 V1 = P2 V2
1
P = 3500 ρ + 2500
2
V1 γ
3500ρ1/2 = P − 2500

1750ρ1/2 =
P − 2500
c P2 = ( ) P1

P2 = (
V2
0.35 1.4
) × 276
EG al
2 0.071
P − 2500 P2 = 2575.39 kPa
K=
2
N rr

K s2 = 1.4 × 2575.39 kN⁄m2

At P = 100 kPa = 100000 Pa
K s2 = 3605.543 kN⁄m2
100000 − 2500 N
e

K= K s2 = 3.605 MN⁄m2
2 m2
ef

N
K = 48750 2 7. Answer: (364 to 372)
m
Flow  compressible flow,
R

5. Answer: (1035.3 to 1037.3)


1 ∂ρ
βT = |
ρ ∂P T Mq  0.3
For finite changes V  0.3C
1 ρ2 − ρ1
βT = ( ) Minimum Speed
ρ1 P2 − P1
V  0.3C
ρ2 = ρ1 + βT ρ1 (P2 − P1 )
ρ2 = 998 + 4.8 × 10−5 × 998 (800 − 1)
V  0.3 RT
ρ2 = 1036.275 kg⁄m3
V  0.3 1.4  287  288.5
 V 102.14
m ks  1200 15002
s
N
km 5 m k s  12  225 106
1  m2
hr 18 s
N
m 18 km k s  2700 106
1  m2
s 5 hr
N
18 km k s  2.7 109
V  102.14  m2
5 hr
P  102  2.7 109
km
V  367.704

0 de
hr P  2.7 107 Pa
8. Answer: (27 to 27) ΔP = 27.0 MPa
s  1.2    1200 kg / m3

I1 o
9. Answer: (2.20 to 2.25)
V1  V2
100  1
V1
V1  V2
 102
c P1  5atm pr

P2  45atm pr
EG al
V1 h1A  600 mm
c  1500 m / s h1B  400 mm
N rr

P  P2  P1  MPa kTA  2.2 109 Pa

e

Isentropic Bulk Modulus (k s ) kTB  1.44 109 Pa

ef

∂P
k s = −V | P
∂V s k T  V
V T
For Finite changes
R

For Finite changes

(P2 − P1 )
k s = −V1
(𝑉2 − V1 ) k T  V1
 P2  P1 
 V2  V1 
 V  V2 
P   1  kS P  P 
 V1  V1  V2   2 1  V1
 kT 
ks
C=√  2  P  P  
ρ D h1  D2 h 2   2 1  D2 h1
4 4  kT  4
ks
C2 =  P2  P1 
ρ  h1  h 2     h1
 kT 
ks  c2
 eq(a)  eq(b) βT,I =
1
P

P2  P1
 h1  h2 A  h1A  (a)
Compressibility
kTA
P P 11. Answer: (B)
 h1  h2 B  2 1 h1B  (b) K = −V
dP
kTB
dV
P  P  P  P  (P2 − P1 )
h T   2 1  h1A   2 1  h1B K = −V1
 k TA   k TB  (V2 − V1 )
(80 − 40)
h h 

0 de
K = −2.0
h T   P2  P1   1A  1B  (1.96 − 2.0)
 k TA k TB 
K = 2000 MPa
h T   45  5 1.01325 10 5

I1 o
 600 400  12. Answer: (228 to 230)
 2.2 109  1.44 109 
  V
h T  2.2312 mm c Ma =
c
V = Ma × c
EG al
10. Answer: (C) V = Ma × √rRT
1 ∂V V = 0.6 × √1.3 × 320 × 350
βT = − ⌋
N rr

V ∂P T
V = 228.95 m⁄s
e
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 09

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Surface Tension

1. [MCQ, ] 4. [MCQ, ]
Due to which one of the following properties, The SI units of surface tension is:
falling drops of water become spherical in A. N/m2 B. J/m
shape?
C. J/m2 D. W/m

0 de
A. Viscosity
[GATE-1997-ME]
B. Surface tension
5. [MCQ, ]
C. Cohesion
The dimension of surface tension is:

I1 o
D. Adhesion
A. ML−1 B. L2 T −1
2. [MCQ, ] c
Units for surface tension is expressed in
C. ML−1 T −1 D. MT −2
[GATE-1996-ME]
EG al
A. N⁄m 6. [MCQ, ]
B. N/m2 Surface tension is due to
N rr

C. m⁄N A. cohesion and adhesion

D. n2 ⁄m B. cohesion only
e

C. adhesion only
3. [MSQ, ]
ef

D. None of the above

Champu intend to gently place several needles [GATE-1989-CE]
on the free surface of water in a large tank.
R

According to you needle/needles going to float

is/are
Assume water is at 20°C , contact angle
θ as 0°, specific gravity of needle as
7.83 & σ = 0.073 N/m
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT ?
A. 5 cm long needle having 1 mm diameter.
B. 10 cm long needle having 1 mm diameter.
C. 1 cm long needle having 5 mm diameter.
D. 1 cm long needle having 10 mm diameter.
7. [NAT, ]
An open glass capillary tube of 2 mm bore is
lowered into a cistern containing mercury
(density = 13600 kg⁄m3 ) as shown in the
figure. Given that the contact angle between
mercury and glass = 140°, surface tension
coefficient = 0.484 N⁄m and gravitational
acceleration = 9.81 m⁄s 2 , the depression of
mercury in the capillary tube below the free
surface in the cistern, in mm, is
 8. [MCQ, ]
The gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of
radius R, with 𝜎 denoting the surface tension
between the soap solution and air, is.
σ
A. 2πR
4σ
B. R
[GATE-2015-XE] C.
2σ
R
σ
D.

0 de
4πR

[GATE-2013-XE]

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B) 5. (D)
2. (A) 6. (A)
3. (A, B) 7. (5.5 to 5.7)
4. (C) 8. (b)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) 
s  d 2 L  g   2 L  Cos 
Any system tries to attain the condition of stable 4
8 Cos
equilibrium, keeping its potential energy as d2  Independent of L
gs
minimum as possible. Thus the quantity of liquid
8  0.073 Cos0
will adjust its shape until its surface area and its d2 
 9.81 7.831000
surface energy becomes minimum. This
d 2  2.42 106 m2
minimization of surface area is possible only due
d 2  1.5556 103 m

0 de
to surface tension.
d  1.5556mm
2. Answer: (A)

FST N

I1 o
  4. Answer: (C)
L m
FST N
 
3. Answer: (A, B)
c 
L
ES J
 2
m
EG al
A m
N rr

5. Answer: (D)
 FST 
  
 L
e

  MT2 
ef

W  FST cos   Float

R

W  FST cos   Float 6. Answer: (A)

W  FST cos   Sink Unbalanced Cohesion

For Floating Condition

7. Answer: (5.5 to 5.7)
W  FST cos 
L is getting cancelled
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 10

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Gauge Pressure Calculations & Surface energy

1. [NAT, ]
The pressure inside a droplet of water is 0.2 kPa
greater than outside atmospheric pressure. If
the surface tension of water – air interface is

0 de
0.07 N/m, the diameter of the droplet of water
is _______ mm (round off to one decimal place).

2. [NAT, ]

I1 o
A soap bubble of radius 25 mm has inside gauge
pressure of 25 N/mm2 . The surface tension in 5. [NAT, ]
c
the soap bubble will be _______ N/mm (round
off to three decimal places).
If the surface tension at the water-air interface
is 0.0718 N/m, the pressure in a cylindrical jet
EG al
of water 4 mm in diameter exceed the pressure
3. [MCQ, ] of the surrounding atmosphere by _____ Pa
Three fluid elements namely a spherical droplet, (round off to one decimal place).
N rr

a spherical bubble and a cylindrical jet of same

liquid are present in same atmosphere. If all the 6. [MCQ, ]
e

three elements have same diameter, the Two identical spherical soap bubbles of radius ‘a’
ascending order of the elements with respect to each coalesce isothermally to form a spherical
ef

their gauge pressure developed inside them is soap bubble of radius b. If Patm,l is the local
A. droplet, bubble, jet atmospheric pressure, the surface tension of the
R

B. bubble, droplet, jet soap solution - air interface is (Assume, there is

C. jet, droplet, bubble no loss of air & temperature of air in all soap
D. droplet, jet, bubble bubble is same.
Patm,l(b3 −2a3 ) Patm,l(2a3 −b3 )
4. [NAT, ] A. B.
4(b2 −2a2 ) 2(b2 −2a2 )
Champu’s ring has a weight of 0.2 N and is Patm,l(2a3 −b3 ) Patm,l(b3 −2a3 )
suspended on the surface of the water. The C. D.
4(b2 −2a2 ) 4(a2 −2b2 )
vertical force P required to pull the ring free
from the surface is _____ N. (round off to three
decimal places). Assume σ = 73.6 mN/m.
7. [NAT, ] 9. [MCQ, ]
A thin liquid film, exposed to the atmosphere on The absolute value of pressure difference
both sides, is present in the area ABDD of the between the inside and outside of a spherical
metallic framework. soap bubble of radius, R, and surface tension, γ,
is:
2γ γ
A. B. R
R
γ 4γ
C. 2R D. R

[GATE-2021-XE]
10. [NAT, ]
The difference in pressure (in N/m2 ) across an

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air bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in
The sider CD, of length 10 cm, is movable and water (surface tension = 0.072 N/m) is _____
can be pulled with the help of a rod. The work [GATE-2014-ME]

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done to increase the length of side BC by 1 mm,
is _____ × 10 − 5 J. The surface tension of liquid 11. [MCQ, ]

c
– air interface is 0.04 N⁄m (round off to one
decimal place)
If ‘P’ is the gauge pressure within a spherical
droplet, then gauge pressure within a bubble of
EG al
the same fluid and of same size will be
8. [NAT, ] P P
A. B.
4 2
A spherical water drop of 1 mm in diameter
N rr

splits up in air into 64 smaller drops of equal size. C. P D. 2P

The work required in splitting up the drop is [GATE-1999-ME]
e

_______ × 10−6 J. The surface tension of water

- air interface is = 0.073 N/m (round off to two
ef

decimal places).
R
 Answer Key
1. (1.3 to 1.5) 7. (0.8 to 0.9)
2. (154.35 to 158.25) 8. (0.686 to 0.690)
3. (C) 9. (D)
4. (0.244 to 0.248) 10. (287 to 289)
5. (35.4 to 36.4) 11. (D)
6. (C)

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c
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (1.3 to 1.5)
4σ
Pg =
d
4σ
⇒d=
Pg
4 × 0.07
= At equilibrium
0.2 × 103
P  W    d     D 
d = 1.4 mm
P  W  2  d 

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2. Answer: (154.35 to 158.25) P  0.2  2  73.6 103  0.05
8σ P  0.2462 N
Pg =
d
8σ At equilibrium

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25 = P  W    d     D 
50
N
σ = 156.26 P  W  2  d 

3. Answer: (C)
mm
c P  0.2  2  73.6 103  0.1
P  0.2462 N
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4σ
Droplet, Pg = D 5. Answer: (35.4 to 36.4)
8σ
Bubble, Pg = ← (Maximum)   0.0718 N / m
N rr

D
2σ
Jet, Pg = D
← (Minimum) D  4 mm
2
e

Pg 
4. Answer: (0.244 to 0.248) D
2 × 0.0718
ef

Pg =
0.004
Pg  35.9 N / m2
R

6. Answer: (C)
Assume, there is no loss of air & temperature of
air & temperature of air in all soap bubble is
same.

According to conservation of mass

 m1  m2  m3 W = 0.219π × 10−6 J
W = 0.688 × 10−6 J
P1V1 P2 V2 P3V3
 
RT1 RT2 RT3 9. Answer: (D)
2P1V1  P3V3 8
Pg 
D
 8  4  8  4
2 Patm,L   a 3  Patm,L   b3 8σ
 2a  3  2b  3 Pg =
2R
2Patm,La 3  8a 3  Patm,L b3  4b2
4σ
4b2  8a 2  2Patm,La 3  Patm,L b3 Pg =
R
 2a  b  P
3 3

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
atm,L

4  b  2a 
2 2 10. Answer: (287 to 289)
4σ
7. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟖 𝐭𝐨 𝟎. 𝟗) Pg =
D

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4 × 0.072
Pg =
0.001

c Pg = 288 N/m2
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11. Answer: (D)

W = σ(ΔA)
N rr

W = σ(2LΔx)
W = 0.04 (2 × 10 × 10−2 × 1 × 10−3 )
e

W = 0.8 × 10−5 J
4σ 8σ
ef

Pg = P'g =
8. Answer: (0.686 to 0.690) D D
1
W = σ (n3 − 1) 4πR2 4σ  4σ 
P'g =2    2P
R

P=
1 D  D
W = 0.073 (643 − 1) 4π(5 × 10−4 )2
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 11

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

Topic : Capillarity

1. [MCQ, ]
The correct expression of capillary rise of water
between two glass made parallel plates
separated by small distance t is given by

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c
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4σ cos θ
A. h = ρg(D+d)
N rr

4σ cos θ
B. h =
ρg(D−d)
4σ cos θ 2σ cos θ
A. h = C. h =
e

ρgt ρg(D+d)
2σ cos θ 2σ cos θ
B. h = D. h =
ρgt ρg(D−d)
ef

6σ cos θ
C. h = ρgt
σ cos θ 3. [MCQ, ]
D. h =
R

ρgt If the diameter of a capillary tube is doubled, the

capillary rise will become
2. [MCQ, ] A. √2 times less
The correct expression of capillary rise of water B. double
in annular of glass made co-axial cylindrical tube C. half
(diameter D) and solid cylinder (diameter d) is D. √2 times more
given by
4. [MCQ, ]
The capillary rise at 20°C in a clean glass tube of
1 mm bore containing water is approximately:
A. 5 mm
B. 10 mm
C. 20 mm
D. 30 mm
5. [MCQ, ] A. 5.0 cm B. 7.0 cm
A glass tube of 8 mm diameter is immersed in C. 3.0 cm D. 2.8 cm
water. Surface tension of water is 0.075 kg m−1
and rise of water in the tube due to capillary 9. [MCQ, ]
effect is Nutrients dissolved in water are carried to upper
A. 7.5 mm parts of plants by tiny tubes partly because of the
B. 3.75 mm capillary effect. The height (in m) the water
C. 11.25 mm solution will rise in a tree in a 0.005 mm
D. None of the above diameter tube as a result of the capillary effect is
________. Treat the water solution as water at
6. [MCQ, ] 20°C with a contact angle of 15°.

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The height through which water rises by capillary A. 3.75 m B. 4.75 m
action in a glass tube of 2 mm bore if the surface C. 5.75 m D. 6.75 m
tension at the prevailing temperature is
0.075 g⁄cm, is 10. [MSQ, ]

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A. 1.5 cm Which one or more of the following statement(s)
B. 3 cm
C. 0.75 cm
D. 10.3 cm
c is/are CORRECT ?
A. Viscosity of liquids increases with increase in
temperature.
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B. Viscosity of gases increases with increase in
7. [MCQ, ]
temperature.
There is a pin hole of diameter 0.1 mm at the
N rr

C. Surface tension of liquid-gas interface

bottom of a glass vessel containing mercury.
decreases with increase in temperature.
What depth of mercury can be put in the vessel
D. Mathematically for angle of contact θ =
e

without any leakage occurring? Take σ =

90°, there is neither capillary rise nor
0.55 N⁄m.
ef

capillary fall of the liquid.

A. h = 0.165 cos θ m
B. h = 0.23 cos θ m
11. [MCQ, ]
C. h = 0 m
R

A small capillary tube of 3 mm inner diameter is

D. h = 10.3 m
inserted into a fluid having density
900 kg⁄m3 , surface tension 0.1 N⁄m, and
8. [MCQ, ]
contact angle 30°. The rise in the height of fluid
A 0.6 mm diameter glass tube is inserted into
in the capillary tube due to surface tension is
water at 20°C in a container. If the glass is clean
A. 111.4 mm B. 13.07 mm
and water is pure, the capillary rise of water in
C. 89.1 mm D. 154.1 mm
tube is ____________ approximately. (Assume
[GATE-2021-PI]
surface tension of water at 20°C = 0.073 N/m)
 Answer Key
1. (B) 7. (A)
2. (B) 8. (A)
3. (C) 9. (C)
4. (D) 10. (B, C & D)
5. (B) 11. (B)
6. (A)

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c
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) 2. Answer: (B)

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c Adhesion > Cohesion
Surface tension ⇒ σ
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Aim:- To find h in terms of ρ, cos θ, ρg, D, d
At equilibrium
N rr

W = FST,i cos θ + FST,0 cos θ

π
ρ [ (D2 − d2 )h] g
e

4
At equilibrium = σ(πd) cos θ + σ(πD) cos θ
ef

W = FST cos θ 4σ cos θ(d + D)

h=
ρ(wth)g = σ(2w) cos θ ρg(D2 − d2 )
R

2σ cos θ 4σ cos θ
h= h=
ρgt ρg(D − d)

3. Answer: (C)
4σ cos θ 1
Capillary rise = ⇒ h1 ∝ D
ρDg

If tube diameter is double

1
h2 ∝
2D
h1
h2 =
2
4. Answer: (D) 4σ
∴h=
ρgd
Given, t = 20°C
4 × 0.07354 kg − m⁄s2 ⁄m
Glass tube dia = 1mm =
1000 kg⁄m3 × 9.81 m⁄sec 2 × 2 × 10−3 m
σ = 0.0736 N⁄m
h = 0.01499 m
4σ cos θ
h= = 1.499 cm
ρdg
≈ 1.5 cm
cos θ = 1 (θ = 0°)
4σ
h=
ρgd 7. Answer: (A)

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4 × 0.0736
h= m
9810 × 1 × 10−3
h = 30 mm

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5. Answer: (B)

h=
4σ cos θ
c
Rise of water in the tube due to capillary effect

For water in glass tube θ = 0°,

Fs = Surface tension force
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ρgd Fh = Cohesion force
cos θ = 1 Fs = πd · cos θ
4 × 0.0075 × 1
N rr

h= (ρ = 0.0075 × g N⁄m) = π × 0.0001 × 0.55 cos θ

1000 × 0.008 π
h = 0.00375 m ⇒ Fh = P × A = ρgh × d2
4
e

h = 3.75 mm π
= 13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × h × × 0.00012
ef

4
⇒ Fs = Fh
6. Answer: (A)
⇒ π × 0.0001 × 0.55 cos θ
R

Given, π
= 13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × × 0.00012 × h
Glass tube bare (d) = 2 mm = 2 × 10−3 m 4
= 0.07354 Newton⁄meter h = 0.165 cos θ m

= 0.07354 kg − m⁄sec 2 / m
Let, 8. Answer: (A)

h = height of rise water due to capillary action 4σ cos θ

h=
hσ cos θ
ρgD
⇒ h= ρgd
4 × (0.073) × cos 0°
h=
For water glass tube; θ = 0° and ρ = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.6 × 10−3
1000 kg⁄m3 = 0.0496 m
⇒ h = 4.96 cm
9. Answer: (C) Mathematically for angle of contact θ = 90°,
4σ cos θ there is neither capillary rise nor capillary fall of
h= the liquid.
ρgD
4 × 0.073 × cos 15°
h=
1000 × 9.81 × 0.005 × 10−3 11. Answer: (B)
h = 5.75 m 4σcosθ
h=
ρgD
10. Answer: (B, C & D)
4 × 0.1 × cos 30°
Viscosity of gases increases with increase in h=
900 × 9.81 × 3 × 10−3
temperature. h = 0.01307 m

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Surface tension of liquid-gas interface decreases h = 13.07 mm
with increase in temperature.

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c
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N rre
ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Fluid & Its Properties

1. A 1.5 cm wide gap between two vertical plane and inclined surface is filled with a lubricating oil,
surfaces is filled with an oil of specific gravity 0.9 find its viscosity in poise.
and dynamic viscosity 2.0 Ns/m2 . A metal plate [ESE CE : 6 Marks : 2020]
1.0m × 1.0 m × 0.1 cm thick and weighing 20N is
4. The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is

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placed midway in the gap. Find the force required
given by
if the plate is to be lifted up with a constant
u = 2y − y 2
velocity of 0.1 m/s.
in which u is the velocity in ms −1 at a distance y

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[CSE CE: 10 Marks : 2020]
metres from the plate. Determine the shear stress

c
2. A three-cylinder car has pistons of 75 mm and
cylinders of 75.1 mm. Find the percentage change
in Nm−2 at the boundary and at 0.2 m from it.
Dynamic viscosity of fluid is 0.9 Ns/m2 .
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in force required to drive the piston, when the [ESE CE : 4 Marks : 2013]
lubricant warms from 25°C to 100°C. The dynamic
N rr

5. A vertical gap 23.5 mm wide of Infinite extent

viscosity of the lubricant at 25°C is 2 Ns/m2 and
contains oil of specific gravity 0.9 and viscosity
at 100°C, It is 0.4 Ns/m2 .[IFS CE : 8 Marks : 2017]
e

2.5 N − s/m2 . A metal plate 1.5 m × 1.5 m ×

ef

3. A rectangular plate of 0.50 m × 0.50 m 1.5 mm weighting 50 N is to be lifted through the

dimensions weighing 500 N slides down an gap at a constant speed of 0.1 m/sec. Estimate the
R

inclined plane making 30° angle with the force required to lift the plate.

horizontal, at a velocity of 1.75 m/s. If the 2 mm [ESE CE: 6 Marks : 2012]

gap between the plate and the inclined surface is

6. A hydraulic lift of the type commonly used for
filled with a lubricating oil, find its viscosity and
greasing automobiles consists of a 280 mm
express it in poise as well as in Ns/m2 .
diameter ram that slides in a 280.18 mm cylinder.
[ESE CE : 4 Marks : 2014]
The annual space between the ram and cylinder is
(or)
filled with oil having a kinematic viscosity of
A rectangular plate of 0.5 m × 0.5m dimensions,
0.00042 m2 /s and specific gravity of 0.86. If the
weighing 500 N slides down an inclined plane
rate of travel of the ram is 0.22 m/s, find the
making 30o angle with the horizontal at a velocity
of 1.75 m/s. If the 2 mm gap between the plate
 frictional resistance when 2m of the ram is
engaged in the cylinder.
[ESE ME : 5 Marks : 2011]
7. A 15 cm diameter thrust bearing consists of a pad
rotating on another pad separated by an oil film.
The dynamic viscosity of the oil is 90 centipoise
and thickness of film is 1.2 mm. Calculate the
Determine the maximum rate at which the oil can
be carried up by the belt per unit width in terms of
θ, U and the oil properties μ and ρ, where θ, μ and
ρ are the angle of belt inclination to horizontal,
dynamic viscosity of the oil and density of the oil,
respectively.

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power dissipated in the bearing if it rotates at
120 rpm.
[CSE CE : 12 Marks: 2006]

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8. A plate with surface area of 0.4 m2 and weight of
c
500 N slides down on an inclined plane at 30° to
the horizontal at a constant speed of 4 m/s. If the
[CSE CE: 20 Marks : 2002]
EG al
10. Two thin vertical plates spaced ‘t’ distance apart.
inclined plane is lubricated with an oil of dynamic Calculate the distance between the plates when
N rr

viscosity 2 poise, find the thickness of lubricant the capillarity rise is not to exceed 60 mm.
film. Assume surface tension of water at 20°C as
e

[ESE CE: 10 Marks : 2006] 0.075 N/meter.

ef

[IFS CE: 5 Marks : 2001]

9. A conveyor belt device has shown in the figure is
mounted on a ship & used to pick-up undesirable 11. Two coaxial cylinders 250 mm high have a liquid
R

surface contaminants from the surface of the sea.
The undesirable surface contaminants may be
similar to oil spill on the ocean. Assume oil film will
be thick enough for supply to be unlimited with
respect to the operation of the device. Assume
belt to operate at a steady velocity U and the belt
is long enough for uniform flow depth to exist.
in between them, the outer cylinder has internal
diameter 100 mm and the internal cylinder has
external diameter 97.5 mm. Find the viscosity of
liquid which produces a torque of 1 Nm upon the
inner cylinder when outer one rotates at 90 rpm.
[CE: 10 Marks : 2000]
 Answer Key
1. (𝐅 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝐍) 7. (𝐏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐭)

2. (Force required will reduce by 80%) 8. (𝐡 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝐦𝐦)

𝛒𝐚𝟐 𝐠 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
3. (𝛍 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐞) 9. (𝐔 = )
𝛍
4. (𝛕 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝐍/𝐦𝟐 ) 10. (𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝐦𝐦)
5. (𝐅𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟒 𝐍) 11. (μ = 0.711 Pa-s)
6. (𝐅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐍)

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c
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ef
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 Solutions

1. Answer: (𝐅 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝐍) V

∴ FD = 2 × [μ. h] × A (A = Area of plate)
Solution:
0.1
= 2 × [2 × 0.007] × (1 × 1)

FD = 57.1428 N
∴ Net Force required to lift it up with velocity
0.1 m/s
F = FD + W − FB

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F = 57.1428 + 20 − 8.829
F = 68.3138 N

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Since plate is placed midway 2. Answer: (Force required will reduce by 80%)
∴ h1 = h2 = h
c
∴ h1 + h2 + 0.1 = 1.5 cm
Solution:

F1 =
μ1 AV
Y
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∴ h = 0.7 cm
μ2 AV
F2 =
h = 0.007 m Y
N rr

Given → upward velocity = 0.1 m/s μ1 = 2 Ns/m2 , 𝜇2 = 0.4 Ns/m2

F2 −F1
Specific Gravity = 0.9 % change in force required = × 100
F1
e

∴ Density of liquid = ρ = 900 kg/m3 =

μ2 −μ1
× 100
μ1
ef

2
Dynamic viscosity = 𝜇 = 2 Ns/m
= −80%
Force acting on Body
Force required will reduce by 80%
R

1) Buoyant Force (upward)

2) Self Weight (Downward)
3. Answer: (𝛍 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐞)
3) Viscous Force (Downward) Solution:
1) Buoyant Force: (Wsinθ)h (500 × sin30) × 2 × 10−3
μ= =
= ρf ∀s g (∀= volume) AV (0.5)2 × 1.75

= 900 × (1 × 1 × 0.001) × 9.81 μ = 1.142857 Ns/m2

Ns
FB = 8.829 N μ = 11.42857 Poise [1 m2 = 10 poise]
2) Self Weight ⇒ W = 20 N
3) Viscous Force or Drag Force (FD)
→ Viscous force will act on both face of plate.
 Ns
4. Answer: (𝛕 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝐍/𝐦𝟐 ) = 0.3612 m2
Solution:
μ(πdL)𝜈
du F= Y
τ = μ( )
dy (0.3612)(π×0.28×2)0.22
F= 0.09×10−3
= 0.9(2 − 2y)
F = 1.553 kN
At y = 0
τ = 0.9 × 2 = 1.8 N/m2 (Ans)
7. Answer: (𝐏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐭)
at y = 0.2 Solution:
τ = 0.9(2 − 2 × 0.2) πμ𝛚2 R4

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P=
= 0.9(2 − 0.4) 2Y
= 1.44 N/m2 μ = 90 cPoise = 0.09 Ns/m2
2π×120 rad
ω= = 4π

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60 s
5. Answer: (𝐅𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟒 𝐍) Y = 1.2 mm = 1.2 × 10−3 m
Solution:
c R=
D
2
= 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
π(0.09)(4π)2 ×(0.075)4
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P= 2×1.2×10−3

P = 0.5886 Watt
N rr

8. Answer: (𝐡 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝐦𝐦)
e

Solution:
μAV
ef

= Wsinθ
h
Flift = 2FD + W − FB μAV
h = Wsinθ
R

V
= 2 × μA (h) + 50 − ρt ∀dis g (0.2)×0.4×4
h=
0.1 500×sin30
= 2 × 2.5 × (1.5)2 (11×10−3 ) + 50 − 900 ×
h = 1.28 × 10−3 m
(1.52 × 1.5 × 10−3 ) × 9.81
h = 1.28 mm
= 2 × 51.136 + 50 − 29.7978
= 122.474 N
𝛒𝐚𝟐 𝐠 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
9. Answer: (𝐔 = )
𝛍

6. Answer: (𝐅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐍) Solution:

Solution:
μ = ρν
= 860 × 0.00042 {ρ = 1000 × s}
 σ = 0.07 N/m, h = 0.06 m, θ = 00
2×0.075×1
0.06 =
103 ×9.81×t

t = 0.2548 × 10−3 m
t = 0.2548 mm
11. Answer: (𝛍 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟏 Pa-s)
Since U is steady Solution:
μAV
Fs = mg sin θ F=
Y
μAU
Fs = D0
a A = πDi L, V = ω 2

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μ(L×1)U
mg sin θ = Do −Di (100−97.5)×10−3
a Y= = = 1.25 × 10−3 m
2 2
μLU
ρ(L × 1 × a)g sin θ = T = F×
Di
a
2

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ρLa2 g sin θ D D
U= μ(πDi L)(ω 0 )× i
𝜇𝐿 = 2 2

U=
ρa2 g sin θ
μ

10. Answer: (𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝐦𝐦)

c 1=
Y

μ(𝜋(0.0975)(0.25)(9.425×
1.25×10−3
0.1 0.0975
2
)(
2
)
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Solution: μ = 0.711 Pa − s

2σcosθ
N rr

h=
ρgt
e
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 12

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Pressure & Pascal's Law

1. [MCQ, ] D. Pascal’s law is valid for any fluid.

The reading of the pressure gauge fitted on a
vessel is 25 bar. The atmospheric pressure is 4. [MSQ, ]
1.03 bar and the value of ′g′ is 9.81 m⁄s 2 . The Which of the following statement(s) is/are

0 de
absolute pressure in the vessel in bar CORRECT ?
A. 23.97 A. Pressure at any point in static fluid is same in
B. 25.0 all directions. That is, it has magnitude but
C. 34.84
not a specific direction, and thus it is a scalar

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D. 26.03
quantity.
2. [MCQ, ]
c
The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the
B. Pressure in a static fluid increases linearly
with depth for a constant density fluid.
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system show pressure of PG1 = 6 bar and PG2 = C. Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of
2 bar. Atmospheric Pressure is 1.01 bar. the shape or cross section of the container.
It changes with the vertical distance, but
N rr

remains constant in other directions.

D. For a given temperature, the density of air is
e

lower at high altitudes, and thus a given

ef

What is the value of the unknown pressure P? volume contains more air and more oxygen.
A. 4.99 bar
B. 7.01 bar 5. [MCQ, ]
R

C. 8.01 bar
D. 9.01 bar
3. [MSQ, ]
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT?
A. Local atmospheric pressure is always less
than the standard atmospheric pressure.
B. Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm
of mercury.
C. Local atmospheric pressure & Standard
atmospheric pressure can be anything
depending upon the elevation of the place.
Which one of the following statement is FALSE ?
A. The pressure at a point in a static fluid has
the same magnitude in all directions.
B. Standard atmospheric pressure is 780 mm
of mercury.
C. In general, if the absolute pressure is more
than the local atmospheric pressure, then
the pressure measured with respect to local
atmospheric pressure is known as gauge
pressure.
D. In general, if the absolute pressure is less
than the local atmospheric pressure, then
 the pressure measured with respect to local A. 1.01 bar B. 2.01 bar
atmospheric pressure is known as gauge C. 5.00 bar D. 7.01 bar
pressure. [GATE-2004-ME]

6. [MCQ, ] 8. [MCQ, ]
The dimension of a pressure gradient in a fluid In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is
flow is A. equal to the weight of the fluid above
A. ML−1 T 2 B. equal in all directions
B. ML−3 T −2 C. equal in all directions, only if, its viscosity is
C. ML−2 T −2 zero

0 de
D. M −1 L−3 T −2 D. always directed downwards
[GATE-1995-CE] [GATE-1996-CE]
7. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
9. [MCQ, ]
The pressure gauges G1 and G2 installed on the
If, for a fluid in motion, pressure at a point is
system shows pressures of PG1 = 5.00 bar and
c
PG2 = 1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure
P is.
same in all directions, then the fluid is
A. a real fluid
EG al
B. a Newtonian fluid
C. an ideal fluid
N rr

D. a non-Newtonian fluid
[GATE-1996-CE]
e
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (D) 6. (C)
2. (D) 7. (D)
3. (B, D) 8. (B)
4. (A, B, C) 9. (C)
5. (B)

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 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) Pg = Pabs − Patm,L
We know, Pv = Patm,L − Pabs

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge

= 1.03 + 25 6. Answer: (C)
= 26.03 bar [P] = [ML−1 T −2 ]
2. Answer: (D) ∂P
[ ] = [ML−2 T −2 ]
∂n

0 de
7. Answer: (D)

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PG1 = 6 bar
PG2 = 2 bar
For partial pressure,
P = PG1 + PG2 + Patm
c
EG al
= 6 + 2 + 1.01 = 9.01 bar
3. Answer: (B, D) Pg1 = P1 − P2
N rr

Standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of P1 = Pg1 + P2 → (a)

mercury. Pg2 = P2 − P3
e

P2 = Pg2 + P3
Pascal’s law is valid for any fluid.
ef

Substituting in equation (a)

P1 = Pg1 + Pg2 + P3
4. Answer: (A, B, C)
P1 = 5.00 + 1.00 + 1.01
R

z ↑, P ↓ P1 = 7.1 bar
P = ρRT P = 7.01 bar
P 8. Answer: (B)
ρ=
RT
ρ↓
m
ρ=
V
m = ρV

5. Answer: (B)
 1. Static Fluid
2. At a point

9. Answer: (C)
In the absence of shear Forces Pascal's law is
applicable for Fluid in motion also.

Pascal’s Law

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 13

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Hydrostatic Law

1. [MCQ, ] C. 40.5

The basic differential equation for the variation D. 32.5

of fluid pressure P in a static fluid with vertical
4. [NAT, ]
distance z (measured upwards) is

0 de
A pressure measurement device fitted on the
A. dP = −dz surface of a submarine, located at a depth H
B. dP = −ρdz below the surface of an ocean, reads an absolute

I1 o
pressure of 4.2 MPa. The density of sea water is
C. dz = −wdP 1050 kg/m3 , atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa,
D. dP = −wdz
c and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2 .
The depth H is ______m (round off to the
EG al
Where ρ is density & w is specific weight. nearest integer).
2. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2021-ME]
N rr

For static, compressible, isothermal, ideal gas

A. pressure decreases linearly with altitude. 5. [NAT, ]
e

B. pressure decreases exponentially with

A lake has a maximum depth of 60 m. If the
altitude.
ef

mean atmospheric pressure in the lake region is

C. pressure increases logarithmically with
91 kPa and the unit weight of lake water is
altitude.
9790 N/m3 , the absolute pressure (in kPa,
R

D. pressure varies inversely as the density.

round off to two decimal places) at the
3. [MCQ, ] maximum depth of the lake is ________.

The temperature and atmospheric pressure at [GATE-2021-CE]

sea level are 288 K and 101.3 kN⁄m2 6. [MCQ, ]
respectively. Taking the linear temperature
Consider the density and altitude at the base of
lapse rate as 6.35 K⁄km, the atmospheric
an isothermal layer in the standard atmosphere
kpressure at 10 km above sea level is (in kPa)
_____. Take ρair = 1.205 kg⁄m3 (at sea level). to be ρ1 and h1 , respectively. The density
variation with altitude (ρ versus h) in that layer
A. 19.5
is governed by (R: specific gas constant, T:
B. 26.5
temperature, g 0 : acceleration due to gravity at
7. [MCQ, ]
sea level)
ρ g0 Assuming constant temperature condition and
A. = e−[RT](h−h1 )
ρ1 air to be an ideal gas, the variation in
g
ρ −[ 0 ](h1 −h)
B. =e RT atmospheric pressure with height calculated
ρ1

−[
RT
](h−h1 )
from fluid statics is
ρ
C. =e g0
ρ1 A. linear B. exponential
RT
ρ −[ ](h1 −h)
D. =e g0 C. quadratic D. cubic
ρ1
[GATE-2014-ME]
[GATE-2015-AE]

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c
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 Answer Key
1. (D) 5. (677.50 to 679.50)
2. (B) 6. (A)
3. (B) 7. (B)
4. (397 to 399)

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c
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 Solutions
g
1. Answer: (D) T2 Rα
dP P2 = P0 ( )
= −ρg T0
dz
T2 = T0 − αz2
dP
= −w
dz T2 = T0 − αH

2. Answer: (B) T2 = 288 − 635 × 10

For static, compressible, isothermal, ideal gas T2 = 224.5 K

0 de
−g 9.81
P2 = P1 e(RT) h 287 × 6.35 × 10−3
224.5
P2 = 101.3 ( )
288

I1 o
P2 = 26.504 kPa
c 4. Answer: 398.34 (397 to 399)
EG al
N rr

3. Answer: (B)

α = 6.35 K⁄km
e

α = 6.35 × 10−3 K⁄m

ef

Pabs = Patm,L + ρw gH
R

Pabs − Patm,L
H=
ρw g

4.2 × 106 − 101 × 103

⇒H=
1050 × 9.8
= 398.34 m

g
T2 Rα
P2 = P1 ( )
T1
5. Answer: 678.40 (677.50 to 679.50) 6. Answer: (A)

Static Isothermal Ideal gas

gh
P2 = P1 ρ−RT

0 de
gh
ρ2 RT = ρ1 RTρ−RT
Pabs = Patm,L + ρgH

I1 o
gh
3
Pabs = 91 × 10 + 9790 × 60 ρ2 = ρ1 e−RT

Pabs = 678400 Pa
c
∴ Pabs, A = 678.4 kPa
ρ = ρ1 e−

7. Answer: (B)
g0 (h−h1 )
RT
EG al
gh
P2 = P1 e−RT (Exponentially)
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ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 14

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Various cases for understanding of Fluid Pressure - I

1. [MCQ, ] and 790 milli bar at the end. Neglecting the

effect of altitude on local gravitational
Consider a 1.8 m tall man standing vertically in
acceleration, the vertical distance climbed is
water and completely submerged in a pool. The
____________. (Assume an average air density

0 de
difference between the pressures acting at the
of 1.20 kg/m3 )
head and at the toes of this man, in kPa is
A. 1416 B. 1164
_______.
C. 1614 D. 1864

I1 o
A. 13.66
4. [MCQ, ]
B. 17.66

C. 11.66
c A glass tube is attached to a water pipe, as
shown in figure. If the water pressure at the
EG al
D. 15.66 bottom of the tube is 115 kPa and the local
atmospheric pressure is 92 kPa, how high the
2. [NAT, ]
N rr

water will rise in the tube, (in m) is _____.

The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm
Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 at that location and take
of a healthy person is about 120 mm of Hg. If a
e

the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3 .

vertical tube open to the atmosphere is
ef

connected to the vein in the arm of the person,

then the blood will rise ______ mm in the tube.
Take the density of the blood to be 1050 kg/m3 .
R

A. 3.246 B. 4.236
C. 2.346 D. 1.346

3. [MCQ, ]
The barometer of a mountain hiker reads
980 milli bar at the beginning of a hiking trip
5. [MSQ, ]
Figure shows below, a container filled with a
liquid of density ρ. Four points A, B, C and D lie
 on the vertices of a vertical square. Points A and
C lie on a vertical line and points B and D lies on
a horizontal line. Which one or more of the
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT, about
8. [MCQ, ]
the pressure at the four points?
of 2.5 m from the top of the tank will be
_______.
[GATE-2017-XE]
A closed tank contains 0.5 m thick layer of
mercury (specific gravity = 13.6) at the bottom.
A 2.0 m thick layer of water lies above the
mercury layer. A 3.0 m thick layer of oil (specific
gravity = 0.6) lies above the water layer. The

0 de
space above the oil layer contains air under
A. PD = PB pressure. The gauge pressure at the bottom of
B. PA < PB = PD < PC
PC −PA the tank is 196.2 kN/m2 . The density of water is

I1 o
C. PD = PB = 2
1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due to gravity
PC + PA
D. PD = PB =

6. [NAT, ]
2
c is 9.81 m/s2 . The value of Gauge pressure in the
air space is
EG al
A. 92.214 kN/m2 B. 95.6444 kN/m2
A hollow metal cube with sides 100 mm floats
C. 98.922 kN/m2 D. 99.321 kN/m2
at the interface between a layer of water and a
N rr

[GATE-2018-CE]
layer of oil (S.G. = 0.92) such that 10 % of the
9. [MCQ, ]
e

cube is exposed to the oil. The pressure

Two tanks, A and B, with the same height are
difference between the upper and lower
ef

filled with water till the top. The volume of tank

surfaces is approximately _______Pa (round off to
A is 10 times the volume of tank B. What can you
nearest integer).
R

say about the pressure PA and PB at the bottom

7. [NAT, ] of the tanks A and B respectively.
In a 5 m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is A. PA = 10 PB
filled up to a level of 3 m from the bottom and
B. PB = 10 PA
the remaining space is filled with oil of specific
C. PA = PB
gravity 0.88. Assume density of water as
1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity to D. Additional data is required to compare the
be 10 m/s2 . The gauge pressure (in kN/m2 , two pressures.
rounded off to the first decimal place) at a depth [GATE-2011-XE]
 Answer Key
1. (B) 6. (970 to 974)
2. (1550 to 1558) 7. (22.6 to 22.6)
3. (C) 8. (A)
4. (C) 9. (C)
5. (A, B, D)

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c
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) h = 1.5542857 m

h = 1554.2857 mm

3. Answer: (C)

0 de
P2 − P1 = ρgh

P2 − P1 = 1 × 9.81 × 1.8 kPa

I1 o
P2 − P1 = 17.658 kPa P2 − P1 = ρa gh

2. Answer: (1550 to 1558)

c h=
P2 − P1
ρa g
(980 − 790) × 102
EG al
h=
1.2 × 9.81
N rr

h = 1613.999 m
e

4. Answer: (C)
ef
R

P2 − P1 = ρb gh
Pb − Patm,L = ρb gh
Pgb = ρb gh
ρb gh = 120 mm of Hg P2 − P1
h=
ρb gh = ρm g (0.12) ρg
ρm (0.12)
h= 23 × 103
ρb h=
13600 × 0.12 103 × 9.8
h=
1050 h = 2.347 m
5. Answer: (A, B, D)

P − Patm,L + ρ0 g(2.0) + ρ w g(0.5)

0 de
PA = Patm,L + ρgh
Pg = 10 [0.88 × 2 + 1 × 0.5 kPa]
a
PB = Patm,L + ρg (h + )
√2 Pg = 22.6 kPa

I1 o
PC = Patm,L + ρg (h + √2a)
a 8. Answer: (A)
PD = Patm,L + ρg (h + )
c
PgB = PgD = ρg (h + )
√2
a
√2
EG al
Pgc = ρg(h + √2a)
PgA = ρgh
N rr

6. Answer: (970 to 974)

e
ef
R

P2 = P1 + ρ0 g(3) + ρw g(2) + ρm g(0.5)

P2 − P1 = ρ0 g(0.1a) + ρw g(0.9a)
P2 − P1 = 1000 × 9.81
−1 (0.92
× 10
P2 − P1 = 981 (0.992)
P2 − P1 = 973.152 Pa
P2 = Pa + 3ρ0 g + 2ρw g + 0.5ρm g
Pgb + Patm,L = Pa + 3ρo g + 2ρw g + 0.5ρm g
× 0.1 + 0.9)
Pa − Patm,L = Pgb − 3ρ0 g − 2ρw g − 0.5ρm g
Pga = 196.2 − 1 × 9.81(3 × 0.6 + 2 + 0.5
× 13.6)

Pga = 196.2 − 103.986

7. Answer: (22.6 to 22.6)
Pga = 92.214 kPa
9. Answer: (C) VA = 10 VB

AA h = 10 AB h

AA = 10 AB

FA = ρgh AA

FB = ρgh AB
FA = 10 FB
AA = 10 AB

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 15

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Various cases for understanding of Fluid Pressure - II

1. [NAT, ]
A hydraulic press has a ram of 150 mm and a
plunger of 20 mm diameter. The force required
on the plunger to lift a weight of 40 kN is _____

0 de
N (round off to two decimal places).

4. [MCQ, ]
2. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
In figure both the tank and the slanted tube are
A simple experiment has long been used to
open to the atmosphere. If L = 2.13 m. The
demonstrate how negative pressure prevents
c
water from being spilled out of an inverted glass.
A glass that is fully filled by water and covered
angle of tilt ϕ (in degrees) of the tube is
________ approximately.
EG al
with a thin paper is inverted, as shown in figure.
The pressure at the bottom of glass is _____ kPa.
N rre
ef

A. 15 B. 20
R

A. 110.34 C. 25 D. 30
B. 100.34
5. [MSQ, ]
C. 120.43 The below figure shown, all the fluids are at
D. 101.79 20°C. According to Pressure gauge A reading,
gauge pressure at A is 250 kPa (Taking local
atmospheric pressure as 100 kPa). Which one
3. [NAT, ]
or more of the following statement(s) is/are
The tube shown below is filled with mercury of CORRECT?
S. G. = 13.54. The force applied to the piston is
______ N (round off to one decimal place).
 C. Gauge pressure of trapped air in the left
chamber required to make water and
mercury levels equal is 121 kPa to 125 kPa.
D. Gauge pressure of trapped air in the left
chamber required to make water and
mercury levels equal is 232 kPa to 236 kPa.

A. Height (h) ranges from 6.4 m to 6.5 m. 7. [NAT, ]

B. Height (h) ranges from 24.7 m to 24.8 m. A cuboidal partitioned tank as shown in the
C. Absolute pressure at B ranges from
figure, contains water and mercury. Take

0 de
248 kPa to 254 kPa.
specific gravity of mercury as 13.55. The
D. Absolute pressure at B ranges from
opening to atmosphere on the right chamber of
428 kPa to 432 kPa.
the partitioned tank is now sealed. Gauge

I1 o
pressure of trapped air in the left chamber
6. [MSQ, ]
re3quired to make water and mercury levels
c
A cuboidal partitioned tank as shown in the
figure, contains water and mercury. Take
equal is _____ kPa (round off to nearest
integer). Assume isothermal compression of
EG al
specific gravity of mercury as 13.55. Which one
atmospheric air in the right chamber.
or more of the following statement(s) is/are
N rr

CORRECT?
e
ef
R

A. The gauge pressure of trapped air in the left 8. [MCQ, ]

chamber is 3.45 kPa to 3.53 kPa. The force F needed to support the liquid of
B. The gauge pressure of trapped air in the left density d is
chamber is 3.05 kPa to 3.11 kPa.
 [GATE-2021-CH]

10. [NAT, ]

For the configuration shown in the figure, oil of
density 800 kg/m3 lies above water of density
1000 kg/m3 . Assuming hydrostatic conditions
and acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s 2 ,
the length L (in meters, up to one decimal place)
of water in the inclined tube is _____.

A. gd [ ha – (H – h ) A]

0 de
B. gdHA
C. gdHa
D. gd (H – h ) A

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[GATE-1995-ME]

9. [NAT, ] c
Consider a tank filled with 3 immiscible liquids A,
EG al
[GATE-2021-XE]
B and C at static equilibrium, as shown in the
11. [NAT, ]
figure. At 2 cm below the liquid A – liquid B
N rr

A three-fluid system (immiscible) is connected to

interface, a tube is connected from the side of
a vacuum pump. The specific gravity values of
the tank. Both the tank and the tube are open to
e

the fluids (S1 , S2) are given in the figure.

the atmosphere.
ef
R

At the operating temperature and pressure, the

specific gravities of liquids A, B and C are 1, 2 and
4, respectively. Neglect any surface tension The gauge pressure value (in kN/m2 , up to two
effects in the calculations. The length of the tube decimal places) of P1 is ______.[GATE-2018-CE]
L that is wetted by liquid B is _______ cm.
 Answer Key
1. (708.25 to 713.25) 7. (128 to 128)
2. (B) 8. (B)
3. (45.2 to 46.2) 9. (8.0 to 8.0)
4. (C) 10. (1.7 to 1.9)
5. (A, C) 11. (-9.0 to -8.0)
6. (A, C)

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 Solutions
1. Answer: (708.25 to 713.25) P1 = 101.325 − 1 × 9.81 × 0.1
P1 = 100.345 kPa

3. Answer: (45.2 to 46.2)

0 de
P1 = P2
P1 = P2 W
Patm,L + = Patm,L + ρm gh → (a)

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A
F1 F2
= P3 = P4
A1 A2

F2 =
A2
F
A1 1
c Patm,L +
W
A
F
+ A = Patm,L + ρm gH → (b)
Equation (b) − Equation (a)
EG al
π
F
× (20)2 = ρm g(H − h)
4 A
F2 = π × 40 × 103
× (150)2 F = ρm g(H − h)A
N rr

4
π
F2 = 711.11N F = 13.54 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.175 ×
4
e

× (0.05)2
2. Answer: (B)
F = 45.641 N
ef

4. Answer: (C)
R

At Equilibrium
P2 A = Patm,L A
P2 = Patm,L
P2 − P1 = ρw gh P1 = P2

P1 = P2 − ρw gh Patm,L + ρo g(0.5) = Patm,L + ρw gh

P1 = Patm,L − ρw gh ρo g(0.5) = ρw gh
 ρo
h= × 0.5
ρw
h = 0.8 × 0.5
h = 0.4 m

h + 0.5
sin θ =

0 de
L
0.4 + 0.5
sin θ = P1 = P2
2.13
sin θ = 0.4225 Pa + ρw g(1.0) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.1)

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θ = 24.99° Pa − ρatm,L = ρm g(0.1) − ρw g(1.0)
5. Answer: (A, C) Pga = ρw g[sm (0.1) − 1]
c Pga = 1 × 9.81[1.355 − 1]
⇒ Pga = 3.48255 kPa
EG al
P3 = P4
Pa′ + ρw g(1.0) = Patm,L + ρm g(1.0)
N rr

Pa′ − Patm,L = ρm g(1.0) − ρw g(1.0)

′
Pga = ρw g(sm − 1)
e

′
Pga = 1 × 9.81(13.55 − 1)
P1 = P2 ′
⇒ Pga = 123.1155 kPa
ef

PA = Pa + ρw gh + ρm g(0.8)
Pg = Pabs − Patm,L
7. Answer: (128 to 128)
Pabs = Pg + Patm,L
R

PA = 250 + 100
PA = 350 kPa
350 = 180 + 1 × 9.81 × h + 13.6 × 9.81
× 0.8
h = 6.449 m
P3 = P4
PB = Pa + ρw g (7.249)
PB = 180 + 1 × 9.81 × 7.249
PB = 251.11 kPa
P1 = Patm,L
V1 = AR × 3
6. Answer: (A, C)
AL × x = AR × y
 AR F = Pf Ap
x= y
AL
3.75 k F = (dgH)A
x= y
0.75 k F = gdHA
x = 5y
x + y = 0.9 m 9. Answer: (8.0 to 8.0)
5y + y = 0.9 m
6y = 0.9 m
y = 0.15 m
x = 0.75 m
V2 = AR × 2.85

0 de
Isothermal Compression Air ⇒ Ideal Gas
P1 V1 = P2 V2
V1

I1 o
P2 = P
V2 1
AR × 3 Patm,L + ρA g(0.04) + ρB g(0.02)
P2 =
AR × 2.85
P2 = 106.658 kPa
c
× 101.325
= Patm,L + ρB g(0.5 L)
= 0.5 ρB L = 0.04 ρA + 0.02 ρB
EG al
P5 = P6
Pa′′ = ρw g(1) = P2 + ρm g(1) 0.04 ρA 0.02 ρB
L= +
Pa′′ = 106.658 + 13.55 × 9.81 × 1 − 1 × 9.81 0.5 ρB 0.5 ρB
N rr

×1 ρA
L = 0.08 + 0.04
Pa′′ = 229.7735 kPa ρB
e

Pa′′ = 229.7735 − 101.325

L = 0.08 m
ef

⇒ Pg′′ = 128.4458 kPa

L = 8.0 cm
R

8. Answer: (B)
10. Answer: 1.8 (1.7 to 1.9)

P1 = P2

Patm,L + ρo g(0.5) = Patm,L + ρw g (h)

ρo g(0.5) = ρw gh
At Equilibrium
 ρ0 L = 1.8 m
h= × 0.5
ρw
11. Answer: (-9.0 to -8.0)
800
h= × 0.5
1000

0 de
P1 = P2
h + 0.5 Patm,L + ρ3 g(0.5) = P1 + ρ1 g(0.5) + ρ2 g(1.0)
sin 30° =

I1 o
L
P1 − Patm,L = ρ3 g(0.5) − ρ1 g(0.5) − ρ2 g(1.0)

0.5 =
0.4 + 0.5
L c Pg1 = ρw g(0.5 − 0.44 − 0.95)
Pg1 = 9.81 [−0.89]
EG al
0.9 ⇒ Pg1 = −8.7309 kPa
L=
0.5
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ef
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 16

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Barometer & Manometer

1. [MCQ, ]
A barometer at a given location.
A. shows the local atmospheric pressure which
is invariant with time

0 de
B. always shows the local atmospheric pressure
which may change with time
C. shows the standard atmospheric pressure, if

I1 o
it is of aneroid type

c
D. shows the local temperature if it is of
mercury column type
A. Absolute pressure
28.5 kPa to 28.9 kPa.
at A is
EG al
B. Absolute pressure at A is 66.5 Pa to 66.9 Pa.
2. [MCQ, ] C. Absolute pressure at B is
The standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mm
N rr

102.10 kPa to 102.20 kPa.

of mercury. At a certain location, the barometer D. Absolute pressure at B is
e

reads 710 mm of mercury. At this place, an 6.67 kPa to 66.9 kPa.

absolute pressure of 360 mm of mercury
ef

corresponds to a gauge pressure in mm of 4. [NAT, ]

mercury. The absolute pressure difference between two
R

A. 400 mm of vacuum points in a mercury column when both the

B. 350 mm of vacuum points are separated by a vertical distance of
C. 360 mm of vacuum 8 cm is ______kPa (round off to two decimal

D. 710 mm of vacuum places). Take ρHg = 13,857 kg⁄m3 .

3. [MSQ, ] 5. [MCQ, ]
A tube filled with mercury is placed in a bowl of A barometer reads 765 mm of Hg. The
mercury as in figure. The tube is closed at point atmospheric pressure is:
A and the other end is open. If the local A. 1.02 bar
atmospheric pressure is 95.48 kPa, which one B. 3.82 bar
or more of the following statement(s) is/are C. 7.65 bar
CORRECT? D. 0.51 bar
6. [MCQ, ] 9. [MCQ, ]
Barometric reading shows 740 mm of Hg at a In given figure, if the pressure of gas in bulb A is
gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m⁄s2 . If 50 cm Hg vacuum and patm = 76 cm Hg, then
mercury temperature is 10°C and density of height of column H is equal to
mercury at this temperature is
13570 mg⁄m3 then, the atmospheric pressure
will be __________kPa.
A. 98.5
B. 9.85

0 de
C. 0.985
D. 0.0985

7. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
The gauge pressure at the surface of a liquid of
density
atmospheric
900 kg⁄m3
c
pressure
is
is
0.4 bar. If
1 × 105 Pa,
the
the A. 26 cm
EG al
absolute pressure at a depth of 50 m is B. 50 cm
A. 5.81 bar C. 76 cm
N rr

B. 15.8 bar D. 126 cm

C. 25.8 bar [GATE-2000-ME]
e

D. 0.5 bar
10. [NAT, ]
ef

8. [MCQ, ] The figure shows a U-tube having a 5 mm ×

The barometric pressure at the base of a 5 mm square cross-section filled with mercury
R

mountain 750 mm Hg and at the top 600 mm. (specific gravity = 13.6) up to a height of 20 cm
3
If the averge air density is 1 kg/m , the height in each limb (open to the atmosphere).
of the mounain is approximately:
A. 2040 m
B. 3020 m
C. 4010 m
D. 5000 m
 If 5 cm3 of water is added to the right limb, the
new height (in cm, up two decimal places) of
mercury in the LEFT limb will be __________
[GATE-2017-CE]

11. [MCQ, ]
A U-tube with both limbs open to atmosphere
contains two immiscible liquids of densities ρ1
and ρ2 (Figure shown below). Under equilibrium A. h = L (1 − ρ1 )
ρ

0 de
2
the distance h is given by
ρ
B. h = L (ρ1 − 1)
2
ρ
C. h = L ρ2

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1

D. h = 0

c [GATE-1996-MT]
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B) 7. (A)
2. (B) 8. (A)
3. (A, C) 9. (B)
4. (10.75 to 10.98) 10. (20.70 to 20.76)
5. (A) 11. (A)
6. (A)

0 de
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c
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) PD = PB

Barometer is used to measure local atmospheric PD = PA + ρHg × g × (0.5)

pressure, and it may change with time if the PD = 28.77 × 103 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.55
PD = 102150.8 Pa
atmospheric condition changes with time.
PD  102.15 kPa = 𝑃𝐵

2. Answer: (B)
4. Answer: (10.75 to 10.98)
Barometer reading (Patm )local  710 mm of
P2 − P1 = ρHg × g × h

0 de
mercury.
⇒ P2 − P1 = 13,857 × 9.81 × (0.08)
Pabs = Pg + (Patm)local ⇒ P2 − P1 = 10874.9 Pa

360  Pg  710 ⇒ P2 − P1 = 10.87 kPa

I1 o
Pg = – 350 mm of mercury
Pg = 350 mm vacuum c 5. Answer: (A)
Patm,L = ρgh = 13.6 × 9.81 × 765 = 1.02 bar
EG al
3. Answer: (A, C)
6. Answer: (A)
N rr

h = 740 mm, g = 9.81 m⁄sec 2 ,

ρ = 13570 kg⁄m3
e

Patm,L = ρgh = 13570 × 9.81 × 0.74

ef

= 98.5 kPa
7. Answer: (A)
R

We know that absolute pressure is

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge + Ph
= 1 × 105 + 0.4 × 105 + 900 × 9.81 × 50
= 5.81 × 105 Pa
At point A = 5.81 bar
Patm,L = PA + ρHg × g × (0.5)

95.48 103  PA  13600  9.81 0.50 8. Answer: (A)

PA  28722 Pa Given,
PA = 28.7 kPa At bottom = 750 mm of Hg
 At top = 600 mm of Hg 50 cm of Hg = ρm gH
Average air density = 1 kg⁄m3 ρm g(0.5) = ρm gH
ρHg × g(HB − HT ) = ρair × g × h H = 0.5 m
Where h = height of mnountain H = 50 cm
13.6(750 − 600) = l × h 10. Answer: (20.76 to 20.76)
−3
h = 150 × 10 × 13.6
h = 2040 m

9. Answer: (B)

0 de
ρL ρV 103 ×5×10−6
r = 2ρf f = 2ρf = 2×13.6×103 ×25×10−6
m m A

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r = 0.73529 cm
New Height of Mercury in left Limb = y + x
c =20.735 cm
EG al
11. Answer: (A)
PvA = 50 cm of Hg
ρf Lf = ρm (2r)
N rr

PvA = Patm,L − PA ρ Lf
r = 2ρf
M
PA = Patm,L − PvA
e

Difference of liquid levels in two limbs

PA = 76 cm of Hg − 50 cm of Hg
ρ Lf
ef

d = Lf − 2r = Lf − 2 × 2ρf
PA = 26 cm of Hg m

ρf
P1 = Patm,L d = Lf (1 − )
ρm
R

P3 = PA ρf
d = Lf (1 − )
P2 = P1 = Patm,L ρm
From diagram
P2 − P3 = ρm gH
ρ1
Patm,L − PA = ρm gH h = L (1 − )
ρ2
76 cm of Hg − 26 cm of Hg = ρm gH
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 17

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Simple Manometer

1. [NAT, ] A. Absolute pressure of air in the tank is

Consider a circular tank containing 19.12 kPa to 19.24 kPa.
mercury (SG = 13.55), water and benzene B. Absolute pressure of air in the tank is
20.64 kPa to 20.74 kPa.
(SG = 0.879) and compressed air (pressure

0 de
C. Pressure gauge reading at L is
more the local atmospheric pressure) as shown
60.23 kPa to 60.63 kPa (Vacuum).
in figure below. The gauge pressure of air is
D. Pressure gauge reading at L is
_____ kPa (round off to nearest integer).

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52.62 kPa to 52.98 kPa (Vacuum).

c 3. [NAT, ]
EG al
Consider the system shown in the figure. If a
change of 0.7 kPa in the pressure of air (the
keeping pressure in the brine pipe constant)
N rr

causes the brine-mercury interface in the right

2. [MSQ, ] A
e

column to drop by 5 mm, then the ratio of A2 is

The local atmospheric pressure is 755 mm of 1
ef

_______ (round off to 3 decimal places).

mercury and S. G. of mercury is 13.6. Which one
or more of the following statement(s) is/are
R

CORRECT?

4. [MSQ, ]
A reservoir manometer has vertical tubes of
diameter D = 18 mm and d = 6 mm. The
 specific gravity of manometric liquid is 0.827. If
the pressure applied to the reservoir is
equivalent to 25 mm of water (Gauge), then the
manometer deflection, L is ____ mm. (round off
to one decimal place). X is fall in tube of
diameter D = 18 mm whereas L is rise in tube of
d = 6 mm. Which one or more of the following
statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
6. [NAT, ]
A manometer is used for the pressure
measurement in a closed tank. The three fluids
f1, f2 and f3 have specific weights γ, 2γ and
0.5γ, respectively. The schematic arrangement
with manometric readings and other dimensions
are shown in the figure. In order to ensure zero-
gauge pressure in the tank at the mid-height
level (h/2), the height of the tank h (in m) is

0 de
________.

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A. Manometric fluid deflection, L is 28.9 mm to
30.1 mm.
c
B. Sensitivity of the manometer is 1.1 to 1.3.
C. On inclining the small diameter tube
EG al
sensitivity of the manometer decreases.
D. On inclining the small diameter tube such
N rr

that it makes 30° angle with horizontal, new

sensitivity of the manometer is 2.27 to 2.47.
e

5. [NAT, ]
[GATE-2017-PI]
ef

In the figure shown below, the absolute pressure

in the bulb is ___ mmHg (round off to nearest
7. [MCQ, ]
R

integer).
In the monometer shown in the figure, the
pressure PA of the gas inside bulb A is
approximately,
 9. [MCQ, ]
A U-tube mercury (Hg) manometer as shown
below is employed to measure the pressure of
an oil-filled vessel. The densities of Hg and oil are
13600 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 , respectively.
The gravitational acceleration may be taken as
10 m/s2 . The gauge pressure (in Pa) at point A
when h1 = 0.5 m and h2 = 0.9 m, is
approximately.

A. 0.8 bar B. 1.2 bar

0 de
C. 1.4 bar D. 1.6 bar

[GATE-2009-XE]

I1 o
8. [NAT, ]
c
The mercury manometer shown in the figure
below is connected to a water pipe at one end
EG al
while the other end is open to the atmosphere. A. 118.4 × 103 B. 118.4
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 , the specific C. 11.84 D. 1.184
N rr

gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the gravitational [GATE-2012-XE]

acceleration g is 10 m/s 2 . The gauge pressure
10. [MCQ, ]
pw (in kN/m2 , rounded off 2 decimal places) in
e

the water pipe is ______. Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A in
ef

the bulb is
R

[GATE-2019-XE] A. 771.2 mm Hg B. 752.65 mm Hg

C. 767.35 mm Hg D. 748.8 mm Hg
[GATE-1997-ME]
 Answer Key
1. (24.5 to 24.9) 6. (2.0 to 2.0)
2. (B, C) 7. (C)
3. (0.132 to 0.136) 8. (33.25 to 33.75)
4. (A, B, D) 9. (A)
5. (76 to 79) 10. (A)

0 de
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c
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (24.5 to 24.9) Pa = 13.6 × 9.81 × 0.155
Pa = 20.679 kPa
PL = Pa + ρw g(2)
PL = Patm,L − ρm g(0.6) + ρw g(2)
Patm,L − PL = ρm g(0.6) − ρw g(2)
PvL = 13.6 × 9.81 × 0.6 − 1 × 9.81 × 2
PvL = 60.4296 kPa
P1 = P2

0 de
Pa + ρb g(0.1) + ρw g(0.1)
= Patm,L + ρm g(0.2) 3. Answer: (0.132 to 0.136)

Pa − Patm,L = ρm g(0.2) − ρb g(0.1)

I1 o
− ρw g(0.1)

c
Pga = ρw g(0.1)[2sm − sb − 1]

Pga = 1 × 9.81 × 0.1[2 × 13.55 − 0.879 − 1]

EG al
Pga = 24.7418 kPa
2. Answer: (B, C)
N rr

A1 x = A2 (0.005)
e

0.005A2
x=
A1
ef

P1 = P2
Pa1 + ρw ghw + ρm ghm = Pb + ρb ghb → (a)
R

P3 = P4
0.005A2
Pa2 + ρw ghw + ρm g [ + hm + 0.005] =
A1

Pb + ρb g(hb + 0.005) → (b)

Eq (1) - Eq (b)
P1 = P2 0.005A2
(Pa1 − Pa2 ) − ρm g [ + 0.005]
Patm,L = Pa + ρm g(0.6) A1
Pa = Patm,L − ρm g(0.6) = −ρb g (0.005)
Pa = ρm g(0.755) − ρm g(0.6)
Pa = ρm g(0.155)
 A2 Sv = 1.1972
0.7 − 13.56 × 9.81 × 0.005 [ + 1]
A1 1
SI = d2
= −1.1 × 9.81 × 0.005 sm [sin θ + D2 ]
A2
0.7 − 0.6651 [ + 1] = −0.053955 SI > Sv
A1
1
A2 SI =
+ 1 = 1.13359 1
0.827 [sin 30° + 100]
A1
A2 SI = 2.37096
= 0.13359
A1

5. Answer: (76 to 79)

0 de
4. Answer: (A, B, D)

I1 o
c
EG al
P1 = P2
P = Patm,L + ρm g(L + x)
N rr

P − Patm,L = ρm g(L + x)
Equating pressures from both sides at level D
2
d
Pg = ρm g (L + L) (20 + 15 + 10)
e

D2 Pbulb + 1000g ×
100
d2
ef

15 10
ρw y = ρw L (1 + 2 ) = Pvacuum + 1000g × + 13600 g ×
D 100 100
ρw y ∴ Pvacuum = 0
R

L= d2
ρm (1 + D2 ) 10 5
∴ Pbulb = 13600 g × + 1000 g ×
y 100 100
L= d2 45
sm (1 + D2 ) − 1000 g ×
100
25 Pbulb = 1060 g Pa
L= 1
0.827 (1 + 100) 1060
= × 1000 mm Hg
L = 29.93 mm 13600
1 Pbulb = 77.94 mm Hg
Sv = d2
sm [1 + D2 ]
1 6. Answer: (2.0 to 2.0)
Sv = 1
0.827 [1 + 100]
 PA = Patm,L + ρm g(0.3) − ρw g(0.1)
PA = 1 × 105 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.3 − 1000
× 9.81 × 0.1
PA = 139004 Pa
PA = 1.39 bar

8. Answer: (33.25 to 33.75)

0 de
P1 = P2

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h
P + ρ3 g ( + 0.6) + ρ2 g(0.2)
2
c
= Patm,L + ρ1 g(1.2)
h
EG al
P − Patm,L = 1.2γ − 0.5 ( + 0.6) γ − 0.4γ
2
1.2 − 0.25h − 0.3 − 0.4 = 0
N rr

0.5 P1 = P2
h=
0.25 Pw′ + ρw g(0.05) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.25)
e

⇒ h = 2.0 m Pw′ − Patm,L = ρm g(0.25) − ρw g(0.05)

ef

7. Answer: (C) PgW = 13.6 × 10 × 0.25 − 1 × 10 × 0.05

PgW = 33.5 kPa
R

9. Answer: (A)

P1 = P2
PA + Pw g(0.1) = Patm,L + ρm g(0.3)
 P1 = P2 P1 = P2
PA + ρo gh1 = Patm,L + ρm gh2
PA + ρw g(0.17)
PA − Patm,L = ρm gh2 − ρm gh1
= Patm,L + ρw g(0.05)
PgA = ρw g[sm h2 − so h1 ]
+ ρm g(0.02)
3
PgA = 10 × 10 [13.6 × 0.9 − 0.8 × 0.5]
PA = Patm,L − ρw g(0.12) + ρm g(0.02)
PgA = 104 [12.24 − 0.4]
PgA = 11.84 × 104 Pa 0.12
PA = Patm,L − ρw g ( ) + ρm g(0.02)
13.6
PA = Patm,L + ρm g(0.0112)

0 de
10. Answer: (A)
PA = ρm g(0.76) + ρm g(0.0112)

PA = ρm g(0.7712)

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0.7712 m of Mercury Column

c 771.2 mm of Mercury Column

EG al
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ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 18

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

Topic : Differential Manometer

1. [MCQ, ]
Two water tanks are connected to each other
through a mercury manometer with inclined
tubes, as shown in figure. If the pressure

0 de
difference between the two tanks is 20 kPa, θ in
degree is ___________.

I1 o
c 3. [MCQ, ]
In the differential manometer shown Pa = 1 ×
EG al
105 N/m2 , Pb = 1.7 × 105 N/m2 . Mercury level
is 1 m below the centre line of source B. On the
N rr

A. 30
other side the mercury level is ‘h’ meter above
B. 40
e

C. 34 the common level. There is a column of 2.5 m of

water over the mercury, then the value of h (in
ef

D. 44
2. [NAT, ] m)
The pressure difference between the flows in
R

pipes ‘M’ and ‘N’ (pM − pN ) for the

configuration of the manometer indicated
below is _____(kPa) Take density of mercury =
13600 kg/m3 .

A. 0.407 B. 0.484
C. 0.652 D. 0.521
4. [MCQ, ]
Water flows upward in a pipe slanted at 30°, as
shown in figure. The mercury manometer reads
12 cm. The pressure difference between 1 and 2
in the pipe is (in kPa)

0 de
6. [NAT, ]
An inverted differential manometer is shown in
figure below. The differential pressure (PB − PA )

I1 o
in terms of meters of oil of relative density 0.8 is
_____
c
EG al
N rr

A. 26.16 B. 18.62
e

C. 20.91 D. 12.62
ef

Answer: A

5. [NAT, ]
R

The below figure shows an inverted differential 7. [MCQ, ]

manometer. The manometric liquid is oil having
specific gravity is 0.8. The magnitude of pressure
difference between A and B is ____ N/m2
(round off to nearest integer).
The figure below shows water over mercury
manometer. If the density of water is denoted
by ρw and that of mercury by ρM and ′g′ denotes
the acceleration due to gravity, the pressure
difference (PA − PB ) will be equal to
 A. 24.7 kPa
B. 26.5 kPa
C. 26.7 kPa
D. 28.9 kPa
[GATE-2003-CE]
9. [NAT, ]
In an inverted manometer (as shown in the
figure), the pressure difference, PB − PA is
100 kPa. Use specific gravity of oil as 0.8,
A. −(ρM gH) B. (ρW − ρM ) gH

0 de
density of water as 1000 kg/m3 , density of
C. ρM gH D. (ρM − ρW ) gH
mercury as 13600 kg/m3 and acceleration due
[GATE-2009-MT]
to gravity as 10 m/s 2 . The height of the water

I1 o
8. [MCQ, ]
column, H is ________ cm. (rounded off to one
Two pipelines, one carrying oil (mass density
3 c
900 kg/m ) and the other water are connected
to a manometer as shown in figure. By what
decimal place).
EG al
amount the pressure in the water pipe should be
increased so that the mercury levels in both the
N rr

limbs of the manometer become equal? (Mass

e

density of mercury = 13550 kg/m3 and g = 9.81

m/s2 )
ef

[GATE-2020-XE]
R

10. [NAT, ]

An inverted U-tube manometer is used to
measure the pressure difference between two
pipes A and B, as shown in the figure. Pipe A is
carrying oil (Specific gravity = 0.8) and pipe B is
carrying water. The densities of air and water are
1.16 kg/m3 and 1000 kg/m3 , respectively. The
pressure difference between pipes A and B is
 _____ kPa. Acceleration due to gravity g = the manometer is 0.75 m, the difference in
10 m/s 2 . pressure (kPa) between sections P and Q is

0 de
[GATE-2016-ME] A. 49.275 B. 94.275
11. [MCQ, ] C. 9.4275 D. 492.75

I1 o
The figure below shows water flowing through a [GATE-2010-XE]
pipe. The pressure difference between points P 13. [MCQ, ]

manometer is
c
and Q measured using a water-over-mercury In the inclined manometer shown in the figure
below, the reservoir is large. Its surface may be
EG al
assumed to remain at a fixed elevation. A is
connected to a gas pipeline and the deflection
N rr

noted on the inclined glass tube is 100 mm.

Assuming θ = 30°C and the manometric fluid as
e

oil with specific gravity of 0.86, the gauge

pressure at A is
ef

A. ρ2 gH B. ρ1 gh
R

C. (ρ2 − ρ1 )gH D. (ρ2 − ρ1 )gh

[GATE-2015-MT]
12. [MCQ, ]
A differential U - tube manometer with mercury
as the manometric fluid is used to measure the A. 43 mm water (Vacuum)
pressure difference between two sections P and B. 43 mm water
Q in a horizontal pipe carrying water at steady C. 86 mm water
state as shown in the figure below. If the D. 100 mm water
difference in mercury levels in the two limbs of [GATE-2004-CE]
14. [MCQ, ]
A mercury manometer is used to measure the
static pressure at a point in a water pipe as
shown in figure. The level difference of mercury
in the two limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure
at that point is
16. [MCQ, ]
A pipe carrying water is attached to a differential
gauge. Deflection in mercury gauge is 0.6 m, the
(PA - PB ) is _______m of water.

0 de
A. 1236 Pa B. 1333 Pa
C. Zero D. 98 Pa

I1 o
[GATE-1996-ME]
A. 7.56 meters of water

15. [MCQ, ] c

The cross-sectional area of one limb of a U-tube
B. 75.76 meters of water
C. 8.16 meters of water
D. None
EG al
manometer [figure shown below] is made 500 [GATE-1989-CE]
time larger than the other, so that the pressure
N rr

difference between the two limbs can be

determined by measuring ‘h’ on one limb of the
manometer. The percentage error involved is
e
ef
R

A. 1.0 B. 0.5
C. 0.2 D. 0.05
[GATE-1990-ME]
 Answer Key
1. (C) 9. (30.5 to 34.5)
2. (37.5 to 39.4) 10. (2.19 to 2.21)
3. (A) 11. (C)
4. (A) 12. (B)
5. (30409 to 30413) 13. (B)
6. (0.24 to 0.26) 14. (A)
7. (D) 15. (C)

0 de
8. (A) 16. (A)

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c
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ef
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (C)

P1 = P2

0 de
Equating the pressure across the horizontal
PA + ρw ga + ρmg(2a) = PB + ρw ga
plane X-X,
ρw g(2a) = PB − PA
PB − PA pM + 0.20 γ0 + 0.16 γ0

I1 o
2a =
ρM g = pN + 0.15 γ0 + 0.15 γm − 0.12 γ0
20 × 103 + 0.12 γm + 0.04 γm
2a =

2a = 0.1499 m
c
13.6 × 103 × 9.81 γ0 = specific weight of oil = 0.8 × 9790
= 7832 N/m3
EG al
γm = specific weight of mercury
= 13.6 × 9790 = 133144 N/m3
N rr

(pM − pN ) = −0.36 × 7832 + 0.15 × 7832

e

− 0.12 × 0.7832
0.1499
sin θ = + (0.15 + 0.12 + 0.04)
ef

0.268
sin θ = 0.5593 × 133144

θ = 34° = −2584.6 + 41274.6 = 38690 Pa

R

= 38.690 kPa

2. Answer: (37.5 to 39.4)

3. Answer: A
Pressure on the right side = Pressure on the
left side
1.7 × 105 + 900 × 9.81 × 1
= 1 × 105 + 2.5 × 1000 × 9.81 + h × 13600
× 9.81
178829 = 124525 + 133416h
 ⇒ h = 0.407 m 5. Answer: (30409 to 30413)
Consider level C-D
4. Answer: A PC = PD
PC = PA − (1000 × 9.81 × 0.25)
PD = PB − (1000 × 9.81 × 0.4) − (800 × 9.81
× 0.2)
PA − 2452.5 = PB − 3924 − 1569.6.
∴ PB − PA = 3924 + 1569.6 − 2452.5
= 30411 N/m2

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6. Answer: (0.24 to 0.26)

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From triangle ABC

c
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N rr

x
tan θ =
2
e

PB − 1 × 9.81 × 0.7 − 0.8 × 9.81 × 0.5 =

x
tan 30° = PA − 1 × 9.81 × 0.9
2
ef

⇒ x = 1.155 m ∴ PB − PA = 1.962 kN/m2

By solving , 1962
R

hBA = = 0.25 meters of oil

P1 + ρw gh − ρHg gh = P2 + ρw gx 800 × 9.81
⇒ (P1 − P2 ) = ρw gx + ρHg gh − ρw gh
= 1000 × 9.81 × 1.155 + 13.6 × 9810 × 12 7. Answer: (D)

× 10−2 − 9810 × 12 × 10−2

= 11330.55 + 16009.92 − 1177.2
(P1 − P2 ) = 26163.27 (Pa)
⇒ 26.16 (kPa)
 P1 = P2
PA + ρw g(x + H) = PB = ρw gx + ρM gH
PA − PB = ρM gH − ρW gH
PA − PB = (ρM − ρW )gH

8. Answer: (A)

P1 = P2
PA − ρo g(0.15) − ρw g(H)

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= PB − ρm g(0.45 + H)
−ρo g(0.15)−ρw gH
= (PB − PA ) − ρm g(0.45 + H)

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P1 = P2
−1.2 − 10H = 100 ± −61.2 − 136H
Po + ρo g(3.0) = Pw + ρw g(1.5) + ρm g(0.2)

P3 = P4
c
→ (a)
126H = 40

H=
40
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126
Po + ρo g(2.9) = Pw′ + ρw g(1.6) → (b) 20
H=
Eq (a) – Eq (b) 63
N rr

ρog (−0.1) = (Pw′ − Pw ) + ρw g(0.1) H = 0.31746 m

H = 31.746 cm
e

− ρm g(0.2)
Pw′ − Pw = ρm g(0.2) − ρo g(0.1) − ρw g(0.1)
ef

10. Answer: (2.19 to 2.21)

Pw′ − Pw = ρw g(0.1)[2sm − so − 1]
Pw′ − Pw = 1 × 9.81 × 0.1[2 × 13.55 − 0.9
R

− 1]
Pw′ − Pw = 0.981 × 25.2
⇒ Pw′ − Pw = 24.7 kPa

9. Answer: (30.5 to 34.5)

P1 − P2
PA − ρo g(0.2) − ρa g(0.08) = PB − ρw g(0.38)
PA − PB = ρo g(0.2) + ρo g(0.08) − ρw g(0.38)
 PA − PB = ρw g[0.2so + 0.08sa − 0.38] P1 = P2
1.16 PA = Patm,L + ρm g(0.1 Sin 30°)
PA − PB = 1 × 10 [0.2 × 0.8 + 0.08 ×
1000
PA − Patm,L = 0.86 ρw g(0.05)
− 0.38] Pg A = ρw g(0.043)
PA − PB = −2.2 kPa Pg A = 0.043 m of water column

11. Answer: (C) 14. Answer: (A)

P & Q are at same level
Carrying same fluid

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PP − PQ = (ρ2 − ρ1 )gH

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12. Answer: (B)
P1 = P2

c P + ρw g(x + h) = Patm,L + ρm gh
P − Patm,L = ρm gh − ρw g(x + h)
EG al
Pg = (ρm − ρw )gh − ρwgx
Pg = (13600 − 1000) × 9.81 × 0.01
N rr

Pg = 12600 × 0.0981
P1 = P2 Pg = 1236.06 Pa
e

PP − ρw gx = P4 + ρm gh
ef

PP − ρw gx = PQ − ρw g(h + x) + ρm gh
15. Answer: (C)
PP − PQ = (ρm − ρw )gh
R

PP − PQ = (13600 − 1000) × 9.81 × 0.75

PP − PQ = 92704.5 Pa
PP − PQ = 92.7045 kPa

13. Answer: (B) a

% Error = × 100
A
a
% Error = × 100
500 a
% Error = 0.2%
16. Answer: (A) From eq (a) & eq (b)
ρw gy = (ρm − ρw )gh
ρm − ρw
y= ( )h
ρw
13.6 − 1
y= ( ) × 0.6
1
y = 12.6 × 0.6
PA − PB = (ρm − ρw )gh → (a) y = 7.56 m
PA − PB = ρw gy → (b)

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c
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Pressure & Its Measurement

1. An inclined tube reservoir manometer is a) Force acting on the bottom of tank when it is
constructed as shown. Derive a general expression accelerated vertically upwards at 0.5 times g
for the liquid deflection, L, in the inclined tube, and
due to the applied pressure difference, Δp b) The acceleration required for maintaining zero

0 de
absolute pressure at tank bottom. Take
atmospheric pressure as 100 kN/m2 and
water density as 1000 kg/m3 .

I1 o
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2009]

c 4.
EG al
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2018]
N rr

2. Water seeps near the bottom of a buried gasoline

e

(sp. gr. = 0.68) storage tank and rises to a depth

of 1 m as shown in figure. If the free surface of
ef

gasoline is at 6 m from the tank bottom, find the

The figure above shows two tanks A and B, each
gauge pressure at a point A, inside the tank's
R

having 40 mm diameter, are interconnected by a

upper surface and at gasoline water interface.
U-tube having uniform diameter of 20 mm. When
What will be the pressure at bottom of tank in
the pressure p1 and p2 are equal, the meniscus of
metres of water? [IFS CE : 5 Marks : 2009]
mercury will be same in either of the limbs of the
U-tube as indicated by dotted line. When the
3. A 2.5 diameter tank of height 2.5 m is closed at
pressure p2 is higher than p1 . water surface will go
the top and contains a liquid of specific gravity
down by an amount ΔZ and the oil surface in tank
0.75 upto height of 2.0 m. If space above the
A will go up by the same amount, i.e. ΔZ.
liquid is under a pressure of -3 kPa (suction).
Determine:
Calculate
(i) the height Z1 . when p1 = p2 if the oil is having
a specific gravity of 0.8.
(ii) the difference in pressure (p2 − p1 ) in pascal,
when the difference in the meniscus of
mercury is found to be 15 cm.
[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2008]
5. U-tube differential gauge is attached to two
section A and B In a horizontal pipe in which oil of
specific gravity 0.8 is flowing. The deflection in
mercury in the gauge is 600 mm, level near A
being lower one. Calculate the differential
pressure In N/mm2 . Draw a neat sketch of the
arrangement.
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2001]

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c
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 Answer Key
4. (𝐳𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐦 & 𝐏𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐏𝐚)
𝐝 𝟐
1. 𝚫𝐏 = 𝛒𝐥 𝐠 ((𝐃) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉) 𝐋
5. (𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝐏𝐚)
𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟒
2. (𝐏𝐠𝐂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×𝟗.𝟖𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒 𝐦 of water)

3. (𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝐍 & 𝐚 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟔 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 )

0 de
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c
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 Solutions
𝐝 𝟐 3. Answer: (𝛍 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐞)
1. Answer: (𝚫𝐏 = 𝛒𝐥 𝐠 ((𝐃) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉) 𝐋)
Solution:
Solution:
a) g eff = g + a = 9.81 + 0.5 × 9.81 =
14.715 m/s2

0 de
Equating volume fall in tank = volume rise in

I1 o
inclined tube
π π
D2 h1 = 4 d2 × L
4
d2
h1 = D2 × L
c (Pgb ) = P + ρf g eff h
= −3 × 103 + 750 × 14.715 × 2
EG al
Equating pressures at reference plane = 19072.5 Pa

∴ ΔP = ρl g(h1 + h2 ) Force acting on bottom of the tank

N rr

π
d 2 = Pgb × Abottom = 19072.5 × × 2.52
= ρl g ((D) L + L sin θ) 4

= 93621.915 N
d 2
e

ΔP = ρl g ((D) + sin θ) L b) Assuming acceleration in downward direction

ef

∴ g eff = g − a
𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟒
2. Answer: (𝐏𝐠𝐂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×𝟗.𝟖𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒 𝐦 of water) (Pb )absolute = Patm,L + P + ρf g eff h
R

0 = 100 × 103 − 3 × 103 + 750 × (g − a) ×

Solution:
2
ρw = 1000 kg/m3 , ρgasoline = 0.68 × 103 =
100 = 3 − 0.750(9.81 − a) × 2
680 kg/m3
a = 74.4766 m/s 2
PgA = ρgasoline × g × hA = 680 × 9.81 × 3
= 20012.4 N/m2
4. Answer:(𝐳𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐦 & 𝐏𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 =
PgB = ρgasoline × g × hB = 680 × 9.81 × 5
𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐏𝐚)
= 33354 N/m2
(i) When P1 = P2 (ρo = 0.8 × 1000 =
PgC = PgB + ρw gh = 33354 + 103 × 9.81 × 1
800 kg/m3 )
2
= 43164 N/m
P1 + ρo gz1 = P2 + ρw gz2
43164
PgC = 103 ×9.81 = 4.4 m of water
ρo gz1 = ρw gz2 [∵ p1 = p2 ]
800 × g × z1 = 1000 × g × 48 P1 + ρo g(1.875 + 60 − 7.5) × 10−2 +
z1 = 60 cm ρHg g(15) × 10−2 = P2 + 𝜌𝑤 g(48 − 1.875 +
(ii) Total meniscus difference of mercury = 7.5) × 10−2
15 cm P1 + 24279.75 = P2 + 5260.6125
Change in one limb = 7.5 cm P2 − P1 = 19019.1375 Pa
By equating volume P2 − P1 = 19.019 kPa
π π
Δz × 4 × (40)2 = 7.5 × 4 × (20)2

Δz = 1.875 cm 5. Answer: (𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝐏𝐚)

We know

0 de
ρm −ρ
Δhp = ( )h
ρ
P1 −P2 ρm −ρ
+ z1 − z2 = ( )h
ρg ρ

I1 o
∵ z1 = z2 , h = 600 mm = 0.6 m

c
Equating pressure at reference plane P1 −P2
ρg
=(
13600−800
800

P1 − P2 = 75340.8 Pa
) × 0.6
EG al
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 19

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

Topic : Plane Surface

1. [MCQ, ] Neglect atmospheric effects. (round off two

Consider a 4 m long, 4 m wide, and 1.5 m high decimal places).
above ground swimming pool that is filled with
water to the brim. If the height of the walls of

0 de
the pool is doubled and the pool is filled, the
hydrostatic force on each wall will be k times of
earlier one. The value of k is _____.
A. 3

I1 o
B. 5
4. [NAT, ]
C. 4
D. 2
c A cover GATE AB closes a circular opening
80 cm in diameter. The gate is held closed by a
EG al
200 kg mass as shown in the below figure. If the
2. [MCQ, ]
gate will be dislodged, then the required water
A 3 m high, 6 m wide rectangular gate is hinged
N rr

level h will be _______ m (round off to one

at the top edge at A and is restrained by a fixed
decimal place). Neglect the self weight of the
ridge at B. The hydrostatic force exerted on the
GATE.
e

gate by the 5 m high water is _______.

ef
R

A. 418 kN
B. 618 N
C. 418 N
D. 618 kN

3. [NAT, ]
At static equilibrium, the two fluids are
separated by a gate rectangular as shown below.
F1 h
If = 1.70, then the value of is ________.
F2 H
5. [NAT, ]
A room in the lower level of a cruise ship has a
30-cm-diameter circular window. If the
midpoint of the window is 5 m below the water
surface, the hydrostatic force acting on the
window is _____ kN (round off to two decimal
places). Take the specific gravity of seawater to
be 1.025.
0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
6. [NAT, ]
A retaining wall against a mud slide is to be
N rr
constructed by placing 0.8-m-high and 0.2-m-
thick rectangular concrete blocks (ρ =
e
2700 kg⁄m3 ) side by side, as shown in figure.
The friction coefficient between the ground and
ef
the concrete blocks is f = 0.3, and the density of
the mud is about 1800 kg⁄m3 . There is concern
R
that the concrete blocks may slide the as the
mud level rises. The mud height at which the
blocks will overcome friction and start sliding is
_____ m. (round off to three decimal places).
7. [NAT, ]
Consider a flat thick inclined plate of thickness
0.2 m, width 1 m (Normal to the screen), and
length 1 m submerged in water. The depth of
water from the free surface to the container of
thick plate is 1.25 m. If the angle of inclination is
30°, the hydrostatic force acting on the top
surface of the plate is __________ kN (round off
to one decimal place).
8. [NAT, ]
Consider a cubical tank of side 2 m with its top
open. It is filled with water up to a height of 1 m.
Assuming the density of water to be 1000 kg/
m3 , g as 9.81 m/s2 and the atmospheric
pressure to be 100 kPa, the net hydrostatic
force (in kN) on the side face of the tank due to
the air and water is ______ (accurate to two
decimal places).
[GATE-2018-AE]
9. [MCQ, ]
The force per unit width on the rectangular door
submerged in a liquid of density ρ (figure shown
below) is
 tank which contains oil of specific gravity 0.8.
Considering the density of water and
acceleration due to gravity to be 1000 kg⁄m3
and 9.81 m⁄s 2 respectively, the hydrostatic
force (in kN) exerted by the oil on the gate is
_______ (round off to two decimal places).
[GATE-2015-CE]

11. [MCQ, ]
A. √2 ρg A circular plate 1 m in diameter is submerged
ρg
B. 2 vertically in water such that its upper edge is

0 de
ρg
C. 8 m below the free surface of water. The total
2√2
D.
2 hydrostatic pressure force on one side of plate
ρg
is:
[GATE-1996-CE]

I1 o
10. [NAT, ] A. 6.7 kN 65.4 kN
A triangular gate with a base width of 2m and a
c
height of 1.5 m lies in a vertical plane. The top
vertex of the gate is 1.5 m below the surface of
B. 45.0 kN 77.0 kN
[GATE-1988-ME]
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 Answer Key
1. (C) 7. (11.4)
2. (D) 8. (9.8 to 9.81)
3. (0.64) 9. (C)
4. (0.4) 10. (29.43)
5. 3.51 to 3.59 (3.55) 11. (B)
6. 0.375 to 0.415 (0.379)

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c
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 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) Fp = 618.030 kN

3. Answer: (0.64)

h
FP1 = ρg ( ) (bh)
2
1
FP1 = ρgbh2
2

0 de
FP1 = ρg(h)(b × 2h)
FP2 = 2ρgbh2
1
FP2 = 4 { ρgbh2 }

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2
FP2 = 4FP1

2. Answer: (D)
c F1 = ρ1 gh̅1 A1
EG al
H H
F1 = 0.86 ρw g ( ) ( b) → (a)
2 sing α
N rr

F2 = ρ2 gh̅2 A2
h h
F2 = 1.25 ρw g (2) (sin α b)→ (b)
e

Eq (a) ÷ Eq (b)
ef

H H
F1 0.86 ρw g ( 2 ) (sin α b)
=
F2 1.25 ρ g (h) ( h b)
w 2 sin α
R

Plane Surface F1 0.86 H 2

=
F2 1.25 h2
Fp = ρgh̅A
h2 0.86
h̅ = 2 + 1.5 2
=
H 1.25 (1.7)
h̅ = 3.5 m h
= 0.6362
A=3m×6m H
A = 18 m2
4. Answer: (0.4)
Fp = 1000 × 9.81 × 3.5 × 18
Fp = 618030 N
 6. Answer: 0.375 to 0.415 (0.379)

FP = W
π
ρgh d2 = mg
4
4m
h= In limiting case sliding will start

0 de
πρd2
FP = Fs
4 × 200
h=
π × 1000 × (0.8)2 FP = ρgh̅A

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h = 0.3978 m h
h̅ =
2

c
5. Answer: 3.51 to 3.59 (3.55) A = bh
h
FP = ρm g ( ) (bh)
EG al
2
1
FP = ρm gbh2
2
N rr

Ff = μN
Ff = μW
e

Ff = μρc bdtg
ef

Plane Surface 1
ρ gbh2 = μρc bdtg
2 m
FP = ρgh̅A
2μρc dt
R

h̅ = 5m h2 =
ρm
π
A = × 0.32 2 × 0.3 × 2700 × 0.8 × 0.2
4 h2 =
1000
A = 0.07068 m2
h2 = 0.144
FP = 1025 × 9.81 × 5 × 0.07068
h = 0.37947 m
FP = 3553.52535 N
FP = 3.55 kN
7. Answer: (11.4) 2 2
FP = 1000 × 9.81 5 ( ) × ( )
4 2
FP = 9810 N
FP = 9.81 kN

9. Answer: (C)

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d= 1m
θ = 45°

t
h̅ = H − cos θ
c FP = ρgh̅A

h̅ =
d
sin θ
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2
2
0.2
h̅ = 1.25 − cos 30° A = bd
2
N rr

d 1
h̅ = 1.1634 m Fp = ρg ( × ) (bd)
2 √2
Fp = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.1634 × 1 × 1
e

Fp 1
Fp = 11412.954 N = ρgd2
b 2√2
ef

Fp 1
= ρg
8. Answer: (9.8 to 9.81) b 2√2
R

10. Answer: (29.43)

a =2m
FP = ρgh̅A 0
a
h̅ = FP = ρgh̅A
4
a2 h̅ = d + 2d⁄3
A=
2 5d
h̅ =
3
 1
A= bd
2
5d 1
FP = ρg ( ) ( ) bd
3 2
5
FP = ρgbd2
6
5
FP = × 800 × 9.81 × 2 × 1.52
6
FP = 29430 N
d=1
11. Answer: (B) h=8m

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FP = ρgh̅A
d
h̅ = h +
2
1

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h̅ = 8 +
2
̅h = 8.5 m
c FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 8.5 ×
FP = 65490.426 N
π
4
× 12
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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 20

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

Topic : Center of Pressure

1. [MCQ, ] C. The depth of centre of pressure from free

Consider a heavy car submerged in water in a surface is 3.34 m to 3.54 m.
lake with a flat bottom. The driver’s door of the D. The force ‘P’ required to start the opening of
car is 1.1 m high and 0.9 m wide, and the top
gate is 297 kN to 301 kN.

0 de
edge of the door is 8 m below the water surface.
The net force (kN) acting on the door (normal to
3. [MSQ, ]
its surface) & the depth (m) of the center of
A circular annular surface of 2.0 m outer

I1 o
pressure from free surface are respectively
A. 75, 8.57 diameter and 1.0 m inner diameter is immersed
B. 83, 7.12
C. 68, 6.84
D. 83, 8.56
c vertically in water as shown in the figure below
with the center of the surface at 3.0 m below the
water free surface. Which one or more of the
EG al
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
2. [MSQ, ]
N rr

If the width of the GATE (massless) shown below

is 2 m, which one or more of the following
e

statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?

ef
R

A. The hydrostatic force exerted on one side of

the surface is 68.20 kN to 70.20 kN.
B. The hydrostatic force exerted on one side of
the surface is 59.02 kN to 61.02 kN.
C. The center of pressure acting on the surface
is at a depth of 3.0 m to 3.2 m from the free
surface of water.
A. The horizontal component of hydrostatic
D. The center of pressure acting on the surface
force acting on the gate is 134 kN to 137 kN.
is at a depth of 4.1 m to 4.3 m from the free
B. The vertical component of hydrostatic force
surface of water.
acting on the gate is 175 kN to 178 kN.
4. [NAT, ]
A door 1 m wide and 1.5 m high is located in a
plane vertical wall of a water tank. The door is
hinged along its upper edge, which is 1 m below
the water surface. Atmospheric pressure acts on
the outer surface of the door and at the water
surface. Force of ________ kN must be applied
at the lower edge of the door in order to stop the
door from opening (round off to two decimal
places).

0 de
A. The hydrostatic force acting on the GATE is
265.32 kN to 270.32 kN.
5. [NAT, ] B. The hydrostatic force acting on the GATE is
An Isosceles triangular GATE ABC, is hinger at AC 338.52 kN to 340.52 kN.

I1 o
and weighs 1500 N, as shown in the figure C. The horizontal force exerted by the wall at
below. For equilibrium, the horizontal force (P)

nearest integer).
c
required at vertex B is _____ kN (round off to
point A is 249.35 kN to 253.35 kN.
D. The horizontal reaction at the hinge at point
B is 269.55 kN to 273.55 kN.
EG al
7. [MSQ, ]
N rr

Panel BCD is semi circular and line BC is 8 m

below the surface, as shown below, which one
e

or more of the following statement(s) is/are

CORRECT ?
ef

6. [MSQ, ]
R

A GATE, 1.5 m wide is inclined to the horizontal

at an angle θ, as shown in the figure below. The
GATE is hinged at point B, and rests against a
smooth wall at point A. Which one or more of
the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?

A. The hydrostatic force acting on the panel is

3.52 MN to 3.59 MN.
B. The hydrostatic force acting on the panel is
2.69 MN to 2.89 MN.
 C. Moment of hydrostatic force about D is
10.82 MN-m to 10.92 MN-m.
D. Moment of hydrostatic force about D is
9.82 MN-m to 9.92 MN-m.
8. [MCQ, ]
The centre of pressure of a liquid on a plane
surface immersed vertically in a static body of
liquid, always lies below the centroid of the
surface area, because
A. in liquids the pressure acting is same in all
directions
B. there is no shear stress in liquids at rest
C. the liquid pressure is constant over depth
D. the liquid pressure increases linearly with
depth
[GATE-1997-CE]

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (D) 5. (18 to 18)
2. (B, C, D) 6. (B, C)
3. (A, C) 7. (A, D)
4. (14.71) 8. (D)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 2. Answer: (B, C, D)

0 de
Plane surface
FP = ρgh̅A
FP = ρgh̅A
h̅ = k + 2
d
h̅ = k + h̅ = 3 m

I1 o
2
1.1 A= 2×5
h̅ = 8 +

h̅ = 8.55 m
2
c A = 10 m2
FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 3 × 10
EG al
A = bd FP = 294300 N
A = 0.9 × 1.1 FP = 294.3 kN
N rr

2
A = 0.99 m FH = FP sin θ
FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 8.55 × 0.99 4
FH = 294.3 ×
e

FP = 83036.745 N 5

FP = 83.03 kN FH = 235.44 kN
ef

FV = FP cos θ
h∗ > h̅
3
h∗ > 8.55 m FV = 294.3 ×
R

5
Ixx,c
h∗ = h̅ + FV = 176.58 kN
Ah̅
1 Ixx,c Sin2 θ
Ixx,c = bd3 h = h̅ +
∗

12 Ah̅
Ixx,c = 0.099825 m4
bd3
0.099825 Ixx,c =
h∗ = 8.55 + 12
0.99 × 8.55
2×5
h∗ = 8.56179 m Ixx,c =
12
Ixx,c = 20.833 m4
In Limiting case
 M2 = M1 5
h∗ = 3 +
(h∗ − k) 48
P × 3 = FP × h∗ = 3.104 m
sin θ
(3.444 − 1)
P × 3 = 294.3 × 4 4. Answer: 14.60 to 14.80 (14.71)
5

P = 299.6955 kN

3. Answer: (A, C)

0 de
I1 o
M2 = M1
F d = FP (h∗ − k)

c FP = ρgh̅A

h̅ = k +
d
EG al
2
1.5
h̅ = 1 +
2
N rr

h̅ = 1.75 m
Fp = ρgh̅A
e

A = 1 × 1.5
π A = 1.5 m2
Fp = ρgh (D2 − d2 )
ef

4 FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.75 × 1.5

π
Fp = ρgh(D2 − d2 ) FP = 25751.25 N
4
R

π FP = 25.751 kN
Fp = × 1000 × 9.81 × 3 (22 − 12 )
4 Ixx,c
Fp = 69342.8 N h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
Fp = 69.3428 kN bd3
Ixx,c =
Ixx,c 12
h∗ = h̅ + 1 × 1.53
Ah̅ Ixx,c =
π
(D4 − d4 ) 12
64
h∗ = h + π Ixx,c = 0.28125 m4
(D2 − d2 )h
4
0.28125
2
D +d 2 h∗ = 1.75 +
h∗ = h + 1.5 × 1.75
16 h h∗ = 1.8571 m
2 2
2 +1
h∗ = 3 + F × 1.5 = 25.751 × (1.8571 − 1)
16 × 3
 F = 14.714 kN

5. Answer: (18 to 18)

2
sin 50°
cos 50°
3
2 cot 50°
⇒ 0.5594 m
3

0 de
FP → M1 (ACW)
M2 = W × 0.5594
W → M2 (CW)
M2 = 1500 × 0.5594
P → M3 (CW)
M2 = 839.1 N-m

I1 o
M2 + M3 = M1
M2 = 0.8391 kN-m
FP = ρgh̅A
c 2 1
FP = 0.83 × 1000 × 9.81 × (3 + ) ( ×
2
3 2 sin 50
× 1)
M3 = P × 2
M3 = 2P
EG al
FP = 38973.065 N M2 + M3 = M1
FP = 38.973 kN 0.8391 + 2P = 37
N rr

2
Ix,x,c Sin θ P = 18.08045 kN
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
e

(1) + (
1 2
) sin2 50° 6. Answer: (B, C)
∗
11 36 sin 50°
h = ( )+ 1 2 11
3
ef

×( )×1×
2 sin 50° 3

11 2
h∗ = +
3 33
R

121+2
h∗ = 33
123
⇒ h∗ =
33
⇒ h∗ = 3.7273 m
h∗ − 3
M1 = FP × ( )
sin 50°
M1 = 38.973 × 0.9494
M1 = 37 kN-m FP = ρgh̅A
FP = 10050 × 4.5 × (1.5 × 5)
FP = 339187.5 N
FP = 339.1875 kN
 Ixx,c Sin2 θ FP = 3.572 MN
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅ Ixx,c Sin2 θ
3 2
h = h̅ +
∗
15 × 5.0 × (5) Ah̅
h∗ = 4.5 + Ixx,c = 0.1097 R4
12 × 15 × 5.0 × 4.5
1 Ixx,c = 0.1097 × 54
h∗ = 4.5 +
6 Ixx,c = 68.5625 m4
h∗ = 4.6667 m 9
68.5625 × 25
∗
h = 9.273 +
36.2699 × 9.273
7. Answer: (A, D)
∗
h = 9.341 m

0 de
(k + 3 − h∗ )
n=
sin θ
(8 + 3 − 9.341)
n=
3/5

I1 o
n = 2.765 m

c M D = FP × n
MD = 3.572 × 2.765
EG al
R=5m MD = 9.87658 MN-m

FP = ρgh̅A
N rr

4R 8. Answer: D
m
= 3π
3 R
e

4
m=
ef

π
4
h̅ = k +
π
R

4
h̅ = 8 +
π
h̅ = 9.273 m
1 2 The center of pressure of a liquid on a plane
A= πR
2 surface immersed vertically in a static body of a
25π liquid, lies below the centroid of the surface area
A=
2 because the liquid pressure increases linearly
2
A = 39.2699 m with depth. So, most of the effect due to liquid
FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 9.273 × 39.2699 acts on the bottom of the surface.
FP = 3572309.368 N
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 21

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

Topic : Expression for depth of centre of pressure from free surface

1. [NAT, ] A. The hydrostatic force acting on the panel

A thick sheet of steel holds fresh water and salt ABC is 128.65 kN to 132.65 kN.
water (relative density = 1.035) on either side of B. The hydrostatic force force acting on the
it as shown in figure. The magnitude of moment panel ABC is 116.25 kN to 118.25 kN.

0 de
about the base M of the resultant force per unit C. On panel ABC, The centre of pressure is
length of steel is ______ kN-m. 3.71 m to 3.79 m down from A.
D. On panel ABC, The centre of pressure is

I1 o
1.32 m to 1.34 m up from BC.

c 3. [NAT, ]
A cubical wooden block is pivoted along one
EG al
edge. The block is in equilibrium when immersed
in water to the depth as shown in figure below.
N rr

Neglecting the friction in the pivot, the specific

gravity of the wooden block _____ (round off to
e

two decimal places).

2. [MCQ, ]
ef

Panel ABC in the slanted side of a water tank, as

shown in the below figure is an isosceles triangle
R

with vertex at A and base BC = 2 m. Which one

or more of the following statement(s) is/are
CORRECT ?

4. [NAT, ]
A window in the shape of an isosceles triangle
and hinged at the top is placed in the vertical
wall of a form that contains liquid concrete. For
the configuration of form and concrete as shown
in figure the minimum force that must be
applied at the bottom most point D to keep the
window closed is _____ N (round off to one
 decimal place). Specific gravity of liquid concrete the concrete blocks is f = 0.3, and the density of
is 2.5. the mud is about 1800 kg⁄m3 . There is concern
that the concrete blocks may slide as the mud
level rises.

0 de
5. [NAT, ]
A 5-m-high, 5-m-wide rectangular plate blocks
the end of a 4-m-deep freshwater channel, as The mud height at which the blocks will tip over
is ________ m (round off to three decimal

I1 o
shown in figure. The plate is hinged about a
horizontal axis along its upper edge through a places).

c
point A and is restrained from opening by a fixed
ridge at point B. The force exerted on the plate
by the ridge is _____ kN (round off to two
7. [MCQ,]
EG al
A vertical triangular plane area, submerged in
decimal places).
water, with one side in the free surface, vertex
N rr

downward and altitude ‘h’ has the pressure

centre below the free surface by
e

h
A. 4
ef

h
B. 3
2h
C.
R

3
h
D. 2

8. [MCQ, ]
6. [NAT, ]
A retaining wall against a mud slide is to be
constructed by placing 0.8-m-high and 0.2-m-
thick rectangular concrete blocks (ρ =
3
2700 kg⁄m ) side by side, as shown in figure.
The friction coefficient between the ground and
[GATE-1996-CE]
A hinged gate of length 5 m inclined at 300 C
with the horizontal and with water mass on its
left, is shown in the figure below. Density of
water is 1000 kg/m3 . The minimum mass of the
gate in kg per unit width (perpendicular to the
plane of paper), required to keep it closed is
 A. 5000
B. 6600
A. 3.46 m
C. 7546
B. 4.36 m
D. 9623
C. 6.43 m

0 de
[GATE-2013-ME]
D. 5.36 m
[GATE-2011-XE]
9. [NAT, ]

I1 o
The barrier shown between two water tanks of
11. [MCQ, ]
unit width (1 m) into the plane of the screen is

c
modeled as a cantilever. Two walls are holding back water as shown in
the figures below. The resisting moments per
EG al
unit length of the walls at points P and Q are MP
and MQ . Denoting the specific weight of water as
N rr

γ, the difference in the moments (MQ − MP )is

e
ef

Taking the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 , and

the acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2 , the
R

maximum absolute bending moment developed

√3γh3
in the cantilever is _________ kN-m (round off A. 2

to the nearest integer). 2γh3

B.
√3
[GATE-2020-ME]
γh3
C. 18
10. [MCQ, ] γh3
D.
Consider an L-shaped gate with water level 2

above the hinge as shown. At approximately [GATE-2010-XE]

what height D of the water level will the gate
open? Neglect the mass of the gate. Assume g =
10 m/s 2 .
 Answer Key
1. (—) 7. (D)
2. (A, C) 8. (D)
3. (0.54) 9. (104 to 106)
4. (32.9315) 10. (A)
5. (287.76) 11. (C)
6. (0.524)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (Update soon) FP = 130.8 kN
Ixx,c sin θ
y ∗ = y̅ +
2. Answer: (A, C) Ah̅
1
bd3 sin θ
∗ 36
y = y̅ + 1
18 (2 bd) y̅ sin θ

2d d2
y∗ = +
3 18 (2d)
3

0 de
8d + d
y∗ =
12
3d
y∗ =
4

FP = ρgh̅A I1 o
c
EG al
1
A= bd
2
N rr

8
h̅ = m
3
e

8 1 For inclined
FP = 1000 × 9.81 × × ×5×2
3 2
3d
ef

h∗ = sin θ
4
3×5
y∗ =
R

4
y ∗ = 3.75 m

FP = 130800 N
 1
FV = ρgL3
2
1 L
MV = ρgL3 × ( )
2 2
1
MV = ρgL4
4
Wb = ρb L3 g
L
Mb = ρb L3 g ( )
2
1
Mb = ρb gL4
2

0 de
On Panel ABC, distance from BC
MB = MH + MV
= d − y∗
1 1 1
= 5 − 3.75 ρb gL4 = ρgL4 + ρgL4
2 48 4

I1 o
= 1.25 m 1 13ρ
ρb =
2 48
3. Answer: (0.54) c sb =
13
24
EG al
Sb = 0.5417

4. Answer: (32.9315)
N rre
ef
R

At Equilibrium
Mb = MH + MV
d c d
FH = ρg ( ) (dL) =
2 a b
1 bc
FH = ρgd2 L d=( )
2 a
1 c 1 bc
FH = ρgL3 Fp = ρg ( ) ( c × )
8 3 2 a
1 1 1 bc 3
MH = ρgL3 × Fp = ρg
8 6 6 a
1
MH = ρgL4
48
FV = ρg(d)(L2 )
 c
M1 = FP (a − )
2

0 de
1 bc 3 c
M1 = ρg (a − ) At Equilibrium
6 a 2
M2 = Pa M2 = M1
Fd = FP (h∗ + 1)

I1 o
M2 = M1
1 bc 3 c FP = ρgh̅A
Pa =

1 bc
6
ρg
a
3
c
(a − )

P = ρg 2 (a − )
2
c h̅ =
h
2
=2m
EG al
6 a 2 A = bh
1 0.3 × 0.253 0.25
P = × 2.5 × 1000 × 9.81 × 2
(0.4 − ) A= 5×4
6 0.4 2
N rr

A = 20 m2
P = 32.9315 N
FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 20
e

FP = 392400 N
5. Answer: 285.76 to 289.76 (287.76)
FP = 392.4 kN
ef

Ixx,C
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
R

Vertical Rectangular Plane Surface

Touching the FREE SURFACE
2h
h∗ =
3
2×4
h∗ =
3
h∗ = 2.6667 m
F × 5 = 392.4 × (2.6667 + 1)
F = 287.7626 Kn

6. Answer: 0.521 to 0.527 (0.524)

 Touching the free surface
h
h∗ =
2
Ixx,c
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
h bh3 /36
h∗ = +
3 1 bh × h
2 3

h
h∗ =
2

0 de
8. Answer: (D)
In limiting case tiping over lower left edge will
start

I1 o
M1 = M2
t
FP × (h − h∗ ) = W ×

h∗ =
2h
2 c M1 = M2
EG al
3 M1 = FP × y ∗
1 2h t FP = ρgh̅A
ρm gbh2 (h − ) = ρc bdtg ×
2 3 2
N rr

d
1 FP = ρg ( sin θ) bd
ρ h3 = ρc dt 2 2
3 m
1
e

3ρc dt 2 FP = ρgbd2 sinθ

h3 = 2
ρm
ef

2d 2d
3 × 2700 × 0.8 × 0.2 h∗ = Sin θ ⇒ y ∗ =
3 3
h3 =
1800 W = mg
R

3
h = 0.144 d
M2 = mg ( cosθ)
h = 0.52415 m 2
1
M2 = mgd cos θ
2
7. Answer: (D)
M1 = M2
1 1
ρgbd3 sinθ = mgdcosθ
3 2
m 2 2
= ρd tan θ
b 3
m 2 1
= 3 × 1000 × 52 ×
b √3

m 50000
=
Vertical plane surface b 5.196
 m
< 10,000
b

9. Answer: 105 (104 to 106)

M1 = M2
FP1 = ρgh̅1 A1
D

0 de
FP1 = ρg ( ) (bD)
2
1
FP1 = ρgbD2
ΣM = M1 − M2 2

I1 o
d1 2D
FP1 = ρg ( ) (bd1 ) M1 = FP1 × (D − )
2 3
1
FP1 = ρgbd12
2
c M1 =
1
2
1
ρgbD2 ×
D
3
EG al
M1 = FP1 × (d1 − h1∗ ) M1 = ρgbD3 (CW)
6
1 d1
M1 = ρgbd12 × ̅̅̅2 A2
FP2 = ρgh
2 3
N rr

1 FP2 = ρg(D)(bd)
M1 = ρgbd13 (CW)
6 FP2 = ρgbdD
e

1
M2 = ρgbd32 (ACW) d
6 M2 = FP2 ×
ef

2
1 1
ΣM = ρgbd13 − ρgbd32 d
6 6 M2 = ρgbdD ×
2
R

1
ΣM = ρgb(d13 − d32 ) 1
6 M2 = ρgbd2 D (ACW)
2
1
ΣM = × 1000 × 10 × 1(43 − 13 ) M1 = M2
6
1 1
ΣM = 105000N−m ρgbD3 = ρgbd2 D
6 2
ΣM = 105 kN-m (CW) D2 = 3d2
D = √3d
10. Answer: (A)
D = 1.732 × 2
D = 3.464 m

11. Answer: (C)

 FP = ρgh̅A
h
h̅ =
2
bh
A=
sin θ
h bh
FP = ρg ( ) ( )
2 sinθ
1
FP = ρgbh2
2sinθ
2h
y∗ =
FP = ρgh̅A 3sinθ

0 de
h 2d
h̅ = h∗ = sin θ
2 3
h
A = bh 2 (sinθ) sin θ

I1 o
h∗ =
h 3
FP = ρg ( ) (bh)
2
1
FP = ρgbh2
2
ch∗ =
2h
3
M2 = FP × (d − y ∗ )
EG al
M1 = Fp × (h − h∗ ) 1 h 2h
M2 = ρgbh2 ( − )
1 h 2sinθ sinθ 3sing θ
M1 = ρgbh2 ×
N rr

2 3 1
1 M2 = 2
γbh3
6 sin θ
M1 = γbh3
e

6 M2 1 3
M1 1 3 = 3 γh
b 6×4
= γh
ef

b 6
2 3
1 MQ = γh
MP = γh3 9
6
R

2 3 1 3
MQ − MP = γh − γh
9 6
1
MQ − MP = γh3
18
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 22

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

Topic : Closed Container Analysis

1. [MSQ, ] 2. [NAT, ]
A storage tank contains oil and water acting at A swimming pool has a width of 3.6 m and a side
the depths shown, width of the tank = 1.25 m. profile as shown. Take γW = 9.8 kN/m3 . The
Take ρ0 = 900 kg/m3 and ρw = 1000 kg/m3 . F

0 de
ratio of FBC IS ____. (round off to three decimal
AB
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
places)
is/are CORRECT?
Here, FBC = resultant force exert by water on

I1 o
wall BC.

c FAB = resultant force exert by water on wall AB.

EG al
N rre

A. The resultant force (both liquids) exert on

ef

the side ABC of the tank is 29.1 kN to

29.5 kN. Common Data for Q-3 & Q-4:
A vessel containing water (density 1000 kg/m3 ) and
R

B. The resultant force (both liquids) exert on

the side ABC of the tank is 25.1 kN to oil (density 800 kg/m3 ), pressurized by gas, is
25.5 kN. shown in the figure below. Assume that the
C. The location of the resultant force, gravitational acceleration is 10 m/s2
measured from the top surface of the oil is
1.49 m to 1.54 m.
D. The location of the resultant force,
measured from the top surface of the oil is
1.71 m to 1.76 m.
 5. [NAT, ]
An open tank of 2 m × 2 m × 2 m is filled with
layers of two fluids. Depth of each layer is one
meter. The top layer is that of an oil of specific
gravity 0.8. The bottom layer is of water.
Consider the density of water ρw = 1000 kg/
m3 and acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/
s2 . Neglecting the effect of atmospheric
pressure, the force (in N) exerted by the fluids
on one of the side walls of the tank is ______.
3. [MCQ, ]

0 de
[GATE-2019-PI]
The pressure (in bar) exerted on the bottom wall
inside the vessel is approximately. 6. [NAT, ]

I1 o
A. 0.238 The figure shows two fluids held by a hinged
B. 2.38 gate. The atmospheric pressure is Pa = 100 kPa.
C. 23.8
D. 238
c The moment per unit width about the base of
the hinge is ______ 57.3 kNm/m (round off to
EG al
one decimal place). Take the acceleration due to
[GATE-2012-XE]
gravity to be g = 9.8 m⁄s2 .
4. [MCQ, ]
N rr

The gate is 1 m wide perpendicular to the plane

e

of the paper. The force (in N) exerted on the gate

is approximately.
ef

A. 2.23 × 103
B. 2.23 × 104
R

C. 2.23 × 105
D. 2.23 × 106 [GATE-2023-ME]
[GATE-2012-XE]
 Answer Key
1. (A, C) 4. (C)
2. (3.405 to 3.505) 5. (33000 to 34000)
3. (B) 6. (57.3)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A, C) WC = WB + ρw ghBC b
= 8.277 + 1000 × 9.81 × 1.5
× 1.25

= 26.77 kN/m

The resultant force can be determined by

adding the shaded triangular and rectangular
areas.

0 de
FR = F1 + F2 + F3

1 1

I1 o
= × 0.75 × 8.2777 + 1.5 × 8.277 ×
2 2
× 1.5 × 18.39
c = 3.104 + 12.42 + 13.80 = 29.32
EG al
= 29.3 kN

Each of these three parallel resultants acts

N rr

through the centroid of its respective area.

e

2
y1 = × 0.75 = 0.5 m
3
ef

1
y2 = 0.75 + × 1.5 = 1.5
2
R

2
y3 = 0.75 + × 1.5 = 1.75
3

y̅P FR = ΣyFy

Since the side of the tank has a constant width, y̅P × 29.32 = 0.5 × 3.104 + 1.5 × 12.42
then the intensities of the distributed loading at + 1.75 × 13.80
B and C.
y̅P = 1.51 m
WB = ρ0 ghAB b = 900 × 9.81 × 0.75 × 1.25
= 8.277 kN/m
 1 1
FAB = × WB × hAB = × 84.67 × 2.4
2. Answer: (3.405 to 3.505) 2 2
= 101.6 kN
1
FBC = (WB + WC )LBC
2
1
= (84.67 + 31.75) × 6
2
= 349.26 kN
∴ required ratio
FBC 349.26
= =

0 de
FAB 101.6

= 3.437

I1 o
3. Answer: (B)

c Pb = Pg + Po + PW
Pb = 2 × 105 + 800 × 10 × 1 + 1000 × 10 × 3
EG al
Pb = 238000 Pa
Pb = 2.38 bar
N rr

4. Answer: (C)
e
ef
R

The intensities of the distributed load at B and C

WB = γhAB b = 9.8 × 2.4 × 3.6 = 84.67 kN/m Pi = Pg + PO
WC = γhDC b = 9.8 × 0.9 × 3.6 = 31.75 kN/m Pi = 2 × 105 + 8000
Distributed loads acting on the walls Pi = 208000 Pa
 Pi 208000 6. Answer: (57.3)
=
ρg 1000 × 10
Pi
= 20.8 m
ρg
FP = ρgh̅A
FP = 1000 × 10 × 22.3 × (1 × 1)
FP = 223000 N
FP = 2.23 × 105 N
FP
= A1 + A2 + A3
b
5. Answer: (33000 to 34000)

0 de
1 1
A1 = ρ1 gh12 = × 1000 × 9.8 × 12 = 4900
2 2
1 1
A2 = ρ2 gh22 = × 2000 × 9.8 × 22 = 39200
2 2

I1 o
A3 = ρ1 gh1 h2 = 1000 × 9.8 × 1 × 2 = 19600

c FP
b
FP
= 4900 + 39200 + 19600
EG al
== 63700 N⁄m
b
FP
= 63.7 kN⁄m
N rr

b
Ay̅ = A1 y̅1 + A2 y̅2 + A3 y̅3
e

2h1 2
y̅1 = = m
3 3
ef

2h2 7
y̅2 = h1 + = m
3 3
h2
R

1 1 y̅2 = h1 + = 2m
A1 = ρ1 gh12 = × 800 × 9.8 × 12 = 3920 2
2 2
2 7
1 1 4900 × 3 + 32900 × 3 + 19600 × 2
A2 = ρ2 gh22 = × 1000 × 9.8 × 12 = 4900 y̅ =
2 2 63700
A3 = ρ1 gh1 h2 = 800 × 9.8 × 1 × 1 = 7840 h∗ = 2.1 m
FP M = Fp × (3 − h∗ )
= A1 + A2 + A3
b M FP
FP = × (3 − h∗ )
= 3920 + 4900 + 7840 b b
b M
FP = 63.7 × 0.9
= 16660 N⁄m b
b
FP = 16660 × 2 M
= 57.33 kN − m⁄m
b
FP = 33320 N
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 23

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

Topic : Curved Surfaces

1. [MSQ, ]
Plate AB has a width of 1.5 m and a radius of 3 m
, as shown below. Take ρW = 1000 kg/m3 and
g = 9.81 m/s2

0 de
I1 o
c 3. [MSQ, ]
The gate is 1.5 m wide, is pinned at A, and rests
EG al
on smooth support at B. Take ρw = 1000 kg.
A. The vertical reaction at the smooth stop B Which one or more of the following statement(s)
N rr

(due to water pressure) is is/are CORRECT ?

66.0 kN to 66.4 kN.
e

B. The vertical reaction at the smooth stop B

ef

(due to water pressure) is 103 kN to

105 kN.
R

C. The horizontal reaction component at the

pin A is 66.0 kN to 66.4 kN.
D. The horizontal reaction component at the
pin A is is 50.2 kN to 52.2 kN. A. Reaction force at A in x-direction is
66.0 Kn to 66.4 kN.
2. [NAT, ]
B. Reaction force at A in x-direction is
The below figure shows an overhanging sea wall.
56.0 kN to 56.4 kN.
The wall has 2 m wide. Take ρw = 1000 kg/m3 .
C. Reaction force at B in y-direction is
The resultant force exerted by water on the
103 Kn to 105 kN.
overhanging sea wall along ABC is ______ kN
D. Reaction force at B in y-direction is
(round off to one decimal place).
111 kN to 114 kN.
4. [MCQ, ] with water. The required height of water in the
A 4 m long quarter circular GATE of radius 3 m tube to lift the dome is _____ m (round off to
and of negligible weight is hinged about its top two decimal places). Disregard the weight of the
edge A. The GATE controls the flow of water over tube and the water in it.
the ledge at B, where the GATE is pressed by a
spring. If the water level rises to A at the top
edge of the GATE & spring keeps the GATE
closed, the spring force acting on the GATE to
keep it closed is _____ kN (approximately)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
6. [MCQ, ]
A. Horizontal component of the hydrostatic
N rr

Find the force P needed to hold the gate in the

force is 274.6 kN to 278.6 kN.
position shown in figure. If P acts 3 m from the
B. Vertical component of the hydrostatic force
e

y-axis. The parabolic gate is 150 cm wide.

is 73.8 kN to 77.8 kN.
ef

C. Line of action passing through the center of

the quarter circular GATE making an angle
R

22.2° to 24.2° upward from horizontal.

D. Spring force acting on the GATE to keep it
closed is 175 kN to 179 kN.

5. [NAT, ]
A 30 ton, 4 m diameter hemispherical dome on
A. 29.43 kN
a level surface is filled with water, as shown in
B. 19.62 kN
figure. Someone claims that he can lift this dome
C. 10.47 kN
by attaching a long tube to the top and filling it
 D. 15.68 kN
7. [MCQ, ]
Figure shows a gate having a quadrant shape of
radius 2 m. The resultant force due to water per
metre length of the gate is.
C. 620.61 kN
D. 1110.12 kN
9. [MCQ, ]
Find the vertical hydrostatic force, fZ , on the
surface P − Q due to the water in the tank.
Note, fZ , is the fore per unit width alongy.
The surface P − Q is shaped like a quarter
cylinder of radius R. The atmospheric pressure is

0 de
P0

I1 o
A. 19620 N

B. 30819 N

C. 36534.4 N c
EG al
D. 50439 N

8. [MCQ, ]
N rr

A curved face of a dam which is shaped  π 2

A. ρw g  R + R
2

x2  4 
e

according to the relation y  as shown in

9  π 2
B. P0 R+ρw g  R + R
2

4 
ef

figure. The height of the water retained by the 

dam is 10 m. Consider the width of the dam as  π 2
C. ρw g  R 
 4 
R

unity. The magnitude of the resultant water

pressure force acting on the curved face is  π 2
D. P0R + ρw g  R 
 4 

10. [NAT, ]
A door in a tank is in the form of a quadrant of a
cylinder of 1.5 m radius and 1.8 m wide. The
resultant force on the door and its location of
A. 490.07 kN
B. 790.91 kN
 the gate is _______ kN (take g = 9.79 m/s2 )
(round off to two decimal places).

A. 9.81 kN
B. 0.00 kN
C. 19.62 kN
D. None of these

0 de
[GATE-2002-CE]
13. [NAT, ]
11. [NAT, ]
A stationary circular pipe of radius R = 0.5 m is

I1 o
The lower corner of a water tank has the shape
half filled with water (density =
of a quadrant of circle of radius 1.2 m. The water
c
surface is 2.4 m above the centre of curvature.
The water tank is 3.0 m, long. The magnitude of
1000 kg⁄m3 ), whereas the upper half is filled
with air at atmospheric pressure, as shown in
EG al
the figure. Acceleration due to gravity is g =
the force exerted by the water surface on this
9.81 m⁄s2 . The magnitude of the force per unit
2
curved surface is _____kN (take g = 9.79 m/s )
N rr

length (in kN⁄m, rounded off to one decimal

(round off to two decimal places).
place) applied by water on the pipe section AB is
e

_____.
ef
R

[GATE-2023-XE]
14. [NAT, ]
A dam with a curved shape is shown in the
figure. The cross-sectional area of the dam
12. [MCQ, ]
(shaded portion) is 100 m2 and its centroid is at
The force ‘F’ required at equilibrium on the
x̅ = 10 m. The vertical component of the
semi-cylindrical gate shown below is
hydrostatic force, Fz , is acting at a distance xp .
 The value of xp is ______m (round off to nearest [GATE-2022-XE]
integer). 16. [MCQ, ]
Water is retained against a sluice gate in the
form of a circular segment as shown in the
figure. If ρ and g are the density of water and
gravitational acceleration respectively, the
upward force exerted by the gate on the water
per unit depth perpendicular to the plane of the
[GATE-2014-XE]
figure is

0 de
15. [MCQ, ]
A heavy horizontal cylinder of diameter D

I1 o
supports a mass of liquid having density ρ as

c
shown in the figure. Find out the vertical
component of force exerted by the liquid per
EG al
unit length of the cylinder if g is the acceleration
due to gravity.
N rr

1
A. ρR2 (θ − 2 sin 2θ)g
e

1
B. ρR2 (cos2 θ − 2 sin θ) g
ef

πD2
A. ρg 1
4 C. ρR2 (cos θ − 2 sin θ) g
πD2
B. ρg
R

1
8 D. ρR2 (cos2 θ − 2 sin2 θ) g
πD2
C. ρg [GATE-2015-XE]
2
πD2
D. ρg
3
 Answer Key
1. (B, C) 9. (A)
2. (177 to 182) 10. (94.18 to 96.08)
3. (A, C) 11. (156.71 to 159.88)
4. (B, C) 12. (B)
5. (1.72) 13. (2.26 to 2.30)
6. (C) 14. (7.0 to 7.0)
7. (C) 15. (B)
8. (B) 16. (A)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B, C) Fv = ρw gV = 1000 × 9.81
1
× ( × π × (3 m)2 ) × 1.5
4
= 104.01 × 103 = 104.01 kN
And it acts at
4×3 4
x1 = =
3π π
4
x2 = (3 − ) = 1.7268 m
π

0 de
Write the moment equations of equilibrium
about points A and O by referring to the FBD of

I1 o
the gate,
The horizontal loading on the gate is due to the ↶ +ΣMA = 0
c
pressure on the vertical projected area of the
gate. Since the gate has a constant width of b =
66.2175 × 2 + 104.01 × 1.7268 − NB × 3
=0
EG al
1.5 m, the intensity of the horizontal NB = 104.01 = 104 kN

distributed load at point B is ↶ ΣM0 = 0

N rr

4
wB = ρw ghB b = 1000 × 9.81 × 3 × 1.5 66.2175 × 2 − 104.01 × ( ) − Ay × 3 = 0
π
e

= 44.145 × 105 N/m

Ay = 0
1
ef

Fh = wB hB Write the force equation of equilibrium along

2
1 the x axis,
= × 44.145 × 103 × 3
2
R

+
→ ΣFx =0
3
= 66.2175 × 10 = 66.2175 kN 66.2175 − Ax = 0
And it acts at Aτ = 66.2175 = 66.2 kN
2
⃗ = ×3 =2m
y
3 2. Answer: (177 to 182)
The vertical force acting on the gate is equal to
the weight of water contained in the imaginary
block shown in figure, above the gate, but acts
upward,
 FR = √(FBC )2h + (FAB + (FBC )b )2

= √(98.1 × 103 )2 + (73.6 × 103 + 75.702 × 103 )2

= 178.6 × 103 = 179 kN

3. Answer: (A, C)

0 de
Horizontal component. Since AB is along the
horizontal, no horizontal component exists. The
horizontal component of the force on BC is

I1 o
(FBC )h = γw h̅A
1
1000 × 9.81 × (1.5 +

= 98.1 × 103 N
c 2
× 2) (2 × 2)

The intensity of the horizontal distributed load

EG al
Vertical component. The force on AB and the at B is given by
vertical component of the force on BC is equal wB = ρw ghB b = 1000 × 9.81 × 3 × 1.4
N rr

to the weight of the water contained in blocks = 44.145 × 103 N/m

ABEFA and BCDEB, but it acts upwards. Here, And its resultant force is
e

AABEFA = 1.5\TIMES 2.5 = 3.75 m2 and 1 1

Fh = wB lDB = [44.145 × 103 ] × 3
ef

π 2 2
ABCDEB = 3.5 × 2 − 4 × 22 = (7 − π) m2 ,
= 66.2175 × 103 = 66.2175 kN
then,
The vertical force acting on the plate is equal to
R

FAB = γw VABEFA = 1000 × 9.81 × 3.75 × 2

the weight of the water contained in the block
= 73575 × 103 = 73.6 kN
Fv = ρWg VAOB
(FBC )v = γw VBCDEB
π
= 1000 × 9.81 × ((7 − π) = 1000 × 9.81 × [ × (3m)2 × 1.5]
4
× 2)) = 104.01 × 103 = 104.01 kN
= 75.702 × 103 N ↶ +ΣMA = 0
Therefore, 2
NB (3m) − 66.2175 × × 3 − 104.01
3
FBc = √(FBC )2h + (FBC )2v 4
× (3 − ) m = 0
π
= √(98.1 × 103 ) + (75.702 × 103 )2
NB = 104.01 kN = 104 kN
= 123.91 × 103 = 124 kN +
→ ΣFx = 0; Ax − 66.2175 = 0
 Ax = 66.2175 FV
tan ϕ =
= 66.2 kN FH
75.79
tan ϕ =
4. Answer: (B, C) 176.58
tan ϕ = 0.4292
ϕ = 23.23°
Taking moment about hinge at A
Fs × R = FR × {R Sin (90 − ϕ)}
Fs = FR cos ϕ

0 de
Fs = FH
Fs = 176.58 kN
FH = FP,V

I1 o
R
FH = ρg ( ) (Rw) 5. Answer: 1.68 to 1.75 (1.72)
2

FH =
1
2
ρgR2 w c
EG al
1
FH = × 1000 × 9.81 × 32 × 4
2
N rr

FH = 176580 N
FH = 176.58 kN
e

FV = W
ef

FV = ρVg
π 2
V = (R2 − R )w
4
R

π
FV = ρ (1 − ) R2 wg
4
π
FV = (1 − ) ρgR2 w
4
π
FV = (1 − ) × 1000 × 9.81 × 32 × 4
4
In limiting case,
FV = 75788.78 N
Lifting of hemispherical dome will start
FV = 75.79 kN
Fv = Wb
FR = √FH2 + FV2 Fv = W
Fv = ρVg
FR = √176.582 + 75.792
π 2 d 2 d 3
FR = 192.16 kN V = d (h + ) − π ( )
4 2 3 2
 π 2 π π through the centroid is found using a horizontal
V= d h + d3 − d3
4 8 12 strip:
π π
V = d2 h + d3 2 1 2
∫ y 4 dy
4 24 ∫0 x(x⁄2)dy 8 0 23
dw = 2 =1 2 = 14.715
π d ∫0 x dy ∫ y 2 dy 6
Fv = ρ d2 (h + ) g 2 0
4 6
= 19.620 N
π d
ρ d2 (h + ) g = mb g Sum moments about the hinge and find P as
4 6
follows:
d 4mb
h+ = 3P = d1 F1 + dw Fw
6 πρd2
= 0.667 × 29.430 + 0.6 × 19.620
4mb d
h= −

0 de
P = 10.470 N
πρd2 6
4 × 30 × 1000 4
h= − 7. Answer: (C)
π × 1000 × 42 6

I1 o
h = 1.72066 m Given
Radius of gate = 2 m
6. Answer: (C)
c Width of gate = 1 m
EG al
N rre
ef

Horizontal force
A free-body diagram of the gate and the water
Fx = Force on the projected area of the curved
directly above the gate is shown in the figure.
R

surface on vertical plane

The forces are found to be
= Force on BO  gAh
F1 = γh̅A
= 9810 × 1 × (2 × 1.5) = 29.430 N Where A = Area of BO = 2 × 1 = 2 m2 ,
Fw = γ ⩝ y 2 1
h   2 1 m
2 2
= 9810 ∫ 1.5x dy
0
Fx = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 = 19620 N
2 2
y 2 4
= 14.715 ∫ dy This will act at a depth of  2  m from free
0 2 3 3
2 3 surface of liquid
= 14.715 = 19.620 N
6 Vertical Force, Fy
1
The distance d1 is 3 (2) = 0.667 m since the Fy = Weight of water (imagined) supported by
top edge is in the free surface. The distance dw AB
 = ρg × Area of AOB × 1.0 Fy = Weight of water supported by the curve AB
 4
 1000  9.81  2  1.0  30819 N = Weight of water in the portion ABC
4
= ρg[Area of ABC] × Width of dam
This will act at a distance of
 g   x  dy 1.0
10
4R 4  2.0
  0.848 m from OB.  0 
3 3
{Area of strip = xdy
∴ Resultant force, F is given by

10
Area ABC = xdy }
F  Fx2  Fy2 0

 1000  9.81  3 y dy
10

 19620  30819  384944400  949810761 0

0 de
= 36534.4 N. Q x  3 y
10
8. Answer: (B)  y3/2  2 10
 29430    29430   y3/2  0  19620 103/2 

I1 o
 3 / 2 0 3
= 19620 × 31.622 = 620439 N

c ∴ Resultant water pressure on dam

F  Fx2  Fy2   4905002   6204392

EG al
= 790907 N = 790.907 kN
N rr

9. Answer: (A)
e

Equation of curve AB is
x2
ef

y or x 2 = 9y
9
∴ x  9y  3 y
R

Height of water, h = 10 m
Width, b = 1 m The vertical force on a submerged curved surface
is equal to the weight of the liquid vertically
The horizontal component, Fx is given by
above the curved surface.
FX = Pressure due to water on the curved area FV = ρ  g  V
projected on vertical plane
Where V is the volume of the fluid contained
= Pressure on area BC above the curved surface up-to the free surface
 gAh of the fluid.
 πR 2 
1  +R 2   ρw g ×1
Where A  BC 1  10 1m2 , h  10  5m  4 
2 π
⇒ ρw g [R2 + R2 ]
Fx = 1000 × 9.81 × 10 × 5 = 490500 N 4
Hence, the correct option is (A)
Vertical component, Fy is given by
10. Answer: (94.18 to 96.08)

Horizontal component of the force

0 de
FH = ρg(Projected area) × x̄ Vertical component:
1.5 Fv = volume contained in (OMN + ONRS) =
= 1000 × 9.79 × [(1.5 × 1.8) × (2.0 + )]
2 Fv1 + Fv2
= 72690 N

I1 o
 
Fv    1.2  3.0  9.79   2.4 1.2  3.0  9.79
2
= 72.69 kN
4 
c = 33.22 + 84.59 = 117.81 kN
Horizontal component FH = Force on the
projection of curved face MN on vertical plane
EG al
= ρgAx̄
= 1000 × 9.79 × (1.2 × 3) (2.4 + 0.6) =
N rr

105732 N
= 105.73 kN
Resultant force on the curved face MN
e
ef

R  Fv2  FH2  117.812  105.732  158.3 kN

R

Vertical component of the force

Fv = ρg(Volume TNMS) 12. Answer: (B)
= 1000 × 9.79 × [(1.5 × 1.8) × (2.0 + 1.5)]
1
− 4 × π × (1.5)2 × 1.8] = 61374.8 N
= 61.37 kN
Resultant force
FR  FH2  Fv2   72.692   61.37 2  95.13 kN

11. Answer: (156.71 to 159.88)

M2 = M1
F × R = FP × 0
F=0
13. Answer: (2.26 to 2.30)
 14. Answer: (7.0 to 7.0)

FH = FP,V
FH = ρgh̅V AV
R
FH = ρg ( ) (Rω)

0 de
2
1
FH = ρgR2 ω
2
Vertical component
1
FH = ρgR2

I1 o
2 ↓
FV = W Center of Gravity
FV = ρVg
π
FV = ρ ( R2 ω) g
c Center of Mass
Center of Volume
EG al
4 Centroid
π
FV = ρgR2 ω A = 15 × 40 = 600 m2
4
N rr

FV π (7.5 m)
= ρgR2
ω 4 A1 = 100 m2
π
fV = ρgR2 (10 m)
e

4
A2 = A − A1
ef

fp = √fH2 + fV2 A2 = 600 − 100

2
A2 = 500 m2
1 π 2
√
fp = [ ρgR ] + [ ρgR2 ]
2
R

(xp )
2 4
Ax = A1 x1 + A2 x2
1 π2 600 × 7.5 = 100 × 10 + 500 xp
fp = ρgR2 √1 +
2 4 4500 = 1000 + 500 xp
xp = 7.0 m
1 π2
fp = = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.52 √1 +
2 4
15. Answer: (B)
fp = 2283.395 N⁄m
fp = 2.283 kN⁄m
16. Answer: (A)
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 24

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

Topic : Various Cases on Curved Surfaces

1. [MSQ, ] 3. [NAT, ]
A tainter gate of radius 8 m as shown in figure. A cylinder (3.0 m diameter, 6.0 m long) is acted
Which one or more of the following statement(s) upon by a fluid on the left has a specific gravity

0 de
is/are CORRECT? (Take width of gate unity). of 1.6 and on the right has a specific gravity of
0.8. Take ρw = 999 kg/m3

A. The
I1 o
horizontal
c
77.48 kN to 79.48 kN.
component FH =
The absolute ratio of the net magnitude of
EG al
B. The vertical component The vertical vertical forces to the net magnitude of
component Fv = 26.44 kN to 30.44 kN. horizontal forces is _____ (round off to two
N rr

C. The vertical component Fv =

decimal places).
36.44 kN to 38.44 kN.
e

D. The horizontal component FH =

4. [MCQ, ]
ef

26.44 kN to 30.44 kN.

A 125 ml cube of solid oak is held submerged by
a tether as shown. What will be the actual force
R

2. [NAT, ]
of water on the bottom surface of the cube?
A spherical viewing port exists 1.5 m below the
[Patm = 101 kPa]
static water surface of a tank as shown in the
figure. The magnitude, of the thrust on the
viewing port is _________ kN (round off to two
decimal places).

A. 269.66 N
B. 270.89 N
 C. 267.74 N
D. 243.67 N
5. [MCQ, ]
Curved panel BC as shown in the figure is a 60°
are, perpendicular to the bottom at C. if the
panel is 4 m wide into the paper, then the
resultant hydrostatic force of the water on the
panel is
B. Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = 0
C. Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = ρgwr 2 /2
D. Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = πρgwr 2 /2
[GATE-2001-ME]
7. [MCQ, ]
In which one of the following arrangement
would the vertical force on the cylinder due to

0 de
water be the maximum?
3
(γwater = 9790 N⁄m )

I1 o
c
EG al
N rr

A. 373.00 N
B. 161.86 kN
e

C. 335.65 kN
ef

D. 441.8 kN
R

6. [MCQ, ]
The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces Fx
and Fy on the semi-circular gate, having a width
‘w’ into the plane of figure, are

[GATE-1998-CE]

8. [NAT, ]

A. Fx = ρghrw and Fy = 0
 A cylinder (2.0 m diameter, 3.0 m long and π
B. 2ρR2 gL (1 + 4 )
25 kN weight) is acted upon by water on one C. πR2 ρgL
π
D. 2 ρR2 gL
side and oil (specific gravity = 0.8) on other side
[GATE-2016-ME]
as shown in the figure.
10. [NAT, ]
A sector gate is provided on a spillway as shown
in the figure. Assuming g = 10 m/s 2 , the
resultant force per meter length (expressed in
kN/m) on the gate will be________ (round off

0 de
to two decimal places).
The absolute ratio of the net magnitude of
vertical forces to the net magnitude of

I1 o
horizontal forces (round off to two decimal
places) is _____.
c [GATE-2021-CE]
EG al
9. [MCQ, ]
Consider a frictionless, mass less and leak-proof
N rr

plug blocking a rectangular hole of dimensions [GATE-2016-CE]

2R × L at the bottom of an open tank as shown
e

11. [NAT, ]
in the figure. The head of the plug has the shape
A semi-circular gate of radius 1m is placed at the
ef

of a semi-cylinder of radius R. The tank is filled

with a liquid of density ρ up to the tip of the plug. bottom of a water reservoir as shown in figure
The gravitational acceleration is g. Neglect the below. The hydrostatic force per unit width of
R

effect of the atmospheric pressure the cylindrical gate in y-direction is ____ kN. The
gravitational acceleration, g = 9.8 m/s 2 and
density of water 1000 kg/m3 (round off to one
decimal place).

The force F required to hold the plug in its

position is
π
A. 2ρR2 gL (1 − 4 )
R
ef
N rre
EG al
c
I1 o
0 de
[GATE-2016-XE]
 Answer Key
1. (A, B) 7. (D)
2. (78.5 to 80.4) 8. (0.35 to 0.40)
3. (1.10 to 1.15) 9. (A)
4. (B) 10. (126.00 to 128.00)
5. (D) 11. (15.3 to 15.5)
6. (D)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A, B) {∵ DO = BO cos 30° = 8 × cos 30°}
= 9810 × [16.755 – 13.856] = 28439 N
= 28.44kN

2. Answer: (78.5 to 80.4)

 D2 
FH  w g     1.5  1
 4 

 
 w  g    4    2.5  77.047 kN

0 de
4 
The horizontal component of water pressure  D2    8 
force is given by Fv  w g     w  g     20.54 kN
 12   12 

I1 o
Fx = gAh  Force on the area projected on
vertical plane F  FH2  FV2   77.0472   20.542  79.739 kN
c
= Force on the vertical area of BD
Where A = BD × Width of gate = 4.0 × 1 = 3. Answer: (1.10 to 1.15)
EG al
4.0 m Horizontal forces
1 For fluid 1 (on the left)
h̅ = ×4=2m
N rr

2 FH1 = pc × A
Fx = 1000 × 9.81 × 4.0 × 2.0 = 78480 N =
D
e

78.48 kN = (ρ1 × g × ) × D × L
2
Vertical component of the water pressure is 1
ef

given by = × SG1 × ρ × g × D2 × L
2
Fy = Weight of water supported or enclosed 1
FH1 = × 1.6 × 999 × 9.81 × (3)2 × 6
R

(imaginary) by curved surface CB 2

= Weight of water in the portion CBDC FH1 = 423 kN
= ρg × [Area of portion CBDC] × For fluid 2 (on the right)
Width of gate FH2 = pc × A
= ρg × D D
[Area of sector CBO – Area of the triangle BOD] × = (ρ2 × g × ) × × L
4 2
1
1
 30 BD  DO  = × SG2 × ρ × g × D2 × L
 1000  9.81   R 2  8
 360 2 
1
FH2 = × 0.8 × 999 × 9.81 × (3)2 × 6
1 4.0  8.8 cos30  8
 9810    82 
12 2  FH2 = 52.9 kN
 The resultant horizontal force is
FH = FH1 − FH2
FH = 370 kN
πD2
4
FV1 = SG1 × ρ × g × ×L
2
π × (3)2
FV1 = 1.6 × 999 × 9.81 × ×6
8
FV1 = 333 kN
FH = Sw × g × (12) × 3.5 m
For the right side, using a similar logic ⇒ FH = Sw g × 42 N

0 de
π×D2
4 FV = Sw × g × {4
FV2 = SG2 × ρ × ×L
4
π × 32 3√3

I1 o
FV2 = 0.8 × 999 × 9.81 × ×6 × (( + 2 ) × 1.5
16 2
FV2 = 83.1 kN
FV = FV1 + FV2
FV = 416 kN
c 1
6
1
− ( × π × 9 − × 1.5 ×
2
3√3
2
))}
EG al
= Sw g × (16.533)N
FV 416
∴ = = 1.12 FR = √FH2 + FV2 = Sw g(45.136)N
FH 370
N rr

= (9790)(45.136)N = 441.8 kN
4. Answer: (B)
e

Volume of the cube, V = 125 mL 6. Answer: (D)

a3 = 125 × 10−3 × 10−3 m3
ef

a = 0.05 m
Pressure at bottom surface,
R

Pbottom = Patm + (ρgh)old + [ρg(h + a)]water

= 101 × 103 + (800 × 9.81 × 0.5)
+ [1000 × 9.81 × (0.3 + 0.05)]
Pbottom = 108357.5 Pa
FH = FP,V
Fbottom = Pbottom × A
π
= 108357.5 × 0.05 = 270.89 N Vs = r 2 ω
2
FH = FP,V
5. Answer: (D) FH = ρgh̅v AV
FH = ρgh (2rω)
FH = 2ρghrω
FV = Fb
Fv = Wfd
 Fv = ρVfd g ΣFV = 39.719 kN (↑)
Fv = ρVs g ΣFH = FHW − FHO
π
Fv = ρ ( r 2 ω) g FHW = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 6
2
π FHW = 117720 N
Fv = ρgr 2 ω
2
FHW = 117.720 kN (→)
FHO = 800 × 9.81 × 0.5 × 3
7. Answer: (D)
Fv = Fb FHO = 11772 N
Fv = Wfd FHO = 11.772 kN (←)
Fv = ρf Vfd g ΣFH = 117.720 − 11.772

0 de
Fv = ρf Vs g ΣFH = 105.948 kN (→)
For same fluid & Same g ΣFV 39.719
Fv ∝ Vs =
ΣFH 105.948

I1 o
ΣFV
8. Answer: (0.35 to 0.40) = 0.37489
ΣFH
c 9. Answer: (A)
EG al
N rre

ΣFV
ef

ΣFH
ΣFV = FVW + FVO − W(↑)
R

π
FVW = ρW ( R2 ω) g
2
π
FVW = 1000 ( × 12 × 3) × 9.81
2
FVW = 46228.5359 N FVI = W
FVW = 46.228 kN (↑) FVI = ρVg
π π 2
FVO = ρo ( R2 ω) g V = (R2 − R )L
4 4
π π
FVO = 800 ( × 12 × 3) × 9.81 V = (1 − ) R2 L
4 4
FVO = 18491.414 N π
FV I = ρ (1 − ) R2 Lg (↓)
4
FVO = 18.491 kN (↑)
π
ΣFV = 46.228 + 18.491 − 25 FV II = ρ (1 − ) R2 Lg (↓)
4
 π
FV = 2ρ (1 − ) R2 Lg (↓) √3 2
4 Atri = R
4
π
F = 2ρ (1 − ) R2 Lg (↑) π 2 √3 2
4 A= R − R
6 4
1 π √3 2
10. Answer: (126.00 to 128.00) A= ( − R )
2 3 4
1 π √3 2
Vs = ( − )R ω
2 3 2
1 π √3
FV = ρ ( − ) R2 ωg
2 3 2

0 de
FV 1 π √3
= ( − ) ρgR2
ω 2 3 2

I1 o
1 π √3
fV = ( − ) ρgR2
2 3 2
FP = √FH2 + FV2 c fP = √FH2 + FV2
EG al
fp = √fH2 + fV2 2 2
1 1 π √3
√
fP = [ ρgR ] + [ ( − ) ρgR2 ]
2
FH = FP,V 2 2 3 2
N rr

FH = ρgh̅V AV 2
1 π √3
R fP = ρgR2 √1 + ( − )
2 3 2
e

FH = ρg ( (Rω)
2
FH 1 1
ef

= ρgR2 fP = × 1000 × 10 × 52 × 1.01628

ω 2 2
1
fH = ρgR2
R

2 11. Answer: (15.3 to 15.5)

Fv = Fb
Fv = Fb
Fv = Wfd
Fv = Wfd
FV = ρf Vfd g
Fv = ρf Vfd g
FV = ρf Vs g
Fv = ρf Vs g
Vs = Aω π
Fv = ρf ( R2 ω) g
A = Asec − Atri 2
FV π
πR2 = ρ gR2
Asec = × 60 ω 2 f
360
π π
Asec = R2 fV = × 1000 × 9.8 × 12
6 2
fV = 15393.804 N⁄m
fV = 15.393 kN⁄m
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Hydrostatic Forces

1. A cylindrical gate of 3.0 m dia. and having 4.0 m
length is made of 60 mm thick steel sheet of
7.8 ton/m3 density. The gate has water on both
its sides.

0 de
(i) Water level is up to 2.0 m depth from bottom
of gate on the left side and up to 1.5 m depth
on the right side of the gate. Determine the

I1 o
[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2020]
magnitude, location and direction of the

c
resultant hydrostatic force. Also determine
whether the gate will float in this case or not.
3. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force of water on the quadrant gate shown in
EG al
(ii) If the water level rises up to 3.0 m on the left
figure below. The principal dimensions of the gate
of the gate (up to the top of the gate),
are as follows:
N rr

determine whether the gate will float or not. If

Radius of gate = 1 m
yes. What should be the thickness of the gate
Width of gate = 3 m
e

sheet to prevent it from floating?

Water density = 1000 kg/m3
ef

[ESE CE : 20 Marks : 2021]

The position of the centre of gravity is, as shown,
4R
horizontally from the origin. Provide a sketch
R

2. A 4 m long quarter-circular gate of radius 3 m and 3π

negligible weight is hinged about its upper edge A showing the forces and direction of resultant:

as shown in Figure. The gate controls the flow of

water over the edge at B, where the gate is
pressed by a spring. Determine the minimum
spring force required to keep the gate closed
when the water level rises to A at the upper edge
of the gate. Assume the density of water to be
1000 kg/m3 throughout.

[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2019]

4. It is frequently desirable to install automatic gates
to prevent a flood. One such GATE ABC is shown
in the figure.
pressure at the bottom of the tank if the entire
tank is filled with water? What is the water thrust
in this case? Draw the pressure distribution
diagram in both the cases.
[ESE CE : 8 Marks : 2015]

7. Water storage tank 10 m × 10 m × 10 m has a

drainage opening on one of the vertical sides at

0 de
the bottom which is trapezoidal in shape with a
width 2 m at the bottom 4 m at the top and 1 m

I1 o
height. A gate of same dimension hinged along the
top edge is used to close it. What is the minimum
c horizontal force required to be applied at the
bottom to keep the gate closed if the tank has full
EG al
The GATE ABC is 1m square and hinged at B. It will of water in it? Will there be any change in the
open automatically when water depth h becomes force required if the tank is only half full? if yes
N rr

high enough. Determine the minimum value of h how much?

at which the gate will open.
e

[ESE ME : 10 Marks : 2014]

[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2018]
ef

8. A cylindrical gate shown in figure is 5 m in

5. A vertical isosceles triangular gate with its vertex diameter and 20 m long. Find the total pressure
R

up has a base width of 2 m and a height of 1.5 m. on gate in magnitude and direction.
If the vertex of gate is 1 m below the free water
surface, find the total pressure force and the
position of centre of pressure.
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2017]

6. A 9 m deep tank contains 6 m of water and 3 m of

oil of relative density 0.88. Determine the [CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2014]

pressure at the bottom of the tank. What is the

9. A tank with the vertical sides measuring 3 m ×
3 m contains water to a depth of 1.2 m. An oil of
density 900 kg/m3 was poured in the tank up to a
depth of 0.8 m. The vertical wall can with stand
the thrust of 58 kN. Calculate the actual thrust on
the wall and centre of pressure. If the oil level is
increased up to 0.9 m, what will be stability of the
wall?
12. A vertical rectangular gate is 3.0 m high and 2.0 m
wide. It is hinged at the top. If the water is
standing upto a depth of 1.5 m above the top edge
of gate on one side, determine the force required
at the lower edge of the gate so that gate
remained closed.
[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2011]

0 de
[ESE ME : 10 Marks : 2012]

I1 o
10. A rectangular gate of width 5 m and depth 1.5 m
is installed to control the discharge as shown in
c
figure below. The end ′B′ is hinged. Determine the
force normal to the gate applied at ′A′ to open it.
EG al
13. Determine the total pressure on a plane
rectangular plate 1 m wide and 3 m deep when its
N rr

upper edge is horizontal and coincides with water

surface and plate is held perpendicular to water
e

surface.
ef

[ESE CE : 2 Marks : 2010]

[ESE CE : 6 Marks : 2012]

R

14. As shown in the figure below, an inclined gate AB

is provided at the bottom of a tank. The gate rests
11. A 45° sector gate is located on the crest of
on A over the wall which is smooth. The other end
spillway. The water is upto the mid-point of the
of the gate is hinged at B. If the width of the gate
gate when closed. The width of the gate is 10 m.
is 1.5 m, determine:
The radius of the sector gate is 2 m. Determine the
(i) total force on the gate in kN
hydrostatic force on the gate. Mass density
(ii) horizontal reaction at A
1000 kg/m3 , g = 9.79 ms−2 .
(iii) Reaction at B
[ESE CE : 10 Marks : 2011]

[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2008]
0 de
15. Find the depth of water required to topple the
rectangular flashboard and reaction at the hinge
I1 o
of the flashboard shown in figure.
c water.
EG al
N rr
[ESE CE : 10 Marks : 2006]
e
ef
16. A lock gate is installed for the movement of barges
in a navigational channel having width 8 m. The
R
angle between the pair of gates is 120° & each
gate is 8m high & 2 m wide supported on hinges
2 m from the top & 1 m from the bottom of the
gate as shown in the figure. If the depths of water
on the upstream and downstream sides are
4.5 & 1.5 m respectively. Find the reactions at the
top and bottom hinges in kN.
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2005]
17. A square plate of side 1 m is immersed in water
with it's diagonal vertical. The upper corner is
0.5 m below the free surface, as shown in figure
below. Find the hydrostatic force on the plate and
depth of centre of pressure from free surface of
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2002]
18. A rectangular gate 2 m wide and 6 m high is
hinged at base and makes an angle 60° with the
base of channel which is horizontal. To keep the
gate in stable position a force of 29.43 kN is
applied at right angle to the plate. Find the depth
of water at which gate begins to fall neglecting the
weight of gate and friction at the hinges.
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2000]
19. A vertical square area 1 m × 1 m is submerged in
water with upper edge 50 cm below the surface.
Locate the horizontal line on surface of the square
such that force on the upper portion equals that
on the lower portion.
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1999]
20. A vertical lift gate 5 m × 2.5 m size weighing 0.5
22. A cylinder of radius 0.3 m is located in water as
shown. The cylinder and the wall are smooth. For
a 1.5 m length of cylinder, find
(i) its weight,
(ii) the resultant force exerted by the wall on the
cylinder
(iii) the resultant moment around the centre of

0 de
tonnes slides along guides (coefficient of friction is the cylinder due to water forces on the
0.25) fitted on the side walls of an over flow cylinder.

I1 o
spillway and its crest. What force will have to be
exerted at the hoisting mechanism to lift the gate
c
when the head of water over the crest is 2 m.
[ESE CE : 10 Marks : 1998]
EG al
21. A circular laminar of 1000 mm in diameter is
N rr

[ESE CE : 15 Marks : 1998]

immersed in water so that the distance of its
e

perimeter measured vertically below the water

23. A tank 8 m deep & 2 m wide is layered with 3m
surface varies between 500 mm & 1200 mm as
ef

of oil, 2 m of water & 2m of mercury compute:

shown in figure. Find the total force due to the
a) Total hydrostatic force
water acting on one side of the lamina and the
R

b) The resultant centre of pressure of the fluid

vertical distance of the center of pressure below
on the 2 m wide wall
the surface.
Assume relative density of oil as 0.88 & that of
mercury as 13.6.
[CSE CE : 22.5 Marks : 1995]

[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1998]

 Answer Key
1. (𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍; 𝐭 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦) 13. (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍)

2. (𝐅𝐒 = 𝐅𝐑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐍 ) 14. (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐍; 𝐇𝐀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟒 𝐤𝐍; 𝐑 𝐁 =
𝐅
3. (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐅𝐕 ⇒ 𝛉 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝐨 ) √𝐇𝐁𝟐 + 𝐕𝐁𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐍)
𝐇

4. (𝐡 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦) 15. (𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍)

5. (𝐅 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝐍; 𝐡∗ = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐦) 16. (𝐑 𝐓 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍; 𝐑 𝐁 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍)

𝐅 17. (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 𝐤𝐍; 𝐡∗ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟏 𝐦)
6. ( 𝐛𝐛 = 𝟑𝟗𝟕. 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐍/𝐦)

0 de
18. (𝐡 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝐦)
7. (𝐅𝟏′ = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐍)
19. (𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐦 ; −𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐦 (𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝))
8. (𝛉 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝐨 )
20. (𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐍)

I1 o
9. (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗 𝐤𝐍; 𝐡∗ = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦; 𝐅𝐏′ =
𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐍) 21. (𝟖𝟖𝟔. 𝟑 𝐦𝐦)

10. (𝐏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟖 𝐍)
11. (𝐅𝐑 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍)
c 22. (𝐅𝐕 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐍)
23. (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟒𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟐 × 𝐛 = 𝟗𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐍; 𝐡∗ =
EG al
𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝐦)
12. (𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐍)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍; 𝐭 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦) FV2 = ρg(1.7671 × 4) = 69.341 kN

Solution: Left side FH,L = ρgh̅L AL = 103 ×

2
(i) 9.81 × (2) × (2 × 4) = 78.48 kN

Righ side FH,R = ρgh̅L AR = 103 ×

1.5
9.81 × ( 2 ) × (1.5 × 4) = 44.145 kN

Net horizontal Force FH = FH,L − FH,R

0 de
= 78.48 − 44.145
= 34.335 kN
Weight of volume V1
Net vertical force FV = FV1 + FV2

I1 o
= 98.2177 + 69.341

c = 167.5587 kN
Net Resultant FR = √FH2 + FV2
EG al
= √(34.355)2 + (167.5587)2

0.5 = 171.0404 kN
N rr

sin θ = F 167.5587
1.5 tan θ = FV =
H 34.335
θ = 19.47o
e

o
θ = 78.4196
∴ CD = 1.5 cos θ = 1.4142 m
Weight of gate = ρC gVgate
ef

θ 19.47o
Area of OBC = (360o ) × πR2 = ( 360o ) ×
= 7.8 × 103 × (πD × L)
2
π(1.5) = 7.8 × 103 g × π × 3 × 0.06 × 4
R

= 0.3823 m2 = 173.0796 kN
1
Area of OCD = 2 × 1.4142 × 0.5 = ∵ Weight of gate > Net vertical upward
0.35355 m2 force.
1
Area of AOB = Area of AOE = 4 πR2 = ∴ Gate will not float.

1.7671 m2 (i)

V1 = (0.3823 + 0.35355 + 1.7671)

× 4 = 2.503 × 4
V1 = 10.012 m3
FV1 = ρgV1 = 103 × 9.81 × 10.012 =
98.2177 kN
 FV = ρg(V1 + V2 )
FR = √FH2 + FV2 = 192.157 kN
3
= 103 × 9.81 × π(1.5)2 × 4
4
= 208.0284 kN (upward)
Since weight = 173.0796 kN is lessthan
upward vertucal force so gate will float to
prevent this
FV
Weight = FV tan θ = ⇒ θ = 23.23o
FH
ρC gπDtL = 208.0284 × 103 ΣMA = 0

0 de
7.8 × 103 × 9.81 × π × 3 × t × 4 FR Rcosθ = FS × R
= 208.0284 × 103
FS = FR cos θ = 176.578 kN
t = 0.072115 m

I1 o
t = 72.115 mm 𝐅
3. Answer: (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐅𝐕 ⇒ 𝛉 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝐨 )
𝐇
2. Answer: (𝐅𝐒 = 𝐅𝐑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐍 )
Solution: c Solution:
1
FH = ρgh̅A = 103 × 9.81 × ( ) × (1 × 3)
EG al
2
FH = 14.715 kN
N rr

2 2
This will act at = × 1 = m (from free
3 3

surface)
e
ef

R = 3m, L = 4m
FH = ρgh̅AV
3
R

FH = 103 × 9.81 × ( ) × (4 × 3)
2
FH = 176.58 kN
Fy = ρgRAH (upwards) Fv = ρgV

Fy = 103 × 9.81 × 3 × (3 × 4) 3
𝜋(1)2
= 10 × 9.81 × ×3
4
Fy = 353.16 kN
Fv = 23.114 kN
W = ρgV (downwards)
π(3)2
W = 103 × 9.81 × ×4
4
W = 277.3712 kN
FV = Fy − W = 353.16 − 277.3712 =
75.789 kN (Upwards)
 h > 0.33333 m (Ans)

5. Answer: (𝐅 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝐍; 𝐡∗ = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐦)

Solution:

FR = √FH2 + FV2 = √(14.715)2 + (23.114)62

0 de
= 27.4 kN
b = 2m, d = 1.5 m
FV
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 57.518o 1 1
FH A= bd = × 2 × 1.5
2 2

I1 o
A = 1.5 m2

Solution: c
4. Answer: (𝐡 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦)
h̅ = 1 +

F = ρgh̅A
2
3
× 1.5 = 2 m
EG al
= 103 × 9.81 × (2) × (1.5)
F = 29430 N
N rr

(Ans)
Ixx,C
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
e

1 2 × 1.53
=2+ ×
ef

36 1.5 × 2
= 2.0625 m (Ans)
R

To open gate automatically h∗ must be just

𝐅
6. Answer: ( 𝐛𝐛 = 𝟑𝟗𝟕. 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐍/𝐦)
above hinge point.
So, Solution:

h∗ < h + 0.6 1st Case

Ixx,C
h̅ + < h + 0.6
Ah̅
1
(1)3
12
(h + 0.5) + < h + 0.6
1(h + 0.5)
1
< 0.1
12(h + 0.5)
Pb = ρoil ghoil + ρw ghw
1
< h + 0.5 = 880 × 9.81 × 3 + 1000 × 9.81 × 6
1.2
 = 84.7584 kPa
2nd Case

1
CG of triangle will be at 3 m from upper line

Ix x,T, for triangle about x x axis

Ix x,T = ICG + AT y 2
1 × 13 1 2
= + (0.5) (0.444 − )

0 de
Pb′ = ρw g(9) = 103 × 9.81 × 9 36 3
= 88.29 kPa = 0.0339 m4
Fb 1 For both triangles = 2 × 0.0339 = 0.0678 m4
= AFPD = × 88.29 × 9

I1 o
b 2 For rectangle about x-x axis
= 397.305 kN/m
Ix x,R = ICG + AR y 2

7. Answer: (𝐅𝟏′
c
= 𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐍) =
2 × 13
12
+ (2)(0.5 − 0.444)2
EG al
Solution: = 0.17294 m4
Ix x,C = 2Ix x,T + Ix x,R
N rr

= 0.0678 + 0.17294
= 0.2407 m4
e

Ix x,C
h∗ = h̅ +
ef

Ah̅
0.2407
= 9.444 +
3 × 9.444
R

A1 y̅1 + A2 y̅2 + A3 y̅3

y̅ = = 9.4525 m
A1 + A2 + A3
1 1 1 Minimum force at bottom required F1 required
0.5 × (3) + 0.5 (3) + (2 × 1) × 2
y̅ = to close the gate
0.5 + 0.5 + 2
y̅ = 0.444 m FP (h∗ − 9) = F1 × 1
h̅ = 9 + y̅ = 9.444 m F1 = 125.776 kN
Area of drainage opening = A1 + A2 + A3 If the tank is half full

= 3 m2 h̅ = 4 + y̅ = 4.444 m
Fp = ρgh̅A Ixx,C
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
Fp = 103 × 9.81 × 9.444 × 3
0.2407
FP = 277.936 kN = 4.444 +
3 × 4.444
 = 4.462 m FR = 3118.4875 kN
FP′ = ρgh̅A = 103 × 9.81 × 4.444 × 3
Fp′ = 130.787 kN
Minimum force required to closed the gate
Fp′ (h∗ − 4) = F1′ × 1
130.787(4.462 − 4) = F1′
F1′ = 60.423 kN
FV 1926.19
tanθ = = ⇒ θ = 38.146o
FH 2452.5

0 de
8. Answer: (𝛉 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝐨 )
Solution:
9. Answer: (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗 𝐤𝐍; 𝐡∗ =
𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝐦; 𝐅𝐏′ = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐍)

I1 o
Solution:

c
EG al
5
FH = ρgh̅A = 103 × 9.81 × ( ) × (5 × 20)
2
N rr

5×2 10
FH = 2452.5 kN (will act at = m
3 3
e

from free surface)

ef

p1 = ρ0 gh0 = 7.0632 kPa

R

p2 = ρ0 gh0 + ρw ghw = 18.8352 kPa

Fp
= AFPD
b
1
= ( × 7.0632 × 0.8) + (7.0632 × 1.2)
2
1
4R 4(2.5) + ( × 1.2 × 11.772)
Application point, x = 3π = = 1.061 m 2
3π

π(2.5)2 FP = 18.3634 × 3
3
FV = ρgV = 10 × 9.81 × × 20
2 = 55.0929 kN
FV = 1926.19 kN Ah∗ = A1 y̅1 + A2 y̅2 + A3 y̅3
Resultant foce FR = √FH2 + FV2 18.3643 × h∗ = 2.825 × 0.533 + 8.47584
FR = √(2452.5)2 + (1926.19)2 × 1.4 + 7.0632 × 1.6
 h∗ = 1.34 m 1.5
=3−
√2
= 1.9393 m
h1 + h2 1.9398 + 3
∴ h̅ = = = 2.4697 m
2 2
Center of pressure
Ix x,c sin2 θ
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
5×1.53
× sin2 45
∗ 12
P3 = ρ0 gh0 = 900 × 9.81 × 0.9 h = 2.4697 +

0 de
5 × 1.5 × 2.4697
= 7.9461 kPa = 2.5077 m
P4 = ρ0 gh0 + ρw ghw Force acting due to water, F = ρgh̅A

I1 o
= 19.7181 kPa = 103 × 9.81 × 2.4697 × (5 × 1.5)
FP′ = 181.7082 kN
b
= AFPD

1
c
= ( × 0.9 × 7.9461) + (7.9461 × 1.2)
Taking moment about point A
EG al
2
1
+ ( × 1.2 × 11.772)
2
N rr

FP′ = 20.174 × 3
= 60.522 kN
e

Fper = 58 kN
ef

FP′ > Fper [The wall will fail] h∗ − h1 2.5077 − 1.9393

∵L= = = 0.8038
sin θ sin 45o
⇒ Taking moment about point A
R

10. Answer:(𝐏 = 𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔. 𝟖 𝐍)

ΣMA = 0; F × L = P × 1.5
Solution:
⇒ 181.7082 × 0.8038 = P × 1.5
Width = 5m & depth 1.5 m
⇒ 97.4268 = P
⇒ P = 97426.8 N

11. Answer: (𝐅𝐑 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍)

Solution:

∴ h1 = h2 − 1.5 sin θ
= 3 − 1.5 sin 45𝑜
 FH = ρgh̅A
0.7654
FH = 103 × 9.79 × × (0.7654 × 10)
2
FH = 28.674 kN
P1 = ρw g(1.5) = 103 × 9.81 × 1.5

0 de
FV = ρgV
= 14.715 kPa
P2 = ρw g(4.5) = 103 × 9.81 × 4.5
= 44.145 kPa

I1 o
P 1
= P1 × 3 + (P2 − P1 ) × 3
b 2
c P
b
1
= 14.715 × 3 + (44.145 − 14.715 ) × 3
2
EG al
22.5o 1 P
V = (( ) × πR2 − × (2 cos 22.5o ) = 88.29 kN/m
360o 2 b
F = 88.29 × 2 = 176.58 kN
N rr

× (2 sin 22.5o )) × 10 A × h∗ = A1 h̅1 + A2 h̅2

e

3
V = 0.783 m3 88.29 × h∗ = (14.715 × 3) (15 + )
2
ef

FV = 103 × 9.79 × 0.783 1

+ (44.145 − 14.715)(3)
Fv = 7.6656 Kn 2
2
R

Resultant hydrostatic Force FR = √FH2 + FV2 × (1.5 + 3 × )

3
FR = √(28.674)2 + (7.6656) h∗ = 3.25 m
FR = 29.68 kN Application point from hinge = 3.2 − 1.5
= 1.75 m
12. Answer: (𝐅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐍) P × 1.75 = F × 3
Solution: 176.58 × 1.75 = F × 3
F = 103.005 kN

13. Answer: (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝐤𝐍)

Solution:
 z
sinθ =
x
x = 1.375 m
ΣHinge = 0
FP × x = HA × 1.8
HA = 121.4 kN
FP = ρgh̅A HA + HB = 95.3534 kN
= 103 × 9.81 × (1.5) × 3 121.4 + HB = 95.3534
= 44.145 kN HB = −26.0466 kN

0 de
VB = FP cos 36.87
14. Answer: (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐍; 𝐇𝐀 = = 127.137 kN

𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟒 𝐤𝐍; 𝐑 𝐁 = √𝐇𝐁𝟐 + 𝐕𝐁𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐤𝐍) R B = √HB2 + VB2 = 129.778 kN (Ans)

I1 o
Solution:
c 15. Answer: (𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍)
Solution:
EG al
N rre

d = √(1.8)2 + (2.4)2 = 3 m
ef

A = bd = 1.5 × 3 = 4.5 m2
h̅ = (4.5 − 1.8) + 0.9
L
= 3.6 m Fp = ρgh̅A = ρg (2 sin50o ) × (L × 1) [Unit
R

FP = ρgh̅A = 103 × 9.81 × 3.6 × 4.5 width]

= 158.922 kN (Ans) L2
Fp = ρg sin50o
2
HA + HB = FH
1×L3
2
= FP sinθ Ixx,C sin 𝜃 D 12
h∗ = h̅ + = +
= 95.3534 kN A 2 (L × 1) × D
2

Ixx,C sin2 θ L sin50o L3 sin2 50o

h∗ = h̅ + h∗ = +
Ah̅ 2 L
12L × sin 50o
2
1.5 × 33 × (sin36.87)2
h∗ = 3.6 + L L 2
12 × 4.5 × 3.6 h∗ = sin 50o + sin 50o = Lsin 50o
2 6 3
= 3.675 m ∗
h
z = 4.5 − h∗ = 0.825 m L= +z+2
sin 50o
 2Lsin 50o
L= +z+2
3 sin 50𝑜
2 L
z = (L − L − 2) = ( − 2)
3 3
Taking moment about hinge
Fp z = 0 [for equilibrium]
L2 L F = Resultant force due to water
ρg sin 50𝑜 × ( − 2) = 0
2 3 P = Reaction between two gates at the common
L= 6m
contact area
D = L sin 50o = 6 × sin 50o

0 de
R = Resultant reaction at hinges
D = 4.5963 m
F
L2 R=P=
2 sinθ
Fp = ρg sin 50o
2

I1 o
62
= 103 × 9.81 × × sin 50o

Fp = 135.268 kN c 2
EG al
R H = FP sin 50o = 103.6213 kN
R V = FP cos 50o = 86.9486 kN
4.5
Fup = ρgh̅1 A1 = 103 × 9.81 × ( )
N rr

Resultant Reaction at hinge = √R2H + R2V 2

× (4.5 × 2) = 198.6525 kN
= √(103.6213)2 + (86.9486)2
Fdown = ρgh̅2 A2
e

= 135.268 kN 1.5
= 103 × 9.81 × ( )
ef

2
× (1.5 × 2) = 22.0725 kN
16. Answer: (𝐑 𝐓 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍; 𝐑 𝐁 =
4.5
Fup will act at = 1.5 m from bottom
R

𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍) 3

1.5
Solution: & Fdown will act at = 0.5 m from bottom
3

Net water force F = 198.6525 − 220.725

= 176.58 kN
F will act at h from bottom
F × h = Fup × 1.5 − Fdown × 0.5
F × h = 198.6525 × 1.5 − 22.0725 × 0.5
176.58 × h = 286.9425 kN
h = 1.625 m from the bottom
F 176.58
P=R= = = 176.58 kN
2 sin 30o 2 sin 30o
 R T + R B = 176.58 18. Answer: (𝐡 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝟒𝟒 𝐦)
Moment taking about bottom hinge Solution:
R T (6 − 1) = R(1.625 − 1)
R T = 22.0725 kN
R B = 154.5075 kN

17. Answer: (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 𝐤𝐍; 𝐡∗ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟏 𝐦)

Solution:

0 de
Fp = ρgh̅. A = ρg(h − 2.598) × (2 × 6)[∵ h̅ =
(h − 2.598)]

I1 o
Fp = 103 × 9.81 (h − 2.598) × 12

c Fp = 117.72(h − 2.598)kN

h∗ = h̅ +
Ixx,C sin2 θ
EG al
Ah̅
2×63
3
( ) × sin2 60o
bh ∗ 12
h = (h − 2.598) +
N rr

Ixx,C = 2 ( ) 2 × 6 × (h − 2.518)
12
2.25
2(√2 (2√2)
1 h∗ = (h − 2.598) +
e

(h − 2.598)
=
12
ef

1
=
12
1
A = 1 m2 , h̅ = 0.5 +
R

√2

h̅ = 1.2071 m
h − h∗
FP = ρgh̅A sin60o =
z
FP = 103 × 9.81 × 1.207 × 1 h − h∗
z=
= 11.84 kN (Ans) sin 60°
Ixx,C Equating moment about hinge
h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅ FP × z = P × 6
1 (h − h∗ )
= 1.2071 + 117.72(h − 2.598) × = 29.43 × 6
12 × 1 × 1.2071 sin60o
= 1.2071 + 0.0690 (h − 2.598)(h − h∗ ) = 1.3
h∗ = 1.2761 m (Ans)
 2.598(h − 2.598) − 2.25) = 0.5 × 1000 × 9.81 × fF (f= coefficient of
(h − 2.598) ( )
(h − 2.598) friction)
= 1.3 = 500 × 9.81 + 0.25 × 98.1 × 103
2.598(h − 2.598) − 2.25 = 1.3 = 29.43 kN (Ans.)
2.598 h − (2.598)2 = 1.3 + 2.25
2.598 h = 10.3
21. Answer: (886.3 mm)
h = 3.9644 m
Solution:

19. Answer: (𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐦 , −𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝐦 (𝐫𝐞𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝))

0 de
Solution:

y I1 o
c y
ρg (0.5 + ) (y × 1) = ρg (1 + ) (1 − y) × 1
EG al
2 2
(1 + y)y (2 + y)(1 − y) 700
= sin θ =
2 2 1000
N rr

sin θ = 0.7
y + y 2 = 2 − 2y + y − y 2
FP = ρgh̅A
2y 2 + 2y − 2 = 0 π
e

FP = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.85 × × (1)2

y2 + y − 1 = 0 4
Fp = 6549 N
ef

𝑦 = 0.618 m , −1.618 m(rejected) Ixx,C sin2 θ

h∗ = h̅ +
Ah̅
π
× 14 × 0.72
R

20. Answer: (𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐍) ∗

h = 0.85 + π 4
(1)2 × 0.85
Solution: 4
h∗ = 0.8863 m
F = ρgh̅A h∗ = 886.3 mm
= 103 × 9.81 × (1) × (2 × 5)
= 98.1 kN 22. Answer: (𝐅𝐕 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝐤𝐍)
Solution:

P = W + Ffriction
 4R
Point application distance from AE line = 3π =
4×0.3
3π

⇒ y̅2 = 0.1273 m
πR2
FV3 = ρ( ) × Lg
2
3
π(0.3)2
= 10 × × 1.5 × 9.81
0.3 2
FH,Net = ρgh̅A = 103 × 9.81 ( ) × (0.3
2 FV3 = 2080.284 N
× 1.5)
4𝑅 4×0.3

0 de
Point of application from AE line = 3𝜋 =
FH,Net = 662.175 N 3π

y̅3 = −0.1273 m (left direction)

FV × y̅ = FV1 y̅1 + FV2 y̅2 + FV3 y̅3

I1 o
4444.776 × y̅ = 1324.35 × 0.15 + 1040.142

c y̅ = 0.01490 m
× 0.1273 + 2080.284
× (−0.1273)
EG al
y̅ = 14.90 mm
Weight = Vertical hydrostatic force
N rr

Resultant = √FH2 + FV2 =

= Weight of above volume √(662.175)2 + (4444.7776)2
e

3 = 4493.83 N = 4.4938 kN
= ρ ( πR2 + R2 ) × 1.5 × g
4
ef

Resultant moment about O

3
= ρ ( × π (0.3)2 + (0.3)2 ) × 1.5 × g MO = FH × 0.1 − FV × 0.0149
4
R

= 4.4447 × 103 = 4444.776 N = 6621.175 × 0.1 − 4444.776 × 0.0149

= 4.4447 kN = FV (Ans) = −9.66 × 10−3 Nm = −9.66 × 10−6 kNm

Point of application of horizontal force will be = ≃ 0 kNm (since cylinder is in equilibrium)

2
× 0.3 = 0.2 m
3

Point of application of vertical force

FV1 = ρR2 Lg = 1324.35 N (at mid point of OC)
0.3
FV1 will act ( 2 ) distance from 0 ⇒ y̅1 = 0.15

πR2
FV2 = ρ Lg = 1040.142 N
4
23. Answer: (𝐅𝐏 = 𝟒𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟐 × 𝐛 = 1
= ( × 25.8984 × 3) + (25.8984 × 2)
2
𝟗𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐍; 𝐡∗ = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝐦)
1
+ ( × 19.62 × 2)
2
+ (25.8984 × 2) + (19.62 × 2)
1
+ (266.832 × 2)
2
FP
= 468.1332 kN/m
b
FP = 468.1332 × b = 936.2664 kN (Ans)
∗
Ah = A1 y̅1 + A2 y̅2 + A3 y̅3 + A4 y̅4 + A5 y̅5
+ A6 y̅6

0 de
A = 468.1332 kN/m
468.1332 × h∗
P2 = ρ0 gh0 = 880 × 9.81 × 3 = 25.8984 kPa = (38.8476 × 2)

I1 o
P3 = ρo gho + ρw ghw + (51.7968 × 4)
= 45.5184 kPa + (19.62 × 4.33)

= 312.3504 kPa
c
P4 = ρ0 gh0 + ρw ghw + ρHg ghHg

∗
+ (51.7968 × 6) + (39.24 × 6)
+ (266.832 × 6.33)
EG al
FP h = 5.56 m (Ans)
= AFPD
b
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 25

Chapter : Buoyancy and Floatation

Topic : Centre of Buoyancy

1. [NAT, ] 3. [NAT, ]

A 7-cm-diameter solid aluminum ball (SG = A metallic body floats at the interface of mercury
2.7) and a solid brass ball (SG = 8.5) balance of specific gravity 13.6 and water such that 40%

0 de
nicely when submerged in a liquid, as in the of its volume is sub-merged in mercury and 60%
figure. If the liquid is water at the diameter of in water. The density of the metallic body is
the brass ball is ___________ mm (round off to ___________ kg⁄m3 (round off to nearest

I1 o
two decimal places). integer).

c 4. [MCQ, ]
EG al
A cylindrical log of specific gravity 0.425 is
5 m long and 2 m in diameter. The area on the
N rr

circular face that will be submerged in water if

the log is submerged in water with its axis being
e

horizontal.
ef

A. 1.335 m2
B. 1.879 m2
2. [NAT, ]
R

C. 6.649 m2
A block of steel (sp. gr. 7.85) floats at a mercury
D. 2.547 m2
water interface as in the figure. The ratio of a
and b for this condition is ___________ (round
5. [NAT, ]
off to three decimal places). (sHg =13.57)
The cylinder (diameter = 2 m) supports water
and oil (Sp. gr. 0.82) as shown in the figure.
Assume contact with wall as frictionless. The
weight of the cylinder per meter length is
________ kN (round off to two decimal places).
 temperature and density of atmospheric air are
15°C and 1.2 kg/m3 , respectively. In order to lift
the specified load, the air inside the balloon
should be heated to a temperature (°C) of
________.
[GATE-2017-XE]

9. [NAT, ]
6. [NAT, ]
The large vessel shown in the figure contains oil
A steel (s = 7.8) cube of side 0.3 m is floating in

0 de
and water. A body is submerged at the interface
mercury (s = 13.6). The submerged depth of
of oil and water such that 45 percent of its
steel block in Hg will be ________ m (rounded to
three decimal places). volume is in oil while the rest is in water. The

I1 o
density of the body is ____ kg/m3 .The specific

7. [NAT, ] c
A cube of side 100 mm is placed at the bottom
gravity of oil is 0.7 and density of water is 1000
kg/m3 . Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s 2
EG al
of an empty container on one of its faces. The
density of the material of the cube is 800 kg/
N rr

m3 . Liquid of density 1000 kg/m3 is now poured

into the container. The minimum height to
e

which the liquid needs to be poured into the

ef

container for the cube to just lift up is ____ mm.

[GATE-2019-ME]
[GATE-2016-ME]
R

8. [NAT, ]
10. [NAT, ]
A spherical balloon of diameter 15 m is
A block is floating at the oil-water interface as
supposed to lift a load of 3000 N. The lifting of
shown. The density of oil is two-thirds of that
load is achieved by heating the air inside the
water. Given that the density of the block is
balloon. Assume, air to be an ideal gas and
800 kg/m3 and that of water is 1000 kg/m3 ,
atmospheric pressure either outside or inside
the fraction of the total height of block in oil is
the balloon. The value of acceleration due to
__________
2
gravity is 9.81 m/s and the values of
 A. 0.8
B. 0.6
C. 0.5
D. 0.4
[GATE-2018-XE]

[GATE-2016-XE] 14. [NAT, ]

A spherical balloon with a diameter of 10 m,
11. [NAT, ]
shown in the figure below is used for
An aluminum alloy (density 2600 kg/m3 )

0 de
advertisements. The balloon is filled with helium
casting is to be produced. A cylindrical hole of
(R He = 2.08 kJ/kg-K) at ambient conditions of
100 mm diameter and 100 mm length is made
15°C and 100 kPa. Assuming no disturbances

I1 o
in the casting using sand core (density 1600 kg/
due to wind, the maximum allowable weight (in
m3 ). The net buoyancy force (in Newton) acting
c
on the core is ________
[GATE-2014-ME]
Newton) of balloon material and rope required
to avoid the fall of the balloon (R air = 0.289 kJ/
EG al
kg. K) is ______.
12. [MCQ, ]
In an iceberg, 15% of the volume projects above
N rr

the sea surface. If the specific weight of sea

e

water is 10.5 kN/m3 , the specific weight of

iceberg in kN/m3 is
ef

A. 12.52
B. 9.81 [GATE-2014-ME]
R

C. 8.93 15. [MCQ, ]

D. 7.83 A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,

[GATE-1999-CE] height H and density ρs , is immersed to a depth

h in a liquid of density ρ, and tied to the bottom
13. [MCQ, ]
with a string. The tension in the string is
A parallelepiped of (2 m × 2 m) square cross-
section and 10 m in length, is partially floating in
water upto a depth of 1.2 m, with its longest side
being horizontal. The specific gravity of the block
is
 17. [MCQ, ]
A rectangular boat 6 m wide and 15 m long
(dimension perpendicular to the plane of the
figure) has a draught of 2 m. The side view of the
A. ρghA boat is as shown in the figure. The centre of
B. (ρs − ρ)ghA gravity G of the boat is at the free surface level.
C. (ρ − ρs )ghA The metacentric height of the boat in m is

0 de
D. (ρh − ρs H)gA
[GATE-2003-ME]
16. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
A 15 cm length of steel rod with relative density
of 7.4 is submerged in a two-layer fluid. The

c
bottom layer is mercury and the top layer is
water. The height of top surface of the rod above
A. -1.0
B. 0.5
EG al
the liquid interface in cm is C. 1.5
A. 8.24
D. 2.0
B. 7.82
N rr

C. 7.64 [GATE-2015-XE]
D. 7.38
e

[GATE-2001-CE]
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (41.5 to 43.5) 10. (0.59 to 0.61)
2. (0.826 to 0.843) 11. (7.0 to 8.0)
3. (6030 to 6050) 12. (C)
4. (A) 13. (B)
5. (13.87 to 14.16) 14. (5300 to 5330)
6. (0.170 to 0.174) 15. (D)
7. (80 to 80) 16. (D)
8. (62 to 66) 17. (B)

0 de
9. (860 to 870)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (41.5 to 43.5) Volume of body sub-merged in water
For the system to be in equilibrium, Net forces 60
  V  0.6V m3
are to be balanced. 100
⇒ WAl – BAl = WBr – BBr For the equilibrium of the body
π × D3Al Total buoyant force (upward force) = Weight of
⇒ (ρAl − ρw ) ×g the body
6
πD2Br FBT = FB + FHg
= (ρBr − ρw ) ×g
6
FB = Weight of water displaced by body.

0 de
   
  Al  1  D3Al   Br  1  D3Br = Density of water × g ×
 W   W 
Volume of water displaced
⇒ (2.7 – 1) ∙ (70)3 = (8.5 – 1) ∙DBr3 FB = 1000 × g × Volume of body in water

I1 o
⇒ DBr = 42.68 mm. FB = 1000 × g × 0.6 × VN

c
2. Answer: (0.826 to 0.843)
FHg = Weight of mercury displaced by body
= g × Density of mercury ×
EG al
Weight of the body = Total Buoyancy force Volume of mercury displaced
acting on it = g × 13.6 × 1000 ×
Volume of body in mercury
N rr

A   a  b  7850  g   b 13.57  a   A  g 103

FHg = g × 13.6 × 1000 × 0.4 V N
Hence 7.85  a + b  =13.57 b + a
e

Weight of the body = Density × g ×

a 5.72 Volume of body = ρ × g × V
  0.835
ef

b 6.85 Where ρ is the density of the body

∴ For equilibrium, we have
R

3. Answer: (6030 to 6050) Total buoyant force = Weight of the body

1000 × g × 0.6 × V + 13.6 × 1000 × g ×
0.4 V = ρ × g × V
or ρ = 600 + 13600 × 0.4 = 600 +
54400 = 6040.00 kg/m3
∴ Density of the body = 6040.00 kg/m3

Then volume of body sub-merged in mercury 4. Answer: (A)

40
 V  0.4Vm3
100
 At equilibrium,
WLog = Bwater

π 
 log    d2  L   water   A  L 
4  For the block to just lift, weight of the block =
‘A’ is Area of face submerged in water Buoyancy on block
π ⇒ ρc . L3 × g = ρl . (L2 × h) × g
 0.425  4  A

0 de
4 ρc 800
⇒ h = L. { } = 100 × { }
ρL 1000
⇒ A(submergedonface)  1.335 m2
⇒ h = 80 mm

I1 o
5. Answer: (13.87 to 14.16) 8. Answer: (62 to 66)
Weight = Foil + Fwater .
⇒ Weight =
 R 2 
c  R 2 
EG al
oil  g   1  water  g    1
 4   4 

 1   1 
N rr

 820  9.81    1000  9.81 4 

 4   
Pi = Po
= 14,022.65 N
e

ρi RTi = ρo RTo
= 14.022 kN
ef

ρi Ti = ρo To → (a)
∴ Weight of cylinder per unit width = 14.022 kN
At equilibrium
Fb = Wa + W
R

6. Answer: (0.170 to 0.174)

ρo Vs g = ρi Vb g + W
Weight of steel cube = Buoyancy force
(0.3)3 × 7.8 × γwater = (0.3)2 × d × (ρo − ρi )Vb g = W
13.6 × γwater ρi
ρo [1 − ]V g = W
ρo b
Where ′d′ is the depth of immersion
To
 d = 0.172 m ρ0 [1 − ]V g = W
Ti b
To W
7. Answer: (80 to 80) 1− =
Ti ρo Vb g
To W
= 1−
Ti ρo Vb g
To
Ti = W
1−ρ
o Vb g
 288
Ti = 3000×6
1− 14. Answer: (5300 to 5330)
1.2×π×153 ×9.81

Ti = 336.53 K
Ti = 63.53°C
9. Answer: (860 to 870)
VST ρ −ρ
× 100 = ρ FB−ρ B
VB FB FT

1000−ρB
45 = 1000−700

135 = 1000 − ρB

0 de
ρB = 865 kg/m3

10. Answer: (0.59 to 0.61)

ρw −ρb

I1 o
f0 = W + WHe = FB
ρw −ρ0
1000−800 W = FB − WHe
= 2
1000− ×1000

= 0.6
3 c π
W = ρa 6 d3 g − ρHe 6 d3 g

W = (ρ𝑎 − ρHe ) 6 d3 g
π
π
EG al
P 1 1 π
11. Answer: (7.0 to 8.0) W = T (r − R ) 6 d3 g
𝑎 He
N rr

Net buoyancy force on core 100×103 1 1 π

W= 288
(0.289×103 − 2.08×103 ) 6 × 103 × 9.81
⇒ Fbuoyancy − Weight of core
W = 5313.85 N
e

π π
⇒ Fbuoyancy, net = ρAl ( D2 L) g − ρsand ( D2 L)g
4 4
ef

π 15. Answer: (D)

= [ × (10−2 × 10−1 ) × (2600 − 1600)] × 9.81
4
We know that
π
= × 9.81 = 7.704 N
R

4 T = (ρF VS − ρB VB )g
∴ Fbuoyancy,net = 7.704 N T = (ρAh − ρS AH)g
T = (ρh − ρS H)gA
12. Answer: (C)
% of Submergence 16. Answer: (D)
ρb
= × 100 VST ρFB −ρB
ρ𝑠 =ρ
wb VB FB −ρFT
85 = × 100
w𝑠 hST 13.6−7.4
wb =
85 = × 100 15 13.6−1.0
10.5 6.2
wb = 8.925 kN/m3 hST = 12.6 × 15

13. Answer: (B) hST = 7.3809 m

ρ
F = ρb Specific gravity 17. Answer: (B)
b
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 26

Chapter : Buoyancy and Floatation

Topic : Condition of Sinking

1. [NAT, ] _________kN/m3 (round off to two decimal

An Aluminium cube 150 mm on a side is places).
suspended by a string in oil and water as shown

0 de
in the figure. The cube is submerged with half of
it in oil and the other half in water. If the specific
gravity oil is 0.8 and the specific weight of

I1 o
Aluminium is 25.93 kN/m3 . The tension in the

c
string is __________ N (round off to two decimal
places).
EG al
N rr

4. [NAT, ]
A uniform wooden beam (SG = 0.65) is 10 cm ×
e

10 cm × 3 m hinged at A, as in the figure. The

ef

beam will float in the 20°C water at an angle θ

is _______ (in degrees) (round off to two
R

decimal places).

2. [NAT, ]
A body of dimensions 1.5 m × 1.0 m × 2 m,
weighs 1962 N in water. The specific gravity of
the body is ________ (round off to three decimal
places).

3. [NAT, ] 5. [NAT, ]

The specific weight of the cube when one-half is A plate of dimension 1.5 m × 1.5 m × 0.03 m is
submerged as shown in the figure is moving with a velocity of 2 m/s in upward
 direction exactly between two fixed plates.
Which are 6 cm apart. If the weight of the plate
is 500 N and fluid between plates is water. Take
ν = 5.58 × 10−3 m2 /s. The magnitude of force
required to pull the plate upward is ____ N
bowl itself is about 0.9 L. The force required to
hold the bowl in place is _____ N.
Take ρw = 999 kg/m3

6. [MCQ, ]
The homogeneous timber AB of 0.15 m ×

0 de
0.35 m in the cross section as shown in figure.

I1 o
8. [MCQ, ]
A hemispherical portion of radius R is removed
c from the bottom of a cylinder of radius R. The
EG al
volume of the remaining cylinder is V and its
mass M. It is suspended by a string in a liquid of
N rr

density ρ where it stays vertical. The upper

Then the tension in the rope is (in N)
surface of the cylinder is at a depth h below the
A. 654
e

liquid surface. The force on the bottom of the

B. 694
cylinder by the liquid is
ef

C. 790
D. 824
R

7. [NAT, ]
A bowl is inverted symmetrically and held in a
dense fluid, SG = 15.6, to a depth of 200 mm
measured. The bowl height is 80 mm, and the
fluid rises 20 mm inside the bowl. The bowl is
100 mm inside diameter, and it is made from an
old clay recipe, SG = 6.1. The volume of the A. Mg
B. Mg − Vρg
 C. Mg + πR2 hρg
D. ρg(V + πR2 h)

9. [MCQ, ]
The figure shows three glasses P, Q and R with
A. remains same, increases, and decreases
water and floating ice cube. Glass P has a solid
B. increases, decreases and increases
ice cube, glass Q has an ice cube with a small
solid steel ball embedded in it and glass R has an C. remains same, decreases and decreases
D. remains same, decreases and increases

0 de
ice cube with an air bubble. After the ice cube
melts, the level of water in glasses P, Q and R, [GATE-2021-AE]
respectively;

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (57.13 to 58.28) 6. (D)
2. (1.056 to 1.077) 7. (152 to 158)
3. (8.45 to 8.62) 8. (D)
4. (34.19 to 34.49) 9. (C)
5. (3180 to 3192)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (57.13 to 58.28) ∴ Wair – 29430 = 1962
Wair = 29430 + 1962 = 31392 N

Mass of body  Weight in air  31392  3200 kg

g 9.81

Mass 3200
Density of the body    1066.67
Volume 3.0
1066.67
∴ Sp. gravity of the body   1.067
1000

0 de
3. Answer: (8.45 to 8.62)

I1 o
Tension T in the string can be written in

c
consideration of the cube is
T = W – FB
EG al
= 25.93 × 103 × (0.15)3 − 9.81
× 103 [(0. 153 × 0.5 × 0.8
N rr

+ (0.15)3 × 0.5 × 1]N For equilibrium,

= 57.71 N 10 g + B = W
e

a3
ef

2. Answer: (1.056 to 1.077) ⇒ 10g + ρw × ( ) g = ρc × (a3 ) × g

2
Given:
10g ρw g
⇒ ρc × g = +
R

Volume of body = 1.50 × 1.0 × 2.0 = a3 2

3.0 m3
10  9.81 1000  9.81
 cg    8538.33 N/m3
Weight of body in water = 1962 N  0.33
2
Volume of the water displaced = Volume of the
body = 3.0 m3  8.538kN / m3

∴ Weight of water displaced = 1000 ×

9.81 × 3.0 = 29430 N 4. Answer: (34.19 to 34.49)

For the equilibrium of the body

Weight of body in air – Weight of water
displaced = Weight in water
 For Equilibrium,
L 6−3

0 de
W × cos θ = B × (OC × cos θ) Δt = ( ) = 1.5 cm
2 2
 1  Total viscous force
 3  sin  
OC  3   
u

I1 o
2 = FV = (2A)μ.
Δt
 1 
3 
 OC  
2

sin  
c
EG al
3
∴ ρwoof × (0.1 × 0.1 × 3) ×
2
= ρwater
N rr

× (0.1 × 0.1
e

1
(3+ )
sin θ
1 2
× (1 − ))
ef

sin θ

wood  1  ∴ FV = 2 × (1.5 × 1.5) × 5.58 × 10−3 × 103

 9  9  2 
water  sin  
R

2
×( )
1.5 × 10−2
1 1
  0.65  9  9   2   0.35  9  FV = 3348 N
sin  sin 
2

Buoyancy force FB = ρgV

 sin   0.5634    34.29
= 1000 × 9.81 × 1.5 × 1.5 × 0.03
5. Answer: (3180 to 3192) FB = 662.18 N
Distance between plate surface (on each side) (Fnet )required = FV + FW − FB
= 3348 + 500 − 662.18
= 3185.82 N
6. Answer: (D)

W = γ∀
γ = Specific weight of the timber Buoyancy force

0 de
∀= volume of timber FB = ρ × g × V

⇒ W = γ(0.15 × 0.35 × 10) ΣFy = 0

I1 o
W = 0.525γ ΣFy = 0 = FB − F − W
FB = Buoyant force = γH2 O . ∀submerged Hence,

c
= γH2 O (0.15 × 0.35 × 8)
FB = 0.420 γH2 O
F = FB − W
Now, buoyancy force FB = SGfluid × ρw × g ×
EG al
For equilibrium ΣMA = 0 Vsub
10 8 Here
N rr

∴ W ( ) cos α = FB ( ) cos α
2 2 Vsub = Vbowl + Vair
⇒ (0.525γ)5 = (0.420 γH2 O )4 For the weight W = SGbowl × ρw × g × Vbowl
e

(0.420)(9.80)(4) Hence, F = SGfluid × ρw × g × (Vbowl + Vair ) −

⇒γ=
ef

(0.525)5
SGbowl × ρw × g × Vbowl
3
⇒ γ = 6.27 kN/m
F = ρw × g[SGfluid (Vbowl + Vair ) − SGbowl
R

ΣFvertical = 0
× Vbowl ]
∴ T = FB − W
F = 999 × 9.81[15.6 (0.9 × 10−3
T = (0.420)(9.80) − (0.525)(6.27) π
+ (0.08 − 0.02) × (0.1)2
T = 824 N 4
− (6.1 × 0.9 × 10−3 )]
7. Answer: (152 to 158) F = 9800.19 × [0.0213 − 0.00549]
F = 154.9 N
8. Answer: (D) ⇒ Volume occupied by water from ice
mice
=
mwater
⇒ Volume occupied by water from ice
ρice L3 g x
= = L . L3 = L2 x
ρwater g

∴ Volume occupied by water from melting of ice

= volume of ice cube submerged initially.
So, no change in level of water (Level remains
According to Archimedes principle Up thrust –
same)

0 de
Wt. of fluid displaced
So, in case of R, the air bubble occupies some
Fbottom − Ftop − Vρg
volume of ice cube and when the ice cube
∴ Fbottom − Ftop + Vρg

I1 o
melts, the volume of water formed is less than
= P1 × A + Vρg
the volume of ice cube submerged initially. So
= (hρg) × (πR2 ) + Vρg
2
= ρg[πR h + V]
c level decreases.
In case of Q, initially,
EG al
(msteel + mice )g = ρw g. γ1 (γ1
9. Answer: (C)
→ volume of fluid displaced by icecube)
N rr

msteel mice
⇒ v1 = ( )+( )
ρw g ρw g
e

when ice cube melts, total volume v1 =

ef

Vsteel + VNewly formed water

msteel mice
=( )+( )
ρsteel ρw g
R

Here ρw < ρsteel

For equilibrium, weight of ice cube = buoyancy
⇒ V1 < V
on ice cube.
So, the level of water decreases
Let ‘L’ be the side of ice cube.
In case of P, → level remains same
⇒ L L3 . ρice g = ρwater g. L2 x
x ρice In case of Q, → level decreases
⇒ =
L ρwater In case of R, → level decreases
When ice cube melts,
mice = mwater formal newly.
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 27

Chapter : Buoyancy and Floatation

Topic : Rotational Stability of unconstrained Completely Submerged
body

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [MCQ, ]
Which of the following conditions is used to For a completely submerged body with centre of

0 de
determine the stable equilibrium of all partially gravity ‘G’ and centre of buoyancy ‘B’, the
submerged floating bodies? condition of stability will be
A. Centre of buoyancy must be above the A. G is located below B

I1 o
centre of gravity B. G is located above B

centre of gravity c
B. Centre of buoyancy must be below the C. G and B are coincident
D. Independent of the locations of G and B
EG al
C. Metacenter must be at a higher level than [GATE-2014-ME]
the centre of gravity 4. [MCQ, ]
N rr

D. Metacenter must be at a lower level than the For a body completely submerged in a fluid, the
centre of gravity centre of gravity (G) and centre of Buoyancy (O)
e

[GATE-2020-ME] are known. The body is considered to be in

2. [MCQ, ]
ef

stable equilibrium if
For the stability of a floating body the A. O does not coincide with the centre of mass
R

A. centre of buoyancy must coincide with the of the displaced fluid.

centre of gravity B. G coincides with the centre of mass of the
B. centre of buoyancy must be above the displaced fluid
centre of gravity C. O lies below G
C. centre of gravity must be above the centre of D. O lies above G
buoyancy [GATE-2011-CE]
D. metacenter must be above the centre of 5. [MCQ, ]
gravity Which one of the following statements is true
[GATE-2017-ME] with regards to bodies that float or submerged
in liquids:
 A. For a body wholly submerged in a liquid the respectively. Two statements ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are
stability is ensured if the center of buoyancy given below:
is below the center of gravity of the body
P: For a fully submerged condition, CG should
B. For a body floating in liquid the stability is
always be below CB
ensured if the center of buoyancy is below
Q: For a floating body, CG need not be below
the centre of gravity of the body.
CB
C. For a body floating in a liquid the stability is
Choose the option that is valid for the present
ensured if the center of buoyancy and the
situation.
centre of gravity coincides.

0 de
A. P is False; Q is True when metacentre is
D. For a body floating in a liquid the stability is
below CG
ensured if the center of buoyancy is below
B. P is False; Q is True when metacentre is

I1 o
the center of gravity and the meta centre is
above CG
above both the centers of gravity and
buoyancy. c [GATE-1997-CE]
C. P is True; Q is True when metacentre is
below CG
EG al
6. [MCQ, ] D. P is True; Q is True when metacentre is

A body floating in a liquid is in a stable state of above CG

N rr

equilibrium if its [GATE-2020-XE]

e

A. metacenter lies below its centre of gravity

B. metacenter lies above its centre of gravity 8. [MCQ, ]
ef

C. metacenter coincides with its centre of For stable equilibrium of a floating body, which

gravity one of the following statements is correct?

R

D. centre of gravity is below its centre of A. Centre of gravity must be located below the

buoyancy centre of buoyancy.

B. Centre of buoyancy must be located below
[GATE-2020-CE]
the centre of gravity.
7. [MCQ, ]
C. Metacentre must be located below the
A body is under stable equilibrium in a
centre of gravity.
homogeneous fluid, where CG and CB are
D. Centre of gravity must be located below the
center of gravity and center of buoyancy,
metacenter.
[GATE-2019-XE]

9. [MCQ, ]
For a floating body, buoyant force acts at the
A. centroid of the floating body
B. center of gravity of the body
C. centroid of the fluid vertically below the
body
D. centroid of the displaced fluid
[GATE-2016-ME]
D. Metacenter and centre of gravity must lie on
the same vertical line.
[GATE-2010-ME]
12. [MCQ, ]
For a floating body, G, B, and M represent the
centre of gravity, centre of buoyancy, and the
metacenter, respectively. The body will be
stable if

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10. [MCQ, ] A. G is located above B
Let M, B and G represent respectively the B. B is located above M

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metacenter, centre of buoyancy and the centre C. M is located above B
of mass of a floating buoy. Which of the D. M is located above G
c
following statements is correct?
A. M is above G; Buoy unstable. 13. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2009-XE]
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B. B is above G; Buoy stable. Floating body with its center of gravity at ‘G’
C. M is above G; Buoy stable center of buoyancy at ‘B’ and meta centre at ‘M’
N rr

D. B is above G; Buoy unstable is stable when

e

[GATE-2013-XE] A. G lies above B

B. B lies above M
ef

11. [MCQ, ] C. B lies below M

For the stability of a floating body, under the D. G lies below M
R

influence of gravity alone, which of the following [GATE-1989-CE]

is TRUE?
A. Metacenter should be below centre of 14. [NAT, ]
gravity. Bodies in floatation to be in stable equilibrium
B. Metacenter should be above centre of the necessary and sufficient condition is that the

gravity. centre of gravity is located below the _____.

C. Metacenter and centre of gravity must lie on [GATE-1994-ME]

the same horizontal line.
15. [MSQ, ]
A stationary object is fully submerged in a static
fluid, as shown in the figure. Here, CG and CB
stand for center of gravity and center of
buoyancy, respectively. Which one(s) among the
following statements is/are true?
17. [MCQ, ]
Useful data:
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m⁄s 2
Density of water ρw = 1000 kg⁄m3
Density of air (unless otherwise specified), ρw =
1.2 kg⁄m3
Logos of the following cross-section are fully
submerged horizontally in water

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(A) The object is in stable equilibrium if yCG > The buoyancy force passes through the point ‘O’
yCB . for which of the following cross-sections?
c
(B) The object is in stable equilibrium if yCG <
yCB .
A. Solid cylinder only
B. Solid cylinder and hollow cylinder only
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(C) The object is in neutral equilibrium if yCG = C. All the cross sections except hollow square
N rr

yCB . D. All the cross-sections

(D) The object is in unstable equilibrium if yCG = [GATE-2008-XE]
e

yCB . 18. [MCQ, ]

[GATE-2023: XE-1M] Following operations are adopted for cleaning in
ef

place (CIP) of equipment

16. [NAT, ] P: Cold water rinse; Q: Hot water rinse; R: Alkali
R

A wooden cylinder (specific gravity = 0.6) of cleaning; S: Acid cleaning

length L and diameter D floats in water (density The correct sequence of CIP for equipment used
1000 kg/m3). Find out the minimum value of in UHT processing of milk is
D/L for which the cylinder floats with its axis A. P → Q → R → S → T
vertical. (Round off to three decimal places) B. P → Q → R → Q → S → P
[GATE-2022-XE] C. P → Q → R → P
D. P → Q → S → P
[GATE-2008-XE]
19. [MCQ, ]
2
It is given that a solid sphere and a hollow cube A. √
𝜋
have the same outer surface area. The ratio of
4
buoyancy force on the sphere to that on the B. √𝜋

cube, when they are fully submerged in a liquid, 6

C. √𝜋
is given by
8
D. √𝜋

[GATE-2007-XE]

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 Answer Key
1. (C) 11. (D)
2. (D) 12. (D)
3. (A) 13. (D)
4. (D) 14. (Metacentre)
5. (D) 15. (A, D)
6. (B) 16. (1.380 to 1.390)
7. (D) 17. (—)
8. (D) 18. (B)

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9. (D) 19. (—)
10. (C)

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 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) (a) Floating body → Metacentre should lie above
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged CG & CG need not be blow CB.
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the (b) Fully submerged body → CG should lie below
center of gravity of body.
CB.
So, ‘P’ is correct and ‘Q’ is correct when
2. Answer: (D)
Metacenter is above CG.
For a floating body, the buoyant force acts
through the centroid of the displaced fluid
8. Answer: (D)

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known as center of buoyancy.
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the
3. Answer: (A)
center of gravity of body.

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For completely submerged body to be in stable
equilibrium, ‘G’ should lie below ‘B’ (centre of

c
gravity should lie below the center of buoyancy).
9. Answer: (D)
For a floating body, the buoyant force acts
through the centroid of the displaced fluid
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4. Answer: (D)
known as center of buoyancy.
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
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floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the

10. Answer: (C)
center of gravity of body.
When ‘M’ is above ‘G’, Buoy is stable (since buoy
e

is floating).
5. Answer: (D)
ef

For stable equilibrium of

11. Answer: (D)
(a) Floating body → Metacentre should lie
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
R

above CG & CG need not be blow CB.
(b) Fully submerged body → CG should lie
below CB.
6. Answer: (B)
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the
center of gravity of body.
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the
center of gravity of body.
12. Answer: (D)
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the
center of gravity of body.

7. Answer: (D)
For stable equilibrium of
13. Answer: (D) 15. Answer: (A, D)
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the 16. Answer: (1.380 to 1.390)
center of gravity of body.
17. Answer: (—)
14. Answer: (Metacentre)
For stable equilibrium of partially submerged 18. Answer: (B)
floating bodies. Metacentre must lie above the
center of gravity of body. 19. Answer: (—)

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 28

Chapter : Buoyancy and Floatation

Topic : Discussion on Metacentre

1. [NAT, ] is the height of cylinder and D is its diameter.

A wooden block of specific gravity 0.7 floats in (round off to two decimal places)
water. If the size of the block is 2 m × 1 m ×
0.8 m, then the meta-centric height of the 5. [NAT, ]

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wooden block is ______ m (round off to three A cube of side ‘a’ float with one of its axes
decimal places). vertical in a liquid of specific gravity SL . If the

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specific gravity of the cube material is Sc , the
2. [NAT, ] S
sum of possible values of SL for the metacentric
A rectangularc pontoon
5 m long, 3m wide & 1.20 m high. The depth of
is
c

height to be zero is ______ (round off to nearest

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integer).
immersion of the pontoon is 0.80 m in sea water. If
the centre of gravity is 0.6 m above the bottom of
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the pontoon, the meta-centric height will be 6. [MCQ, ]

______m (round off to two decimal places). Take A container of square cross-section is partially
e

ρseawater = 1025 kg/m3 filled with a liquid of density ρ1 . The cylinder is

ef

intended to float in another liquid of density ρ2

3. [NAT, ] as shown in the figure. The distance between
R

A rectangular barge of width b and a submerged metacentre and centre of buoyancy is

I
,
Vsub
depth of H has its centre of gravity at the
where OI and Vsub are area moment of inertia of
waterline. For stable equilibrium of the barge
b the cross-section and submerged volume,
the minimum value of is ________ (round off
H
respectively. Neglect the weight of the
to one decimal place).
container.
4. [NAT, ]
A wooden cylinder of sp. gr. = 0.6 and circular in
cross-section is required to float in oil (sp. gr. =
0.90). Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to float
with its longitudinal axis vertical in oil, where L
 A. Stable equilibrium
B. Unstable equilibrium
C. Neutral equilibrium
D. Any of the above is possible

9. [MCQ, ]
Consider a wooden cylinder of length
Which one of the following is the correct
0.8 m, diameter 1 m & specific gravity 0.80. The
condition for stability?
cylinder is floating in oil having specific gravity

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ρ2 b h ρ1
A. − (1 − )>0 0.85, with its axis vertical. Consider will be in
6ρ1 h b ρ2
ρ2 b h ρ A. Stable equilibrium
B. 6ρ1 h
− b (1 + ρ1 ) > 0
2

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ρ2 b h ρ
B. Unstable equilibrium
C. + b (1 − ρ1 ) > 0
6ρ1 h 2 C. Neutral equilibrium
D.
ρ2 b
6ρ1 h
h ρ1
c
+ b (1 + ρ ) > 0
2
D. Any of the above is possible
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7. [MCQ, ] 10. [NAT, ]
Consider a homogenous right circular cylinder of
N rr

Find the minimum apex angle of a solid cone of

specific gravity 0.8 so that it can float in stable length L, radius R and specific gravity 0.5. If the
e

equilibrium in fresh water with its axis vertical cylinder is floating in water with its axis
horizontal then it will be in stable equilibrium if
ef

and vertex downward.

L
A. 62.24° > _____ (round off to nearest integer).
R
B. 12.58°
R

C. 28.56° 11. [MSQ, ]

D. 31.12°
8. [MCQ, ]
Consider an iceberg of cubical shape, having
specific gravity s = 0.88. Iceberg is floating in
sea water. Consider sea water is having specific
gravity s = 1. Iceberg will be in
Consider a homogenous right circular cylinder of
length L, radius R and specific gravity s. The
cylinder is floating in water with its axis vertical.
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT regarding STABLE equilibrium of
above mentioned cylinder?
R2
A. > 2s (1 − s)
L2
 R2 2s A. Orientation A is in stable equilibrium,
B. > 1−s
L2
R orientation B is in unstable equilibrium.
C. for s = 0.8, > 0.556 to 0.576
L
B. Orientation A is in unstable equilibrium,
R
D. for s = 0.8, > 0.956 to 0.976
L orientation B is in stable equilibrium.
C. Both orientation A & B are in stable
12. [MCQ, ] equilibrium.
Consider an equilateral triangular body (s = D. Both orientation A & B are in unstable
0.9) having large width normal to screen. It can equilibrium.
float in water in following two orientations.

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 Answer Key
1. (0.024 to 0.034) 8. (A)
2. (0.70 to 0.76) 9. (B)
3. (2.4 to 2.7) 10. (2 to 2)
4. (0.71 to 0.79) 11. (A, C)
5. (6.0 to 6.0) 12. (B)
6. (A)
7. (D)

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 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.024 to 0.034) h 0.56
AB = = = 0.28 m
2 2
0.8
and AG = 2.0 = 0.4 m
∴ BG = AG − AB = 0.4 − 0.28 = 0.12 m
The meta-centric height is given by equation
(4.4) or
1
GM = − BG
⩝
1 1
Where I = × 2 × 1.03 = 6 m4

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12
⩝ = Volume of wood in water
= 2 × 1 × h = 2 × 1 × 0.56 = 1.12 m3
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GM = × − 0.12 = 0.1488 − 0.12
6 1.12
= 0.0288 m
c
Dimension of block = 2 × 1 × 0.8
Let depth of immersion = h m
2. Answer: (0.70 to 0.76)
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Sp.gr. of wood = 0.7
Weight of wooden piece = Weight density of
N rr

wood* × Volume
= 0.7 × 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8 N
e

Weight of water displaced = Weight density of

ef

water × Volume of the wood sub-merged in

water
= 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × h N
R

For equilibrium,
Weight of wooden piece = Weight of water
displaced
∴ 700 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8
= 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × h Distance AG = 0.6 m
700 × 9.81 × 2 × 1 × 0.8 1
∴h= = 0.7 × 0.8 Distance AB = 2 × Depth of immersion
1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 1
= 0.56 m Density of sea water = 1025 kg⁄m3
∴ Distance of centre of Buoyancy from bottom, Meta-centre height GM, given by equation (4.4)
i.e., is
 1 b
GM = − BG ≥ √6 = 2.5
⩝ H
Where I = M. O. Inertia of the plan of the
pontoon about Y-Y axis
1 45 4 4. Answer: (0.71 to 0.79)
= × 5 × 33 m4 = m
12 4 Given:
⩝ = Volume of the body sub-merged in water
= 3 × 0.8 × 5.0 = 12.0 m3
BG = AG − AB = 0.6 − 0.4 = 0.2 M
45 1
GM = × − 0.2 = 0.9375 − 0.2
4 12.0

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= 0.7375

3. Answer: (2.4 to 2.7)

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Let B, G and M be the centre of buoyancy, centre Diameter of cylinder = D
of gravity and Metacentre of the burge (figure) Height of cylinder = L
respectively. c Sp.gr. of cylinder, S1 = 0.6
Specific gravity of oil S2 = 0.9
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Let the depth of cylinder immersed in oil = h
N rr

For the principle of buoyancy

Weight of cylinder = wt. of oil displaced
e

π 2
D × L × 0.6 × 1000 × 9.81
4
ef

Now, OB = H/2 π
= D2 × h × 0.9 × 1000 × 9.81
And, OG = H (as given in the problem) 4
L × 0.6 = h × 0.9
R

H H
Hence BG = OG − OB = H = =
2 2 0.6 × L 2
b3 b2
∴h= = L
Again
1 L
BM = V = 12 × L × b × H = 12 H 0.9 3
The distance of centre of gravity G from A, AG =
Where L is the length of the barge in a direction
L
perpendicular to the plane of the figure. 2

b2 H The distance of centre of buoyancy B from A,

Therefore, MG = BM − BG = −2=
12H h 1 2 L
AB = 2 = 2 [3 L] = 3
H 1 b 2
{ ( ) − 1} ≥ 0
2 6 H L L 3L − 2L L
∴ BG = AG − AB = − = =
For stable equilibrium of the burge, MG ≥ 0 2 3 6 6
H 1 b 2
The meta-centric height GM is given by
Hence, { ( ) − 1} ≥ 0
2 6 H I
GM = − BG
V
 π
Where I = 64 D4 and V = volume of cylinder in a h a 1
BG = − = (1 − )
π
2 2 2 x
oil = D2 × h Let M be the Metacentre, then
4
π a3
I D4
1 D D 2 2 I a(12) a4 ax
∴ = (π 64
)= =( BM = = = = 12
2 )
a
V a2 h 12a2 ( )
V D2h 16 h 16 × L x
4 3 ax
The metacentric height MG = BM − BG = 12 −
3D2 2 a 1
= {∵ h = L} (1 − x)
32L 3 2

3D2 L According to the given condition

∴ GM = =
32L 6 ax a 1
MG = − (1 − ) = 0
12 2 x

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For stable equilibrium, GM should be +ve or
2
Or, x − 6x + 6 = 0
3D2 L
GM > 0 OR − >0 6 ± √12
32L 6 Which gives x= = 4.732, 1.268
2
3D2 L 3 × 6 L2 SL ⁄Sc = 4.732 or 1.26

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Hence
> or > 2
32L 6 32 D ∴ 4.732 + 1.268 = 6
L
D
2

2
<
18
or
32 16
9
c 6. Answer: (A)
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L 9 3 For stability; GM > 0
∴ >√ =
D 16 4 bm − bg > 0
N rr

L 3
∴ < = 0.75
D 4
5. Answer: (6.0 to 6.0)
e

Let the cube float with h as the submerged

ef

depth as shown the figure. For equilibrium of the

cube,
R

Weight of body = Weight of fluid displaced

Vρ1 g = V ′ ρ2 g
Ahρ1 g = Ah′ρ2 g
ρ1
h′ = h
ρ2
Weight = Buoyant force
h h′ h ρ1
a3 Sc × 103 × 9.81 = h a2 × SL × 103 × 9.81 BG = − = [1 − ]
2 2 2 ρ2
Or h = a(Sc ⁄SL ) = a⁄x
1 b4 b4 b2 ρ2
Where SL ⁄Sc = x BM = = = =
⩝sub 12Ah′ 12b 2 ρ1 h 12ρ1 h
The distance between the centre of buoyancy B ρ 2

and centre of gravity G becomes. BM − BG > 0

 b2 ρ2 h ρ1 8. Answer: (A)
− [1 − ] > 0
12ρ1 h 2 ρ2
ρ2 b h ρ1
− [1 − ] > 0
6ρ1 h b ρ2

7. Answer: (D)

The distance h is determined by

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γw hL2 = Sγw L3, or: h = SL
L
The center of gravity is at above the bottom,
2
h
and B is at 2 above the bottom. The metacenter

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D
tan θ  position is determined by equation.
2H

⇒
D
H
 2tanθ c MB =
IO
Vsub
=

Nothing that GB =
L4 ⁄12
L2 h
L
L2

h
−2=
L
= 12h = 12S = MG + GB
L(1−S)
, we may solve
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2 2
For stable Equilibrium,
for the metacentric height:
2 1/3
4H S L L 1
 mg = − 2 (1 − S) = 0 if S 2 − S + 6 = 0, or:
N rr

D 2
1  S1/3 12S
S = 0.211 or 0.789
1  0.81/3
Instability: 0.211 < S < 0.789. Since the
e

⇒ 
1   0.8
2 1/3
tan θ iceberg has S = 0.88 > 0.789, it is stable.
ef

1
⇒  12.9504
tan 2θ 9. Answer: (B)
R

⇒ θ  15.53
Since Apex angle = 2θ = Apex angle = 2(15.53)
= 31.059°
= 31.1°

A vertical force balance gives

0.85 πR2 h = 0.6πR2 (0.8 m),
Or: h = 0.565 m
 The point B is at h⁄2 = 0.282 m above the
bottom. Use Equation to predict the metacenter
location:
π(0.5)4
IO [ 4 ]
MB = = = 0.111 m
Vsub [π(0.5)2 (0.565)]
= MG + GB
Now GB = 0.4 m − 0.282 m = 0.118 m, hence
MG = 0.111 − 0.118 = −0.007 m.
This float position is thus slightly unstable. The
For a given SG, the body floats with a draft equal
cylinder would turn over.

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to (SG)L, as shown. Its center of gravity G is at
L/2 above the bottom. Its center of buoyancy B
10. Answer: (2 to 2)
is at (SG)L/2 above the bottom. Then equation

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predicts the metacenter location.
IO πR4 /4 R2

c MB = = =
Vsub πR2 (SG)L 4(SG)L
L
= MG + GB = MG + − SG
2
L
2
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Thus MG > 0 (stability) if R2 ⁄L2 > 2SG(1 − SG)
For the given SG = 0.5, the body floats centrally For example, if SG = 0.8, stability requires that
N rr

with a draft equal to R, as shown. Its center of R

> 0.566.
L
gravity G is exactly at the surface. Its center of
e

buoyancy B is at the centroid of the immersed

4R
12. Answer: (B)
semicircle: below the surface. Equation
ef

3π
predicts the metacenter location:
1
(12) (2R)L3 L2
R

IO
MB = = R2
= = MG + GB
Vsub π( 2 )L 3πR

4R The calculations are similar to the floating cone

= MG +
3π
of Prob. 2.132. Let the triangle be L by L by L. List
Or:
the basic results.
l2 4R
MG = − 3π > 0 (stability) if L⁄R > 2 (a) Floating with point up: Centroid G is 0.289L
3πR

above the bottom line, center of buoyancy B

11. Answer: (A, C) is 0.245L above the bottom, hence GB =
(0.289 − 0.245)L ≈ 0.044L. Equation
gives
MB
= IO ⁄vsub = 0.0068L = MG + GB = MG + 0.044L
Hence, MG = −0.037L Unstable
(b) Floating with point down: Centroid G is MB = Io⁄vsub = 0.1826 L = MG + GB = MG + 0.0296 L
0.577L above the bottom point, center of
Hence, MG = +0.153 L Stable
buoyancy B is 0.548L above the bottom
point, hence GB = (0.577 − 0.548)L ≈
0.0296L. Equation gives

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Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Buoyancy and Floatation

1. A solid cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 60 cm diameter D and of negligible weight. The gate just
length, consists of two parts made of different opens when the level of waler is as shown in the
materials. The first part at base is 1.2 cm long and figure below. Obtain D. Where should the cable be
has specific gravity of 5.0. The other part of the attached, so that the gate slides smoothly [i.e.

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cylinder is made of material having specific gravity without rotation] inside the channel?
of 0.6. Determine whether it can float vertically or
not in water.

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[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2021]

c
2. The weights of a cube (side = 1.2 m) and a sphere
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(diameter = 1.25 m) are 20 kN and 5 kN
respectively. Both cube and sphere are connected
[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2009]
N rr

together by a short rope in a water reservoir.

Computer the tension in the rope and percentage
5. Determine the position in which a solid cylindrical
e

of sphere that will be above water surface.

block of wood of diameter 0.3 m and length 0.4 m
ef

[ESE CE : 8 Marks : 2016]

will float in water. Take specific gravity of wood as
0.5.
R

3. A metallic cube 30 cm side and weighing 450 N is

[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2007]
lowered into a tank containing a two fluid layer of
water and mercury. Top edge of the cube is at
6. A hollow cylinder of 1m long has an internal
water surface. Determine the position of block at
diameter and external diameter equal to 0.4 m
water-mercury interface when it has reached
and 0.6 m respectively and both ends are open.
equilibrium.
Assuming the weight of the cylinder as 700N,
[ESE CE : 10 Marks : 2009]
analysis whether the cylinder would be stable
while floating in water with its axis vertical.
4. A gate of size 2 m × 1 m can slide without
[ESE ME : 10 Marks : 2004]
friction. It is held in place by a thin cable which
pulls it lo the left due to buoyancy on a balloon of
7. A ship is sailing in the ocean. The captain of the
ship observes an iceberg floating in the sea at a
distance and he estimates the visible volume of
the iceberg above sea level as 600 m3 . If the
density of the iceberg is 915 kg/m3 , determine
the total volume and weight of the iceberg. The
density of the sea water may be taken as
1025 kg/m3
8. A rectangular pontoon floating in sea water
(density 1020 kg/m3 ) is 7 m long, 6 m wide and
3 m deep and weighs 450 kN. It carries on its deck
a crate 2 m × 2m × 2 m weighing 300 kN. The
centres of gravity of the pontoon & the crate are
at their geometric centres along a vertical line.
Check if the system is stable.
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1996]

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[ESE ME : 5 Marks : 2003]

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 Answer Key
1. (𝐆𝐌 < 𝟎, 𝐈𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧) 6. (GM < 0, Unstable Equilibrium)

2. (19.775%) 7. (𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐍)

3. (28.3358 cm) 8. (GM > 0, System is stable)

4. (D = 2.4814 m)
5. (GM = 0, Cylinder will float in neutral
equilibrium)

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 Solutions
1. Answer: 2. Answer: (19.775%)
(𝐆𝐌 < 𝟎, 𝐈𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧) Solution:
Solution:

0 de
I1 o
π 3
c
ρ1 = 5000 kg/m3 , ρ2 = 600 kg/m3
Weight = Buoyancy force (Equilibrium)
Vs = V1 + V2 =
6
Vc = a3 = 1.728 m3
D = 1.02265 m3
EG al
ρ1 V1 g + ρ2 V2 g = ρf (V1 + V2 )g Ws = 5000 N
π π
500 × (0.15)2 × 0.012 + 600 × (0.15)2 Wc = 20 × 103 N
4 4
N rr

π Fbc = ρf Vs g = 103 × 1.728 × 9.81

× 0.588 = 103 (0.15)2 × h
4 = 16951.68 N
e

h = 0.4128 m
Equilibrium of cube
ef

Centre of Buoyancy from the bottom

T + Fbc = Wc
0.4128
= = 0.2064 m T = Wc − Fbc = 20 × 103 − 16951.68
2
R

Centre of gravity from bottom T = 3048.32 N

58.8 0.012
600 × 0.588 × (1.2 + ) × 10−2 + 500 × 0.012 × Equilibrium of sphere
2 2
=
600 × 0.588 + 5000 × 0.012
Fbs = Ws + T
= 0.26239 m = 26.239 cm
π
× (0.15)4 ρf V2 g = 5000 + 3048.32
Iyy 64
BM = = 103 × V2 × 9.81 = 8048.32
Vs π (0.15)2 × 0.4128
4
= 3.4066 × 10−3 m V2 = 0.82042 m3
GM = BM − BG V1 = Vs − V2 = 0.20223 m3
GM = 3.4066 × 10−3 − (0.26239 − 0.2064) % of sphere which is above water surface
GM = −0.05258 m (Unstable equilibrium)
V1 0.20223
∵ GM < 0 = × 100 = × 100
Vs 1.02265
∴ It will not float in vertical position.
= 19.775%
3. Answer: (28.3358 cm) 1 × 23
=4+
Solution: 12 × (2 × 1) × 4
= 4 + 0.08333
h∗ = 4.08333 m
T = FP = 78.48 kN
Fb = T
ρf Vs g = 78.48 × 103

Weight = Buoyancy [Equilibrium] 3

πD3
10 × × 9.81 = 78.48 × 103
6
450 = ρw gVw + ρHg gVhg

0 de
D = 2.4814 m
450 = ρw gAhw + ρHg gAhHg
450 = 103 × 9.81 × (0.3)2 × (0.3 − 𝑥)
5. Answer: (GM = 0, Cylinder will float in neutral

I1 o
+ 13600 × 9.81 × (0.3)2 × x
equilibrium)
x = 0.01664 m = 1.664 cm (in mercury)
c
In water hw = 0.3 − x = 0.283358 m =
28.3358 cm
Solution:
Case-I
EG al
When longitudinal axis is vertical
N rr

4. Answer: (D = 2.4814 m)
Solution:
e

Fp = ρgh̅A
Fp = 103 × 9.81 × 4 × (2 × 1)
ef

Fp = 78.48 kN H = 0.4 m, D = 0.3 m, ρb = 0.5 × 1000 =

R

kg
500 m3

Weight = Buoyancy force (Equilibrium)

ρb Vg = ρf Vs g
ρb V = ρf Vs
π π
500 × D2 H = 1000 × D2 × h
4 4
Gate will glide smoothly when cable is attached H 0.4
h= = = 0.2 m
at the point of application of Fp i.e., h∗ 2 0.2
π 4 π
2 Iyy = D = × (0.3)4 = 3.976 × 10−4 m4
h̅ = 3 + =4 64 4
2
𝜋
Ixx,c Vs = (0.3)2 × 0.2 = 0.014137 m3
h∗ = h̅ + 4
Ah̅
 H h ∴ Cylinder will float in neutral equilibrium
BG = − = 0.2 − 0.1 = 0.1 m
2 2
Iyy 6. Answer: (GM < 0, Unstable Equilibrium)
GM = − BG
Vs Solution:
3.976 × 10−4
= − 0.1
0.014137
GM = −0.071875 m
∵ GM < 0
∴ Cylinder will be in unstable equilibrium
Case-2:

0 de
When longitudinal axis is horizontal
Weight = Buoyancy force (equilibrium)

I1 o
ρb Vg = ρf Vs g Weight = Buoyancy [For equilibrium]

500 × V × g = 1000 × Vs × g 700 = ρf Vs g

Vs =
V
2
c π
700 = 1000 × (0.62 − 0.42 )h × 9.81
4
EG al
h = 0.45426 m
Iyy
GM = − BG
Vs
N rr

π
Iyy = (D4 − D4i ) = 5.105 × 10−3 m4
64 0
e

π
Vs = (0.62 − 0.42 ) × 0.45426
HD3 4
ef

Iyy =
12 Vs = 0.07135 m3
0.4(0.3)3 1 h
= BG = − = 0.27287 m
12
R

2 2
= 9 × 10−4 m4 5.105 × 10−3
𝜋 GM = − 0.27287
(0.3)2 × 0.4 0.07135
4
Vs = ( ) = 0.014137 m3
2 GM = −0.20132 m

4R 4 × 0.15 ∵ GM < 0
BG = = = 0.06366
3π 3π ∴ Unstable Equilibrium
Iyy
GM = − BG 7. Answer: (𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐍)
Vs
Solution:
9 × 10−4
GM = − 0.06366
0.014137
GM = 0
∵ GM = 0,
 W1 y̅1 + W2 y̅2
G (from bottom) =
W1 + W2
y̅1 & y̅2 are CG of rate & pontoon
From bottom.
300 × 4 + W2 × 1.5
2.5 =
300 + W2
ρice = 915 kg/m3
750 + 2.5W2 = 1200 + 1.5 W2
ρsw = 1025 kg/m3
W2 = 450 kN
For equilibrium
Now,
Buoyance Force = Weight of iceberg

0 de
Weight = Buoyancy [Equilibrium]
ρf Vs g = ρice (600 + V)g
(300 + 450) × 103 = ρf Vs g
ρsw V = ρice (600 + V)
750 × 103 = 1020 × (7 × 6 × h) × 9.81
1025 V = 915(600 + V)

I1 o
h = 1.7846 m
110 V = 915 × 600
V = 4990.909 m3 c
Total volume of iceberg = 600 + 4990.909
BG = 2.5 −
h
2
1.7846
EG al
BG = 2.5 −
= 5590.909 m3 2
Total weight of iceberg = ρice × (600 + BG = 1.6077 m
N rr

4990.909)g Iyy 7 × 63
BM = = = 1.6810 m
Vs 12 × 7 × 6 × 1.7846
= 50.185 × 106 N
e

(Iyy should be minimum)

8. Answer: (GM > 0, System is stable)
ef

GM = BM − BG
Solution: GM = 1.6810 − 1.6077
GM = 0.07335 m
R

∵ GM > 0
Hence, system is stable
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 29

Chapter : Fluid Kinematics

Topic : Approaches for Analysis of Fluid Motion

1. [MCQ, ]
A fluid is flowing at a constant discharge of Q
through a divergent duct having inlet and outlet

0 de
diameters of D1 and D2 respectively, and a
2
length of L. The velocity can be assumed to be c cb(1 + at)
A. a = (1 + bx) [a − 2 ]
(1 − bx)
axial and uniform at any section. The

I1 o
2
b cb(1 − at)
acceleration at the outlet of the duct is given by B. a = (1 + cx) [a + 2 ]
(1 − bx)

A.

B.
−32Q2 (D2 −D1 )
π2 LD51

−32Q2 (D2 −D1 )

c a
C. a = (1 + bx) [b −
ac(1 + bt)

(1 − bt)
2
]
EG al
π2 L2 D41 2
c cb(1 + at)
−32Q2 (D2 −D1 ) D. a = (1 − bx) [a + 2 ]
C. (1 − bx)
π2 LD52
N rr

−32Q2 (D2 −D1 )

D. π2 L2 D42 3. [MCQ, ]
e

Consider a sphere of radius R immersed in a

2. [MCQ, ]
ef

uniform stream UO as shown in figure. The fluid

Fluid flows through a converging duct as shown velocity along streamline AB is given by
in the figure below. Cross-sectional area of the
R

R3
V = ui = uo (1 + x3 ) i
duct varies as given by the relation A =
The position of maximum fluid acceleration
A0 (1 − bx), where x is measured from the
along AB
inlet, A0 is the cross-sectional area of the duct at
the inlet and b is a constant. The free stream
velocity is given by u∞ = c(1 + at), where c and
a are dimensional constant. The expression for
acceleration assuming inviscid flow & no
accumulation within the duct, is given by
 u = 1.1 + 2.8x + 0.65y
A. −0.6025 R v = 0.98 − 2.1x − 2.8y

B. −2.41 R The magnitude of acceleration at (x, y) =

C. −2.125 R (−2, 3) is _____ units (round off to two decimal

places).
D. −1.205 R

7. [NAT, ]
4. [MCQ, ]
The velocity field of a flow is given by
A general equation for a steady, two-
1 1

0 de
dimensional velocity field that is linear in both V = 20y⁄(x 2 + y 2 )2 î − 20x⁄(x 2 + y 2 )2 ĵ

spatial directions (x & y) is given by: In m⁄s. Here x and y are in m. The fluid speed at

⃗V = (u, v) = (U + a1 x + b1 y)i + (V + a2 x + b2 y)j (5, 5) along the x axis, along the y-axis is _____

I1 o
Where U and V are constants. Their dimensions m⁄s (round off to two decimal places).

c
are assumed to be appropriately defined. The x-
component of the acceleration field will be
8. [NAT, ]
A fluid flows past a sphere with an upstream
EG al
A. ax = a1 (U + a1 x + b1 y) + b1 (V + a2 x + b2 y)
B. ax = a1 (V + a1 x + b1 y) + b1 (U + a2 x + b2 y) velocity of V0 = 40 m/s as shown in figure.
C. ax = b1 (U + a1 x + b1 y) + a1 (V + a2 x + b2 y) From a more advanced theory it is found that
N rr

D. ax = b1 (V + a1 x + b1 y) + a1 (U + a2 x + b2 y) the speed of the fluid along the front part of the

e

3
sphere is V = 2 V0 sin θ. If the radius of the
5. [NAT, ]
ef

sphere is a = 0.20 m, The magnitude of total

The velocity field (in m/s) of a fluid particle is
acceleration at point A is _____ m/s 2 .
given by:
R

⃗
⃗ = 10x 2 yi + 15xyj + (25t − 3xy)k
V
The magnitude of total acceleration (in m/s2 ) at
(1, 1) of the given fluid particle will be _____
units (round off to one decimal place).

6. [NAT, ]
9. [NAT, ]
A steady, incompressible, 2-D velocity field is
The velocity vector in an incompressible flow is
given by the following components in the x − y
given by ⃗V = (6xt + yz 2 )î + (3t + xy 2 )ĵ +
plane
 (xy − 2xyz − 6tz)k̂. The acceleration at point [GATE-2019-CE]
A (1, 1, 1, ) at t = 1 second is _____ units.
(round off to two decimal places) 13. [MCQ, ]
The velocity components in Cartesian
10. [NAT, ] coordinates in a two-dimensional
A two-dimensional Eulerian velocity field is given incompressible flow are u = ey cos(x) and v =
(in m/s) by V = [√5x]î − [√12y]ĵ, where x and y ey sin(x). The magnitude of total acceleration at
are the coordinates (in meters) in a Cartesian the point (−1, 1) is

0 de
coordinate system. The magnitude of the A. 0
acceleration (in m/s 2 , up to one decimal place) B. 1
of a fluid particle at x = 1 m and y = −1 m is C. e

I1 o
________. D. e2
[GATE-2019-XE]
c [GATE-2021-XE]

14. [MCQ, ]
EG al
11. [NAT, ]
Water flows through a pipe with a velocity given The velocity field in a two-dimensional, unsteady
N rr

⃗ = (4 + x + y) ĵ m/s where ĵ is the unit ⃗ (x, y, t) = 2xy 2 î + 3xytĵ m/s.

flow is given by V
by V
t
The magnitude of acceleration of a fluid particle
vector in the y direction, t (> 0) is in seconds,
e

located at
and x and y are in meters. The magnitude of total
x = 1 m, y = 1 m at the time t = 1s, in m/s 2 is
ef

acceleration at the point (x, y) = (1, 1) at t =

A. 16.0
2 s is ______ m/s 2 .
R

B. 18.1
[GATE-2019-ME]
C. 24.1
12. [MCQ, ]
D. 34.1
The velocity field in a flow system is given by ⃗V = [GATE-2018-XE]
2i + (x + y)j + (xyz)k. The acceleration of the
fluid at (1,1,2) is 15. [MCQ, ]
A. 2i + 10k For a steady flow, the velocity field is.
B. 4i + 12k ⃗V = (−x 2 + 3y)î + (2xy)ĵ
C. j + k
D. 4j + 10k
 The magnitude of the acceleration of a particle
at (1, −1) is A. (1.75, −3)
A. 2 B. (−1.75, 3)
B. 1 C. (1.75, 3)

C. 2√5 D. (−1.75, −3)

D. 0 [GATE-2017-XE]

[GATE-2017-ME]
18. [NAT, ]
Velocity vector in m/s for a 2-D flow is given in

0 de
16. [MCQ, ]
Cartesian coordinate (x, y) as
The velocity field in Cartesian coordinate system 2
⃗V = (x î − xy ĵ). Symbols bear usual meaning.
for a two-dimensional steady flow is given as: 4 2

I1 o
At a point in the flow field, the x- and y-
⃗V = (V0 ) (xî − yĵ)
L
components of the acceleration vector are given
c
Where, V0 and L are constants. Which one of
the following expressions represents the
as 1 m/s2 and −0.5 m/s 2 , respectively. The
velocity magnitude at that point is ______ m/s.
EG al
acceleration field (a⃗) for this flow?
[GATE-2016-XE]
A. a = 0
N rr

V
B. a⃗ = ( L0 ) (xî + yĵ) 19. [MCQ, ]
e

V20
C. a⃗ = ( ) (xî − yĵ) For an unsteady incompressible fluid flow, the
L2
velocity field is
ef

V2
D. a = (L20 ) (xî + yĵ)
⃗V = (3x 2 + 3)tî − 6xytĵ,
[GATE-2017-XE]
Where x, y is in meters and t is in seconds.
R

17. [MCQ, ] Acceleration in m/s2 at the point x = 10 m and

A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional y = 0, as measured by a stationary observer is.

velocity field in Cartesian coordinate system is A. 303

represented by the following expression. B. 162

⃗V = (0.7 + 0.4x)î + (1.2 − 0.4y)ĵ C. 43

The coordinates of the point (x, y) in the flow D. 13

field having “zero” velocity is, [GATE-2014-XE]

20. [MCQ, ] 22. [MCQ, ]
The velocity in a one-dimensional unsteady flow In a two-dimensional velocity field with
is given by (x 2 − t), where x is the position and velocities u and v along x and y directions
t is the time. The total acceleration at any x and respectively, the convective acceleration along
t is the x-direction is given by
A. −1 + xt + x 3 ∂u
A. u ∂x + v ∂y
∂u

B. −1 + xt + 2x 3 ∂u ∂v
B. u ∂x + v ∂y
C. −1 − xt − x 3
∂v ∂u
D. −1 − 2xt + 2x 3

0 de
C. u ∂x + v ∂y
[GATE-2012-XE] ∂u ∂u
D. v ∂x + u ∂y
21. [MCQ, ] [GATE-2006-ME]

I1 o
The velocity field of a two-dimensional fluid flow
is as follow:
x
u = U0 L , v = −U0 L
y
c 23. [MCQ, ]

A velocity field is given as ⃗V = 2yî + 3xĵ where

EG al
Where, U0 and L are, respectively, the x and y are in meters. The acceleration of a fluid
characteristic velocity and length. particle at (x, y) = (1,1) in the x - direction is
N rr

If L = 0.2 m and the resultant of total A. 0

B. 5.00 m/s2
e

acceleration in x - and y - directions at (x =

C. 6.00 m/s 2
L, y = L) is 10 m/s2 , the magnitude of U0 (m/s)
ef

D. 8.48 m/s 2
is
[GATE-2004-CE]
A. 1.414
R

24. [MCQ, ]
B. 2.38
The acceleration of a fluid particle in steady one-
C. 1.19
dimensional flow is
D. 11.90
A. 0
[GATE-2010-XE]
du
B. u dx
u2
C. 2g

u2
D. x

[GATE-1996-CE]
25. [MCQ, ] A. (−2, −2) B. (1, −1)

The velocity field for a flow is ⃗V = 5tî + 2xzĵ + C. (1, 1) D. (3, −1)

2tyk̂, where t is time. Choose the correct option [GATE-2015-XE]

representing the total acceleration at (x, y, z, t)

A. 5î + 2(x + z)ĵ + 2(t + y)k̂ 27. [NAT, ]

B. 5î + t(10z + 4xy)ĵ + (2y + 4xzt)k̂ For an inviscid fluid with density 1 kg/m3 , the

C. 5î + 2yk̂ Cartesian velocity field is given as:

D. 2t(2xy + 5z)ĵ + 4xztk̂ 𝐮 = (−2x + y)t𝐢 + (2x + y)t𝐣 m/s

0 de
[GATE-2020-XE] Neglecting the body forces, find the magnitude

26. [MCQ, ] of pressure gradient in (Pa/m) at (x, y) =

Consider a two-dimensional velocity field given (1 m, 1 m)at t = 1s. (Round off to two decimal

I1 o
⃗ = πyî − πxĵ, where î and ĵ are the unit places).
by V

c
vectors in the directions of the rectangular
Cartesian coordinates x and y, respectively. A
[GATE-2022-XE]
EG al
fluid particle is located initially at the point
(−1, 1). Its position after unit time is
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (C) 15. (C)
2. (D) 16. (D)
3. (D) 17. (B)
4. (A) 18. (1.414 (1.4 to 1.42))
5. (513.5 to 517.5) 19. (A)
6. (17.05 to 17.15) 20. (D)
7. (20.00 to 20.00) 21. (C)
8. (11525 to 11595) 22. (A)

0 de
9. (56.55 to 58.55) 23. (C)
10. (12.9 to 13.1) 24. (B)
11. (3 to 3) 25. (D)

I1 o
12. (D) 26. (B)
13. (D) 27. (5.60 to 5.70)
14. (C) c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) 2. Answer: (D)

Q = Ax u Discharge at the inlet = Discharge at the

0 de
Dx − D1 D2 − D1 cross-section at distance x from inlet
=
x−0 L−0 Ao u∞ = Ax u
Dx − D1 D2 − D1
= Ao 𝑐(1 + at) = Ao (1 − bx)u

I1 o
x L
c(1 + at)
Dx = D1 + kx u=
(1 − bx)
π
Q = D2x u
4
4Q
c ∂u ∂u
ax = u +
∂x ∂t
EG al
u= c(1 + at) ∂ c(1 + at) ∂ c(1 + at)
π[D1 + kx]2 ax = [ ]+ [ ]
(1 − bx) ∂x (1 − bx) ∂t (1 − bx)
For 1-D(x-direction) steady flow
c 2 (1 + at)2 −1 c
N rr

du ax = [ 2
× −b] + ×a
ax = u (1 − bx) (1 − bx) (1 − bx)
dx
4Q d 4Q c bc(1 + at)2
ax = [ + a]
e

ax = 2
× [ ] (1 − bx) (1 − bx)2
π[D1 + kx] dx π[D1 + kx]2
16Q2
ef

−2
ax = 2 2
×[ ] 3. Answer: (D)
π [D1 + kx] [D1 + kx]3
−32Q2 k R3
u = uo (1 + )
R

ax = 2
π [D1 + kx]5 x3
At x = L du
qx = u
−32Q2 k dx
ax=L = R3
π2 [D1 + kL]5 q x = uo (1 + )
D2 − D1 x3
−32Q2 ( )
L
ax=L = 5
d R3
D2 −D1 [u (1 + 3 )]
π2 [D1 + ( L
) L] dx o x
−32Q2 (D2 − D1 ) R3 3
ax=L = qx = u20 (1 + 3 ) (0 − 4 )
π2 LD52 x x
q x = −3yo2 (x −4 + R3 x −7 )
For maximum fluid acceleration
 d ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
[−3yo2 (x −4 + R3 x −7 )] = 0 ax = +u +v +w
dx ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
−4x −5 − 7R3 x −8 = 0 =0
−x −5 (4 + 7R3 x −3 ) = 0 + (1.1 + 2.8x + 0.65y)(2.8)
7R3 x −3 = −4 + (0.98 − 2.1x − 2.8y)(0.65)
7 +0
x 3 = − R3 ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
4 ay = +u +v +w
x = −1.205 R ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0 + (1.1 + 2.8x + 0.65y)(−2.1)(0.98
4. Answer: (A) − 2.1x − 2.8y)(−2.8) + 0
The unsteady terms are zero since this is a

0 de
u = U + a1 x + b1 y
steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since
v = V + a 2 x + b2 y
the flow is two dimensional.
∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u + v + ∴ ax = 3.717 + 6.475x ay = 14.371 = 14.4
∂x ∂y ∂t

I1 o
ax (U + a1 x + b1 y)a1 + (V + a2 x + b2 y)b1 ∴ a = √a2x + a2y = 17.104 units

c
⇒ a1 (U + a1 x + b1 y) + b1 (V + a2 x + b2 y)

5. Answer: (513.5 to 517.5)

7. Answer: (20.00 to 20.00)
EG al
20y
2
Given u = (x2 +y2 )1/2
u = 10x y; v = 15xy; w = 25t − 3xy
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 20x
ax = u + v + w + v=
N rr

∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t (x 2 + y 2 )1/2
ax = 10x 2 y(20 xy) + 15xy (10x 2 ) ∴ Fluid speed V = √u2 + v 2
e

ax(1,1) = 10 × 20 + 15 × 10 = 350 units

400y 2 + 400x 2
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v =√
ef

ay = u + v + w + (x 2 + y 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
= 10x 2 y(15y) + 15xy(15x)
400 × (5)2 + 400 × (5)2
R

ay(1,1) = 375 units Vat(5,5) =√

52 + 52
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u +v +w + = 20.00 m⁄s
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
= 10x 2 y(−3y) + 15xy(−3x) + 25
az(1,1) = −50 units 8. Answer: (11525 to 11595)
3 3
V = 2 V0 sin θ = 2 (40) sin θ = 60 sin θ m⁄s
∴ |a⃗| = √ax 2 + ay 2 + az 2
V2 (60 sin 40°) 2
|a⃗| = 515.318 units an = = = 7440 m⁄s 2
R 0.2
and
6. Answer: (17.05 to 17.15) ∂V ∂V
as = V ∂S = (60 sin θ) ∂S ,
The velocity components are ∂V ∂V ∂θ
where = =
Velocity components: u = 1.1 + 2.8x + 0.65y ∂S ∂θ ∂S
∂V
v = 0.98 − 2.1x − 2.8y = 60 cos θ (∵ V = 60 sin θ)
∂θ
The acceleration field components are
 Also s = aθ = 0.2 θ m, where θ~rad, so that 10. Answer: (12.9 to 13.1)
∂θ 1
= Given ⃗V = (√5x)î − (√12 y)ĵ
∂S 0.2 m
Thus, for θ = 40° ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
1 ax = u +v +w +
as = (60 sin 40°)(60 cos 40°) (0.2 m) ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
= 8860 m/s 2 = (√5x). (√5)
a= √a2s + a2n = 5x m/s2
= √78499600 + 55353600 ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
a = 11569.49 m/s 2 ay = u + v. + w. +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
9. Answer: (56.55 to 58.55) = (−√12y). (−√12)

0 de
Acceleration a = ax î + ay ĵ + az k̂ = 12 y
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = +u +v +w ∴ a⃗ = 5xî + 12yĵ
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

I1 o
= 6x + (6xt + yz )(6t) + (3t + xy 2 )(z 2 ) +
2 At x = 1 m, y = −1m,
(xy − 2xyz − 6tz)(2yz) a⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 12ĵ

c
At point A(1, 1, 1) and at t = 1 sec
ax = 6 + (6 + 1)(6) + (3 + 1)(1) + (1 − 2 −
⇒ |a⃗| = √52 + (−12)2 = 13 m/s 2
EG al
6)(2) = 38 units
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v 11. Answer: (3 to 3)
ay = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ = (4 + x + y) ĵ
N rr

V
= 3 + (6xt + yz )(y ) + (3t + xy 2 )(2xy) +
2 2 t

(xy − 2xyz − 6tz)(0) a⃗ = ay ĵ

e

At point A (1, 1, 1) and at t = 1 sec

∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = 3 + (6 + 1)(1) + (3 + 1)(2) = 18 units ay = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
ef

Similarly,
4 ∂ 4
az =
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
+ u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z ay = ( + x + y) ( + x + y) +
∂t
t ∂y t
R

= −6z + (6xt + yz 2 )(y − 2yz) + (3t + xy 2 ) × ∂ 4

( + x + y)
(x − 2xz) + (xy − 2xyz − 6tz)(−2xy − 6t) ∂t t
At point A (1, 1, 1) and at t = 1 sec 4 4
ay = + x + y −
t t2
az = −6 + (6 + 1)(1 − 2) + (3 + 1)(1 − 2) +
(1 − 2 − 6)(−2 − 6) ay 4 4
(1,1) at t=2 = + 1 + 1 − 2 = 3 m⁄s 2
= −6 − 7 − 4 + 56 = 39 units 2 2
Hence, at A (1, 1, 1) and at t = 1 sec
a = 38î + 18j + 39k 12. Answer: (D)
a = √(38)2 + (18)2 + (39)2
⃗V = 2î + (x + y)ĵ + (xyz)k̂
a = √1444 + 324 + 1521
a = 57.35 units u = 2 v = x + y w = xyz
for steady flow
∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
 ax = 0 ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u +v +
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂t
ay = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
= 2xy 2 (3yt) + 3xyt(3xt) + 3xy
ay = 2(1) + (x + y )(1) = 2 + x + y
= 6xy 3 t + 9x 2 yt 2 + 3xy
∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ
az = 2(yz) + (x + y)(xz) + xyz(xy) a⃗ = (4xy 4 + 12x 2 y 2 t)î + (6xy 3 t + 9x 2 yt 2
az = 2yz + (x + y)(xz) + x 2 y 2 z + 3xy)ĵ
a⃗ = (2 + x + y)ĵ + [2yz + (x + y)(xz) + At (1, 1) & t = 1
x 2 y 2 z]k̂ a⃗ = 16î + 18ĵ

0 de
At (1, 1, 2) ⇒ |a⃗| = √162 + 182
a⃗ = 4ĵ + 10k̂ = 24.083 m/s2

I1 o
≃ 24.1 m/s 2
13. Answer: (D)
c
For 2 − D (x-y plane) steady flow
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ
15. Answer: (C)
V = (−x 2 + 3y)î + (2xy)ĵ
EG al
∂u ∂u u = −x 2 + 3y, v = 2xy
ax = u + v
∂x ∂y For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow
N rr

y y (ey y
= e cosx(−e sinx) + sinx)(e cosx) ∂u ∂u
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y
=0
e

= (−x 2 + 3y)(−2x) + (2xy)(3) = 2x 3

∂v ∂v
ay = u + v ∂v ∂v
ef

∂u ∂y ay = u ∂u + v ∂y = (−x 2 + 3y)(2y) +
= ey cosx(ey cosx) + ey sinx(ey sinx) (2xy)(2x)
2y
=e
R

ay = 2x 2 y + 6y 2
2y
a⃗ = e ĵ
a⃗ = 2x 3 î + (2x 2 y + 6xy 2 )ĵ
At (−1,1)
At (1, −1)
a⃗ = e2 ĵ
a⃗ = 2î + 4ĵ

|a⃗| = √22 + 42
14. Answer: (C)
|a⃗| = 2√5 units
Given ⃗V(x, y, t) = 2xy 2 i + 3xytj
For 2-D (x-y plane) flow
∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u. +v +
∂x ∂y ∂t
= 2xy 2 (2y 2 ) + 3xyt(4xy) + 0
= 4xy 4 + 12x 2 y 2 t
16. Answer: (D) −x 2 y x 2 y x 2 y
= + =
⃗V = V0 xî − V0 yĵ 8 4 8
L L
ay = −0.5
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow
x2y
∂u ∂u = −0.5
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y 8
V0 V0 V20
x 2 y = −4
ax = x× = x
L L L2 y = −1
∂v ∂v
ay = u ∂x + v ∂y ∴ the given point is (2, −1).

=−
V0
y(
−V0 V2
) = L20 y ⇒ ⃗V = î + ĵ

0 de
L L
⃗ | = √12 + 12 = √2 = 1.414 m/s
⇒ |V
v02 v02
a⃗ = 2 xî + 2 yĵ
L L
v02 19. Answer: (A)

I1 o
(xî + yĵ)
L2 ⃗ = (3x 2 + 3)tî − 6xytĵ
V

17. Answer: (B) c

⃗V = (0.7 + 0.4x)î + (1.2 − 0.4y)ĵ
For 2-D (x-y plane) flow

ax = u
∂u ∂u ∂u
+v +
EG al
∂x ∂y ∂t
For zero velocity u = 0, v = 0 = (3x 2 + 3)t(6xt) + (−6xyt)(−6xt) +(3x 2 +
N rr

0.7 + 0.4 x = 0 1.2 − 0.4 y = 0 3)

−0.7 −1.2
x= y= = 18x 3 t 2 + 18xt 2 + 36xyt 2 + (3x 2 + 3)
0.4 −0.4
e

∂v ∂v ∂v
x = −1.75 y=3 ay = u. + v. +
∂x ∂y ∂t
ef

= (3x 2 + 3)t. (−6yt) + (−6xyt). (−6xt) −

18. Answer: 1.414 (1.4 to 1.42)
x2
−6xy
R

xy
Given ⃗V = î − ĵ
4 2 In case if observer is stationary, the observer will
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow
not observe convective acceleration, hence only
x 2 2x
ax = ( ) + v(0) local acceleration will come into the picture.
4 4
For stationary observer
x3
= m/s2 ax = (3x 2 + 3); ay = −6xy
8
ax = 1 a⃗ = (3x 2 + 3)î − 6xyĵ
x3 At (10, 0)
=1
8 a⃗ = 303î
x=2
|a⃗| = 303 m/s2
2
x y −xy −x
ay = (− ) + ( )( )
4 2 2 2
20. Answer: (D)
10(0.2)
2 ⇒ U0 = √
y=x −t √2
For 1-D flow
⇒ U0 = 1.189 ≈ 1.19 m/s
∂u ∂u
ax = u +
∂x ∂t 22. Answer: (A)
2 ∂ ∂
ax = (x − t) ∂x (x 2 − t) + ∂t (x 2 − t) The convective acceleration along x- direction is
ax = (x 2 − t)(2x) + (−1) given by
ax = −1 − 2xt + 2x 3 ∂u ∂u
ax = u. + v.
∂x ∂y

0 de
21. Answer: (C)
x y 23. Answer: (C)
u = Uo . ; v = −Uo .
L L ⃗V = 2yî + 3xĵ

I1 o
at (L, L)
u = 2y; v = 3x
Given |a⃗| = 10 m/s
x Uo
⇒ ax = (Uo )
L L
Uo 2
=( ) x
L
c 2
For 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow

ax = u
∂u
+v
∂u
= 3x(2) = 6x
EG al
∂x ∂y
y −Uo U 2
And ay = (−Uo L) ( ) = ( L0 ) y At (1, 1)
L
N rr

U0 2 U0 2 ax = 6 m/s 2
a⃗ = ( ) xî + ( ) y. ĵ
L L
e

At x = L, y = L 24. Answer: (B)

U02 U02 For steady 1-D flow
ef

a⃗ = î + ĵ
L L ∂u
ax = u
Uo2 ∂x
∴ |a⃗| = √2. = 10
R

L 25. Answer: (D)

Uo2 26. Answer: (B)
√2 = 10
L
27. Answer: (5.60 to 5.70)
⇒ Uo2 = (10 L)/√2
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 30

Chapter : Fluid Kinematics

Topic : Concept of Material Derivative

1. [MCQ, ] ⃗ = (x 2 − y 2 + x)î − (2xy + y)ĵ. Then the rate

V
Assume the temperature of the exhaust in an of change of pressure at a point (2,1) is _____
exhaust pipe can be approximated by T = units (round off to nearest integer).

0 de
T0 (1 + ae−bx )[1 + c cos(ωt)] where T0 =
100°C, a = 3 and b = 0.03 m−1 and c = 0.05 4. [NAT, ]

and ω = 100 rad/s. If the exhaust speed is a In winter, the Gangetic plains experience cold

I1 o
constant 2 m/s, then the time rate of change of winds blowing from the Himalayas which bring

c
temperature of the fluid particles at x = 4 m
and t = 0.
about dramatic decreases in the
temperatures. At a given time, the temperature
local
EG al
A. −18.9 °C/s at Dehradun is 2°C and Kanpur, 300 km directly

B. 14.6 °C/s downstream, it is 17°C. The average wind

N rr

C. −16.8 °C/s velocity is 40 km/hr and it is observed that the

D. 11 °C/s air heats up at the rate of 1°C/hr as it flows past

e

the hotter plains. The rate of fall of temperature

2. [MCQ, ]
ef

at Kanpur is _____ (°C/hr). Assuming the

Given an unsteady temperature field T = (xy + temperature gradient between the two cities to
⃗ = xyî +
z + 3t)K and unsteady velocity filed V
R

be constant (round off to nearest integer)

zĵ + 5tk̂. What will be the rate of change of
5. [MCQ, ]
temperature of a particle at a point (2, −2,1) at
Given an unsteady temperature field T =
time t = 2s
(x 2 y + z + 3t)k and unsteady velocity field V =
A. 18 K/s
xyî + zĵ + 5tk̂, the rate of change of
B. 16 K/s
temperature of a particle (K/s) at a point
C. 21 K/s
D. 23 K/s (2, −2, 1) at the time t = 2s.
A. 31
3. [NAT, ] B. 18
A two-dimensional pressure field P = 4x 3 − C. 49
2y 2 is associated with a velocity field is given by D. 23
6. [NAT, ] A. 4
Air flows steadily through a long pipe with a B. 0
speed of u = 15 + 0.5x, where x is the distance C. 18
along the pipe in m, and u is in m/s. Due to heat D. 14
transfer into the pipe, the air temperature, T,
8. [MCQ, ]
within the pipe is T = 300 + 10x ° C. The rate of
The temperature field in a fluid flow is given by
change of the temperature of air particles as
(60 − 0.2xy)° C. The velocity field is
they flow past the section at x = 1.5 m is
⃗V = 2xyî + tyĵ m/s. The rate of change of the

0 de
_____°C/s (round off to one decimal place).
temperature measured by a thermometer
7. [MCQ, ] moving along with the flow at (2, −4) m at t =

I1 o
A tiny temperature probe is fully immersed in a 4 s is
flowing fluid and is moving with zero relative A. −12.8° C/s
c
velocity with respect to the fluid. The velocity
⃗ = (2x)î + (y + 3t)ĵ and the
field in the fluid is V
B. −10.6° C/s
C. −6.4° C/s
EG al
temperature field in the fluid is T = 2x 2 + xy + D. −4.8° C/s

4t, where x and y are the spatial coordinates, [GATE-2011-XE]

N rr

and t is the time. The time rate of change of

9. [NAT, ]
e

temperature recorded by the probe at (x =

An idealized velocity fields is given by ⃗V = 4txî −
1, y = 1, t = 1)is _____.
ef

2t 2 yĵ + 4xzk̂. At point (−1, 1, 0) and t = 1, the

[GATE-2021-ME]
magnitude of the material acceleration vector of
R

the fluid element is _____

[GATE-2017-AE]
 Answer Key
1. (C) 5. (C)
2. (D) 6. (157.2 to 157.9)
3. (260 to 260) 7. (C)
4. (–1 to –1) 8. (C)
9. (20 to 20)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) DT
( ) = 3 + (2)(−2)(−2) + (1)(2)
Given T = T0 (1 + ae−bx )[1 + c cos(ωt)] Dt (2,−2,1)

Also u = 2 m/s +5×2×1

DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T DT
=u +v +w + ( ) = 23 K/s
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t Dt

DT ∂T ∂T 3. Answer: (260 to 260)

=u + (∵ v = w = 0)
Dt ∂x ∂t
DT Dp ∂p ∂p ∂p
⇒ = T0 (1 + ae−bx )(−c ω sin(ωt)) =u +v +

0 de
Dt Dt ∂x ∂y ∂t
+ uT0 (1 + c cos(ωt))(−abe−bx )
= (x 2 − y 2 + x)12x 2 + (−2xy − y)(−4y)
When t = 0
= 12x 2 (x 2 − y 2 + x) + 4y(2xy + y)

I1 o
DT Dp
= −abuT0 (1 + c)e−bx ( ) = 12 × 22 (2−2 − 12 + 2) + 4
Dt Dt 2,1

DT
= −18.9 e−0.03x
c
= (−3)(0.03)(2)(100)(1 + 0.05)e−0.03x
× 1(2 × 2 × 1 + 1)
EG al
= 48(4 − 1 + 2) + 4(5)
Dt
DT Dp
At x = 4 m then ( ) = 260 units
Dt Dt
N rr

= −18.9 e−0.03(4) = − 16.8 °C⁄s

4. Answer: (–1 to –1)
e

2. Answer: (D)
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T The material rate of change of temperature
=u +v +w +
ef

Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t DT/Dt is given as 1°C/hr. To find the local rate

Given T = (xy + z + 3t)k of change, use
R

⃗V = xyî + zĵ + 5tk̂ ∂T DT

= − (V × ∇)T
DT ∂ ∂ ∂t Dt
∴ = (xy + z + 3t) + xy (xy + z + 3t) ∂T
Dt ∂t ∂x In this simple case, (V × ∇)T = V ∂x
∂
+ z (xy + z + 3t) 17 − 2
∂y = 40 × 103 ×
300 × 103
∂ = 2°C/hr
+ 5t (xy + z + 3t)
∂z
Thus, the local rate of change at Kanpur is
DT
= 3 + xy × y + 3 × x + 5t × 1 ∂T
Dt =1-2 = −1(°C/hr)
∂t
5. Answer: (C) ∂
= 2x (2x 2 + xy + 4t)
∂x
T = (x 2 y + z + 3t)k ∂
+ (y + 3t) (2x 2 + xy + 4t)
V = xyî + zĵ + 5tk̂ (2, −2, 1) t = 2s ∂y
Rate of change of temperature ∂
+0+ (2x 2 + xy + 4t)
Dt ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂t
=u +v +w + DT
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t = 2x(4x + y) + (y + 3t)(x) + 4
Dt
= 3 + xy × 2xy + z(x 2 ) + 5t(1)
DT
= 3 + 2 × (−2) × 2 × 2 × (−2) + 1 × (2)2 ( )
Dt (x=1,y=1,t=1)

0 de
+5×2 = 2 × 1(4 × 1 + 1) + (1 + 3 × 1) × 1 + 4
= 3 + 32 + 1 × 4 + 10 = 18 K/s
= 49 K/s

I1 o
8. Answer: (C)
6. Answer: (157.2 to 157.9)
DT ∂T
Given u = 15 + 0.5x or
T = 300 + 10x°C c
The rate of change of the temperature is
Dt
DT
Dt
∂t

⃗ . ∇)T +
= (V
∂T
∂t
EG al
DT ∂T ∂T DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
=u + =4 +v +w +
Dt ∂x ∂t Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
N rr

∂T DT ∂
Given it is steady flow → =0 = (2xy) (60 − 0.2xy)
∂t
Dt ∂x
DT ∂T
e

∴ =u ∂
Dt ∂x + ty (60 − 0.2xy)
∂y
ef

∂
= (15 + 0.5x) (300 + 10x) DT
∂x = (2xy)(−0.2y) + ty(−0.2x)
Dt
DT
= −0.4xy 2 − 0.2xyt
R

( ) = (15 + 0.5x)(10)
Dt x=1.5m
At (2, −4)& t = 4
= (15 + 0.5 × 1.5)(10) = 157.5° C⁄s
DT
7. Answer: (C) = −0.4 × 2 × (−4)2 − 0.2(2)(−4) × 4
Dt
⃗V = (2x)î + (y + 3t)ĵ DT
= −12.8 + 6.4
⃗T = 2x 2 + xy + 4t Dt
DT
At (x = 1, y = 1)& t = 1 = −6.4 °C/s
Dt
Time rate of change of temperature is
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T 9. Answer: (20 to 20)
=u +v +w +
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ⃗
Given ⃗V = 4txi − 2t 2 yj + 4xzk
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u. +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
⇒ ax = (4tx)(4t) + 4x = 16xt 2 + 4x = 16txz + 16x 2 z
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v At the point (−1,1,0), and t = 1
ay = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
a⃗ = (16xt 2 + 4x)î + (4t 4 y − 4ty)ĵ + (16txz
⇒ ay = 2t 2 y(2t 2 ) − 4ty
+ 16x 2 z)k̂
= 4t 4 y − 4ty At (−1, 1, 0) and t = 1
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u. + v. + w. + a⃗ = −20î
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
|a⃗| = 20 m/s2
= (4tx)(4z) + 4xz(4x)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 31

Chapter : Fluid Kinematics

Topic : Various Fluid Lines - I

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [MCQ, ]

A velocity field is given by V = xî + x (x − The equation of streamline passing through (1,
1)(y + 1)ĵ. Here u and v are in m/s, and x, y are 1) for the velocity function V = −y 2 i − 6xj is:
in m. The streamline equation that passes A. 10x 2 − 2y 3 − 6 B. 9x 3 − y 3 − 8

0 de
through origin is C. 9x 2 − y 3 = 8 D. 9x 2 − y 2 = 8
1 2 −x) 1 2
A. y = e2 (x +1 B. y = e2 x −x
−1 4. [MCQ, ]
1 2
x2 +x x −x ̅=
C. y = e +1 D. y = e 3 +1 A two dimensional flow field is defined as V

I1 o
i̅x − j̅y . The equation of the stream line passing
2. [MCQ, ]
c
In addition to the customary horizontal velocity
components of the air in the atmosphere
through the point (1, 2) is
A. xy + 2 = 0
C. xy − 2 = 0
B. x 2 y + 2 = 0
D. x 2 y − 2 = 0
EG al
(the “wind”), there often are vertical air currents
(thermals) caused by buoyant effects due 5. [MCQ, ]
to uneven heating of the air as indicated in The equation to the streamlines for the velocity
N rr

figure. Assume that the velocity field in a certain

field is given as V  2x3 ˆi  6x2ˆj
region is approximated by u = u0 , v = v0 (1 −
e

A. e x  c B. e x  c
y 2 y 3
y/h) for 0 < y < h, and u = u0 , v = 0 for y >
C. e x  c
y
D. ey x2  c
2
h. The streamline that passes through the origin
ef

6. [MCQ, ]
In case of a two dimensional flow, the
R

components of velocity are given by u = ax; v =

by, the streamlines will consist of a series of
A. Circular arcs B. Parabolic arcs
C. Hyperbolic arcs D. Elliptical arcs

7. [MCQ, ]
A three – dimensional velocity field is given by =
u y
A. X = −h (v0 ) ln (1 − h) −x , v = 2y, w = 5 − z. The equation of
0
v0
B. X = h (u ) ln (1 + h)
y streamline through (2, 2, 1) in the yz − plane is
0
given by
u y
C. X = −h (v0 ) ln (1 + h) A. y(5 − z)2 = 32 B. (5 − z)y = 16
0
u y 2
D. X = h (v0 ) ln (1 − h) C. (1 − y)z = 32 D. (1 − y)z = 16
0
 9+6y
8. [MCQ, ] C. = costant
−5+6x
In a 2-D fluid flow, the velocity vector is
D. (−5 + 6x) − (9 + 6y) = constant
expressed as ⃗ = (11 + 3𝑥)𝑖̂ + (11 −
𝑉
3𝑦)𝑗̂. Determine the streamline equation. [GATE-2020-CE]
A. (3x + 11) + (−3y + 11) = C 12. [MCQ, ]
3x + 11
B. =C For a certain two-dimensional incompressible
−3y + 11
C. (3x + 11)(−3y + 11) = C flow, velocity field is given by 2xy î − y 2 ĵ. The
D. (3x + 11) − (−3y + 11) = C
streamlines for this flow are given by the family
of curves
9. [MCQ, ]

0 de
A. x 2 y 2 = constant
For a two-dimensional flow field given as ⃗V =
−xî + yî, a streamline passes through points B. xy 2 = constant
(2, 1) and (5, p). The value of p is C. 2xy − y 2 = constant

I1 o
A. 5 B. 5/2 D. xy = constant
C. 2/5
c D. 2
[GATE-2023: XE-1M]
13. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2016-ME]
EG al
10. [MCQ, ] Velocity field of a 2-D steady flow is provided as
A two dimensional flow has velocities in x and y ⃗V = c(x 2 − y 2 )î − 2cxyĵ. The equation of the
N rr

directions given by u = 2xyt and v = −y 2 t, streamlines of this flow is.

where t denotes time. The equation for y2
A. x 2 y − = constant
e

3
streamline passing through x = 1, y = 1 is y2
B. xy 2 − = constant
ef

2 2 2 3
A. x y = 1 B. xy = 1 y
C. xy − 3 = constant
2 2
C. x y = 1 D. x/y = 1
y3
D. x 2 y − = constant
R

[GATE-2021-ME] 3

[GATE-2016-XE]
11. [MCQ, ]
The velocity components in the x and y 14. [MCQ, ]
directions for an incompressible flow are given Consider the following statements regarding
as u = (−5 + 6x) and v = −(9 + 6y), streamline(s):
respectively. The equation of the streamline is i. It is a continuous line such that the tangent
A. (−5 + 6x)(9 + 6y) = constant at any point on it shows the velocity vector
−5+6x at that point
B. = constant
9+6y
ii. There is no flow across streamlines
 iii.
dx
=
dy
=
dz
is the differential equation of 17. [MCQ, ]
u v w
Identify the visualization method that shows a
a streamline, where u, v and w are velocities
PATHLINE in an unsteady flow, assuming that
in directions x, y and z, respectively
the camera covers the required field of view.
iv. In an unsteady flow, the path of a particle is
A. A dye is continuously injected and a snap
a streamline
shot is taken.
Which one of the following combinations of the
B. A dye is continuously injected and a long-
statements is true?
exposure picture is taken.
A. (i), (ii), (iv) B. (ii), (iii), (iv)
C. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a snap

0 de
C. (i), (iii), (iv) D. (i), (ii), (iii)
shot is taken
[GATE-2014-ME]
D. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a long-

I1 o
15. [MCQ, ] exposure picture is taken
Velocity in a two-dimensional flow at a time t [GATE-2012-XE]
c
and location (x, y) is described at: ⃗V = 3t 2 î +
(x − 1)ĵ. The equation for the path line of a
18. [MCQ, ]
EG al
A flow has a velocity field given by
particle passing through the point (1, 0) at t =
⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
0 is.
N rr

The streamlines for the velocity field look like

A. x 4 − 4y 3 = 0
B. (x − 1)3 − 2y 4 = 0
e

C. (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0 A.
ef

D. (x + 1)4 − 16y 3 = 0
[GATE-2014-XE]
R

16. [MCQ, ]
B.
The x and y velocity components of a two-
dimensional flow field are,
cy cx
u = x2 +y2 , v = x2 +y2 , where c is a constant.

The streamlines are a family of C.

A. hyperbolas B. parabolas
C. ellipses D. circles
[GATE-2013-AE]
 22. [NAT, ]
The velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle
D.
are given as ⃗V = (−î + 2ĵ) m/s and a⃗ =
(−2î − 4ĵ) m/s2 , respectively. The magnitude

[GATE-2011-XE] of the component of acceleration (in m/s 2 ,

rounded off to two decimal places) of the fluid
19. [MCQ, ]
particle along the streamline is _______.
A two-dimensional flow filed has velocities along
[GATE-2023: XE]
the x and y directions given by

0 de
u = x 2 t and v = −2xyt respectively, where t is 23. [MCQ, ]
time. The equation of streamline is Which of the following statement(s) is/are true
A. x 2 y = constant

I1 o
for streamlines in a steady incompressible flow?
2
B. x y = constant A. Two streamlines cannot intersect each
C. x y = constant
c
D. not possible to determine
other.
B. Flow rate increases between two diverging
EG al
[GATE-2006-ME] streamlines.
20. [MCQ, ] C. Flow rate decreases between two diverging
N rr

The velocity in m/s at a point in a two-

streamlines.
⃗ = 2î + 3ĵ . The
dimensional flow is given as V
e

D. Stream function has a constant value along

equation of the stream line passing through the
a streamline.
ef

point (x, y) is
[GATE-2022-XE]
A. 3dx − 2dy = 0 B. 2x + 3y = 0
R

C. 3dx + 2dy = 0 D. xy = 6 24. [MCQ, ]

[GATE-2005-CE] A uniform approach flow is subjected to an
unsteady and periodic flapping plate as shown in
21. [MCQ, ] the figure. Tracer is released to obtain flow
A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field visualization lines, which are marked as ‘P’, ‘Q’
⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ, where a is a constant. The
V and ‘R’.
equation of stream line passing through a point
(1, 2) is
A. x − 2y = 0 B. 2x + y = 0
C. 2x − y = 0 D. x + 2y = 0
[GATE-2004-ME]
 25. [NAT, ]
Calculate the x-direction component of the
acceleration in m/s2 at the point x = 0.5 m and
y = 50 mm _______
[GATE-2013-XE]

26. [NAT, ]
Find the slope of the streamline passing through
the point x = 0.5 m and y = 50 mm ________
[GATE-2013-XE]

0 de
Choose the correction option that the line ‘R’
represents
A. Streakline
B. Streamline 27. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
C. Pathline
Given that temperature T(x, y) does not change
D. Timeline
c [GATE-2020-XE] along a streamline in a steady two-dimensional,
incompressible flow, the equation of the
EG al
Common Data for Q.25 & Q. 26 streamline is obtained from
∂T
The velocity field within a laminar boundary layer is dy −( )
N rr

∂x
A. = ∂T
dx ( )
given by the expression: ∂y

∂T
Bu y Bu y 2 −( )
e

dy ∂y
⃗ = ∞ î + ∞ ĵ
V B. dx
= ∂T
x 3/2 4x 5/2 ( )
∂x
ef

Where B = 100 m1/2 and the free stream velocity dy (

∂T
)
∂x
C. = ∂T
u∞ = 0.1 m/s. dx ( )
∂y
R

∂T
dy ( )
∂y
D. = ∂T
dx ( )
∂x

[GATE-2007-XE]
 Answer Key
1. (B) 15. (C)
2. (A) 16. (A)
3. (C) 17. (D)
4. (C) 18. (D)
5. (B) 19. (A)
6. (C) 20. (A)
7. (A) 21. (C)

0 de
8. (C) 22. (2.60 to 2.75)
9. (C) 23. (A, D)
10. (B) 24. (A)

I1 o
11. (A) 25. (-5)
12. (B)
13. (D)
c 26. (0.025)
27. (—)
EG al
14. (D)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) The lower limits of integration  x  0,y  0
ux insure that this equation is for the streamline
v  x  x  1 y 1 through the origin.
This streamline
Where the streamlines are obtained from u   y
X  h o ln 1  
 vo   h
dy v x  x  1 y  1
    x  1 y  1
dx u x 3. Answer: (C)
dy
  y 1    x  1 dx

0 de
Stream function,
dx dy

u v
Which when integrated given
dx dy


I1 o
1
ln y  1  x2  x  C y2 6x
2
 dx  6x    y dy
2

Where C is a constant
c→ (1)
For the streamline that passes through the origin
x 2 y 3
6 
2 3
C
EG al
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 the value of 𝐶 is found from equation At point (1, 1)
(1) as y3
3x2   C
N rr

…… (1)
ln1  C, or C  0
3
1
3  C
e

1 3
Thus, ln y  1  x2  x or y 8
2 C
ef

3
1 2
x x Equation (1)
e 2
1
y3 8
3x   
2
R

2. Answer: (A) 3 3
u  uo 9x2  y3  8
 y 9x2  y3  8
v  vo  1   for 0  y h So that streamlines
 h
4. Answer: (C)
for y < h are given by
 y Given, V  xiˆ  yjˆ point = (1, 2)
v0  1  
ux
  
dy v h y
v x
or  dy /  1    o  dx
y
v  y
dx u u0 0  h  uo 0
dx dy
 y V Streamline equation 
Thus, hln 1    o X u v
 h  uo
 dx dy The streamlines will consist of a series of

x y hyperbolic arcs.
dx dy
Integrate on both the sides x  
y
7. Answer: (A)
The equation of a streamline in three
lnx  lny lnc dx dy dz
dimensional flow is = =
lnx lny lnc u v w
Here, u = −x, v = 2y, w = 5 − z
xy  c …… (1) Streamline in the 𝑦𝑧 −plane is given by:
At point (1, 2) from equation (1) dy dz
(1) (2) = c 
v w
c 2 dy dz


0 de
xy  2 Or,
2y 5  z
xy  2  0 1
Or, lny  ln 5  z   lnC2
2
5. Answer: (B)

I1 o
1

Streamlines equation, for the velocity field, Or, y 2  5  z   C2

V  2x3ˆi  6x2ˆj
dy v 6x2 3
 
dx u 2x3

x
c u  2x ,v  6x 
3 2
Equation of streamline passing through point
(2, 2, 1) is
1
y2 5  z  4 2
EG al
1
 dy  3 x dx Or, y  5  z   32
2

y  3logx logc
N rr

8. Answer: (C)
1
y  log 3  logc dx dy
x
e

=
c c u v
y  log 3  ey  3  ey x3  c
dx dy
ef

x x
=
11 + 3x 11 − 3y
6. Answer: (C)
dx dy
R

Given, u = ax, v = by √ =√
Stream line equation. 11 + 3x 11 − 3y
dx dy
 ln(11 + 3x) ln(11 − 3y)
u v =− = lnc
3 3
dx dy
 ln(11 + 3x) ln(11 − 3y)
ax by + = lnc
3 3
dx dy
b  a ln[(11 + 3x)(11 − 3y)] = C
x y
9. Answer: (C)
dx dy
 b   a ⃗V = −xî + yĵ
x y
blnx alny lnc Stream line passes through points (2, 1) and (5,
x y c
b a
P), the value of P is to be determined Equation
x y c
a/b 1/b
of stream line
 dx dy ln x + 2 ln y = ln C′
=
u v ln xy 2 = ln C′
dx dy
⇒ = ⇒ xy 2 = C′
−x y
Given that stream line passes through (1,1)
Integrating above equation
⇒ 1(1)2 = C′ ⇒ C′ = 1
− ln x = ln y + ln c
∴ Equation of streamline is xy 2 = 1
− ln x − ln y = ln c
− ln xy = ln c 11. Answer: (A)
1
ln = lnc Given u = −5 + 6x and v = −(9 + 6y)
xy

0 de
Equation of stream line is given by
1
=c dx dy
xy =
u v
At 2, 1

I1 o
dx dy
1 ⇒ =
=c −5 + 6x −(9 + 6y)
2×1
1
2
=c
c dx
+
dy
−5 + 6x 9 + 6y
EG al
On integrating
⇒ xy = 2
ln(−5 + 6x) ln(9 + 6y)
⇒ Equation of stream line ⇒ + = ln C
N rr

6 6
5P = 2
ln[(−5 + 6x)(9 + 6y)] = ln C
2
e

P= ⇒ (−5 + 6x)(9 + 6y) = const.

5
ef

10. Answer: (B) 12. Answer: (B)

Given u = 2xyt; v = −y 2 t ⃗V = 2xyî − y 2 ĵ

R

Streamline is given by u = 2xy; v = −y 2

dx dy dx dy
= =
u v u v
dx dy dx dy
⇒ = =
2xyt −y 2 t 2xy −y 2

dx dy dx dy
= + =0
2x −y 2x y

dx dy dx dy
+ =0 +2 =0
2x y x y

On integrating both sides On integrating both sides

1 ln x + ln y 2 = ln C
ln x + ln y = ln C
2 xy 2 = C
13. Answer: (D) dy (x − 1)1/3 1
⇒ = ⇒ dy = (x − 1)1/3 dx
Equation of streamlines dx 3 3
On integrating both sides.
dx dy
=
u v 1 (x − 1)4/3
⇒y= . +C
⃗V = c(x 2 − y 2 )î − 2cxyĵ 3 (4/3)

dx dy At x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ C = 0
2 2
=
c(x − y ) −2cxy (x − 1)4/3
⇒y= ⇒ 4y = (x − 1)4/3
dx dy 4
⇒ =
x 2 − y 2 −2xy ⇒ 64y 3 = (x − 1)4
dx dy

0 de
+ =0 ⇒ (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
x 2 − y 2 2xy
∴ Path line is given by (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
14. Answer: (D)
16. Answer: (A)

I1 o
1. True
cy cx
u= 2 ; v =
2. True
c
3. Mathematically, for a velocity vector
x + y2 x2 + y2
Equation of stream line is given by
EG al
⃗V = uî + vĵ + wk̂ the streamline equation is dx dy
=
u v
given by
dx dy
N rr

dx dy dz ⇒ cy = cx ⇒ ∫ x dx = ∫ ydx
= = x2 +y2 x2 +y2
u v w
⇒ x 2 − y 2 = C ⇒ family of hyperbolas.
e

4. The path of a particle is it’s streamline only

for steady flow.
ef

17. Answer: (D)

15. Answer: (C) Path line is the actual path traced out by a
R

Given ⃗V = 3t 2 î + (x − 1)ĵ particle. So, it’s a long-exposure picture of a

dx dy single drop of dye.

= 3t 2 ; = (x − 1)
dt dt
18. Answer: (D)
⇒ x = t3 + C
Given that the path line passes through (1,0) at ⃗ = 2xî − 2yĵ
Given V

t=0 Streamline is given by

⇒ 1 = 03 + C ⇒ C = 1 dx dy
∫ =∫ ⇒ ln x + ln y = C
2x −2y
⇒ t3 = x − 1
⇒ xy = C
We have
So, stream lines are rectangular hyperbolas
dy x − 1 x−1
= 2
= So, option D
dx 3. t 3. (x − 1)2/3
19. Answer: (A)
Equation of stream line is given by
dx dy
=
x 2 t −2xyz
dx dy
⇒ =
x −2y
On Integrating
2 ln x = − ln y
⇒ x 2 y = const

0 de
∴ Equation of streamline is x 2 y = constant. ⃗
⃗ ·b
a
Projection of a⃗ on ⃗b = a⃗ · ⃗b = ⃗
|b|
20. Answer: (A) Projection of |a⃗| on stream line

I1 o
V = 2ĵ + 3ĵ ⃗
a⃗ · V (−1 × −2) + (2)(−4)
u = 2, v = 3 = =| |
⃗|
dx
u
=
dy
v
c |V √(−1)2 + (2)2

|a⃗| on streamline = |
2 + (−8)
√5
6
|=| |
√5
EG al
dx dy
= ⇒ 3dx − 2dy = 0 = 2.68 m⁄s2
2 3
N rr

21. Answer: (C)

23. Answer: (A, D)
The equation of streamline for given flow is
e

24. Answer: (A)

dx dy x
= ⇒ ln x = ln y + C ⇒ = C 25. Answer: (–5)
ef

ax ay y
1 BU∞ y BU∞ y 2
The curve passes through (1, 2) ⇒ 2 = C ⃗V = i+ j
x 3/2 4x 5/2
R

x 1
∴ Equation is y = 2 ⇒ 2x − y = 0 B = 100 m1/2 ; U∞ = 0.1 m/s
For 2-D (x-y Plane) steady flow
22. Answer: 2.68 (2.60 to 2.75) ∂u ∂u
ax = u. + v.
Given ∂x ∂y

⃗V = −î + 2ĵ m/s BU∞ y BU∞ y 3 B. U∞ . y 2 BU∞

= [ 3 ] [ 5 (− )] + [ 5 ][ 3 ]
x2 x2 2 4x 2 x2
a⃗ = −2î − 4ĵ m/s 2
2 2
U∞ y −3 1 B 2 U∞2 2
y −10
= B2 . 4
[ + ] = 4
[ ]
x 2 4 x 8
Given = 100 m1/2 ; U∞ = 0.1 m/s; x =
0.5 m; y = 50 mm = 0.05 m
 104 × 10−2 × 25 × 10−4 −10 dy Bu2 y 2 /4x 5/2
⇒ ax = [ ] | =
1 4 8 dx Ψ=c Bu2 y/x 3/2
4( )
2
dy y
−10 | =
⇒ ax = 1
dx Ψ=c 4x
32 × 16
dy 0.05
2 | =
= −5 m/s dx Ψ=c 4 × 0.5
∴ ax = −5 m/s2 dy
| = 0.025
dx Ψ=c

26. Answer : (0.025)

27. Answer : (—)

0 de
dy v
| =
dx Ψ=c u

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 32

Chapter : Fluid Kinematics

Topic : Various Fluid Lines - II

1. [MCQ, ]
The velocity field an unsteady 2-D flow field is 3. [MCQ, ]
given as follows The velocity components of a particle in the flow
x 30
u= field are defined by u = 2x+1 m/s and v =

0 de
t + t0
2ty m/s where x and y are in meters and t is in
v = v0
What t 0 & v0 are constants. If dye injection at seconds. The equation of path line passes
through the point (2, 6) at t = 2s is
point A (x0 , y0 ) in the flow field at the time t 0

I1 o
1 2 +x+54)2 −4
then find equation of pathline of the fluid A. y = 6e900(x

t0.
x y − x0
c
particle that passes through the point A at t =
1
B. y = 6e900(x
1
C. y = 4e900(x
2 +x+54)2 +4

2 +x+54)2 −4
EG al
A. − 3v =1 1 2 +x+54)2 +4
y0 0 t0 D. y = 9e900(x
x y − y0
B. ( 2v )=1
x0 0 t0
N rr

x y − y0
4. [NAT, ]
C. − =1 The velocity components of a particle in the flow
x0 2v0 t0
x y − y0 field are defined by u = 3 m/s and v = (6t)m/
e

D. − =1
x0 3v0 t0
s, where t is in seconds. If the particle is released
ef

from the origin at t = 0 seconds, the pathline

2. [MCQ, ]
equation is given by x 2 = ky. The value of k is
The velocity components of a particle in the flow
________ (round off to nearest integer).
R

field are defined by u = (4x) m/s & v =

(2t) m/s where x and y are in meters and t is in 5. [MSQ, ]
seconds. The equation of path line passes Which one or more of the following statement(s)
through the point (2, 6) at t = 1s is is/are TRUE ?
1 x 1 x A. Stream lines and path lines are instantaneous
A. y = (12 ln2 + ln + 6)
2 2 4
1 2 x 1 x lines.
B. y = (16 ln 2 + ln + 6)
2 4 B. Path lines and streak line are generated by
1 x2 1 x
C. y = (19 ln + ln + 8) passage of time.
2 2 4
1 x4 1 x2 C. Path line can be found by time exposure of a
D. y = (14 ln + ln + lnx + 5)
2 2 2 marked particle.
D. Stream lines, path lines and streak lines are
identical in steady flow.
6. [MSQ, ] particle passing through the point (1, 0) at t =
Which one or more of the following statement(s) 0 is.
is/are TRUE ? A. x 4 − 4y 3 = 0
A. Streamlines give the motion of each particle B. (x − 1)3 − 2y 4 = 0
at a given instant.
C. (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
B. Path lines give the motion of a given particle
at each instant. D. (x + 1)4 − 16y 3 = 0
C. The component of velocity at right angle to [GATE-2014-XE]
the streamline is always zero.
D. For an unsteady flow, streak lines also 9. [MCQ, ]

0 de
coincide with path lines and stream lines. To observe unsteady separated flow in a
diverging channel, bubbles are injected at each
7. [MCQ, ]
10 ms interval at point A as shown in figure.
Which one of the following options is TRUE ?
These bubbles act as tracer particles and follow

I1 o
A. Pathlines and streaklines are the same in an the flow faithfully. The curved line AB shown at
unsteady flow
cand streamline
streaklines are the same in a steady flow.
and
any instant represents:
EG al
B. Pathlines and streaklines are the same in an
unsteady flow, and streamlines are
N rr

tangential to the local fluid velocity at a

point.
e

C. Streamlines are perpendicular to the local

A. Streamline, streak line and path line
ef

fluid velocity at a point, and streamlines and B. Streamline and path line
streaklines are the same in a steady flow. C. Only a path line
R

D. Only a streak line

D. Streamlines are tangential to the local fluid
velocity at a point and streamlines and
streaklines are the same in a steady flow.
[GATE-2021-XE]
8. [MCQ, ]
Velocity in a two-dimensional flow at a time t
⃗ = 3t 2 î +
and location (x, y) is described at: V
(x − 1)ĵ. The equation for the path line of a
[GATE-2014-AE]
10. [MCQ, ]
Identify the visualization method that shows a
PATHLINE in an unsteady flow, assuming that
the camera covers the required field of view.
A. A dye is continuously injected and a snap
shot is taken.
B. A dye is continuously injected and a long-
exposure picture is taken.
 C. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a snap A. Stream line B. Path line
shot is taken C. Stream tube D. Streak line
D. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a long- [GATE-2005-CE]
exposure picture is taken
13. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2012-XE]
Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are
virtually identical for
11. [MCQ, ]
A. uniform flow B. flow of ideal fluids
The wind is blowing east-west at time t < T and
switches to south-north at t = T at t > T which C. steady flow D. non uniform flow

0 de
of the following curves represent streaklines? [GATE-1994-ME]

14. [MCQ, ]
During an experiment, the position of a fluid

I1 o
particle is monitored by an instrument over a

c time period of 10 s. The trace of the particle

given by the following figure represents a
EG al
N rr

[GATE-2010-XE]
e

A. streamline B. streakline
12. [MCQ, ]
C. pathline D. timeline
ef

An inert tracer is injected continuously from a

point in an unsteady flow field. The locus of [GATE-2017-XE]
R

locations of all tracer particles at an instance of

time represents
 Answer Key
1. (C) 8. (C)
2. (B) 9. (D)
3. (A) 10. (D)
4. (3 to 3) 11. (C)
5. (B, C, D) 12. (D)
6. (A, B, C) 13. (C)
7. (D) 14. (C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) x t + t0
=
x0 2t 0
x t 1
= 2t + 2 → (a)
x0 0

y − y0 = v0 (t − t 0 )
y − y0
= t − t0
v0
y−y0 t 1
x = 2t − 2 → (b)
u= 2t0 v0 0
t + t0
Eq. (a) − Eq. (b)
v = v0 x y − y0

0 de
w=0 − =1
x0 2t 0 v0
x
u=
t + t0
2. Answer: (B)
dx x

I1 o
= dx
dt t + t 0 = u = 4x
dt
dx dt x t

x
=
t + t0 c
lnx = ln(t + t 0 ) + ln c1
∫

1
2
dx
4x
= ∫ dt
1

(lnx)x2 = (t)1t
EG al
At t = t 0 , x = x0 4
ln x0 = ln(2t 0 ) + ln c1 1 x
⇒ ln = t − 1
ln c1 = ln x0 − ln(2t 0 ) 4 2
N rr

1 x
ln x = ln(t + t 0 ) + ln x0 − ln(2t 0 ) ⇒ t = 4 ln 2 + 1 _____ (1)
lnx − lnx0 = ln(t + t 0 ) − ln(2t 0 ) dy
e

= v = 2t
x t + t0 dt
ln ( ) = ln ( ) y t
x0 2t 0
ef

∫ dy = ∫ 2t dt
x t + t0 6 1
=
x0 2t 0 y−6 = (t 2 )1t
R

v = v0 ⇒y=t +5 2
_____ (2)
dy Substitute eq. (1) in eq. (2)
= v0
dt 1 x 2
dy = v0 dt y = ( ln + 1) + 5
4 2
On Integrating 1 x 1 x
y = v0 t + c2 y = ( ln2 + ln + 6)
16 2 2 4
At t = t 0 , y = y0
y0 = v0 t 0 + c2 3. Answer: (A)
c2 = y0 − v0 t 0 dx 30
=u=
y = v0 t + y0 − v0 t 0 dt 2x + 1
x t
y − y0 = v0 (t − t 0 )
∫ (2x + 1)dx = 30 ∫ dt
2 2
 (x 2 + x)|x2 = (30t)|t2 Stream lines, path lines and streak lines are
x 2 + x − 6 = 30(t − 2) identical in steady flow.
1
⇒ t = 30 x 2 + x + 54 ____ (1)
6. Answer: (A, B, C)
dy
= v = 2ty Streamlines give the motion of each particle at a
dt
y
dy t given instant.
∫ = 2 ∫ tdt Path lines give the motion of a given particle at
6 y 2
y each instant.
(lny)6 = (t 2 )t2
y The component of velocity at right angle to the
ln = t 2 − 4
6 streamline is always zero.
y 2
= et −4

0 de
6
2 7. Answer: (D)
y = 6et −4 ___ (2)
Substitute eq. (1) in eq. (2) Streamlines are tangential to the local fluid
2

I1 o
1 2 +x+54)
y = 6e900(x −4 velocity at a point and in steady flow,
streamlines, streaklines, pathlines are identical.
4. Answer: (3 to 3) c
The path line describes the location of the
8. Answer: (C)
⃗ = 3t 2 î + (x − 1)ĵ
Given V
EG al
particle at various times. Since the particle is at
(0, 0) when t = 0, then dx dy
= 3t 2 ; = (x − 1)
dx dy dt dt
N rr

u 3 v   6t
dt dt ⇒ x = t3 + C
x t y t
Given that the path line passes through (1,0) at
 dx   3dt  dy   6tdt
e

0 0 0 0 t=0
x   3t m y   3t m (1)
ef

2
⇒ 1 = 03 + C ⇒ C = 1
Eliminating the time between these two ⇒ t3 = x − 1
R

parametric equations, we obtain our result We have

2
x 1 dy x − 1 x−1
y  3  or y  x2 = =
3 3 dx 3. t 2 3. (x − 1)2/3
x2 dy (x − 1)1/3 1
y  ⇒ = ⇒ dy = (x − 1)1/3 dx
3 dx 3 3
x2  3y  ky On integrating both sides.
k  3 1 (x − 1)4/3
⇒y= . +C
3 (4/3)
5. Answer: (B, C, D)
At x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ C = 0
Path lines and streak line are generated by
passage of time. (x − 1)4/3
⇒y= ⇒ 4y = (x − 1)4/3
Path line can be found by time exposure of a 4
marked particle. ⇒ 64y 3 = (x − 1)4
 ⇒ (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
∴ Path line is given by (x − 1)4 − 64y 3 = 0
9. Answer: (D)
The given curved line AB is the locus of all the
points that have passed through a fixed location
at some time. So, It is a streakline.
10. Answer: (D)
13. Answer: (D)
Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are
virtually identical for steady flow.
14. Answer: (C)
The given distance is the trace of a single particle
recorded over a time period of 10 s. So it is a
pathline.

0 de
Path line is the actual path traced out by a
particle. So, it’s a long-exposure picture of a
single drop of dye.

11. Answer: (C)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R

12. Answer: (D)

Streak line is the locus of all traces particles at an
instance of time.
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 33

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Continuity Equation
1. [MCQ, ] 4. [MCQ, ]
The x component of velocity in a steady The continuity equation is satisfied by
incompressible 2-dimensional flow is given by A. u = A sin xy, V = −a sin xy
u = A ex/b cos(y/b), where A = 10 m/s, b = B. u = x + y, v = x − y

0 de
5 m and x, y are measured in meters. For this C. u = 2x 2 + cy, v = 3y
flow field, the y-component is D. u = x + 2y, v = 2x + y
x
y
A. v(x, y) = −10 e5 sin (5)

I1 o
x
y
5. [MCQ, ]
B. v(x, y) = −10 e5y sin (5)
The x −component of velocity in a 2D
x
C. v(x, y) = 10 e sin (5)
5
c
D. v(x, y) = −10 ex/5y sin(y/5)
y
incompressible flow is given by u = 1.5 x. At the
point (x, y) = (1, 0), the y −component of
velocity v = 0. The equation for the
EG al
2. [MCQ, ] y −component of the velocity is
A two dimensional flow having v = 2y 2 + 2x − A. v = 0
N rr

2y then the possible x component is _____. B. v = 1.5 y

Assume it is steady and incompressible flow C. v = −1.5 y
e

A. u = 2x − 4xy D. v = −1.5 y
B. u = 3x − 2xy
ef

C. u = 2y 2 − x 2 6. [MCQ, ]
D. u = 2x + 3y 2 The velocity components in a two – dimensional
R

steady incompressible flow are:

3. [MCQ, ] u = 2x 2 − axy, v = y 2 − 4xy.
Consider a two dimensional steady What should be the value of ‘a’ so that the
incompressible flow. The velocity component in equation of continuity is satisfied?
the y direction is given as v = Axy(x 2 − y 2 ). The A. 3
simplest velocity components in the x direction. B. 2
Take 3 m−1 s−1 and x and y are in m. C. 1
9 3
A. xy 2 − 4 x 2 D. Any positive integer
2
3
B. 4x 2 y 2 − 2 x 2
5 2 2 3
7. [MCQ, ]
C. x y − 4 x4 ⃗ =
4 A two-dimensional velocity field is given by V
9 2 2 3 4
D. x y − x 10(y 3 − x 2 y)î + 2Cxy 2 ĵ, where î and ĵ are the
2 4
unit vectors in the directions of the rectangular
 Cartesian coordinates x and y, respectively. If and t is time. The flow field that CANNOT be
the flow is incompressible, the constant C should termed as incompressible is
be. A. u = x 3 + xy 2 , v = y 3 + yx 2
A. −10 B. u = 10xt, v = −10 yt
B. 0
y 1/7
C. 5 C. u (δ) , v = 0(δ = constant)
D. 10 D. u = 2y, v = 2x
[GATE-2015-XE]
[GATE-2012-XE]
8. [MCQ, ]
For an incompressible flow field, ⃗V, which one of 11. [MCQ, ]

0 de
the following conditions must be satisfied? The x component of velocity in a two-
A. ∇. ⃗V = 0 dimensional incompressible flow is given by
u = 1.5x. At the point (x, y) = (1, 0), the y −
B. ∇ × ⃗V = 0

I1 o
component of velocity v = 0; The equation for
⃗ . ∇)V
C. (V ⃗ =0 the y − component of velocity is

D.
⃗⃗
∂V
∂t
⃗ . ∇)V
+ (V ⃗ =0 c[GATE-2014-ME]
A. v = 0
B. v = 1.5y
EG al
C. v = −1.5x
9. [MCQ, ]
x D. v = −1.5y
A plane flow has velocity components u = T ,
N rr

1
y [GATE-2004-CE]
v = − T and w = 0 along x, y and z directions
2
12. [MCQ, ]
e

respectively, where T1 (≠ 0) and T2 (≠ 0) are Which of the following two-dimensional

incompressible velocity fields satisfies the
ef

constant having the dimension of time. The

conservation of mass
given flow is incompressible if
A. u = x, v = y
A. T1 = −T2
R

B. u = −2x, v = 2y
T2
B. T1 = − 2 C. u = xy, v = xy
T2
C. T1 = 2
D. u = x 2 − y 2 , v = 0

D. T1 = T2 [GATE-1996-CE]

[GATE-2014-CE]
13. [MCQ, ]
10. [MCQ, ] x- component of velocity in a 2-D
In the following equations, u and v are the incompressible flow is given by u = y 2 + 4xy. If
velocities in the x- and y- directions, respectively y- component of velocity v equals zero at y = 0,
then the expression for v is given by
 A. 4y coefficient C is a constant. If V describes an
B. 2y 2 incompressible fluid flow, the value of C is
C. −2y 2 A. −1 B. 0
D. 2xy C. 1 D. 5
[GATE-1996-CE] [GATE-2021-CH]
17. [MCQ, ]
14. [MCQ, ]
The velocity components in the x and y Which one of the following statements is TRUE
directions are given by u = xy 3 − x 2 y, v = about the continuity equation
∂u
+
∂v
+
∂w
=
3 4 ∂x ∂y ∂z
The value of  for a possible flow

0 de
2
xy − y .
4 0 (where u, v, w are the velocity components
field involving an incompressible fluid is
3 along the x, y, and z coordinates respectively).
A. − 4
4 A. The equation is valid only for steady

I1 o
B. − 3
C. 3
4 incompressible flows
D. 3 c [GATE-1995-ME]
B. The equation is valid for both steady and
unsteady incompressible flows
EG al
15. [MCQ, ] C. The equation is valid only for unsteady
For a two-dimensional incompressible flow compressible flows
N rr

having velocity components u and v in the x and D. The equation is valid only for steady
y direction, respectively the expression compressible flows
e

∂(u2 ) ∂(uv) [GATE-2021-XE]

+
ef

∂x ∂y 18. [NAT, ]
can be simplified to The two-dimensional velocity field V of a flow in
R

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
A. u ∂x + u ∂y B. 2u ∂x + u ∂y a Cartesian coordinate system is given in
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u dimensionless form by V = (x 2 − axy)i +
C. 2u ∂x + v ∂y D. u ∂x + v ∂y
y2
(bxy − ) j. Here i and j are the unit vectors
2
[GATE-2021-ME]
along the x and y directions respectively, a and
16. [MCQ, ]
b are independent of x, y and time. If the flow is
A three-dimensional velocity field is given by
incompressible, then the value of (a − b), up to
V = 5x 2 yi + Cyj − 10xyz k, where I, j, k are the
one decimal place, is ______.
unit vectors in x, y, z directions, respectively,
[GATE-2021-XE]
describing a Cartesian coordinate system. The
19. [MCQ, ] y directions, respectively. For a certain flow, the
The velocity field of an incompressible flow in a velocity field is represented by the following
Cartesian system is represented by expression.
⃗V = 2(x 2 − y 2 )î + vĵ + 3k̂ ⃗ = (ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ
V
Which one of the following expressions for v is Where, the coefficients a, b, c and d are
valid? constants. For an incompressible flow, which
A. −4xy − 4xz B. −4xz + 6xy one of the following relations is TRUE?
C. 4xz − 6xy D. 4xy + 4xz A. a + d = 0 B. a + c = 0

0 de
C. b + d = 0 D. b + c = 0
[GATE-2020-ME]
[GATE-2017-XE]
20. [NAT, ]
23. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
If u = 2(x 2 − y 2 ) and v = −axy represent the
For a two-dimensional flow, the velocity field is

c
x- and y- components of the two-dimensional
velocity filed of an incompressible flow, the
⃗V = 2 x 2 î + 2 y 2 ĵ,where î and ĵ are the basis
x +y x +y

vectors in the x-y Cartesian coordinate system.

EG al
value of the constant a is ________.
Identify the correct statements from below:
[GATE-2018-PI]
(1) The flow is incompressible
N rr

(2) The flow is unsteady

21. [MCQ, ]
e

(3) y-component of acceleration,

Consider the two-dimensional velocity field
−y
ay = (x2 +y2 )2
ef

given by
⃗ = (5 + a1 x + b1 y)î + (4 + a2 x + b2 y)ĵ,
V (4) x-component of acceleration,
−(x+y)
R

Where a1 , b1 , a2 and b2 are constants. Which ax = (x2 +y2 )2

one of the following conditions needs to be A. (2) and (3) B. (1) and (3)
satisfied for the flow to be incompressible? C. (1) and (2) D. (3) and (4)
A. a1 + b1 = 0 B. a1 + b2 = 0 [GATE-2016-ME]
C. a2 + b2 = 0 D. a2 + b1 = 0
24. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2017-ME]
The velocity field of an incompressible flow is
22. [MCQ, ]
given by
In a Cartesian two-dimensional coordinate
V = (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z)i + (b1 x + b2 y +
system, u and v represent the velocities in x and
b3 z)j + (c1 x + c2 y + c3 z)k,
 Where a1 = 2 and c3 = −4.the value of b2 is C. Inviscid flow
_______. D. Incompressible flow
[GATE-2015-ME] [GATE-2008-ME]

25. [MCQ, ] 28. [MCQ, ]

In a two-dimensional steady flow field, in a
certain region of the x-y plane, the velocity
component in the x-direction is given by vx = x 2
1
and the density varies as ρ = x. Which of the
The velocity field for a flow is given by:
⃗ = (5x + 6y + 7z) î + (6x + 5y +
V
9z)ĵ + (3x + 2y + λz)k̂ and the density
varies as ρ = ρ0 .e−2t . In order that the mass is

0 de
following is a valid expression for the velocity conserved, the value of λ should be

component in the y-direction, vy ? A. −12 B. −10

C. −8 D. 10

I1 o
A. vy = −x/y B. vy = x/y
C. vy = −xy D. vy = xy [GATE-2006-CE]

c [GATE-2014-CE]
29. [MCQ, ]
EG al
26. [MCQ, ]
Water (density = 1000 kg/m3 ) and alcohol
Under what conditions is the equation
(specific gravity = 0.7) enter a Y-shaped
N rr

⃗ = 0 valid?
∇. ρV
channel at flow rates of 0.2 m3 /s and 0.3 m3 /s,
P: Steady incompressible flow
respectively. Their mixture leaves through the
e

Q: Unsteady incompressible flow

other end of the channel, as shown in the figure.
ef

R: Steady compressible flow

The average density (in kg/m3 ) of the mixture is
S: Unsteady compressible flow
_______.
R

A. P, Q, R B. Q, R, S
C. P, R, S D. P, Q, S
[GATE-2009-XE]

27. [MCQ, ]
⃗ = 0 to be
For a continuity equation given ∇. V
⃗ where is the velocity vector, which one
valid, V
of the following is a necessary condition?
[GATE-2023: XE]
A. Steady flow
B. Irrotational flow
30. [NAT, ]
An incompressible, steady flow with uniform
velocity condition at the inlet between parallel
plates is shown in figure. The flow develops into
a parabolic laminar profile with u = ay(y0 − y)
at the downstream end, where ‘a’ is a constant.
[GATE-2017-XE]
Assume unit depth of the plate. For U0 =
7.5 cm/s, y0 = 3 cm and the fluid with density,
32. [MCQ, ]

0 de
ρ = 800 kg/m3
Consider a fully developed, steady,
The value of ‘a’ is _________.
incompressible, 2-D, viscous channel flow with

I1 o
uniform suction and blowing velocity v0 , as
shown in the figure given below. The centerline
c [GATE-2020: XE]
velocity of the channel is 10 m/s along the x-
direction. If the value of vo at both the walls is
EG al
31. [NAT, ] 1 m/s, the value of y-component of velocity
A viscous, incompressible, and Newtonian fluid inside the flow field is _____m/s.
N rr

flowing through the main branch of a circular

e

pipe bifurcates into two daughter branches

whose radii are 4 cm and 2 cm, respectively. The
ef

flow in both the daughter branches are laminar

and fully developed. If the pressure gradients in
R

both the daughter branches are same, then [GATE-2016-XE]

fraction of total volumetric flow rate (rounded
off to the second decimal place) coming out
from the branch with 4 cm diameter is _____
33. [MCQ, ]
A fluid with a volumetric flow rate of 5 m3 /s
enters the nozzle shown below. The cross-
sectional area varies with x as A(x) = 1/(1 +
x 2 ). Assuming that the flow is parallel and
uniform at each cross-section, the acceleration
at any point in the nozzle is given by
 B. ⃗V = (x 2 y)î − (xy 2 )Ĵ
C. ⃗V = (xy 2 )î − (x 2 y)Ĵ
D. ⃗V = (x 2 y 2 )î − (x 2 y 2 )Ĵ
[GATE-2008-XE]

A. 50(x + x 3 ) B. 50(1 + x 2 ) 36. [MCQ, ]

2 3
C. 0 D. 50(x + x ) Useful Data:
[GATE-2011-XE] Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m⁄s 2

0 de
Density of water ρw = 1000 kg⁄m3
34. [MCQ, ]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Consider the mass balance equation + 𝜕𝑦 =
Consider incompressible flow through a two- 𝜕𝑥

I1 o
dimensional open channel. At a certain section 0. The most appropriate set of conditions for this

A-A, the velocity profile is parabolic. Neglecting equation to hold good is:

c
air resistance at the free surface, find the
volume flow rate per unit width of the channel.
A. steady or unsteady, and compressible or
incompressible
EG al
B. steady or unsteady, and compressible
C. steady or unsteady, and incompressible
N rr

D. steady, and compressible or incompressible

[GATE-2007-XE]
e
ef

37. [MCQ, ]
Water enters a pipe of cross-sectional area A1
R

that branches out into sections of equal areas A2

3 3
A. 10 m /s B. 13.33 m /s and A3 , as shown in the figure below.
C. 20 m3 /s D. 33.33 m3 /s
[GATE-2009-XE]

35. [MCQ, ]
Which of the following is a valid velocity field for
an incompressible flow?
⃗ = (xy)î − (xy)Ĵ
A. V
 At one instant, the flow velocities are V1 = C. −2y + 3x
2 m⁄s , V2 = 3 m⁄s and V3 = 5 m⁄s. At D. −2y − 3x
another instant, V1 = 3 m⁄s and V2 = 4 m/s. (GATE-2007-XE)
What is the value of V3 at this instant?
39. [MCQ, ]
A. 5 m⁄s
For a certain two-dimensional steady
B. 6 m⁄s
incompressible flow, the horizontal and vertical
C. 7 m⁄s
velocity components are given by 𝑢 = 6𝑦, 𝑣 =
D. 8 m⁄s
0, where 𝑦 is the vertical distance. The angular

0 de
[GATE-2007-XE]
velocity and rate of shear strain respectively are
38. [MCQ, ] A. – 3 and 3
For a two-dimensional incompressible B. 3 and – 3

I1 o
irrotational flow, the x-component of velocity C. 3 and – 6

of velocity is
c
u = 2x + 3y. The corresponding y-component D. – 6 and 3
(GATE-2007-XE)
EG al
A. 2y − 3x
B. 2y + 3x
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (A) 21. (B)
2. (A) 22. (A)
3. (D) 23. (B)
4. (B) 24. (1.9 to 2.1)
5. (C) 25. (C)
6. (B) 26. (C)
7. (C) 27. (D)

0 de
8. (A) 28. (C)
9. (D) 29. (820)
10. (A) 30. (5 to 5)

I1 o
11. (D) 31. (0.05 to 0.06)
12. (B)
13. (C)
c 32. (0.9 to 1.1)
33. (A)
EG al
14. (D) 34. (B)
15. (D) 35. (C)
N rr

16. (B) 36. (—)

17. (B) 37. (—)
e

18. (0.9 to 1.1) 38. (—)

ef

19. (A) 39. (—)

20. (3.9 to 4.1)
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A) ∂u ∂
+ [Axy(x 2 − y 2 )] = 0
∂x ∂y
For incompressible flow; flow in x − y plane
∂u ∂
∂u
Hence ∂x + ∂y = 0
∂v
+ (Ax 3 y − Axy 2 ) = 0
∂x ∂y
∂v − ∂u − ∂ x y ∂u
⇒ = = (A × eb × cos ( )) + Ax 3 − A3y 2 x = 0
∂x ∂x ∂x b ∂x
∂u
A x y = 3Axy 2 − Ax 3
= − ( × eb × cos ( )) ∂x
b b
∂u

0 de
x
Integrating
A
v(x, y) = − ∫ b × eb × = 9xy 2 − 3x 3 [Given A = 3]
∂x

y x
y Integrating the above equation withr espect to x
cos (b) dy = −A × eb × sin (b) + f(x)
9 2 2 3 4
y u= x y − x + f(y)

I1 o
x
v(x, y) = − A × e × sin ( )
b 2 4
b
y So, the simplest form is
x
⇒ −10 × e5 × sin ( )
5 c u=
9 2 2 3 4
2
x y − x
4
EG al
2. Answer: (A)
∂u ∂u
The continuity equation is ∂x + ∂y = 0 4. Answer: (B)
N rr

For incompressible possible flow, continuity

∂u ∂v
∴ = − = −[4y − 2] = 2 − 4y equation must be satisfied.
∂x ∂y
e

∂u ∂v
∴ u = ∫(2 − 4y)dx = 2x − 4xy + f(y) + =0
∂x ∂y
ef

There are numerous possibilities for f(y).

1) 𝑢 = A sin xy, v = A sin xy
One possibility is f(y) = 0
R

∂u ∂v
∴ u = 2x − 4xy + = yA cos xy − xA cos xy,
∂x ∂y

Not satisfied.
3. Answer: (D)
2) u = x + y, v = x − y
v = Axy(x 2 − y 2 )
A = 3 m−2 s −1 ∂u ∂v
= 1, = −1
∂x ∂y
Continuity equation for two dimensional,
∂u ∂v
steady, incompressible flor + =1−1=0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y Satisfied
 3) u = 2x 2 + cy, v = 3y 2 −ay + 2y = 0
a=2
∂u
= 4x + 0 = 4x
∂x
7. Answer: (C)
∂v
= 2 × 3y = 6y ⃗ = 10(y 3 − x 2 y)î + 2(xy 2 )ĵ
V
∂y ∂y ∂v
+ ∂y = 0
∂x
∂u ∂v
+ = 4x + 6y ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y = [10(y 3 − x 2 y)] + = [2cxy 2 ] = 0
∂x ∂y
Not satisfied
10(−2xy) + 2c(2xy) = 0

0 de
4) u = x + 2y, v = 2x + y −10 + 2c = 0
∂u c=5
=1+0=1
∂x

I1 o
∂v
=0+1=1 8. Answer: (A)
∂y

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=1+1=2
c The continuity equation is given by
∂ρ
dt
⃗)=0
+ ∇.(ρV
EG al
For incompressible flow, ρ = c
Not satisfied
∂ρ
⇒ = 0 & ρ. (∇. ⃗V) = 0
N rr

5. Answer: (C) dt
As we know, ∂u ∂v ∂w
du dv ⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0 ⇒ + + =0
e

+ =0 dx dy dz
dx dy
The equation is valid for both steady & unsteady
ef

For incompressible flow

⇒ u = 1.5 x incompressible flows.
d dv
(1.5 x) + =0
R

dx dy
9. Answer: (D)
dv x y
1.5 + =0 u = T ,v = −T and w = 0
dy 1 2

v = −1.5 y For Incompressible Flow

∂u ∂v ∂w
6. Answer: (B) + ∂y + =0
∂x ∂z

Given ∂ x ∂ y
( ) + ∂y (− T ) = 0
∂x T1
u = 2x 2 − axy, v = y 2 − 4xy 2

1 1
∂u ∂v −T =0
= 4x − ay, = 2y − 4x, T1 2
∂x ∂y
According to continuity equation T1 = T2
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
4x − ay + 2y − 4x = 0
10. Answer: (A) 12. Answer: (B)
A. u = x 3 + xy 2 ; V = y 3 + yx 2 The continuity (mass conservation) equation for
∂u ∂v
For the flow to be incompressible, u, v, should an incompressible velocity field is dx + dy = 0
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂
satisfy + dy = 0 i) u = x; v = y ⇒ + dy = (x) + (y) =
dx dx dx dx
∂u ∂v ∂ ∂ 1+1=2≠0
∴ + = (x 3 + xy 2 ) + (y 3 + yx 2 )
dx dy dx dy ∂u ∂v ∂
2 2 2 2 ii) u = −2x; v = 2y ⇒ + dy = (−2x) +
= 3x + y + 3y + x dx dx
∂
= 4(x 2 + y 2 ) ≠ 0 (2y) = −2 + 2 = 0
dy

0 de
A. Doesn’t satisfy continuity equation ∂u ∂v ∂
iii) u = xy; v = xy ⇒ + dy = (xy) +
∂ ∂ dx dx
B. (10xt) + (−10yt) = 10t + (−10t) = 0
dx dy ∂
(xy) = y + y = 2y ≠ 0
dy
Option ‘B’ satisfies continuity equation.

I1 o
∂u ∂v ∂
1 iv) u = x 2 − y 2 ; v = 0 ⇒ + dy = (x 2 −
∂ y z ∂ dx dx
C. ((8) ) + dy (0) = 0 + 0 = 0
dx
c
Option ‘C’ satisfies continuity equation.
∂
y 2 ) + dy (0) = 2x + 0 = 2x ≠ 0

∴ Option (ii) denotes an incompressible flow

EG al
∂ ∂
D. (2y) + (2x) = 0 + 0 = 0
dx dy vector.
Option ‘D’ satisfies continuity equation.
N rr

13. Answer: (C)

11. Answer: (D)
u = y 2 + 4xy
e

u = 1.5 x
For a 2-D incompressible flow, continuity
ef

At (1,0) v = 0
equation is given by
For Incompressible Flow ∂u ∂v
= =0
R

∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0 dx dy
∂x
∂ ∂v
∂ 2 ∂v
(1.5x) + =0 ⇒ (y + 4xy) + =0
∂x ∂y dx dy
∂v ∂v ∂v
1.5 + ∂y = 0 ⇒ 4y + dy = 0 ⇒ dy = −4y

v = −1.5 y + f(x) + c ⇒ v = −2y 2 + f(x)

At (1, 0) When y = 0, given that v = 0
0 = −1.5 × 0 + f(x) + c ⇒ 0 = −2(O)2 + f(x) ⇒ f(x) = 0
f(x) + c = 0 ∴ v = −2y 2
v = −1.5 y
14. Answer: (D) 17. Answer: (B)
For the flow to be an incompressible possible ⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0
flow, it should satisfy the continuity equation ∂u ∂v ∂w
⇒ + + =0
∂u ∂v dx dy dz
⇒ + =0
dx dy The equation is valid for both steady &
∂ ∂ 3 unsteady incompressible flows.
⇒ (λxy 3 − x 2 y) + (xy 2 − y 4 ) = 0
dx dy 4
⇒ λy 3 − 2xy + 2xy − 3y 3 = 0
18. Answer: 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1)
⇒ λ=3
Given

0 de
y2
15. Answer: (D) ⃗V = (x 2 − axy)î + (bxy − ) ĵ
2
∂ 2 ∂

I1 o
(u ) + (uv) For the flow to be incompressible,
dx dy
∂ 2 ∂ y2
∂u ∂v ∂u (x − axy) + (bxy − ) = 0
⇒ 2u. + (u. + v. )
dx
∂u
dy
∂v
dy
∂u
c ∂u
dx dy 2
⇒ 2x − ay + (bx − y) = 0
EG al
⇒ u. + u. + u. + v.
dx dy dx dy ⇒ (2 + b)x − (a + 1)y = 0
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u ⇒ b = −2, a = −1
⇒ u ( + ) + u. + v.
N rr

dx dy dx dy ∴ (a − b) = −1 − (−2) = 1
∂u ∂v
For incompressible flow, dx + dy = 0
e

∂ 2 ∂ ∂u ∂u 19. Answer: (A)

⇒ (u ) + (uv) = u. + v.
ef

dx dy dx dy ⃗
⃗ = 2(x 2 − y 2 )i + vj + 3k
V
For the flow to be incompressible
R

16. Answer: (B) ∂u ∂v ∂w

+ + =0
⃗
⃗ = 5x 2 yi + cyj − 10xyz k
Given V dx dy dz
∂v
For the flow to be incompressible ⇒ 4x + +0=0
dy
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 ∂v
dx dy dz ⇒ = −4x
dy
∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ (5x 2 y) + (cy) + (−10xyz) = 0 ⇒ V = −4xy + f(x, z)
dx dy dz
⇒ 10xy + c − 10xy = 0 ⇒ c = 0 So, correct option is

∴ The value of ‘c’ is 0 for the flow to be V = −4xy − 4xz

incompressible.
20. Answer: (3.9 to 4.1) Hence answer is either option B or option D
u = 2(x 2 − y 2 ) ∂y ∂v ∂ x
+ ∂y = ∂x [x2 +y2 ] + ∂y [x2 +y2 ]
∂ y
∂x
v = −axy
(x2 +y2 )1−x(2x) (x2 +y2 )1−y(2y)
∂u ∂v = (x2 +y2 )2
+ (x2 +y2 )2
+ =0
∂x ∂y =0
∂ ∂ Flow is Incompressible
[2(x 2 − y 2 )] + [−axy] = 0
∂x ∂y
4x − ax = 0
24. Answer: (1.9 to 2.1)
a=4
For the velocity field,

0 de
⃗ = (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z)i + (b1 x + b2 y +
V
21. Answer: (B)
⃗ to be
b3 z)j + (c1 x + c2 y + c3 z)k

I1 o
V = (5 + a1 x + b1 y)ĵ + (4 + a2 x + b2 y)ĵ incompressible
u = 5 + a1 x + b1 y, v = 4 + a2 x + b2 y ∂
For Incompressible Flow
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0
c ⇒ (a x + a2 y + a3 z)
dx 1
∂
+ (b1 x + b2 y + b3 z)
EG al
∂x
dy
a1 + b 2 = 0 ∂
+ (c x + c2 y + c3 z) = 0
dz 1
N rr

22. Answer: (A) ⇒ a1 + b2 + c3 = 0

e

For 2-D flow ⇒ 2 + b2 − 4 = 0

∂y ∂v ⇒ b2 = 4 − 2 = 2
ef

+ ∂y = 0
∂x

⃗ = (ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ

V 25. Answer: (C)
R

For incompressible flow

u = x 2 ρ = 1/x
∇. ⃗V = 0
∂ ∂ 2-D, Steady Flow
(9x + 6y) + (x + dy) = 0
∂x ∂x ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
(ρu) + (ρv) + (ρw) + =0
a+0+0+d= 0 ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ ∂ v
a+d=0 (x) + ( )=0
∂x ∂y x
∂ v
1 + ∂y (x) = 0
23. Answer: (B)
∂ v
⃗V = 2 x 2 ĵ + 2 y 2 ĵ ( ) = −1
∂y x
x +y x +y
v
x y = −y + f(x) + c
u = x2 +y2 , v = x2 +y2 x

v = −xy + x[f(x + c)]

Flow in steady flow
26. Answer: (C) 30. Answer: 5 to 5 (500 to 500)
According to continuity equation Q1 = (y0 × 1)U0
∂ρ Q1 = Q 2
⃗ )+
∇. (ρV =0
∂t δQ = (dy × 1)u
∂ρ
For steady flow ∂t = 0 δQ = udy
y0
For Incompressible fluid flow
Q2 = ∫ u dy
ρ = Constant
0
∂ρ

0 de
y0
=0
∂t
Q1 = ∫ ay(y0 − y)dy
0
27. Answer: (D) y0

I1 o
Q2 = a ∫ (y0 y − y 2 )dy
∂u ∂v ∂w 0
⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0 ⇒ + + =0
c
dx dy dz
The equation is valid for both steady &
unsteady incompressible flows.
Q2 = a [
2
− ]
3 0
y
y0 y 2 y 3 0
EG al
y03 y03
Q2 = a [ − ]
2 3
N rr

28. Answer: (C) ay03

Q2 =
⃗ = (5x + 6y + 7z)i + (6x + 5y + 9z)j
V 6
Q1 = Q 2
e

⃗ &ρ
+ (3x + 2y + λz)k
ay03
= ρ0 . e−2t
ef

y0 U0 =
6g
The mass conservation equation is given by
6U0
∂ρ a=
y02
R

⃗) =0
+ ∇. (ρV
dt
6 × 7.5
⇒ ρ0 . e−2t (−2) + ρ0 . e−2t (5 + 5 + λ) = 0 a=
32
⇒ −2 + 10 + λ = 0 ⇒ = −8 1
a=5
cm − s
1
29. Answer: (820) a=5 1
m−s
ṁH2 O + ṁAlcohol = ṁmix 100
1
ρH2 O QH2 O + ρAlcohol QAlcohol a = 500
m−s
= ρmix (Q H2 O Another Way:
1000×0.2+(0.7×1000)×0.3=ρmin (0.2+0.3) Q1 Q 2
+ QAlcohol ) =
w w
ρmixture = 820 kg⁄m3
Area A1 = y0 U0
 33. Answer: (A)
Given Q = 5 m3 /s
1
A(x) =
1 + x2
Q = A(x)V(x)
ay02 Q
⇒ V(x) =
4 A(x)
u = ay(y0 − y) 5
∴ V(x) = = 5(1 + x 2 )

0 de
1
At y = y0 /2 (1+x2 )
y0 y0
u=a × Acceleration
2 2
ay02 ∂V
= 5(1 + x 2 )(10x)

I1 o
u= = ax = V.
4 ∂x
2 ay02 ⇒ ax = 50x(1 + x 2 )
Area A2 = ×
3 4
ay03
× y0 c ⇒ ax = 50(x + x 3 )
⇒ Acceleration = 50(x + x 3 )
EG al
Area A2 =
6
Area A1 = Area A2
34. Answer: (B)
N rr

ay03 2
y0 U0 = Area A = 3 × 2 × 10
6
e

31. Answer: (0.05 to 0.06) 40

Area A = 3
ef

Area A = 13.33 m3 /s
32. Answer: 1 (0.9 to 1.1)
Per unit width
For fully developed steady flow
R

∂y
=0 35. Answer: (C)
∂x
for incompressible flow According to continuity equation

∂u ∂v ∂ρ
⃗ )+
∇. (ρV =0
+ =0 ∂t
∂x ∂y
∂ρ
∂v For steady flow ∂t = 0
0+ =0
∂y for Incompressible fluid flow
∂v
=0 ρ = Constant
∂y
∂ρ
v = constant =0
∂t
Hence value of y-component of velocity inside
the flow field is 1.0 m/s
36. Answer: (—) 38. Answer: (—)

37. Answer: (—) 39. Answer: (—)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 34

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Translation with Linear & Angular deformation
1. [MCQ, ] C. v = v(x, y)
For continuity equation given by ∇. V = 0 to be D. v ≠ v(x, y)
valid, where V is the velocity vector, which one
4. [MSQ, ]

0 de
of the following is a necessary condition?
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
A. Steady flow
is/are TRUE, regarding translation with linear
B. Irrotational flow
deformation for a 2-D (x-y plane) steady flow?

I1 o
C. In viscid flow
A. u = u(x) only
D. Steady Incompressible flow

2. [MCQ, ]
c B. u = u(x, y)
C. v ≠ v(x, y)
EG al
For a given location in a flow, the rate of change D. v = v(y) only
Dρ ∂ρ
of density following a fluid particle ( Dt = +
∂t
N rr

∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ 5. [MCQ, ]
u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z ) , is 2.4 kg/(m3 /s). If the
Linear strain rate is defined as
e

3
density at that point is 1.2 kg/m , then the
A. The rate of change of length per unit length
divergence of the velocity field (∇ ∙ ⃗∇) at the
ef

B. The rate of change of width per unit width

point is C. The rate of change of length per unit width
A. 0.5 s−1
R

D. The rate of change of width per unit length

−1
B. −0.5 s
C. −2 s−1 6. [MCQ, ]

D. 2 s −1 Match the correct one.

3. [MSQ, ] List-I List-II

A two-dimensional (x-y plane) steady flow, for P. Linear strain rate in I. ∂v
x-direction ∂y
pure translation, which one or more of the
Q. Linear strain rate in II. ∂w
following statement(s) is/are TRUE ?
y-direction ∂z
A. u = u(x, y)
R. Linear strain rate in III. ∂u
B. u ≠ u(x, y) z-direction ∂x
 A. P-II, Q-III, R-I rate in the y −direction is ____s−1 (round off to
B. P-III, Q-II, R-I 2 decimal places).
C. P-I, Q-II, R-III
D. P-III, Q-I, R-II 10. [MCQ, ]
In given flow field, the velocity vector in
7. [MCQ, ] Cartesian coordinate system is given as:
Dilation rate is zero for ⃗ = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )î + (xy + yz + y 2 )ĵ
V
A. Compressible flow + (xz − z 2 )k̂
B. Rotational flow

0 de
What is the volume dilation rate of the fluid at
C. Incompressible flow a point where x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3?
D. Unsteady flow A. 6

I1 o
B. 5
8. [NAT, ] C. 10

c
The three components of velocity in a flow filed
are given by
D. 0
[GATE-2017-XE]
EG al
u = x2 + y2 + z2 11. [MCQ, ]

v = xy + yz + z 2 For a fluid element in a two-dimensional flow

N rr

z2 field (x – y plane), it will undergo

w = −3xz − +4
2
A. translation only
e

The volume dilation rate is _____ (round off to

B. translation and rotation
nearest integer).
ef

C. translation and deformation

D. deformation only
9. [NAT, ]
R

[GATE-1994-ME]
Consider a steady, 2-D and incompressible flow
field in the x − y plane. The linear strain rate in
the x − direction is 2.51 s −1 . The linear strain
 Answer Key
1. (D) 7. (C)
2. (C) 8. (0 to 0)
3. (B, D) 9. (–2.49 to –2.53)
4. (A, D) 10. (B)
5. (A) 11. (C)
6. (D)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 4. Answer: (A, D)
Continuity equation, For translation with Linear deformation of a 2-D
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂ (x-y plane) steady flow.
+ (ρu) + (ρv) + (ρw) = 0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
u = u(x) only
For incompressible flow ρ = constant
v = v(y) only
∂u ∂v ∂w
ρ[ + + ]=0
∂x ∂y ∂z
5. Answer: (A)
∇∙V=0

0 de
Linear strain rate is defined as the rate of change
of length per unit legnth.
2. Answer: (C)
Generalised continuity equation is

I1 o
6. Answer: (D)
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ + (ρu) + (ρv) + (ρw) = 0 ∂u
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ε̇ xx =

⇒
∂ρ
∂t
+ρ∙
∂u
∂x
∂ρ c
+u +ρ +v +ρ
∂x
∂v
∂y
∂ρ
∂y
∂w
∂y ε̇ yy =
∂x
∂v
∂y
EG al
∂ρ
+w =0 ∂w
∂z ε̇ zz =
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂z
N rr

⇒ + u + v + w + 2.4 (Given)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w 7. Answer: (C)
⇒ ρ( + + ) + 2.4 = 0
e

∂x ∂y ∂z 1 D⩝
Dilation rate ε̇ ⩝ = ⩝ Dt
∂u ∂v ∂w
ef

⇒ (1.2) ( + + ) = −2.4 For incompressible flow

∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w D⩝
⇒ + + = −2s−1 =0
R

∂x ∂y ∂z Dt
1 D⩝
∴ ⃗ =0
=∇· V
⩝ Dt
3. Answer: (B, D)
For pure translation of a 2-D (x, y plane) steady 8. Answer: (0 to 0)

flow ⃗
Volume dilation rate = ∇ · V
u ≠ u(x, y) ∂u ∂v ∂w
ε̇ v = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
v ≠ v(x, y)
 ∂ 2 ∂
ε̇ v = (x + y 2 + z 2 ) + (xy + yz + z 2 )
∂x ∂y 10. Answer: (B)
∂ z ε = εxx + εyy + εzz
+ (−3xz − + 4)
∂z 2 ∂u ∂v ∂w
= 2x + x + z + (−3x − z) εv = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
ε̇ v = 0 εv = 2x + (x + z + 2y) + (x − 2z)

9. Answer: (–2.49 to –2.53) = 4x + 2y − 3

Since the flow is incompressible, the volumetric At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2

strain rate must be zero εv = 4x + 2y − 3

0 de
Volumetric strain rate in the x − y plane εv = 4 × 1 + 2 × 2 − 3

1 DV ∂u ∂v =5
= εxx + εyy = + =0
V Dt ∂x ∂y

I1 o
11. Answer: (C)
The linear strain rate in the y-direction in the
Translation and deformation
c
negative of that in the x-direction.
Linear strain rate in y-direction:
EG al
∂v ∂u
εyy = ∂y = − ∂x = −2.51/s
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 35

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Angular Velocity Vector

1. [MSQ, ] form the two-dimensional strain rate tensor εij

A flow is represented by the velocity field ⃗V = in the xy − plane is given by

(x 7 − 21x 5 y 2 + 35x 3 y 4 − 7xy 6 )î + (7x 6 y − εzz εxy
εij = [ε ]
yx εyy

0 de
35 x 4 y 3 + 21 x 2 y 5 − y 7 ) ĵ
Under what conditions would the x and y axes
Assume it is a steady flow. Which one or more of
be principal axes?
the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?

I1 o
A. a1 + b2 = 0
A. Incompressible
B. a1 − b2 = 0
B. Rotational
C. Compressible
c C. b1 + a2 = 0
D. b1 − a2 = 0
EG al
D. Irrotational

4. [MSQ, ]
N rr

2. [MCQ, ] A flow has the following velocity field

⃗ = 0 to be
For a continuity equation given ∇. V ⃗ = (10t + x)î + xy ĵ + 5t 2 k̂
V
e

⃗ where is the velocity vector, which one If the fluid element at x = 10, y = 3 and z = 5,
valid, V
then which one or more of the following
ef

of the following is a necessary condition?

statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
A. Steady flow 3
A. Angular velocity is k̂ radians per unit time.
R

2
B. Irrotational flow B. Along the y-z plane, the flow is irrotational.
5
C. Inviscid flow C. Angular velocity is 2 ĵ radians per unit time.
D. Incompressible flow D. Along the x-z plane, the flow is irrotational.

3. [MCQ, ] 5. [NAT, ]

A general equation for a steady, two- A Newtonian fluid has the following values of u

dimensional velocity field that is linear in both and v are:

u = 4xy + y 2 ; v = 6xy + 3x
spatial directions (x and y) is ⃗V = (u, v) =
The rate of shear deformation
(U + a1 x + b1 y)i + (V + a2 x + b2 y)j where U ε̇ xy at x = 2, y = 1 will be _____ units (round off
and V and the coefficients are constants, and to nearest integer).
6. [NAT, ] 9. [NAT, ]
A steady, incompressible flow has u = 2x 2 + A Newtonian fluid has the following values of u
y 2 ; v = −4xy. The rate of shear deformation and v, w are
ε̇ xy at x = −1 & y = −2 will be _____ (round u = 2x 2 + zy ; v = −2xy + 3y 3 + 3zy
off to nearest integer). 3
w = − z 2 − 2xy − 6yz
2
The rate of shear deformation ε̇ yz at x = 1, y =
7. [MCQ, ]
1, z = −1 will be _____ units (round off to
A steady, incompressible velocity field is given
nearest integer).
by u = a1 x + b1 y v = a2 x + b2 y. The rate of

0 de
shear deformation ε̇ xy will be
10. [NAT, ]
A. a1 + b2
A Newtonian fluid has the following values of u
B. a2 + b2
and v, w are
C. b1 + a1

I1 o
1 2
D. a2 + b1 u = xyz, v = 1z & w = yz − xy
2

8. [MCQ, ] c
Consider fully developed Couette flow. The flow
The rate of shear deformation ε̇ zx at (2, 3, 1) is
_____ units (round off to nearest integer).
EG al
is steady, incompressible and two-dimensional
11. [MSQ, ]
(x-y plane). The velocity field is given by
N rr

y The velocity components in a two-dimensional

⃗ = (u, v) = V i + oj
V
h flow are
e

y3 x3
u= + 2x − x 2 y and v = xy 2 − 2y − .
3 3
ef

Which one or more of the following statement(s)

is/are TRUE ?
R

A. Flow is possible
The shear strain rate ε̇ xy is B. Flow is impossible
v
A. C. Flow is rotational
h
y
B. D. Flow is irrotational
h
v
C. 2h
1
D. 12. [MCQ, ]
2h
For a two-dimensional incompressible flow field
⃗ = A(xî − yĵ), where A > 0, which
given by u
one of the following statements is FALSE?
 A. It satisfies continuity equation Common Data for Questions 15 and 16:
B. It is unidirectional when x→0 and y→ ∞. The velocity field for a two-dimensional flow is given
x y
C. Its streamlines are given by x = y by; ⃗V(x, y, t) = î − t ĵ
t
D. It is irrotational.
15. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2018-ME]
The total acceleration is
13. [MCQ, ]
x y x y
A. î − t2 ĵ B. − t2 î + t2 ĵ
In a two-dimensional, incompressible and t2
2x 2y
irrotational flow, fluid velocity (v) in the y- C. î D. ĵ
t2 t2

0 de
direction is given by v = 2x − 5y. The velocity [GATE-2009-XE]
(u) in the x-direction is 16. [MCQ, ]
A. u = 2x – 5y The given velocity field is

I1 o
B. u = 2x + 5y A. incompressible and rotational
C. u = 5x + 2y
D. u = 5x − 2y c B. compressible and rotational
C. incompressible and irrotational
EG al
[GATE-2018-XE] D. compressible and irrotational
14. [MCQ, ] [GATE-2009-XE]
N rr

The velocity components of a two-dimensional 17. [MCQ, ]

plane motion of a fluid are: The velocity components in the x and y
e

y3 directions of a two-dimensional Irrotational flow

u= + 2x − x 2 y and
3
ef

∂u
x3 are u and v, respectively. Then ∂y is equal to
v = xy 2 − 2y −
3 ∂v
A.
R

∂x
The correct statement is:
∂v
A. Fluid is incompressible and flow is B. − ∂x
∂v
irrotational C. ∂y
B. Fluid is incompressible and flow is rotational ∂v
D. − ∂y
C. Fluid is compressible and flow is irrotational
[GATE-2005-ME]
D. Fluid is compressible and flow is rotational
18. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2013-CE]
The 2-D flow with, velocity
⃗ = (x + 2y + 2)î +(4−y)ĵ is
V
 A. compressible and irrotational
B. compressible and not irrotational
C. incompressible and irrotational
D. incompressible and not irrotational
[GATE-2001-ME]
D. The acceleration experienced by a fluid
particle is zero at (x = 0, y = 0)
[GATE-2022-ME]
22. [MCQ, ]
A two-dimensional velocity field in Cartesian

19. [MCQ, ] coordinates is defined by V = yi − xj. This flow

The relation that holds good for the flow to be is

irrotational is A. compressible and rotational

0 de
∂u ∂v B. compressible and irrotational
A. − ∂x = 0
∂y
C. incompressible and rotational
∂u ∂v
B. = ∂y
∂y D. incompressible and irrotational

I1 o
∂2 u ∂2 v
C. + ∂y2 = 0 [GATE-2019-XE]
∂x2
23. [NAT, ]
D.
∂u
∂y
= − ∂x
∂v
c [GATE-1999-CE]
A flow field is given by u = y 2 , v = −xy, w = 0.
EG al
Value of the z-component of the angular velocity
20. [NAT, ]
(in radians per unit time, up to two decimal
Let the ‘x’ and ‘y’ components of velocity in
N rr

places) at the point (0, −1,1) is _________

steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow
[GATE-2018-CE]
e

⃗ =
be linear function of ‘x’ and ‘y’ such that V 24. [MCQ, ]
(ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ, where a, b, c and d are
ef

Match the following pairs:

constants. The condition for which, the flow is
P ∇ × ⃗V I
Incompressible continuity
irrotational is _______ =0 equation
R

Q ∇. ⃗V II Steady flow
[GATE-1994-CE]
=0
⃗
DV
21. [MCQ, ] R = 0 III Irrotational flow
Dt
The velocity field in a fluid is given to be ⃗V = ⃗
∂V Zero acceleration of fluid
S = 0 IV
∂t particle
(4xy)î + 2(x 2 − y 2 )ĵ. Which of the following
statement(s) is/are correct? A. P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III
B. P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
A. The velocity field is one-dimensional
C. P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II
B. The flow is incompressible D. P-III, Q-I, R-II, S-IV
C. The flow is Irrotational [GATE-2015-ME]
25. [NAT, ] Statement for Linked Answer Questions
Velocity in a two-dimensional flow field is 28 & 29:
specified as: u = x 2 y; v = −y 2 x. The magnitude Two flat parallel plates are separated by a small gap
of the rate of angular deformation at a location h filled with an incompressible fluid of viscosity μ .
(x = 2 m and y = 1 m) is ____ s −1 Assume that the length and width of the plates to be
[GATE-2014-XE] much larger than the gap h. The top plate moves
26. [MCQ, ] horizontally while the bottom plate is held
The velocity vector corresponding to a flow field stationary. The magnitude of the difference

0 de
is given, with usual notation, by between the shear stress at the top and bottom
⃗V = 3xî + 4xyĵ. The magnitude of rotation at walls is found to be Δτ.

the point (2, 2) in rad/s is 28. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
A. 0.75 The velocity of the top plate is

B. 1.33
C. 2
c A.

B.
hΔτ
2μ
hΔτ
EG al
μ
D. 4
2hΔτ
[GATE-2013-XE] C. μ
N rr

3hΔτ
27. [MCQ, ] D.
2μ
In a two-dimensional flow field, the velocities in
[GATE-2011-XE]
e

the x- and y- directions are u and v, respectively.

29. [MCQ, ]
ef

The shear stress for a Newtonian fluid having

If a finite width slender object is introduced
dynamic viscosity μ is given by
parallel to the plates in the middle of the gap, the
R

∂v ∂u
A. μ (∂x − ∂y) time at which it would have rotated clockwise by
∂v
B. 2μ ∂y 90° would be
2πμ
∂u A.
C. 2μ ∂x Δτ
πμ
∂v ∂u
B. Δτ
D. μ (∂x + ∂y)
2πμ
C. 3Δτ
[GATE-2012-XE]
πμ
D. 4Δτ

[GATE-2011-XE]
30. [MCQ, ] Common Data for Questions (32 & 33):
The velocity field of a two-dimensional fluid flow The laminar flow takes place between closely
is as follow: spaced parallel plates as shown in figure below, the
x y
velocity profiles is given by u = V h.
u = U0 , v = −U0 y/L
L
Where, U0 and L are, respectively, the
characteristic velocity and length.
The above fluid flow can be described as
A. rotational and compressible

0 de
B. irrotational and compressible The gap height h, is 5 mm and the space is filled with

C. rotational and incompressible oil (specific gravity = 0.86, viscosity µ = 2 ×

D. irrotational and incompressible 10−4 N – s/m2 . The bottom plate is stationary and

I1 o
[GATE-2010-XE] the top plate moves with a steady velocity of V =

31. [MCQ, ] c
You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows for
5 cm/s. The area of the plate is 0.25 m2 .
[GATE-2004-CE]
EG al
their suitability in a given laboratory application. 32. [MCQ, ]

The following three choices expressed in terms The rate of rotation of a fluid particle is given by
N rr

V
of the two-dimensional velocity fields in the x-y A. ωy = 0: ωz = − 2h

plane, are made available. V

B. ωy = 0: ωz = − h
e

P: u = 2y, v = −3 x V V
C. ωy = h; ωz = h
ef

Q: u = 3xy, v = 0
V
D. ωy = h; ωz = 0
R: u = −2x, v = 2y
R

Which flows should be recommended when the [GATE-2004-CE]

application requires the flow to be 33. [MCQ, ]

incompressible and irrotational? The power required to keep the plate in steady

A. P and R motion is

B. Q only A. 5 × 10−4 watts

C. Q and R B. 10−5 watts

D. R only C. 2.5 × 10−5 watts

[GATE-2009-ME] D. 5 × 10−5 watts

[GATE-2004-CE]
34. [MCQ, ] 35. [MCQ, ]
A velocity field is given as A Newtonian fluid has the following velocity
⃗V = 3x 2 yî − 6xyzk̂ where x, y, z are in m and V field:

is in m/s. Determine if ⃗V = x 2 yî + 2xy 2 z ĵ − yz 3 k̂. The rate of shear

(i) It represents an incompressible flow deformation ε̇ yz at the point x = −2, y = −1

(ii) The flow is irrotational and z = 2 for the given flow is:
(iii) The flow is steady A. −6
A. (i) and (iii) B. −2

0 de
B. (i) and (ii) C. −12
C. (ii) and (iii) D. 4
D. (i) only [GATE-1988-ME, CE]

I1 o
[GATE-1993-ME]

c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B, C) 19. (A)
2. (D) 20. (b = c)
3. (C) 21. (B, C, D)
4. (A, D) 22. (C)
5. (18 to 20) 23. (1.50 to 1.50)
6. (4 to 4) 24. (C)
7. (D) 25. (3 to 3)

0 de
8. (B) 26. (D)
9. (7 to 7) 27. (D)
10. (3 to 3) 28. (A)

I1 o
11. (A, D) 29. (A)
12. (C)
13. (C)
c 30. (D)
31. (D)
EG al
14. (A) 32. (A)
15. (D) 33. (C)
N rr

16. (C) 34. (A)

17. (A) 35. (C)
e

18. (D)
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B, C) ∂u
εxx = = 0 + a1 + 0
∂x
u = x 7 − 21x 5 y 2 + 35x 3 y 4 − 7xy 6
∂u
∂u = b1
= 7x 6 − 105x 4 y 2 + 105x 2 y 4 − 7y 6 ∂y
∂x
∂v
again doing εyy = = 0 + 0 + b2
∂y
∂u
= −42x 5 y + 140x 3 y 3 − 42xy 5 ∂v
∂y = a2
∂x
v = 7x 6 y − 35x 4 y 3 + 21x 2 y 5 − y 7 ∂u ∂v

0 de
∂v εxy = εyx = ( + )
∂y ∂x
= 42x 5 y − 140x 3 y 3 + 42xy 5
∂x
= (b1 + a2 )
∂v
= 7x 6 − 105x 4 y 2 + 105x 2 y 4 − 7y 6 εxx εxy

I1 o
∂y Strain rate sensor εij = [ε εyy ]
yz
Now, from above a1 (b1 + a2 )
∂u ∂v
+
∂x ∂y
c
≠ 0, it is compressible
=[
(b1 + a2 ) b2
]

If the x and y-axes were principal axes, the

EG al
∂v ∂u
− ≠ 0, it is Rotational diagonals of εij would be non zero and the off-
∂x ∂y
diagonals would be zero.
N rr

∴ Given velocity filed is compressible &

b1 + a2 = 0
Rotational.
e

4. Answer: (A, D)
ef

2. Answer: (D) Angular velocity of a fluid element is

∂u ∂v ∂w 1
⇒ ∇. ⃗V = 0 ⇒ + + =0 ω = (∇ × V)
dx dy dz
R

2
The equation is valid for both steady & unsteady
⃗V = (10t + x)î + xyĵ + 5t 2 k̂
incompressible flows.
∴ u = 10t + x
v = xy
3. Answer: (C)
w = 5t 2
Velocity field, ∂w ∂u ∂v
=0 ; =0 ; =y
V = (U + a1 x + b1 y)î + (V + a2 x + b2 y)ĵ ∂y ∂z ∂x
u = U + a1 x + b1 y ∂v ∂w ∂u
=0 ; =0 ; =0
v = V + a 2 x + b2 y ∂z ∂x ∂y
1 ∂w ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂u
∴ω= × [( − ) î + ( − ) ĵ + ( − ) k̂]
2 ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
 1 V = a 2 x + b2 y
= yk̂
2 ∂v
1 3 = a2
ω(10,3,5) = 2 × 3k̂ = 2 k̂ radians/unit time ∂x
∂v ∂u
If the flow is irrotational, ∇ × V = 0 is possible ε̇ xy = +
∂x ∂y
at y = 0
ε̇ xy = a2 + b1
∴ Along the x-z plane, it is irrotational
8. Answer: (B)
y
5. Answer: (18 to 20) ⃗V = V i + 0j
h
u = 4xy + y 2

0 de
y
u = Vh ; v = 0
v = 6xy + 3x
∂u v ∂v
∂u = ; =0
= 4x + 2y ∂y h ∂x
∂y

I1 o
∂v ∂u
∂v ε̇ xy = +
= 6y + 3 ∂x ∂y
∂x

ε̇ xy =
∂v ∂u
+
∂x ∂y
c ε̇ xy =
V
h
EG al
= (6y + 3) + (4x + 2y) 9. Answer: (7 to 7)
ε̇ xy | = (6 × 1 + 3) + (4 × 2 + 2 × 1) ∂w ∂v
N rr

(2,1)
ε̇ yz = +
∂y ∂z
= 9 + 10
∂ 3 ∂
e

ε̇ xy = 19 units = (− z 2 − 2xy − 6yz) + (−2xy + 3y 3 + 3zy)

∂y 2 ∂z
= (−2x − 6z) + 3y
ef

6. Answer: (4 to 4)
ε̇ yz |(1,1−1) = −2 × 1 − 6 × (−1) + 3 × 1
u = 2x 2 + y 2 v = −4xy
= −2 + 6 + 3
R

∂u ∂v
= 2y = −4y ε̇ yz = 7 units
∂y ∂y
∂v ∂u 10. Answer: (3 to 3)
ε̇ xy = +
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂w
ε̇ zx = +
= −4y + 2y ∂z ∂x
= −2y ∂ ∂ 1 2
= (xyz) + ( yz − xy)
∂z ∂x 2
ε̇ xy | = −2(−2) = 4 units
(−1,−2)
ε̇ xy = xy − y
7. Answer: (D) ε̇ xy |(2,3,1) = 2 × 3 − 3
u = a1 x + b1 y =6−3
∂u
= b1 = 3 units
∂y
11. Answer: (A, D) dx dy
(C) Stream Line equation =
u v
y3 dx dy
u= + 2x − x 2 y = −Ay
3 Ax

∂u ln(xy) = ln c xy = c
∴ = 2 − 2xy
∂x ∂v ∂u
2
(D) ∂x − ∂y = 0 − 0 = 0 Irrotational flow
∂u 3y
= − x2 = y2 − x2
∂y 3
13. Answer: (C)
2 x3 ∂u ∂v
Also v = xy − 2y − Incompressible flow ∂x + ∂y = 0
3

∂v ∂v ∂u
∴ = 2xy − 2 2 − D Irrotational flow ∂x − ∂y = 0

0 de
∂y
∂v 3x 2 v = 2x − 5y
= y2 − = y2 − x2 ∂u ∂
∂x 3 + (2x − 5y) = 0
∂x ∂y

I1 o
For a two-dimensional flow, continuity
∂u ∂v ∂u
equation is ∂x + ∂y = 0 −5=0
c ∂u ∂v
Substituting the value of ∂x and ∂y, we get
∂x
∂u
∂x
=5
EG al
∂u ∂u u = 5x + f(y)
+ = 2 − 2xy + 2xy − 2 = 0
∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
[2x − 5y] − [5x + f(y)] = 0
N rr

∴ It is a possible case of fluid flow ∂x ∂y

1 ∂v ∂u
Rotation, ω1 is given by ω1 = 2 (∂x − ∂y) = 2 − f ′ (y) = 0
e

1 f ′ (y) = 2
[(y 2 − x 2 ) − (y 2 − x 2 )] = 0
ef

2
f(y) = 2y
∴ Rotation is zero, which means it is case of
14. Answer: (A)
irrotational flow. y3
R

u= + 2x − x 2 y
1 ∂v ∂u 3
Now, shear strain rate = 2 [∂x + ∂y]
x3
v = xy 2 − 2y − 3
1 2
= [(y − x 2 ) + (y 2 − x 2 )] = y 2 − x 2 ∂u ∂v
2 for Incompressible Flow + =0
∂x ∂y

12. Answer: (C) ∂u ∂v

+ ∂y = (2 − 4xy) + (2xy − 2) = 0
∂x
V = A(xî − yĵ)
(A) u = Ax, v = −Ay (Incompressible Flow)
∂v ∂u
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = A − A = 0 satisfies continuity for Irrotational Flow − ∂y = 0
∂x
∂x
∂v ∂u
equation − ∂y = (y 2 − x 2 ) − (y 2 − x 2 ) = 0
∂x

(B) x → 0, y → ∞ (Irrotational Flow)

V = A(−yĵ) one dimensional flow
15. Answer: (D) The continuity of a 2-D incompressible flow is
x
u= ∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0
t ∂x
y
v=− ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂
t + = (x + 2y + z) + (4 − y)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ
= 1 + (−1) = 0
∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u + v + So, the flow is incompressible for the flow to be
∂x ∂y ∂t
x 1 −y x irrotational and
ax = × + ( ) (0) + (− 2 )
t t t t ⃗ = ⃗0
V
ax = 0

0 de
∂v ∂u
⇒ dx − dy = 0 for a 2 D flow
∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u +v + ∂v ∂u ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂t (4 − y) − (x + 2y − 2)
∴ − =
x −y −1 y dx dy dx dy

I1 o
ay = (0) + ( ) ( ) + ( 2 )
t t t t = 0 − (2) = −2 ≠ 0
2y
ay = 2
t c So, the given flow field is rotational.

19. Answer: (A)

EG al
16. Answer: (C)
x ∂v ∂u
u= − =0
t ∂x ∂y
N rr

y ∂u ∂v
v=− =
t ∂y ∂x
e

∂u ∂v 1 1
+ ⇒ −
∂x ∂y t t 20. Answer: (b = c)
ef

⇒ 0 (Incompressible)
V = (ax + by)î + (cx + dy)ĵ
∂v ∂u
− ⇒0−0 u = ax + by, v = cx + dy
R

∂x ∂y
For Irrotational Flow
⇒ 0 (Irrotational)
∂v ∂u
− ∂y = 0
∂x
17. Answer: (A)
∂ ∂
∂v ∂u (cx + dy) − (ax + by) = 0
∂x ∂y
− =0
∂x ∂y c−b=0
∂u ∂v
= b=c
∂y ∂x
21. Answer: (B, C, D)
18. Answer: (D) ⃗ = (4xy)î + 2(x 2 − y 2 )ĵ
V
⃗V = (x + 2y + z)i + (4 − y)j ∂u ∂v
∇. ⃗V = +
∂x ∂y
= 4y + (−4y)
 =0 −1 − 1
⃗ =0
∴ ∇. V Rotational -2
The flow is incompressible.
23. Answer: (1.50 to 1.50)
î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂| u = y 2 , v = −xy, w = 0
⃗ = ||
∇×V
∂x ∂y ∂z| 1 ∂v
ωxy /ωz = 2 [∂x − ∂y]
∂u

4xy 2(x 2 − y 2 ) 0
1 3y
= i(0 − 0) − ĵ(0,0) + k̂(4x − 4x) ωz = 2 [−y − 2y] = − 2

=0 wz −3×−1
(0,−1,1)= 2
= 1.5 radian/time

0 de
∴ ∇ × ⃗V = 0
The flow is Irrotational 24. Answer: (C)
∂u ∂u For any given velocity field ⃗V ,

I1 o
ax = u +v
∂x ∂y The incompressible continuity equation is given
2 2
= 4xy(4y) + 2(x − y )(4x)
= 16xy 2 + 8x 3 − 8xy 2
ax |0,0 = 0
c ⃗ =0
by ∇. V

The flow is steady if

⃗⃗
∂V
= ⃗0
EG al
∂t

∂v ∂v The flow is irrotational if curl

ay = u +v
∂x ∂y ⃗ = ⃗0 ⇒ ∇ × V
V ⃗ = ⃗0
N rr

2 2
= 4xy(4x) + 2x − 2y (−4y) The acceleration of the fluid particle is zero if
ay | =0
e

⃗⃗
DV
(0,0) =0
Dt
ef

So, P → III, Q → I, R → IV, S → II

22. Answer: (C)
∂y ∂v
⃗ = yî − xĵ
V + ∂y 25. Answer: 3 (3 to 3)
R

∂x
Given u = x 2 y & v = −y 2 x
Incompressible flow
∂v ∂u
∂
(y) +
∂
(−x) = 0 Angular deformation rate = (∂x + ∂y)
∂x ∂y
= (−y 2 + (x 2 )) = x 2 − y 2
⃗ =0
∇V
∂y ∂v
At the point x = 2m and y = 1 m
+ ∂y = 0
∂x x 2 − y 2 = 22 − 12 = 4 − 1 − 3s−1
Incompressible flow ∴ Angular deformation rate = 3s−1
⃗ = ⃗0
∇×V
∂v ∂y 26. Answer: (D)
− ∂y = 0
∂x
1 ∂v ∂y
∂ ∂ ωz = [ + ]
(−x) − (y) 2 ∂x ∂y
∂x ∂y
 1 π
= [4y − 0] t=
2 2wyx
= 2y 1 ∂u ∂v
wyx = ( − )
= 4 rad/s 2 ∂y ∂x
1 ∂ y ∂
ωyx = [ (V ) − (0)]
27. Answer: (D) 2 ∂y h ∂x

Newtonian fluid should satisfy the following V

ωyx =
2y
equations
π
τ = με̇ xy t= V
2 × 2h

0 de
∂v ∂u
⇒ τ = μ {∂x + ∂y} πh
t=
V
∴ Shear stress for a Newtonian fluid
πh
∂v ∂u t=

I1 o
Δτ×h
= μ( + )
∂x ∂y 2μ

28. Answer: (A) c t=

π(2μ)
Δτ
EG al
30. Answer: (D)
U0
u= x
L
N rr

U0
du v= y
τ=μ L
e

dy
du U0 d U0
Δu ax = u = x ( x)
dx L dx L
ef

τ=μ
Δy
U02
V ax = x
τ=μ L2
R

h ∂v
Δτ = |τT . τB | ay = v
∂y
V V U0 d U0
Δτ = |μ + μ | ay = (− y) (− y)
h h L dy L
V
Δτ = 2μ U02
h ay = 2 y
L
Δτ × h
V= U02 U02
2μ a⃗ = xî + yĵ
L2 L2
a⃗ = U02 /L2 (xî + yĵ)
29. Answer: (A)
π At (L, L)
2
t= U02
wyx ⃗ =
q (î + ĵ)
L
 2 2 î ĵ k̂
U02 U02
√
|a⃗| = ( ) + ( ) 1| ∂ ∂ ∂|
L L ⃗⃗ = ∂x ∂y ∂z
ω
2| |
U02 y
|a⃗| = √2 V 0 0
L h
V
U02 ⃗⃗ = − k̂
ω
10 = √2 2h
0.2
U02 = √2 33. Answer: (C)
P = Fs × V
U0 = 1.19 m/s
Δu
P = μ( )A × V

0 de
Δy
31. Answer: (D)
∂u ∂v V−0
+ P = μ( )A × V
∂x ∂y h
∂ ∂ μAV 2

I1 o
⇒ (−2x) + (2y) P=
∂x ∂y h
⇒ −2 + 2
⇒0
c P = 25 × 10−6
P = 2.5 × 10−5 W
EG al
∂u ∂v 34. Answer: (A)
+ = 0 ⇒ incompressible flow
∂x ∂y u = 3x 2 y
î ĵ
N rr

v=0
∂ ∂
∇ × ⃗V = | | w = −6xyz
∂x ∂y
e

−2x 2y ∂u ∂v ∂w
∇. ⃗V = + +
= (0) − (0) = 0 ∂x ∂y ∂z
ef

⇒ 6xy + 0 − 6xy
∇ × ⃗V = 0 ⇒ Irrotational
⇒ 0 (Incompressible)
R

32. Answer: (A) î ĵ k̂

y ∂ ∂ ∂ |
u=V ∇ × ⃗V = ||
h ∂x ∂y ∂z |
h = 5 mm 3x 2 y 0 −6xyz
s = 0.86 ≠ ⃗0
μ = 2 × 10−4 (N − s)/m2
V = 5 cm/s 35. Answer: (C)
u = x2 y
A = 0.25 m2 v = 2xy 2 z
1 w = −yz 3
⃗⃗ = (∇ × ⃗V)
ω ∂w ∂v
2 ε̇ yz = +
1 ∂ y ∂y ∂z
⃗⃗ = [− (V ) k̂]
ω ∂ ∂
2 ∂y h = (−yz 3 ) + (2xy 2 z)
∂y ∂z
= −z 3 + 2xy 2 ε̇ yz = −8 + 2(−2)(−1)2
At (−2, −1, 2)
= −12

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 36

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Vorticity; Circulation & Velocity Potential Function

1. [MCQ, ] u = 2x 2 + 3y, v = −2xy + 3y 2 + 3zy, w =

3 2
Velocity of a viscous fluid flowing between the z + 2xz − 9y 2 z are:
2
parallel surfaces in figure is defined by U = A. −21, 2, −5

0 de
3 )y 2 ]
0.002[1 − 10(10 m/s, where y is in B. 21, −2, −5
meters. The vorticity and shear-strain rate of a C. −21, −2, −5
fluid element located at y = 5 mm within the D. 21, 2, 5

I1 o
flow are respectively.

c 4. [MCQ, ]
A two-dimensional flow field is characterized by
EG al
the velocity components.
−y x
u= 2 ; v =
x + y2 x2 + y2
N rr

A. 0.2 rad/s, −0.2 rad/s The circulation around a unit circle with its
B. 0.14 rad/s, −0.18 rad/s centre at the origin is
e

C. 0.12 rad/s, −0.2 rad/s A. π

ef

π
D. 0.2 rad/s, −0.8 rad/s B. 21
C. 2π
R

2. [MCQ, ] D. π/6
A flow field is described by
5. [MCQ, ]
V = 8x 3 yi − 12x 2 y 2 j. Then the vorticity at
Consider the flow represented by the velocity
(1, 1) is.
field, ⃗V = (Ay + B)î − Axĵ, where A = 10 s −1
A. −18
and B = 3 m/s and the coordinates are
B. −32
measured in meters. The circulation about the
C. 24
“curve” bounded by y = 0, x = 1, y = 1 and x =
D. 26
0 is
3. [MCQ, ] A. 10 m2 /s
The Vorticity components at a point (1, 1, 1) for B. 20 m2 /s
the following flow field: C. −20 m2 /s
 D. −15 m2 /s C. ϕ = a cos xy + f(y)
D. ϕ = a cot xy + f(y)
6. [NAT, ]
A uniform flow at 6 m/s is directed at an angle 10. [MCQ, ]
The velocity components in a two-dimensional
of 30° to the horizontal as shown in the figure.
flow field for an incompressible fluid are
The circulation around the rectangular path
expressed as:
OABCO is _____m2 /s (round off to nearest
y3
integer). u= + 2x − x 2 y
3

0 de
x3
v = xy 2 − 2y −
3
The expression for velocity potential function ϕ

I1 o
is
xy3 x3 y

7. [NAT, ]
c A. ϕ = −

B. ϕ = −
xy3
3

3
− x2 +

− x2 +
3
x3 y
3
+ y2

+ y3
EG al
A two-dimensional flow field is represented by xy3 x3 y
C. ϕ = − − x3 + + y3
3 3
ϕ = 2xy − x. At the point (2, 1), the value of
N rr

x 3 y3 x 3 y3
the velocity V is _____units (round off to one D. ϕ = − − x3 + + y3
3 3
decimal place).
e

11. [MCQ, ]
8. [NAT, ]
ef

For a two-dimensional potential flow, the If u and v are the velocity components in the x-

velocity potential is given by ϕ = x(2y − 1). The and y- directions respectively, the z-component
R

resultant velocity at (4, 5) is _____ units/sec of vorticity ωz at a point in a flow field is

∂v ∂u
(round off nearest integer). A. + ∂y
∂x
∂v ∂u
B. −
∂x ∂y
9. [MCQ, ]
∂v ∂u
For the velocity components given as: u = C. + ∂x
∂y

ay sin xy & v = ax sin xy. The expression for D.

∂v
− ∂x
∂u
∂y
the velocity potential function is:
[GATE-2019-XE]
A. ϕ = a tan xy + f(y)
B. ϕ = a sin xy + f(y)
12. [NAT, ] A. 2ωA

If the velocity field is, ⃗V = xy 2 î + 4xyĵ m/s , B. 2ζA

vorticity of the fluid element in the field at (x = ⃗A

C. 2V
1, y = 2) in s−1 in is ________ D. 0

[GATE-2018-XE] [GATE-2013-XE]

13. [NAT, ] 16. [MCQ, ]

A 2-D incompressible flow is defined by its ⃗ =

A velocity field in a plane flow is given by V

0 de
cy m
velocity components in m/s as u = − x2 +y2 and 2xyî + 3yĵ s . The vorticity at the point (2,4) m is
cx rad
v = x2 +y2. If the value of the constant c is equal A. −4k̂ s

I1 o
to 0.1 m2 /s, the numerical value of vorticity at B. −3ĵ rad/s
rad
the point x = 1 m and y = 2 m is _____s−1 . C. −2k̂ s
c [GATE-2016-XE] D. −3î
rad
s
EG al
[GATE-2011-XE]
14. [MCQ, ]
⃗ = K(yî + xk̂), where
Consider a velocity field V
N rr

17. [MCQ, ]
K is a constant. The vorticity, z , is
Velocity vector of a flow fields is given as ⃗V =
e

A. – K
2xyî − x 2 zĵ. The vorticity vector at (1, 1, 1)
B. K
ef

A. 4î − ĵ
K
C. –2
B. 4î − k̂
R

D. K/2 C. Î − 4 ĵ
[GATE-2014-ME] D. î − 4 k̂
15. [MCQ, ] [GATE-2010-ME]
If A is the area of circle of radius r enclosing a
plane forced vortex flow, with origin at the
18. [MCQ, ]
centre of the vortex and if ω is the angular
The circulation ‘⌈’ around a circle of radius 2
⃗ is the velocity vector,
velocity, ζ is the vorticity, V units for the velocity field u = 2x + 3y and
then the circulation around the contour of the v = −2y is
circle is given by A. −6π units
 B. −12 π units 22. If ϕ is the potential function for an
C. −18 π units incompressible irrotational flow, and u and v are
D. −24 π units the Cartesian velocity components, then which
[GATE-2005-CE] one of the following combinations is correct?
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
A. u = ,v = B. u = − ∂y , v =
∂x ∂x ∂x
19. [NAT, ] ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
C. u = − ∂y , v = D. u = ,v =
∂y ∂x ∂y
Circulation is defined as line integral of
[GATE-2010-AE]
tangential component of velocity about a ____

0 de
(fill in the blank)
[GATE-1994-ME] 23. Existence of velocity potential implies that
A. fluid flow is in continuum

I1 o
20. ϕ(x, y) represents the velocity potential of a B. fluid flow is irrotational
C. fluid flow is ideal
c
two-dimensional flow with velocity field ⃗V =
u(x, y)î + v(x, y)ĵ, where î and ĵ are unit vectors
D. fluid flow is compressible
EG al
[GATE-2003-ME]
along the x and y axes, respectively. Which of
the following is necessarily true?
N rr

A. ∇2 ϕ = 0 24. Which of the following functions represent the

velocity potential of an Incompressible flow.
B. ∇ × ⃗V = 0
e

A. ф = x 2 + y 2 B. ф = x 2 − y 2
C. ∇. ⃗V = 0
ef

C. ф = 2x 2 y 2 D. ф = x 3 − y 3
D. u = − ∂ϕ/ ∂y , v = ∂ϕ/ ∂x
[GATE-1992-CE]
[GATE-2019-AE]
R

25. If velocity potential function satisfies Laplace

equation, the
21. A flow has a velocity field given by
A. flow is rotational
⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
B. flow does not satisfy continuous equation
The velocity potential ϕ(x, y) for the flow is
C. flow is irrotational but does not satisfy
A. 2x − 2y + const. B. 2xy + const.
continuity equation
C. x 2 + y 2 + const. D. x 2 − y 2 + const.
D. flow is irrotational and satisfies continuity
[GATE-2011-XE]
equation.
[GATE-1990-CE]
 28. The potential function for a two dimensional
26. For a potential flow, the fluid velocity is given by incompressible flow field is given as:
⃗ (x, y) = uî + vĵ. The slope of the potential line x3
V φ= − xy 2 .
3
at (x, y) is Magnitude of the velocity vector at point (2, 1) is
u
A. _____m/s
v
v
B. [GATE-2020-XE]
u
u
C. − v
v 29. Useful Data:
D. − u

0 de
Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m⁄s 2
[GATE-2023-XE]
Density of water ρw = 1000 kg⁄m3

I1 o
A potential function can be defined for a flow if
27. A flow has a velocity potential given by ϕ = Ax 3
and only if it is

c
where ′A′ is a non-zero constant. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are true about the
A. laminar
B. incompressible
EG al
flow?
C. steady
A. The flow is incompressible.
D. irrotational
N rr

B. The flow is irrotational.

[GATE-2008-XE]
C. The flow has local acceleration.
e

D. The flow has convective acceleration.

ef

[GATE-2022-XE]
R
 Answer Key
1. (A) 16. (A)
2. (B) 17. (D)
3. (C) 18. (B)
4. (C) 19. (Closed Curve)
5. (C) 20. (B)
6. (0 to 0) 21. (D)
7. (4.05 to 4.2) 22. (D)

0 de
8. (11 to 13) 23. (B)
9. (C) 24. (B)
10. (A) 25. (D)

I1 o
11. (B) 26. (C)
12. (4 to 4)
13. (-0.00001 to 0.00001)
c 27. (—)
28. (5 to 5)
EG al
14. (A) 29. (—)
15. (A)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A) 3. Answer: (C)
∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v
⃗⃗ ) = −
Vorticity (Ω Ωx = − = −18yz − 3y
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z
= −(18yz + 3y)
= 0 − 0.002[0 − 10 × 103 × 2y] |y=0.005
∂u ∂w
= 0.200 rad/s Ωy = − = 0 − 2z = −2z
∂z ∂x
Shear − Strain Rate: ∂v ∂u
Ωz = − = −2y − 3 = −(2y + 3)
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂u

0 de
γ̇ xy = +
∂x ∂y At the point (1, 1, 1)
= 0 + 0.002[0 − 10 × 103 × 2y]|y=0.005 Ωx = −(18 + 3) = −21 units

I1 o
= −0.200 rad/s Ωy = −2 units

2. Answer: (B) c
The two components of velocity are u = 8x 3 y
Ωz = −(2 + 3) = −5 units
EG al
4. Answer: (C)
and v = −12x 2 y 2 . If the flow is possible then it
x = r cos θ
must satisfy the equation of continuity. It is known that } circle coordinates
y = r sin θ
N rr

∂u ∂v y −r sin θ
or + = 0 ∴ 24x 2 y − 24x 2 y = 0 ∴u=− = 2
∂x ∂y x2 +y 2 r cos θ + r 2 sin2 θ
2
e

− sin θ
i. e. , the flow is possible ⇒u=
r
ef

∂v ∂u x r cos θ
For Vorticity, = −24xy 2 ; ∂y = 8x 3 and v = x2 +y2 = r2 cos2 θ+r2 sin2 θ
∂x
cos θ
R

∂v ∂u ⇒v=
∴ Ωz = ( − ) r
∂x ∂y
Radial velocity components Vr = u cos θ +
= (−24xy 2 − 8x 3) 2 2
= −8x[x + 3y ] v sin θ
= −8 × 1[12 + 3 × 12 ] − sin θ cos θ
= cos θ + sin θ
r r
= −32 units
Vr = 0
Tangential velocity component
Vθ = −u sin θ + V cos θ
sin θ cos θ
Vθ = sin θ + cos θ
r r
 1 6. Answer: (0 to 0)
vθ =
r Consider ideal fluid flow
Circulate Γ = ∫ Vθ . ds ⃗V = (6 cos 30° î + 6 sin 30° ĵ)m/s
1
=∫ ds ⇒ ⃗V = (5.196î + 3ĵ)m/s
r
1 Along OA, ds = dxî
= ∫ ds
r
∮ V · ds = ∮(5.196 î + 3ĵ) dxî
1
= ×s 0.8
r
1 = ∫ 5.196 dx
= × 2πr

0 de
r 0

Γ = 2π = 4.157 m2 /s
Along AB, ds = dyĵ
5. Answer: (C)

I1 o
Circulation is given by: ∮ V · ds = ∮(5.196 î + 3ĵ) dyĵ

⃗ .dl
Γ = ∮V
C
c 0.2
= ∫ 3 dy
0
EG al
⃗ ). k̂ds
= ∫(∇ × v = 0.6 m2 /s
S Along BC, ds = −dxî
N rr

∮ V · ds = ∮(5.196 î + 3ĵ) (−dxî)

0.8
e

= − ∫ 5.196 dx
0
ef

= −4.157 m2 /s
Along CO, ds = −dyĵ
R

⃗ = (Ay + B)î − Axĵ

V ∮ V · ds = ∮(5.196 î + 3ĵ) (−dyĵ)
î ĵ k̂
0.2
⃗ = || ∂
∇×V
∂ ∂|
| = − ∫ 3 dy
∂x ∂y ∂z 0
Ay + B −Ax 0 = −0.6 m2 /s
= 0î + 0ĵ + (−A − A)k̂ ∴ Γ = 4.157 + 0.6 − 4.157 − 0.6 = 0 m2 /s
= −2Ak̂

⃗ ). k̂dS = −2A ∫ dS 7. Answer: (4.05 to 4.2)

∴ Γ = ∫(∇ × V
S
S ϕ = 2xy − x
= −2 × 10 × area of the square ∂ϕ
2 u= = 2y − 1
= −20 m /s ∂x
 ∂ϕ 10. Answer: (A)
v= = 2x
∂y ∂ϕ
= −u
∂x

At point (2,1) ∂ϕ −y 3
= − 2x + x 2 y
∂x 3
u = 2y − 1 = (2 × 1) − 1 = 1 unit −xy 3 x3y
⇒ϕ= − x2 + + f(y)
3 3
v = 2x = (2 × 2) = 4 units ∂ϕ x3
⇒ = −xy 2 + + f 1 (y)
∂y 3
Velocity V = √u2 + v 2 = √(1)2 + (4)2 x 3
= −xy 2 + 2y +
3
= 4.12 units ⇒f 1 (y)
= 2y

0 de
⇒ f(y) = y 2
8. Answer: (11 to 13) −xy 3 2
x3y
ϕ= −x + + y2
ϕ = x(2y − 1) 3 3

I1 o
The velocity components in the direction of x 11. Answer: (B)
and y are

u= −
∂ϕ ∂
c
= − [x(2y − 1)] = −[2y − 1] Vorticity = 2w ⃗
⃗⃗⃗ curl V
−cy
Given that u = x2 +y2 and v = x2 +y2
−cx
EG al
∂x ∂x
⃗ = ( ∂ ( 2−cx2 ) + ∂ ( −cy
curl V ⃗
)) k
= 1 − 2y ∂x x +y ∂y x2 +y2

∂ϕ ∂ (x 2 + y 2 ). 1 − x(2x)
N rr

v= − = − [x(2y − 1)] = −[2x] = −c {

∂y ∂y (x 2 + y 2 )2
(x 2 + y 2 ). (1) − y(2y)
= −2x + ⃗
}k
e

(x 2 + y 2 )2
At the point P(4, 5), i.e., at x = 4, y = 5 0
ef

= −c { 2 } ⃗k = 0. ⃗k
u = 1 − 2 × 5 = −9 units/sec (x + y 2 )2
∴ Vorticity of given flow field is zero at any point
v = −2 × 4 = −8 units/sec
R

∴ Velocity at P = −9i − 8j
12. Answer: (4 to 4)
or Resultant velocity at ⃗V = xy 2 î + 4xyĵ
P = √92 + 82 = √81 + 64 Ωxy = Ωz = (
∂v
−
∂u
) k̂
∂x ∂y
units
= 12.04 ∂ ∂
sec = [∂x (4xy) − ∂y (xy 2 )] k̂

= (4y − 2xy)k̂
9. Answer: (C)
∂ϕ ∂ϕ At (1, 2) ⇒ 4 × 2 − 2 × 1 × 2 = 4k̂
= −u; = −v
∂x ∂y
⇒ −ay · sin xy · ∂x = ∂ϕ
(− cos xy)
⇒ −ay + f(y) = ϕ
y
ϕ = a cos xy + f(y)
13. Answer: 0 (-0.00001 to 0.00001) Ωz = −2x
Cy Ωz = −4
u=− 2
x + y2
⃗ = −4k̂
⃗Ω
Cx
v= 2
x + y2
17. Answer: (D)
∂v ∂u
Ωz = − ⃗ = 2xyî − x 2 zĵ
V
∂x ∂y
u = 2xy
∂ cx ∂ Cy
Ωz = [ 2 2
] − [− 2 ] v = −x 2 z
∂x x + y ∂y x + y 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) × 1 − x(2x) î ĵ k̂

0 de
Ωz = C [ ] ∂ ∂ ∂|
(x 2 + y 2 )2 ⃗⃗ = ||
Ω |
∂x ∂y ∂z
(x 2 + y 2 ) × 1 − y(2y)
+ C[ ] 2xy −x 2 z 0
(x 2 + y 2 )2
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

I1 o
Ωz = 0 s−1 ⇒[ (0) − (−x 2 z)] î − [ (0) − (2xy)] ĵ
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
= −0.00001 to 0.00001

14. Answer: (A)

c +[
∂
partial
⇒ x 2 î + (−2xz − 2x)k̂
∂
x (−x 2 z) − (2xy)k̂]
∂y
EG al
⃗ = K(yî + xK
V ̂) At (1, 1, 1)
u = Ky v = 0 w = Kx ⃗ = î − 4k̂
⃗Ω
N rr

∂v ∂u
Ωz = 2ωz = 2 [∂x − ∂y]
18. Answer: (B)
e

= −K
u = 2x + 3y
ef

v = −2y
15. Answer: (A)
Circulation = Vorticity × Area ∂v ∂y
Ωz = −
∂x ∂y
R

=Ω×A
= 2ωA

16. Answer: (A)

⃗ = 2xyî + 3yĵ
V
u = 2xy
v = 3y ∂ ∂
Ωz = (−2y) − (2x + 3y)
∂v ∂u ∂x ∂y
Ωz = −
∂x ∂y Ωz = −3
∂ ∂ ⃗ = −3k̂
⃗Ω
Ωz = [3y] − [2xy]
∂ ∂y
A = π(2)2
Ωz = 0 − 2x
A = 4π units
 n̂ = k ∂ϕ
ω=
Γ=Ω×A ∂z
− ∂ϕ
Γ = −3 × 4π u=
∂x
Γ = −12π units ∂ϕ
v=−
∂y
19. Answer: (Closed Curve)
∂ϕ
Closed curve ‘C’ ω=−
∂z

20. Answer: (B)

23. Answer: (B)
ϕ Exists ⇒ Irrotational flow

0 de
ϕ ⇒ Irrotational
∇2 ϕ ⇒ Incompressible Irrotational flow
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ 24. Answer: (B)
= y, = v, =w
∂x ∂y ∂z For an Incompressible Flow

I1 o
∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
+ ∂y2 = 0
∂x2
21. Answer: (D)
⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ
u = 2x
c A. ϕ = x 2 + y 2
∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
EG al
+ ∂y2 = 2 (Compressible Flow)
∂x2
u = −2y
B. ϕ = x 2 + y 2
∂ϕ
N rr

=u ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
∂x + ∂y2 = 0 (Incompressible Flow)
∂x2
∂ϕ
C. ϕ = 2x 2 y 2
e

= 2x
∂x
∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
ϕ = x 2 + f(y) + ∂y2 = 4(x 2 + y 2 )
ef

∂x2
∂ϕ
=v (Compressible Flow)
∂y
R

D. ϕ = x 3 − y 3
∂ 2
(x + f(y)) = −2y ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
∂y + ∂y2 = 6(x − y)
∂x2
′ (y)
f = −2y ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
ϕ = x 2 + y 2 ∂x2 + ∂y2 = 2
f(y) = −y 2 + C
ϕ = x 2 + f(y) (Compressible Flow)

ϕ = x2 − y2 + C
25. Answer: (D)
ϕ ⇒ Irrotational Flow
22. Answer: (D)
∂ϕ ∇2 ϕ ⇒ Incompressible Irrotational Flow
u=
∂x
∂ϕ 26. Answer: (C)
v= Potential function
∂y
ϕ = f(x, y) dy −u
slope = =
∂ϕ ∂ϕ dx v
dϕ = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
27. Answer: (—)
For equi – potential line
dϕ = 0 28. Answer: (5 to 5)
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
− dx = dy
∂x ∂y 29. Answer: (—)
∂ϕ
dy − ∂x u
= ∂ϕ =
dx −v
∂y

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 37

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Stream Function

1. [MCQ, ] A. Ψ = 2(x 2 − y 2 ) − 2xy

The velocity components in a two-dimensional
B. Ψ = 2(x 2 − y) + xy
incompressible flow field are expressed as
C. ϕ = x 2 − y 2 + 4xy

0 de
3 3
y x
u= + 2x − x 2 y; v = xy 2 − 2y − D. ϕ = y 2 − x 2 − 4xy
3 3
The discharge between the streamlines passing
4. [MSQ, ]
through (1, 3) and (2, 3) is (in m3 /s)

I1 o
A fluid has velocity components u = (8xy)m/s
A. 2.25
and v = 4(x 2 − y 2 )m/s, where x and y are in
B. 4.52
C. 8.25
D. 6.25
c meters. Assume it is steady and irrotational Fluid
flow, which one or more of the following
EG al
statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
2. [MCQ, ]
N rr

A flow is described by the stream function Ψ =

2√3xy. At what point the velocity vector has a
e

magnitude of 4 units and makes an angle of 150°

ef

with the x − axis is

A. (0.8, 0.57)
R

B. (1, 0.57)
C. (0.57, 0.46)
D. (1, 2) 4
A. Possible potential function ϕ = 4x 2 y − 3 y 3 .

B. Circulation around the square path ABCDA is

3. [MSQ, ]
A steady irrotational fluid flow has velocity 94 m2 /s to 98 m2 /s.

components u = −(2x + 4y)m/s and ν = C. Possible potential function ϕ = −4x 2 y +

2
(2y − 4x) m/s, where x and y are in meters. y3.
3
Assume it satisfies the continuity equation, D. Circulation around the square path ABCDA is
which one or more of the following statement(s) 82 m2 /s to 85 m2 /s.
is/are CORRECT?
5. [MCQ, ] and velocity potential (ϕ = ϕ(x, y)) exist. The
A velocity potential function ϕ = 2(x 2 + 2y − velocities in x and y directions are non-zero. The
y 2 ) describes a flow of an incompressible fluid, product of
dy
| and
dy
| , is
dx ϕ=constant dx Ψ=constant
the stream function is.
A. 4(2xy − x) _______.
B. 4(xy − x 2 y) A. – 1
C. 2xy − (x − 1) B. 0
D. (2 + x) − 4xy C. 1
D. ∞
6. [MSQ, ] [GATE-2018-XE]

0 de
The potential function for a flow is ϕ =
9. [MCQ, ]
6(x 2 − y 2 )m2 /s, wherex and y are in meters. A
streamline passes through a point A(2, 3). The stream function (Ψ) of a velocity field at any
Which one or more of the following statement(s) location (x, y) is given as, Ψ = xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2 .

I1 o
is/are CORRECT ? What is the rate of rotation of a fluid element
A. The magnitude of velocity at point A is located at (x = 2, y = 2)?
c
41.5 m/s to 44.5 m/s.
B. The magnitude of velocity at point A is
A. 8
B. 10
EG al
35.4 m/s to 37.4 m/s. C. 12
D. 14
C. Streamline passes through point A is xy 2 =
[GATE-2017-XE]
N rr

8.
D. Streamline passes through point A is xy = 6.
10. [MCQ, ]
e

7. [MCQ, ] If ϕ(x, y) is velocity potential and Ψ(x, y) is

ef

If the stream function (Ψ(x, y)) for a two- stream function for a 2-D, steady,
dimensional incompressible flow field is given as incompressible and irrotational flow, which one
R

2y(x 2 − y 2 ), the corresponding velocity field is. of the followings is incorrect?

dy 1
⃗ = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )î + 4xyĵ
A. V A. (dx) =− dy
ϕ=const ( )
dx Ψ=const
⃗ = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )î − 4xyĵ
B. V
∂2 Ψ ∂2 Ψ
B. + =0
̂
C. ⃗V = 2(x 2 y)î − 4xyj1 ∂x2 ∂y2
dy 1
D. ⃗V = 2(x 2 y)î + 4xyĵ C. (dx) = dy
ϕ=const ( )
dx Ψ=const
[GATE-2018-XE] ∂2 ϕ ∂2 ϕ
D. + ∂y2 = 0
∂x2
8. [MCQ, ] [GATE-2016-XE]
In a two-dimensional, incompressible and
irrotational flow, stream function (Ψ = Ψ(x, y))
11. [MCQ, ] A. incompressible
For a plane irrotational flow, equi-potential lines B. incompressible and irrotational
and streamlines are. C. irrotational
A. parallel to each other. D. compressible
[GATE-2012-XE]
B. at an angle of 90 to each other.
C. at an angle of 45 to each other.
15. [MCQ, ]
D. at an angle of 60 to each other. A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow
[GATE-2014-XE] field
A. are parallel to each other.

0 de
12. [MCQ, ] B. are perpendicular to each other.
For a two-dimensional flow field, the stream C. intersect at an acute angle.
function  is given as  =
3
(y 2 − x 2 ). The D. are identical.

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2
[GATE-2011-ME]
magnitude of discharge occurring between the
16. [MCQ, ]

(3,4) is.
A. 6 units
c
streamlines passing through points (0,3) and
Let ϕ and Ψ represent, respectively, the velocity
potential and stream function of a flow field of
EG al
B. 3 units an incompressible fluid. Which of the following
C. 1.5 units statements are TRUE?
N rr

D. 2 units
P: ϕ exists for irrotational flows only
[GATE-2013-CE]
Q. Ψ exists for both irrotational and rotational
e

13. [MCQ, ] flows

ef

The stream function for a potential flow field is

R: ϕ exists for rotational flows only
given by Ψ = x 2 − y 2. The corresponding
S: ϕ exists for both rotational and irrotational
potential function, assuming zero potential at
R

the origin, is flows

A. x 2 + y 2 A. P, R
B. 2xy
B. Q, S
C. x 2 − y 2
D. x − y C. Q, R
[GATE-2013-XE] D. P, Q
[GATE-2010-XE]
14. [MCQ, ]
If Ψ is the stream function, the Laplace’s 17. [MCQ, ]
equation ∇2 Ψ = 0 is true when the flow is. Stream function CANNOT be defined for
a. two-dimensional incompressible flow
 b. two-dimensional compressible flow 20. [MCQ, ]
c. three-dimensional incompressible flow Two flow patterns are represented by their

d. axi symmetric incompressible flow stream functions Ψ1 = x 2 − y 2 , Ψ2 = 2xy

[GATE-2009-XE] These two patterns are superposed on one

another, the resulting streamline pattern can be

18. [MCQ, ] represented by one of the following:

For two-dimensional irrotational and A. A family of parallel straight lines
incompressible flows B. A family of circles
A. Both potential and stream functions satisfy
C. A family of parabolas

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the Laplace equation.
D. A family of hyperbolas
B. Potential function must satisfy the Laplace
[GATE-1997-CE]
equation, but the stream function need not.

I1 o
C. The stream function must satisfy the Laplace
21. [MCQ, ]

not.
c
equation but the potential function need In a flow field the streamlines and equipotential
lines
EG al
D. Neither the stream function nor the A. are parallel.

potential function need to satisfy the Laplace B. cut at any angle.

N rr

equation. C. are orthogonal everywhere in the field.

[GATE-2009-AE] D. cut orthogonal except at the stagnation

e

points.
ef

19. [MCQ, ] [GATE-1994-ME]

A stream function is given by:
Ψ = 2 x 2 y + (x +1)y 2 . The flow rate across a line 22. [MCQ, ]
R

joining points A (3, 0) and B (0, 2) is The stream function in a two-dimensional flow

A. 0.4 units field is given by  = x 2 − y 2 . The magnitude of

B. 1.1 units the velocity at point (1, 1) is

C. 4 units A. 2

D. 5 units B. 2√2

[GATE-2005-CE] C. 4
D. 8
[GATE-1988-ME]
23. [NAT, ] y 2 ). Which of the following is a possible stream
A steady two-dimensional flow field is specified function, Ψ, for this flow?
1
by the stream function. A. tan−1 (y/x) B. tan−1 (y/x)
2
ψ = kx 3 y C. 2 tan−1 (y/x) D. 2tan−1 (x/y)
Where x and y are in meter and the constant k =
[GATE-2003-CE]
−2 −1
1m s . The magnitude of acceleration at a
point (x, y) = (1 m, 1m) is ______ m/s2 (round
27. [MSQ, ]
off to two decimal places).
In a steady two-dimensional compressible flow,

0 de
[GATE-2022-ME]
u and v are the x- and y- components of flow
velocity, respectively and 𝜌 is the fluid density.
24. [MCQ, ]
Among the following pairs of relations, which

I1 o
If the fluid velocity for a potential flow is given
one(s) perfectly satisfies/satisfy the definition of

c
by V(x, y) = u(x, y)i + v(x, y)j with usual
notations, then the slope of potential line at
stream function, ψ, for this flow?

A. u =
∂ψ ∂ψ
and v = − ∂x
EG al
∂y
(x, y) is
v u ∂ψ ∂ψ
A. B. − B. u = − ∂x and v = − ∂y
u v
N rr

v2 u ∂ψ ∂ψ
C. D. C. ρu = and ρv = −
u2 v ∂y ∂x
∂ψ ∂ψ
[GATE-2015-ME] D. ρu = − ∂y and ρv =
e

∂x

[GATE-2023-XE]
ef

25. [NAT, ]
28. [MSQ, ]
Velocity potential for an incompressible fluid
The volume flow between any two points not
R

2 2
flow is given as: ϕ = 2(x + 2y − y ). Assume
lying on the same streamline in a flow field is
the value of stream function at the origin to be
equal to
zero. The value of stream function at
A. Change in strain rate between the points
[(x, y) = (2, 2)] is _____
B. Change in Vorticity between the points
[GATE-2014-XE]
C. Change in potential function between the
points
26. [MCQ, ]
D. Change in stream function between the
For a two-dimensional irrotational flow, the
points
2
velocity potential is defined as ф = log e (x +
 [GATE-2020-XE] shown in column 2. Match the dimensionless
number with the corresponding force.
29. [MCQ, ]
The stream function of a flow field is Ψ = k(x 2 − Column 1 Column 2
R: Reynolds number P: Pressure
y 3 x) where k is a constant. Which one of the
F: Froude number G: Gravity
following represents the Vorticity? E: Euler number S: Surface tension
A. −2k W: Weber number V: Viscous

B. 2k(x + 1)
A. R-G, F-P, E-S, W-V

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C. 2k(x – 1)
B. R-V, F-G, E-S, W-P
D. −2k(x + 1)
C. R-G, F-V, E-S, W-P
[GATE-2020-XE]
D. R-V, F-G, E-P, W-S

I1 o
[GATE-2008-XE]
30. [MCQ, ]
c
The non-dimensional numbers shown in column
1 relate the inertial force with another force
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (D) 17. (C)
2. (B) 18. (A)
19. (C)
3. (A, D)
20. (D)
4. (A, B)
21. (D)
5. (A)
22. (B)
6. (A, D) 23. (4.20 to 4.28)
7. (B) 24. (B)

0 de
8. (A) 25. (8 to 8)
9. (D) 26. (C)
10. (C) 27. (A, D)

I1 o
11. (B) 28. (B, D)
12. (B) 29. (A)
13. (B)
14. (B)
c 30. (—)
EG al
15. (B)
16. (D)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) ∂Ψ
u= = 2√3x
∂y
The differential dΨ for the stream function is
∂Ψ
∂Ψ ∂Ψ v=− = −2√3y
dΨ = dx + dy ∂x
∂x ∂y
dΨ = −vdx + udy V = √u2 + v 2

x3 4 = √4(3)(x 2 + y 2 ) … . . (1)
2
= − (xy − 2y − ) dx v
3 Also tan θ = u
y3

0 de
+ ( + 2x − x 2 y) dy 2√3 y
3 tan 150° = − ×
2√3 x
x3 y3 x2 y2 y
dΨ = dx + dy + 2d(xy) − d ( ) −0.5774 = −
3 3 2 x

I1 o
Integrating on both sides y = 0.5774x

⇒Ψ=
x4 y4
+
12 12
+ 2xy −
x2y2
2
c Substituting in Eq. (1)

4.0 = √4 × 3 × [(x 2 + (0.5774)2 x 2 )]

EG al
3
⇒ Ψ(1,3) = 8.33 m /s
= √16x 2 = 4x
4 4 2 2
2 3 2 ×3
Ψ(2,3) = + +2×2×3− x = 1.00 = 1
N rr

12 12 2
Ψ(2.3) = 2.08 m3 /s y = 0.5774 = 0.57
The required point (x, y)is (1.00, 0.5774)
e

∴ Flow rate between the streamlines through

the points (1,3) and (2,3)
ef

3. Answer: (A, D)
⇒ 8.33 − 2.08 = 6.25 m3 /s
Velocity components with respect to stream
R

function,
2. Answer: (B)
∂Ψ ∂Ψ
= u; = −(2x + 4y)
∂y ∂y
Integrating this equation with respect to y,
Ψ = −(2xy + 2y 2 ) + f(x)
Substituting this respect into
∂Ψ ∂
= v; − = [−(2xy + 2y 2 ) + f(x)]
∂y ∂x
= 2y − 4x

Ψ = 2√3xy
 ∂ ∂
2y − [f(x)] = 2y − 4x ⇒ [f(y)] = −4y 2
∂x ∂y
∂ Integrating with respect to y
[f(x)] = 4x
∂x
4
Integrating this equation with respect to x, ∴ f(y) = − y 3
3
f(x) = 2x 2 4
∴ Equation (1) ⇒ ϕ = 4x 2 y − 3 y 3
Then
Circulation = ∮ V. ds = ∮(uî + vĵ) × dxî
Ψ = −(2xy + 2y 2 ) + 2x 2 3 3
2 2)
Ψ = 2(x − y − 2xy = ∫ u dx = ∫ 8xy dx

0 de
Velocity components with respect to potential 1 1
3
function.
= ∫ 8x × 3 dx
∂ϕ ∂ϕ 1
= u; = −(2x + 4y)

I1 o
∂x ∂x
= 12x 2 ]13
Integrating this equation with respect to x.
2
c
ϕ = −(x + 4xy) + f(y)] = 2y − 4x
∂
= 96 m2 /s

5. Answer: (A)
EG al
−4x + [f(y)] = 2y − 4x
∂y The velocity components are.
∂ ∂ϕ
[f(y)] = 2y u= = 2(2x) = 4x
N rr

∂y ∂x
Integrating this equation with respect to y. ∂ϕ
v= = 2(2 − 2y) = 4 − 4y
e

f(y) = y 2 ∂y
Velocity vector ⃗V = 4xî + (4 − 4y)ĵ
ef

Then
ϕ = −(x 2 + 4xy) + y 2 Stream function ψ can be expressed as

ϕ = y 2 − x 2 − 4xy ∂ψ ∂ψ
R

dψ = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
or dψ = −vdx + udy
4. Answer: (A, B)
∂ϕ ∂ϕ or dψ = −(4 − 4y)dx + 4xdy
= u; =v
∂x ∂y

∂ϕ ψ = − ∫(4 − 4y) dx + ∫ 4x dy + C
⇒ = 8xy
∂x
ψ = −4x + 4xy + 4xy + C
⇒ ϕ = 4x 2 y + f(y) ….. (1)
Dropping the constant C, stream function
∂ϕ
Now, ∂y = v becomes
∂ ψ = 4(2xy − x)
∴ [4x 2 y + f(y)] = 4(x 2 − y 2 )
∂y
∂
4x 2 + [f(y)] = 4x 2 − 4y 2
∂y
6. Answer: (A, D) xy = 6
We consider steady fluid flow. The x and y
components of the velocity are 7. Answer: (B)
Ψ = 2y(x 2 − y 2 )
∂ϕ
u= = 12x m/s Ψ = 2x 2 y − 2y 3
∂x
∂ϕ ∂Ψ ∂
v= = (−12y) m/s u= ⇒ u = [2x 2 y − 2y 3 ]
∂x
∂y ∂y
At point (2, 3)
u = 2x 2 − 6y 2 ⇒ u = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )
u = 12(2) = 24 m/s v = −12(3) ∂Ψ ∂
v=− ⇒ v = − [2x 2 y − 2y 3 ]
= −36 m/s ∂x ∂x

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Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at this point v = −4xy
is ⃗ = 2(x 2 − 3y 2 )î − 4xyĵ
V

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V = √u2 + v 2 = √(24)2 + (−36)2 = 43.27
8. Answer: (A)
= 43.3 m/s dy dy
∂Ψ
∂x
= u;
∂Ψ
∂x
= 12x
c | |
dx Ψ=C dx ϕ=C
= −1
EG al
Integrating this equation with respect to y. 9. Answer: (D)
Ψ = 12xy + f(x) Ψ = xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2
N rr

Substituting this result into ωz at (2, 2)

∂Ψ ∂ ∂Ψ
= v; [12xy + f(x)] = −12y u=
e

∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
ef

12y + [f(x)] = 12y u= (xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2 )

∂x ∂y
∂ u = 2xy − 4x 2 y
[f(x)] = 0
R

∂x ∂Ψ
Integrating this equation with respect to x, v=−
∂x
f(x) = C ∂
v = − (xy 2 − 2x 2 y 2 )
Here, C is an arbitrary constant that can be set ∂x
v = −(y 2 − 4xy 2 )
equal to zero. Thus, the stream function is
v = −y 2 + 4xy 2
Ψ = 12xy
1 ∂v ∂u
For the streamline that passes through point ωz = ( − )
2 ∂x ∂y
(2, 2).
1 ∂ ∂
Ψ = 12(2)(3) = 72 m /s 2 ωz = ( (−y 2 + 4xy 2 ) − (2xy − 4x 2 y))
2 ∂x ∂y
Then
1
ω3 = (4y 2 − 2x + 4x 2 )
72 = 12xy 2
 ω3 = 2x 2 + 2y 2 − x 16. Answer: (D)
At (2, 2) ϕ exists for irrotational flows only

ωz = 2(2)2 + 2(2)2 − 2 Q. Ψ exists for both irrotational and rotational

ωz = 14 units.
17. Answer: (C)
10. Answer: (C)
dy 1
( ) = dy
dx ϕ=const ( )
dx Ψ=const

0 de
11. Answer: (B)
For Irrotational flow, equipotential lines and At (3,0) on SL1
stream lines intersect at an angle of 90° Ψ2 = 2(32 )(0) + (3 + 1)02 = 0

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dy dy At (0, 2) on SL2
| × | = −1
dx ϕ=C dx Ψ=C
Ψ2 = 2(0)2 (2) + (0 + 1)22

12. Answer: (B)

c Ψ2 = 4
Q
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∇2 ψ = 0 = |Ψ1 − Ψ1 | = 4 units
w
2-D, Incompressible & Irrotational
N rr

18. Answer: (A)

13. Answer: (B) Both potential and stream functions satisfy the
3
Ψ = 2 (y 2 − x 2 )
e

Laplace equation.
At (0, 3)
ef

19. Answer: (C)

3 27
Ψ = 2 (33 − 02 ) = QA−B
2
= |ΨB − ΨA |
w
R

At (3, 4)
3 21 Ψ = 2x 2 y + (x + 1)y 2
Ψ2 = 2 (42 2)
−3 = 2
A(3, 0) ⇒ ΨA = 2 × 32 × 0 + (3 + 1) × 02
Q/w = |Ψ2 − Ψ1 | = 3 units
ΨA = 0 units
B(0, 2) ⇒ ΨB = 2 × 02 × 2 + (0 + 1)22
14. Answer: (B)
∇2 ψ = 0 ΨB = 4 units
2-D, Incompressible & Irrotational QA−B
= 4 units
w
15. Answer: (B)
20. Answer: (D)
In a flow field, streamlines and equipotential
Ψ1 = x 2 − y 2
lines intersect perpendicular to each other.
Ψ2 = 2xy
Stream function of resultant flow (Ψ)
 Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ2 ∂
v=− (kx 3 y)
Ψ = x 2 − y 2 + 2xy ∂x
v = −3 kx 2 y
Equation of streamline
∂u ∂u
x 2 − y 2 + 2xy = C ax = u +v
∂x ∂y
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0 ∂v ∂v
ay = u +v
a = 1, b = −1, h = 1 ∂x ∂y
h2 − ab = 2 ∂ ∂u
ax = kx 3 (kx 3 ) + v
h2 − ab > 0 (Hyperbola) ∂x ∂y

Hence resulting streamline pattern can be ∂

0 de
= kx 3 (kx 3 )
represented by family of Hyperbolas. ∂x
ax = 3k 2 x 5
21. Answer: (D) ax = 3

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dy u dy v ∂
| =− , | = ay = kx 3 (−3kx 2 y)
dx ϕ=C v dx Ψ=C u ∂x

22. Answer: (B)

c + (−3kx 2 y)
∂
∂y
(−3kx 2 y)
EG al
Ψ = x2 − y2 ay = −6k 2 x 4 y + 9k 2 x 4 y
⃗ | at (1, 1)
|V ay = 3
N rr

∂Ψ ∂
u= ⇒ u = (x 2 − y 2 ) ⇒ u = −2y ∴ |a⃗| = √32 + 32 = 4.242
∂y ∂y
e

∂Ψ ∂
v=− ⇒ v = − (x 2 − y 2 ) 24. Answer: (B)
∂x ∂x
dy u
ef

⇒ v = −2x | =−
dx ϕ=C v
⃗V = −2yî − 2xĵ
R

At(1, 1) 25. Answer: (8 to 8)

∂ϕ ∂ψ
⃗ = −2î − 2ĵ
V + =u
∂x ∂y
⃗ | = √22 + 22
⇒ |V ∂ϕ ∂ψ
=− =v
= 2√2 units ∂y ∂x
∂ψ
= [2(2x)]
23. Answer: (4.20 to 4.28) ∂y
ψ = kx 3 y ∂ψ
= 4xy + f(x)
∂ψ − ∂ψ ∂y
u= ; v=
∂y ∂x
ψ = 4xy − 4x + c
∂ ψ = 4xy − 4x − 4x(y − l) = 8
u= (kx 3 y)
∂y
∂ ∂
u = kx 3 = [2(x 2 + 2y − y 2 )] = − [4xy + f(x)]
∂y ∂x
 2(2 − 2y) = −4y − f 3 (x) ∂ ∂
(ρu) + (ρv) = 0
f 3 (x) = −4 ∂x ∂y

f(x) = −4x + c We can write,

dΨ = −(ρv)dx + (ρu)dy or
26. Answer: (C) dΨ = +(ρv)dx − (ρu)dy
∂ϕ ∂Ψ
= =u ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
∂x ∂y ρu = + & ρv = −
∂y ∂x
∂ ∂Ψ
[ln(x 2 + y 2 )] = ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
∂x ∂y ρu = − & ρv = +
∂y ∂x
∂Ψ 1

0 de
= 2 × 2x
∂y x + y 2
∂Ψ 2x 28. Answer: (B, D)
= 2
∂y x + y 2

I1 o
2x
Ψ = ∫ x2 +y2 dy + f(x) + C 29. Answer: A
1

y
y
c
Ψ = 2x × x tan−1 (x) + f(x) + C

Ψ = 2 tan−1 ( ) + f(x) + C
dy
|
dy
|
dx Ψ=C dx ϕ=C
= −1
EG al
x
30. Answer: (—)
27. Answer: (A, D)
N rr

Continuity equation for steady compressible 2D

e

flow is,
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 38

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Navier Stokes Equation & Euler's Equation - I

1. [MCQ, ] ∂P
the surface is of the form |∂x | = ρAx, where A is
A two-dimensional incompressible frictionless
a constant. The value of A is _____ k 2 (round off
⃗ = (ax + b)î + (−ay +
flow field is given by V to nearest integer).

0 de
cx)ĵ. If ρ is the density of the fluid, the
expression for pressure gradient vector at any
point in the flow field is given as

I1 o
A. ρ[(ax + ab)î + (ay + bc)ĵ]

c
B. −ρ[(ax + ab)î + (ay + bc)ĵ]
C. ρ[(ax 2 + ab)î − (a2 y + bc)ĵ]
EG al
D. −ρ[(ax 2 + ab)î + (a2 y + bc)ĵ]

2. [NAT, ]
N rr

4. [MCQ, ]
The velocity field in Cartesian coordinates in a
The y component of velocity field in a two-
e

two-dimensional steady incompressible flow of

dimensional flow of water is given by −2y. If the
a fluid with density ρ is ⃗V = 3xî + 2yĵ. Assuming
ef

flow is irrotational, then the pressure gradient at

no body and line forces, the magnitude of
the point (1, 2) is (the x-y plane is horizontal,
pressure gradient ∇P at point (1, 1) is k × ρ. The
R

ρw = 1000 kg/m3 )
value of k will be ______(round off to two
A. −750
decimal places).
B. 9550
C. 10550
3. [NAT, ]
D. −10000
The velocity potential function ϕ = −k(x 2 − y)
where k is a constant may be used to represent 5. [MCQ, ]
the flow against an infinite plane boundary as The velocity field in Cartesian coordinates in a
shown in the figure. For flow in the vicinity of a two-dimensional steady incompressible flow of
stagnation point it is frequently assumed that a fluid with density ρ is V = xi − yj. Assuming no
the magnitude of the pressure gradient along
 1
body and line forces, the magnitude of pressure B. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 − xy + y 2 ) − ρgy
gradient ∇p at point (1, 1) is 1
C. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 + y 2 ) − ρgy
A. √2 ρ 1
D. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 − y 2 ) − ρgy
B. ρ
ρ [GATE-2015-XE]
C.
√2

D. ρ/2 8. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2019-XE] In an inviscid incompressible flow, the velocity
⃗ = xî + yĵ m/s and the body
field is given by V
6. [MCQ, ]

0 de
force per unit mass is given by ⃗g = −10 k̂ m/
A two-dimensional incompressible frictionless
s2 .The pressure at the point (0, 0, 0) is 101 Pa.
flow field is given by v
⃗ = xî − yĵ. If ρ is the
Assuming that the density of the fluid is

I1 o
density of the fluid, the expression for pressure
1 kg/m3 , the pressure at the point (1, 1, 1) for
gradient vector at any point in the flow field is
given as
A. ρ(xî + yĵ)
c this flow is
A. 100 Pa B. 105 Pa
EG al
C. 95 Pa D. 90 Pa
B. −ρ(xî + yĵ)
C. ρ(xî − yĵ) [GATE-2011-XE]
N rr

D. −ρ(x 2 î + y 2 ĵ)
9. [NAT, ]
e

[GATE-2019-ME]
Consider steady fully developed flow of a liquid
ef

7. [MCQ, ]
through two large horizontal flat parallel plates
A steady, two-dimensional, inviscid and
separated by a distance of 2 𝑚𝑚. One of the
R

incompressible flow field is described in

plate is fixed and the other plate moves at a
rectangular Cartesian coordinates as u = ax
speed of 0.5 𝑚/𝑠. What is the magnitude of the
and v = −ay, where u and v are the
pressure gradient (in Pa/m) in the direction of
components of the velocity vector in the x and y
the flow required to ensure that the net flow
directions, respectively. Gravity acts along the
through the plates is zero? Dynamic viscosity of
negative y- direction. The pressure distribution,
the liquid is 5 × 10−4 Ns⁄m2 (Round off to the
with the reference pressure taken as zero at the
nearest integer) [GATE-2022-XE]
origin, with usual notation, is given by
1
A. − 2 ρa2 (x 2 + xy + y 2 ) − ρgy
10. [MCQ, ] A. ⃗V · n
⃗ =0
Consider a two dimensional incompressible B. ⃗V = 0
steady flow of a Newtonian fluid in which the C. ∇ · ⃗V = 0
velocity field is 𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 . ⃗ ×n
D. V ⃗ =0
Pressure gradients in the x- and y- directions [GATE-2019-XE]
are
∂p ∂p
A. = −2ρ(xy 2 + x 3 ), ∂y = −2ρ(x 2 y + y 3 ) 12. [MCQ, ]
∂x
∂p ∂p In an inviscid incompressible flow, the velocity
B. = −2ρ(xy 2 − x 3 ), ∂y = −2ρ(x 2 y + y 3 )

0 de
∂x
⃗ = xî + yĵ m/s and the body
field is given by V
∂p ∂p
C. = −2ρ(xy 2 + x 3 ), ∂y = −2ρ(x 2 y − y 3 )
∂x
force per unit mass is given by ⃗g = −10 k̂ m/
∂p ∂p
D. = −2ρ(xy 2 − x 3 ), ∂y = −2ρ(x 2 y − y 3 ) s2 .The pressure at the point (0, 0, 0) is 101 Pa.

I1 o
∂x

[GATE-2020-XE] Assuming that the density of the fluid is

11. [MCQ, ]
c 1 kg/m3 , the pressure at the point (1, 1, 1) for
this flow is
EG al
The velocity field and the surface normal vector A. 100 Pa B. 105 Pa

are given by, ⃗V = uî + vĵ + wk̂ and n

⃗ = n1 î + C. 95 Pa D. 90 Pa
N rr

n2 ĵ + n3 k̂, respectively. If Euler equations are to [GATE-2011-XE]

be solved, the boundary condition that must be

e

satisfied at the wall is,

ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (D) 7. (C)
2. (3.58 to 3.62) 8. (D)
9. (374 to 376)
3. (4 to 4)
10. (—)
4. (D)
11. (—)
5. (A)
12. (D)
6. (B)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) = √13 ρ
⃗V = (ax + b)î + (−ay + cx)ĵ = 3.60 ρ
u = ax + b, v = −ay + cx
⃗
DV 1 3. Answer: (4 to 4)
= − ∇P + ⃗g
Dt ρ ∂ϕ
= u = −2kx
∂x
1 ∂P
ax = − ∂ϕ
ρ ∂x = v = −2ky
∂y
∂P

0 de
⇒ = −ρ ax Stagnation point occurs at the origin.
∂x
du ∂P ∂u ∂u
= −ρ (u ) ∴ = −ρax = −ρ [u + v ]
dx ∂x ∂x ∂y

I1 o
∂P From diagram, along the surface
= −ρ[(ax + b)x a]
∂x
∂P
∂x
= −ρ[ax 2 + ab] c ∴ v = 0 (y = 0)

∴
∂P
∂x
= −ρ u
∂u
∂x
EG al
1 ∂P
ay = − ∂P
ρ ∂y = −ρ(−2kx)(−2k)
∂x
∂P ∂v ∂v
N rr

= −ρ [u + v ] ∂P
∂y ∂x ∂y = −ρ 4k 2 x
∂x
= −ρ[(ax + b)(c) + (−ay + cx)(−a)] ∂P
e

| | = ρ 4k 2 x = ρAx
= −ρ[axc + bc + a2 y − acx] ∂x
ef

∂P ∴ A = 4k 2
= −ρ[a2 y + bc]
∂y
R

∂P ∂P 4. Answer: (D)
∇P = î + ĵ
∂x ∂y
v = −2y
2 2
= −ρ[ax + ab]î − ρ[a y + bc]ĵ ∂v
2 (a2 ⇒ = −2
∴ ∇P = −ρ[(ax + ab)î + y + bc)ĵ] ∂y
∂u ∂v
By continuity ∂x = − ∂y = 2
2. Answer: (3.58 to 3.62) ∴ u = 2x + f(y)
⃗V = 3xî + 2yĵ ∂u ∂v
Given it is irrotational, ∂y = ∂x
∇P = −ρ(3xî + 2yĵ)
u = 2x + f(y)
|∇P|(1,1) = |−ρ√(3 × 1)2 + (2 × 1)2 |
 ∂u ∴ P = −2ρ(x 2 + y 2 )
⇒ = f ′ (y)
∂y = −2 × 1000(1 + 4)
v = −2y P = −10, 000 units
∂v
⇒ =0
∂x
∂u ∂v 5. Answer: (A)
∴ = ∂P ∂u ∂u
∂y ∂x
= −ρ (u + v )
∂x ∂x ∂y
⇒ f ′ (y) = 0
∂P
∴ f(y) = c = −ρ{x(1) + (−y)(01)}
∂x
So ⃗V = 2xî − 2yĵ

0 de
∂P
= −ρx
The pressure gradient is estimated by using ∂x
Euler’s equation. ∂P ∂v ∂v
= −ρ (u + v )
∂y ∂x ∂y

I1 o
Since the x − y plane is horizontal
∂P
∂u ∂u ∂p = −ρ{x(0) + (−y)(−1)}
ρ (u + v ) = −
∂x
1 ∂p
∂y ∂x c ∂y
∂P
∂y
= −ρy
EG al
⇒− = 4x
ρ ∂x
ΔP = −ρxî − ρyĵ
∂p
⇒ = −4xρ ∇P = −ρ(xî + yĵ)
N rr

∂x
Integrating the x component |∇P| = √ρ2 x 2 + ρ2 y 2
e

⇒ P = −2ρx 2 + f(y) |∇P| = ρ√x 2 + y 2

∂v ∂v ∂p
ef

ρ (u +v )=− |∇P|(1,1) = ρ√2

∂x ∂y ∂x
= √2ρ
1 ∂p
⇒− = 4x
R

ρ ∂x
∂p 6. Answer: (B)
⇒ = −4xρ
∂x Dv
⃗ 1 1
Integrating the x component = − (∇P) + ν(∇2 v
⃗ ) + ν{∇(∇v
⃗ )} + ⃗g
Dt ρ 3
P = −2ρx 2 + f(y) 1 ∂P
ax = −
∂v ∂v ∂p ρ ∂x
ρ (u +v )=−
∂x ∂y ∂y 1 ∂P
ay = −
∂p ρ ∂y
⇒ = −4yρ
∂y ∂P
= −ρax
Integrating the y component ∂x
∂P
⇒ P = −2ρy 2 + g(x) = −ρay
∂y
Since the two expressions must be identical
Incompressible, Inviscid flow
 ⃗g = −gk̂ 1 ∂P
ay = − −g
∂u ∂u 1 ∂P ρ ∂y
u +v =− ∂P
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x
= −ρ(ay + g)
∂P ∂u ∂u ∂y
= −ρ (u + v ) ∂P ∂v ∂v
∂x ∂x ∂y
= −ρ {u + v + g}
∂P ∂y ∂x ∂y
= ρ{x × 1 + (−y) × 0} ∂P
∂x
= −ρ{ax(0) + (−ay)(−a) + g}
∂P ∂y
= −ρx
∂x ∂P
= −ρ(a2 y + g)
∂P ∂y

0 de
= −ρx
∂x Substituting P from equation (a)
∂P ∂v ∂v
= ρ (u + v ) ∂ ρa2 2
∂y ∂x ∂y [− x + f(y)] = −ρ(a2 y + g)
∂y 2

I1 o
∂P
= −ρ{(x) × 0 + (−y)(−1)} f ′ (y) = −ρ(a2 y + g)
∂y
∂P
∂y
= −ρy c f(y) = −
ρa2 2
2
y − ρgy + c

ρa2 2 ρa2 2
EG al
∂P ∂P P=− x − y − ρgy + c
∇P = î + ĵ 2 2
∂x ∂y
At (0, 0) ⇒ P = 0
∇P = −ρxî − ρyĵ
N rr

C=0
∇P = −ρ(x + y)î
ρa2 2
e

P=− (x + y 2 ) − ρgy
2
7. Answer: C
ef

∂P
= −ρax 8. Answer: (D)
∂x
R

∂P ∂u ∂u
= −ρ {u + v }
∂x ∂x ∂y 9. Answer: (374 to 376)
∂P
= −ρ{ax(a) + (−ay)(0)}
∂x
10. Answer: (—)
∂P
= −ρa2 x
∂x
∂a2 2 11. Answer: (—)
P=− x + f(y) → (a)
2
⃗
DV 1 1
⃗ ) + ν{∇(∇. V
= − (∇P) + ν(∇2 V ⃗ )} + ⃗g 12. Answer: (D)
Dt ρ 3
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 39

Chapter : Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Topic : Navier Stokes Equation & Evler's Equation - II

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [NAT, ]

The velocity of fluid particle moving along a A two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow is
horizontal streamline that coincides with the x described the stream function ϕ = xy 3 m2 /s on

axis in a plane, two-dimensional incompressible the Cartesian x − y plane. If the density and

0 de
dynamic viscosity of the fluid are 1 kg/m3 and
flow field was experimentally found to be
0.1 kg/ms respectively, the magnitude of
described by the equation u = x 2 . Along this
pressure gradient in the x − direction at x =

I1 o
streamline, the expression for the pressure 1 m and y = 1 m is ___N/m3 .
gradient in the x − direction is.

A.
∂P
= 4μ − 2ρx 3
c
Assume fluid is Newtonian 4. [MCQ, ]
The steady velocity field in an inviscid fluid of
EG al
∂x
∂P density 1.5 is given to be ⃗V = (y 2 − x 2 )î +
B. = 2μ − 2ρx 3
∂x
(2xy)ĵ. Neglecting body forces, the pressure
N rr

∂P 2
C. = −2μ − 2ρx
∂x gradient at (x = 1, y = 1) is ______.
∂P 3
D. = 2μ + 4ρx
e

∂x A. 10 ĵ
B. 20 î
ef

2. [MCQ, ] C. −6î − 6ĵ

Consider the flow field with velocity is given by
D. −4î − 4ĵ
R

⃗ =
V [A(y 2 −x 2)
− Bx]î + [2Axy + By]ĵ [GATE-2022-ME]
Where A = 1 m−1 s−1 and B = 1 m−1 s −1. The
coordinates are measured in meters. The 5. [MCQ, ]
density is 1030 kg/m3 , assume the flow field is A two-dimensional incompressible flow field is

steady and inviscid. Then the pressure gradient defined as,

at (1,1) is (in Pa/m) ⃗ (x, y) = (Axy)î + (By 2 )ĵ

V
A. (−9270 i − 7210 j) Where, A and B are constants. The dynamic
B. (−8470 i − 6640 j) viscosity of the Newtonian fluid is μ. In the
C. (1924 i − 7010 j) absence of body force, which among the
D. (−9270 i − 6120 j) following expressions represents the pressure
 gradient at the location (5, 0) in the concerned (in Pa − s). The absolute value of the pressure
flow field? gradient (in Pa/m) is
A. μA(5 î + ĵ) A. 2aμu0
B. μ(−5B î + A ĵ) B. 3aμu0
C. μA(−ĵ) C. aμu0
D. μA(5 î) D. 4aμu0
[GATE-2023-XE] [GATE-2021: XE]
7. [NAT, ]
6. [MCQ, ] A two-dimensional, incompressible fluid flow is

0 de
In a Cartesian coordinate system, a steady,
described by the stream function Ψ = xy 3 m2 /s
incompressible velocity field of a Newtonian
on the Cartesian x-y plane. If the density and
fluid is given by
dynamic viscosity of the fluid are 1 kg/m3 and

I1 o
2 )i
V = u0 (1 − ay
0.1 kg/m − s, respectively, the magnitude of

c
Here, V is the velocity vector in m/s, i is the unit
vector in the x-direction, u0 is a positive, real
the pressure gradient in the x direction at x =
1 m and y = 1 m is ______N/m3 (round off to 1
EG al
constant (in m/s), and a is a positive, real
decimal place).
constant (in m−2 ). The viscosity of the fluid is μ
[GATE-2019-AE]
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B) 5. (C)
2. (A) 6. (A)
3. (3.3 to 3.6) 7. (3.5 to 3.7 (or) 2.3 to 2.5)
4. (C)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) ∂P
⇒ = 2μ − 2ρx 3
From the continuity equation ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
+ =0⇒ =− → (1) 2. Answer: (A)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Given u = A(y 2 − x 2 ) − Bx
Given u = x 2
∂v ∂
v = 2Axy + By
Eq (1) ⇒ ∂y = − ∂x (x 2 )
From Navier Stokes equation
∂v
⇒ = −2x ∂u ∂u ∂u
∂y ρ[ +u +v ]

0 de
∂t ∂x ∂y
Integrating with respect to y.
∂P ∂2 𝑢 ∂2 u
= ρg x − + μ [ 2 + 2 ] (inviscid flow)
∫ ∂v = − ∫ 2x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y

I1 o
Given it is steady and inviscid flow
→ v = −2xy + f(x)
∂p ∂u ∂u

this axis.
c
Since the x − axis is streamline, v = 0 along ∴−

−
∂P
∂x
= ρ [u + v ]
∂x ∂y

= ρ[(A(y 2 − x 2 ) − Bx){−2Ax − B}
EG al
∴ f(x) = 0 ⇒ v = −2xy ∂x
Pressure gradient in the x − direction is given + (2Axy + By)(2Ay)]
N rr

by Navier strokes equation Given A = 1 m−1 s −1 ; B = 1 m−1 s−1 and

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u (x, y) = (1,1), ρ = 1030 kg/m3

ρ( + u + v + w )
e

∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂P
∴− = ρ[(−1){−3} + {3}{2}]
∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂x
ef

=− + ρg x + μ ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) → (2) ∂P
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z = −9270 (Pa/m)
∂x
Given it is 2D, incompressible and Newtonian
R

Similarly in y − direction
fluid
∂P ∂v ∂v
∴ Eq(2) becomes − = ρ [u + v ]
∂y ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u 1 ∂P μ ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂P
u +v =− + ( + ) − = ρ[A(y 2 − x 2 ) − Bx{2Ay}
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ρ ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y
⇒ x 2 (2x) + (−2xy)(0) + (2Axy + By)(2Ax + B)]
1 ∂P μ ∂P
=− + (2 + 0) − = 1030[−1(2) + (2 + 1)(2 + 1)]
ρ ∂x 𝜌 ∂y
1 ∂P μ ∂P
⇒ 2x 3 = − + (2) − = 1030[7]
ρ ∂x ρ ∂y
 ∂P ⃗
DV
⇒ = −7210 (Pa/m) ⇒ ∇P = −ρ
∂y Dt
Pressure gradient= (−9270i − 7210 j)Pa/m ∇P = −ρ(ax i + ay j) ------ (1)
∂u ∂u
ax = u +v
3. Answer: (3.3 to 3.6) ∂x ∂y
Using the definition of stream function: ax = (y 2 − x 2 )(−2x) + (2xy)(2y)
∂Ψ ax = 2x 3 + 2xy 2
u=− = −3xy 2 = −3 at (1, 1)
∂y
ax |(1,1) = 4 m/s2
∂Ψ
v= = y 3 = 1 at (1,1) ∂v ∂v
∂x ay = u +v

0 de
∂x ∂y
Using Navier-Stokes equation of motion along
= (y 2 − x 2 )(2y) + (2xy)(2x)
the x-direction { As the fluid is viscous}
2 2
ay = 2y 3 + 2x 2 y
∂p ∂ u ∂ u

I1 o
ρax = ρg x − + μ [ 2 + 2] ay | = 4 m/s2
∂x ∂x ∂y (1,1)

direction)
c
ρg x = 0 (no body forces (weight) act in x From equation (1),
∇P = −1.5 (4i + 4j)
EG al
∂u ∂u ∇P = −6î − 6ĵ
ax = u +V
∂x ∂y
= (−3xy 2 )(−3y 2 ) + y 3 (−6xy) 5. Answer: (C)
N rr

= 9xy 4 − 6xy 4 Given

V(x, y) = (Axy)î +|(By 2 )ĵ
e

At (1, 1):
ax = 9 − 6 = 3 Body forces are negligible
ef

∂2 u ∂2 u ∇P|(5,0)
= 0 and = −6x = −6 at (1,1)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 From Navier Stoke’s equation
R

Thus:
⃗
DV
∂p ρx⃗ − ∇P + μ∇2 ⃗V = ρ
− + 0.1 × −6 = 3 × 1 Dt
∂x
Body forces are negligible ρx⃗ = 0
∂p
= −3.6 N/m3 ∂P ∂P
∂x ⇒ ∇P = î + ĵ
∂x ∂y

4. Answer: (C) In x-direction

⃗V = (y 2 − x 2 )î + (2xy)ĵ ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂u ∂u ∂u
− + μ { 2 + 2} = ρ { + u + v }
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y
From Navier tokes equation
In y-direction
⃗
DV
ρ. ⃗ − ∇P + μ. ∇2 V
= ρX ⃗
Dt ∂P ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂v ∂v ∂v
− + μ { 2 + 2} = ρ { + u + v }
Neglect viscous and body forces ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y
 u = Axy ; V = By 2 ; steady flow 1 ∂P
− + ν(−2au0 ) = 0
∂v ∂2 v ∂2 u ∂2 u ρ ∂x
= 2By ; 2 = 2B; 2 = 0; 2 = 0 ∂P
∂y ∂y ∂n ∂y
= −2aμu0
∂x
∂u ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂v
= 0; 2 = 0; 2 = 2B; =0 1 ∂P ∂2 v ∂2 v
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂t ay = − + ν ( 2 + 2)
ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y
In x-direction
∂v ∂v 1 ∂P ∂2 v ∂2 v
∂P u +v =− + nu ( 2 + 2 )
− = ρ{Axy × Ay + By 2 × Ax} ∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂x
At (5, 0) dP
| | = 2aμu0
∂P
dx

0 de
− ∂x = 0 [No pressure gradient in x-direction]
1 ∂P ∂2 w ∂2 w ∂2 w
az = − + ν( 2 + 2 + 2) − g
In y direction p ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂P
− + (2B)μ = ρ[(By 2 (2By)]

I1 o
∂y 7. Answer: [3.5 to 3.7 (or) 2.3 to 2.5]
At (5, 0) Ψ = xy 3
∂P
∂y
= −2μB
c ρ = 1 kg/m3
μ = 0.1 kg/m − s
EG al
⇒ ∇P = 0. î + (−2Bμ)ĵ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
u= ,v = −
For incompressible flow, using continuity ∂y ∂x
N rr

equation u = 3xy 2 m v = −y 3

∂u ∂v ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
u=− ,v =
e

+ =0 ∂y ∂x
∂x ∂y
⃗
DV 1 1
ef

⇒ Ay + 2By = 0 ⃗ + ν{∇(∇V
⃗ )} + ⃗g
=− + ν∇2 V
Dt ρ(∇P) 3
A + 2B = 0
1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u
A = −2B
R

ax = − + ν ( 2 + 2)
ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
⇒ ∇P = Aμj
∂u ∂u 1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u
(u + v ) = − + ν ( 2 + 2)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
6. Answer: (A)
3xy 2 (3y 2 ) + (−y 3 )(6xy)
⃗
DV 1 1
⃗ + ν{∇(∇V
= − (∇P) + ν∇2 V ⃗ )} + ⃗g 1 ∂P ∂P
Dt ρ 3 =− + ν(0 − 6x) = −3.6 N/m3
∂ ∂x ∂x
1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u
ax = − + ν ( 2 + 2)
ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u 1 ∂P ∂ 2 u ∂2 u
u +v =− + ν ( 2 + 2)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Fluid Kinematics

1. If the velocity components for two dimensional 2. If it exists, find the stream function ψ(x, y) of
flow are given by this flow.
x y
u = x2 + y2 and v = x2 + y2 3. Find the equation of the streamline which
passes through a point (x, y) = (2, 1).
Determine the acceleration components in X and

0 de
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2020]
Y direction and rotation in Z direction at two
points in the flow field (i) (2, 3) and (i) (4, 5).
5. The velocity vector in an incompressive flow is
Coordinates are in meters.

I1 o
given by
[ESE CE : 12 Marks : 2021]
V = (6xt + yz 2 )i + (3t + xy 2 )j + (xy − 2xyz − 6tz)k
c
2. The velocity components in a two-dimensional
(i) Verify whether the continuity equation is
EG al
satisfied.
incompressible flow are:
8 8
(ii) Determine the acceleration in x direction at
u = 8x 2 y − 3 y 3 and v = −8xy 2 + 3 − x 3
N rr

point A (1, 1, 1) and t = 1.0.

Show that these velocity components represent a
[ESE CE : 12 Marks : 2019]
possible case of irrotational flow.
e

[ESE ME : 12 Marks : 2020]

6. In a flow field, the following velocity components
ef

are given
3. The velocity components in x and y directions are
u = 2xy and v = a2 + x 2 − y 2
R

given as u = x + y and v = x − y respectively.

Show that the flow possible. Obtain the relevant
Find whether these velocity components satisfy
stream function.
possible two dimensional incompressible flow or
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2019]
not? [ESE CE : 2 Marks : 2020]
4. Consider the two-dimensional incompressible
7. The velocity potential for a two-dimensional flow
velocity potential ϕ = xy + x 2 − y 2 . Answer the
is ϕ = x(2y − 1). Determine the value of stream
following:
function at a point P(4, 5). Comment whether the
1. Is it true that ∇2 ϕ = 0, and, if so, what does
flow is rotational or irrotational. Also determine
this mean? Explain.
the velocity at the point P(4, 5).
[IFS CE : 8 Marks : 2017]
8. For a two-dimensional irrotational flow in the x − 12. A flow field is defined by u = 2y and v = xy.
y plane, the velocity component in the x-direction Derive expressions for the acceleration
is given by vx = −x. Obtain expressions for the components. Find the magnitude of the velocity
stream function ψ and the velocity potential ϕ, if and acceleration at the point (2, 3). Specify units
it is given that ψ = 0 for y = 0 and ϕ = 0 at in terms of L and T.
origin. What type of flow pattern is represented by [ESE ME : 5 Marks : 2011]
this?

0 de
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2016] 13. If the velocity components of two-dimensional
flow are

I1 o
9. A 3d flow field is given by y3
ux = + 2x − x 2 y and
3
⃗ = (2x 2 + 3y)i + (−2xy + 3y 2 + 3zy)j
V x3
c
3
+ (− z 2 + 2xz − 9y 2 z) k
2 Obtain:
2
uy = xy − 2y −
3
EG al
Determine the acceleration at (1, 1, 1)
(i) Stream function − ψ
[IFS CE : 8 Marks : 2016]
(ii) Discharge passing between two point (2, 3)
N rr

and (3, 4).

10. A two-dimensional incompressible flow of a
e

[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2011]

Newtonian fluid has the following velocity field:
ef

u = −2xy, v = y 2 − x 2 , w = 0.
14. Estimate the following functions for possibility of
Show that it represents a possible flow field.
irrotational flow:
R

Find the pressure field p(x, y), If the pressure at

point (x = 0, y = 0) is equal to Pa (i) ψ = A(x 2 − y 2 )
[ESE ME : 5 Marks : 2015] 2
(ii) ϕ = [r − r ] sin θ

[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2011]

11. The x and y components in a three dimensional
flow are given by
15. A three dimensional flow is given by ⃗V = (y 2 +
u = x2 + 𝑧 2; v = y2 + z2 z 2 )i + (x 2 + z 2 )j + (x 2 + y 2 )k
Find the simplest z-component of velocity that Determine the components of acceleration at a
satisfies the continuity equation. point (2, 3, 4).

[ESE CE : 04 Marks : 2012] [ESE CE : 04 Marks : 2010]


16. The expression for stream function is described by
ψ = x 3 − 3xy 2 . Indicate whether the flow is
rotational or irrotational. Determine the value or
velocity potential ϕ, if it exists.
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2010]
17. The velocity component in two dimensional flow
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2009]
20. In a three dimensional flow, the components of
velocity are
u = xy, v = 4yz 3 and w = −(yz + z 4 )
Test whether the continuity equation for
incompressible fluid flow is satisfied.
Determine the acceleration vector at point

0 de
field for an incompressible fluid are expressed as (1, 1, 1).
y3 x3 [ESE CE : 9 Marks : 2007]
u= 3
+ 2x − x 2 y and v = xy 2 − 2y − 3

I1 o
(i) Verify that the functions represent a possible
21. Define circulation in a fluid flow. What does it
case of fluid flow.
c
(ii) Show that these functions represents a signify? Find circulation about a closed square x =
±2 and y = ±2 in two-dimensional flow field
EG al
possible case of an irrotational flow.
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2010] having the velocity components
u = x 2 + y and v = −2xy
N rr

[CSE CE : 8 Marks : 2007]

18. The velocity field in a fluid medium is given by ⃗V =
e

3xy 2 î + 2xyĵ + (2zy + 3t)k̂ determine, the

22. If velocity is given by U = x 2 − y 2 + x and V =
ef

rotational velocity vector at (1, 2, 1) and t = 3.

−(2xy + y), determine the velocity potential
[ESE ME : 5 Marks : 2009]
function and stream function.
R

[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2006]

19. If the velocity components for possible flow are
given as
23. Determine the U-component of velocity
u = −4ax (x 2 − 3y 2 )
distribution to satisfy continuity equation given
v = 4ay (3x 2 − y 2 )
that
determine whether or not fluid motion is possible.
V = ax 3 − by 3 + cz
Obtain stream function, ψ. Show whether the flow
And W = bx 3 + cy − 2azx
is rotational or irrotational. If irrotational, find the
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2005]
velocity potential, ϕ.
 a2 [IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2000]
24. Given the stream function ψ = u∞ sinθ (r − )
r

which represents the uniform flow the velocity u∞

26. A two dimensional flow can be described by
past a circular cylinder of radius a, in cylindrical
y x
u = − b2 , v = a2
polar coordinates. Find the velocity potential for
this flow pattern. Derive the velocity components Verify that this is the flow of an incompressible
x2 y2
in r and θ directions. Find an expression for the fluid & that the ellipse 𝑎2 + b2 = 1 is a streamline.
pressure distribution on the surface of the circular [CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1999]

0 de
cylinder. Sketch the pressure distribution around
the surface of the circular cylinder. 27. In a two-dimensional fluid flow the velocity
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2002] components are u = 3x + y and v = 2x − 3y.

I1 o
Find whether the flow is possible. Also obtain the

c
25. Define stream function, the stream function of a
flow is given as ψ = 2x 2 − 2y 2 . Find whether the
potential function for this case and state whether
the flow is irrotational.
EG al
flow is rotation and calculate the velocity at point [CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1998]
(3, 5).
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (𝛚𝐳 = 𝟎, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲) 12. [𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 ]

2. (𝟎, Hence, Irrotational flow) 13. [𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬]

3. (Hence it is possible 2-D incompressible flow) 14. []

4. 15. [220]

(1) 𝛁 𝟐 𝛟 = 𝟎 → Irrotational, Incompressible 16. [ϕ = y 3 − 3x 2 y + c]

flow. 17. []
⃗⃗⃗ = î − 4k̂]

0 de
(2) 𝛙 = 𝟐𝐱𝐲 +
𝐲 𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐
+𝐜 18. [ω
𝟐
19. [ϕ = a(6x 2 y 2 − y 4 − x 4 ) + c ′ ]
𝐲 𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝟓
(3) 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + =𝟐
𝟐 ̂]
20. [𝐚⃗ = 𝟓𝐢̂ − 𝟖𝐣̂ + 𝟔𝐤

I1 o
5. (i) Continuity equation is satisfied; (ii) 𝐚𝐱 =
21. [Γ = −16]
𝟑𝟖 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭
y3

6. [𝛙 = 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 −

7. [12.04 m/s]
𝐱𝟑
𝟑 c
− 𝐚𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐜]
22. [ψ = x 2 y + xy − 3
+ c]

23. [𝐔 = 𝐚𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐛𝐲 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐟(𝐲, 𝐳) + 𝐜]

EG al
a2
𝐲 𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐
24. [ϕ = rU∞ cosθ (1 + r2 ) + c]
8. [𝛟 = ]
𝟐
25. [𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝐦/𝐬]
N rr

9. [𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬]

26. [c ′ = 1]
𝐱𝟒 𝐲𝟒
10. [𝐏 = −𝛒 (𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 + + ) + 𝐏𝐚 ] 27. [𝛟]
e

𝟐 𝟐

11. [𝐰 = −(𝟐𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲)]

ef
R
 Solutions
∂v ∂u
1. Answer: (𝛚𝐳 = 𝟎, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲) −
x y
∂x ∂y
u = x2 +y2, v = x2 +y2
(8x 2 − 8y 2 ) − (8x 2 − 8y 2 )
∂u ∂u
ax = u ∂x + v ∂y =0

x y2 −𝑥2 𝑦 −2xy
Hence, Irrotational flow
= (x2 +y2 ) ((x2 +y2)2 ) + (x2 +y2 ) ((x2 +y2)2 )
3. Answer: (It is possible 2-D incompressible flow)
xy2 −x3 −2xy2 −x(x2 +y2 )
= (x2 +y2 )3
= (x2 +y2 )3
u = x + y, v = x − y

0 de
∂u ∂v
−x(x2 +y2 ) −x + =0 (Incompressible)
ax = (x2 +y2 )3
= (x2 +𝑦 2)2 ∂x ∂y

1−1=0
Similarly

I1 o
−y 0=0
ay = (x2 +y2 )2
Hence it is possible 2-D incompressible flow.
(i) at (2, 3)
−2
ax = (22 +32 )2 = 169 m/s 2
c
−2
4. Answer:
(1) 𝛁 𝟐 𝛟 = 𝟎 → Irrotational, Incompressible
EG al
−3 −3 flow.
ay = = 169 m/s2
(22 +32 )2 𝐲 𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐
(2) 𝛙 = 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + +𝐜
N rr

−3 𝟐
ay = 169 m/s 2
𝐲 𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐 𝟓
(3) 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + =𝟐
(ii) at (4, 5) 𝟐
e

−4 −4 1. ϕ = xy + x 2 − y 2
2
ax = (42 +52 )2 = 1681 m/s
ef

2
∂2 ϕ ∂ 2 ϕ
−5 ∇ ϕ= 2+ 2
at = 1681 m/s2 ∂x ∂y
=2−2=0
R

1 ∂v ∂u 1 −2xy (−2xy)
ωz = ( − )= { 2 − 2 }=0
2 ∂x ∂y 2
2 (x + y ) 2 (x + y 2 )2 ∇2 ϕ = 0 → Irrotational, Incompressible
∴ ωz = 0 for all values of x, y flow.
If velocity potential function satisfies
2. Answer: (0)
Laplace equation then it satisfies
Continuity Equation continuity equation that means flow is
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0 [Incompressible] possible. ϕ exists only for irrotational
∂x
flow.
16xy − 16xy = 0 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
2. = u, ∂y = v
∂x
0=0
Hence, possible u = y + 2x, v = x − 2y
∂ψ ∂ψ
∂v ∂u
− ∂y = 0 (for Irrotational flow) u= , v = − ∂x
∂y
∂x
 ∂ψ 𝐱𝟑
= u = 2x + y 6. Answer: 𝛙 = 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 − − 𝐚𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐜
𝟑
∂y
y2
∂u ∂v
ψ = 2xy + + f(x) + c1 ____ (1) + =0
2 ∂y ∂y
∂ψ 2y − 2y = 0
= −v = 2y − x
∂x 0=0
x2
ψ = 2xy − + f(y) + c2 _____ (2) Hence, possible
2

From equation (1) & (2) ∂ψ ∂ψ

u= ,v = −
y2 − x2 ∂y ∂x
ψ = 2xy + +c ∂ψ
2

0 de
= 2xy
3. Passing through (2, 1) ∂y

1−4 ψ = xy 2 + f(x) + C1 _____ (1)

ψ=2×2×1+ +c⇒ψ
2 ∂ψ

I1 o
5 − = a2 + x 2 − y 2
= +c ∂x
2 x3
5
2
+ c = 2xy + c
y −x
2
+c
2 2 ψ = − (a2 x +

From (1) & (2)

x
− y 2 x) + f(y) + C2 ____ (2)
EG al
y2 − x2 5 x3
2xy + = ψ = xy 2 − − a2 x + c
2 2 3
N rr

5. Answer: (i) Continuity equation is satisfied; 7. Answer: 12.04 m/s

e

(ii) 𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟖 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 ϕ = x(2y − 1) = 2xy − x

2 2
u = 6xt + yz , v = 3t + xy , w = xy − 2xyz − 6tz ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
ef

∂u ∂v ∂w
= u, =v
(i) + ∂y + =0 (Incompressible) ∂x ∂y
∂x ∂z
u = 2y − 1, v = 2x
6t + 2xy − 2xy − 6t = 0
R

∂ψ ∂ψ
0=0 u= ,v = −
∂y ∂x
∴ Continuity equation is satisfied. ∂ψ
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u = u = 2y − 1
(ii) ax = + u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z ∂y
∂t
ψ = y 2 − y + f(x) + c1 _____ (1)
= 6x + (6xt + yz 2 )6t + (3t + xy 2 )z 2 +
(xy − 2xyz − 6tz)(2yz) ∂ψ
= −v = −2x
∂x
at (1, 1, 1) and t = 1
ψ = −x 2 + f(y) + c2 _____ (2)
ax = 6 + 7 × 6 + 4 + (1 − 2 − 6) × 2
From equation (1) & (2)
ax = 38 unit
ψ = y 2 − x 2 − y + c ⇒ ψ(4,5) = 4 + c
∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
∇2 ψ = +
∂x 2 ∂y 2
 = −2 + 2 = 0 y2
ϕ= + f(x)+ C4 ____(4)
2
Hence flow is irrotational
From (3) & (4)
Velocity at (4, 5)
y2 − x2
u = 2y − 1 = 9 ϕ= +c
2
v = 2x = 8 ∵ ϕ = 0, at (0, 0), ∴ c = 0
Resultant velocity = √92 + 82 = 12.04 m/s y2 − x2
ϕ=
2
9. Answer: 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝐲 𝟐 −𝐱 𝟐
8. Answer: 𝛟 = 𝟐 u = 2x 2 + 3y, v = −2xy + 3y 2 + 3zy

0 de
For possible flow 3
∂u ∂v
w = − z 2 + 2xz − 9y 2 z
+ ∂y = 0 [Incompressible] 2
∂x
at (1, 1, 1)

I1 o
u = −x, v = ?
u=2+3=5
∂v
−1 +

∂v
=1
∂y
=0
c v = −2 + 3 + 3 = 4
3
w = − + 2 − 9 = −8.5
2
EG al
∂y
at (1, 1, 1)
v = y + f(x) + C1
∂u 𝜕𝑢 ∂u
N rr

∂ψ ∂ψ ax = u +v +w
u= ,v = − ∂x 𝜕𝑦 ∂z
∂y ∂x
ax = 5(4x) + 4(3) − 8.5 × 0
∂ψ
e

= u = −x ax = 32 units
∂y
ef

ψ = −xy + f(x) + C ____ (1) ∂v ∂v ∂v

ay = u + v +w
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ψ
= −y + f′(x) ay = 5(−2y) + 4(−2x + 6y + 3z) − 8.5(3y)
R

∂x
∂ψ ay = −10 + 4(−2 + 6 + 3) − 8.5 × 3
Also = −(y + f(x) + C1 )
∂x

∴ u = −x, v = +y ay = −7.5 units

ψ = −xy + c ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u +v +w
∂x ∂y ∂z
But ∵ ψ = 0 at (0, 0),
az = 5(2z) + 4(−18yz)
∴ c = 0, ψ = −xy _____ (2)
− 8.5(−3z + 2x − 9y 2 )
∂ϕ
= u = −x az = 5 × 2 + 4 × (−18) − 8.5(−3 + 2 − 9)
∂x
x2
az = 23 units
ϕ=− + f(y) + C3 _____ (3)
2
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ + az k̂
∂ϕ
=v=y a⃗ = 32î − 7.5ĵ + 23 k̂
∂y
 |a⃗| = √322 + (7.5)2 + (2.3)2 = 40.115 units From eq (1) & eq (2)
x4 y4
P = −ρ (2x 2 y 2 − x 2 y 2 + + )+C
𝐱𝟒 𝐲𝟒
2 2
10. Answer: 𝐏 = −𝛒 (𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 + + ) + 𝐏𝐚
𝟐 𝟐 At x = 0, y = 0, P = Pa
∂u ∂v
+ ∂y = 0 [for Incompressible] Pa = C
∂x

−2y + 2y = 0 x4 y4
2 2
P = −ρ (x y + + ) + Pa
2 2
0=0
Hence, possible case
Navier-stokes equation for Incompressible flow 11. Answer: [𝐰 = −(𝟐𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲)]

0 de
∂u ∂v ∂w
⃗
DV 1 + + =0
⃗ + ⃗g
= − ∇p + ν∇2 V ∂x ∂y ∂z
Dt 𝜌
∂w

I1 o
In x-direction 2x + 2y + =0
∂z
Du 1 ∂P ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂w
Dt

(u
=−
ρ ∂x
∂u ∂u
+v )=−
∂x
1 ∂p
∂y
c
+ ν ( 2 + 2 ) + gx

∂2 u ∂2 u
+ ν ( 2 + 2) + 0
∂z
= −(2x + 2y)

w = −(2x − 2y) + f(x, y) + 𝐶

EG al
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂x ∂y Simplest z-component of velocity
((−2xy)(−2y) + (y 2 − x 2 )(−2x)) w = −(2x + 2y)
N rr

1 ∂p
= − +ν×0
ρ ∂x
12. Answer: [𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 ]
e

∂p
ρ(4xy 2 − 2xy 2 + 2x 3 ) = − u = 2y, v = xy
∂x
ef

x4 at (2, 3)
P = −ρ (2x 2 y 2 − x 2 y 2 + 2 ) + f(y) + 𝐶1
_____ (1) u = 6, v = 6
R

Navier-stokes equation in y-direction Velcoity at (2, 3) = √u2 + v 2 = √62 + 62 =

8.485 m/s
Dv 1 ∂p ∂2 v ∂2 v
=− + ν ( 2 + 2) 𝜕𝑢 ∂u ∂u
Dt ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y ax = +u +v
𝜕𝑡 ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂2 v ∂2 v
(U + v ) = − + ν ( 2 + 2) ax = 0 + (2y) × 0 + xy × 2
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ∂x ∂y
ax = 2xy = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12
{(−2𝑥𝑦)(−2𝑥) + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑦)}
1 ∂p ∂v ∂v ∂v
= − + ν(−2 + 2) ay = +u +v
ρ ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y
𝜕𝑝 ay = 0 + (2y)y + (xy)x
= −ρ(4x 2 y + 2y 3 − 2x 2 y)
𝜕𝑦 ay = 2y 2 + x 2 y = 2(3)2 + (2)2 × 3 = 30
y4
P = −ρ (2x 2 y 2 + − x 2 y 2 ) + f(x) + 𝐶2
2 a = √a2x + a2y
_____ (2)
 a = √(12)2 + (30)2 = 32.31 m/s 2 The Laplace equation, in radial coordinates (r, θ)
is
1 𝜕𝜙 ∂2 ϕ 1 ∂2 ϕ
13. Answer: [𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬] + + =0
r 𝜕𝑟 ∂r 2 r 2 ∂θ2
∂ψ ∂ψ
u= , v = − ∂x [ux = u, uy = v] 1 2 2 1 2
∂y
sin θ [ + 3 − 3 − + 3 ]
r r r r r
∂ψ y 3
= + 2x − x 2 y 2
∂y 3 sin θ ( 3 ) ≠ 0
r
y4 x 2 y2
ψ = 12 + 2xy − + f(x) + c1 ______ (1) Hence, the given function does not represent
2

∂ψ x3 any possible irrotational flow.

0 de
= − (xy 2 − 2y − )
∂x 3
x 2 y2 x4 15. Answer: [220]
ψ = −( − 2xy − 12) + f(y) + c2 _____ (2)
2
u = y2 + z2 ; v = x2 + z2; w = x2 + y2

I1 o
From (1) & (2)
At point (2, 3, 4)
x4 y4 x2 y2
ψ= +
12 12
+ 2xy −
2
+c

at (2, 3) ψ1 = 2.0833 + c
c u = 32 + 42 = 25
v = 22 + 42 = 20
EG al
at (3, 4) ψ2 = −19.9167 + c w = 22 + 32 = 13
Q1−2 at (2, 3, 4)
= |ψ2 − ψ1 | = 22 units
N rr

w ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = u +v +w
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ 2 ∂
e

14. Answer: = 25 × (y + z 2 ) + 20 × (y 2 + z 2 ) + 13
∂x ∂y
(i) ψ = A(x 2 − y 2 )
ef

∂ 2
× (y + z 2 )
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂z
= 2Ax; = −2Ay
∂x ∂y
= 25 × 0 + 20 × 2y + 13 × 2z = 0 + 20 ×
R

2 2
∂ ψ ∂ ψ 2 × 3 + 13 × 2 × 4 = 224
+ = 2A − 2A = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 at (2, 3, 4)
2 2
Hence ψ = A(x − y ) represents a ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
possible irrotational flow field.
∂ ∂
(ii) ϕ = [r − r ] sin θ
2 = 25 × ∂x (x 2 + z 2 ) + 20 × ∂y (x 2 + z 2 ) +
∂
∂ϕ 2 13 × ∂z (x 2 + z 2 )
= (1 + r2 ) sin θ
∂r
∂2 ϕ 2
= 25 × 2x + 20 × 0 + 13 × 2z = 25 × 2 ×
= − r3 sin θ 2 + 0 + 13 × 2 × 4 = 204
∂r2
∂ϕ 2 at (2, 3, 4)
= (r − r ) cos θ
∂θ
∂2 ϕ 2
∂w ∂w ∂w
= − (r − r ) sin θ az = u +v +w
∂θ2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
 ∂ 2 ∂ î ĵ k̂
= 25 × (x + y 2 ) + 20 × (x 2 + y 2 )
∂x ∂y 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
⃗⃗ = ||
⃗ω |
∂ 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z |
+ 13 × (x 2 + y 2 )
∂z 3xy 2 2xy 2zy + 3t
= 25 × 2x + 20 × 2y + 13 × 0 1
= 25 × 2 × 2 + 20 × 2 × 3 = [(2z − 0)î − 0ĵ + (2y − 6xy)k̂]
2
+ 0 = 220 1
⃗⃗⃗ = (2zî + (2y − 6xy)k̂)
ω
2
16. Answer: At (1, 2, 1) and t = 3 ⇒ ω ⃗⃗⃗ = î − 4k̂

ψ = x 3 − 3xy 2

0 de
∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ 19. Answer: 𝛟 = 𝐚(𝟔𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟒 − 𝐱 𝟒 ) + 𝐜 ′
2
∇ ψ = 2 + 2 = 6x − 6x = 0
∂x ∂y u = −4ax (x 2 − 3y 2 ) = −4a(x 3 − 3y 2 x)
∵ ∇2 ψ = 0, Flow is irrotational v = 4ay(3x 2 − y 2 ) = 4a(3x 2 y − y 3 )

I1 o
From Cauchy – Reimann Equation Continuity equation
∂ϕ
∂x

∂ϕ
=

= −6xy
∂ψ
∂y
,
∂ϕ
∂y
∂ψ
= − ∂x
c ∂u
∂x

∂𝑢 ∂v
∂v
+ ∂y = 0 [Incompressible]
EG al
∂x + = −4a(3x 2 − 3y 2 ) + 4a(3x 2 − 3y 2 )
∂x ∂y
𝜙 = −3x 2 y + f(y) + c1 ____ (1) =0 Hence possible
N rr

∂ϕ ∂ψ ∂ψ
= −(3x 2 − 3y 2 ) = 3y 2 − 3x 2 u= , v = − ∂x
∂y ∂y
e

ϕ = y 3 − 3x 2 y + f(x) + c2 ____ (2) ∂ψ

= u = −4a(x 3 − 3y 2 x)
∂y
From Eq (1) & (2)
ef

ψ = −4a(x 3 y − y 3 x) + f(x) + c1 _____ (1)

ϕ = y 3 − 3x 2 y + c
∂ψ
= −v = −4a(3x 2 y − y 3 )
R

∂x
17. Answer: [] ψ = −4a(x 3 y − xy 3 ) + f(y) + c2 _____ (2)
∂u ∂v
(i) + ∂y = 2 − 2xy + 2xy − 2 From eq. (1) & (2)
∂x

= 0 ← Incompressible & Possible ψ = −4a(x 3 y − xy 3 ) + c

∂v ∂u 3x2 3y2 ∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ
(ii) − ∂y = (y 2 − )−( − x2 ) 2
∇ ψ = 2 + 2 = −4a(6xy) + 4a(6xy)
∂x 3 3 ∂x ∂y
= 0 ← Irrotational =0
2
∵ ∇ ψ=0

18. Answer: [𝛚 ̂]
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐢̂ − 𝟒𝐤 ∴ Flow is irrotational.
1 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
⃗⃗ = (∇ × ⃗V)
⃗ω = u, =v
2 ∂x ∂y
u = 3xy 2 , V = 2xy, w = 2zy + 3t
 ∂ϕ 21. Answer: [𝚪 = −𝟏𝟔]
= −4a(x 3 − 3y 2 x)
∂x
x4 3 Γ = ∮ ⃗V. dl
ϕ = −4a ( 4 − 2 x 2 y 2 ) + f(y) + c3 _____ (3)
Using stokes theorem
∂ϕ
= v = 4a(3x 2 y − y 3 )
∂y Γ = ∬ (∇ × ⃗V). n̂dA
3 y4 A
ϕ = 4a (2 x 2 y 2 − ) + f(x) + c4 ______ (4) 2
4 u = x + y, v = −2xy
From eq (3) & (4)
î ĵ k̂
3 y4 x4 ∂ ∂ ∂|
ϕ = 4a ( x 2 y 2 − − ) + c ′ ∇ × ⃗V = ||
2 4 4 ∂x ∂y ∂z|

0 de
2
x +y −2xy 0
ϕ = a(6x 2 y 2 − y 4 − x 4 ) + c ′
∇ × ⃗V = −(2y + 1)k̂

I1 o
̂)
20. Answer: (𝐚⃗ = 𝟓𝐢̂ − 𝟖𝐣̂ + 𝟔𝐤
u = xy, v = 4yz 3 , w = −(yz + z 4 )
at (1, 1, 1)
u=1
c
EG al
v=4
w = −2
N rr

at (1, 1, 1)
∂u ∂u ∂u
e

ax = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
Here n̂ = k̂
ef

ax = 1 × y + 4x − 2 × 0
ax = 1 + 4 = 5 Γ = − ∬(2y + 1)dA
∂v ∂v ∂v 2 2
R

ay = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z
Γ = − ∫ ∫ (2y + 1)dxdy
−2 −2
ay = 1 × 0 + 4(4z 3 ) +
2
(−2)(12yz 2 ) Γ = − ∫ 4(2y + 1)dy
−2
ay = 16 + (−24) = −8
Γ = −4[y 2 + y]2−2
∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z Γ = −4[4 − 4 + 4]
az = 1 × 0 + 4(−z) + (−2)(−y − Γ = −16
4z 3 ) 𝐲𝟑
22. Answer: [𝛙 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐱𝐲 − + 𝐜]
az = −4 + 10 = 6 𝟑

U = x2 − y2 + x
a⃗ = ax î + ay ĵ + az k̂
V = −(2xy + y)
a⃗= 5î − 8ĵ + 6k̂
1 ∂v ∂u
ωz = ( − )
2 ∂x ∂y
 ωz = 12 (−2y + 2y) = 0 [Irrotational]
𝐚𝟐
So, ϕ exists 24. Answer: [𝛟 = 𝐫𝐔∞ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 (𝟏 + 𝐫 𝟐 ) + 𝐜]
∂ϕ ∂ϕ 1 ∂ψ 1 a2
= u, =v Vr = = U (1 − 2 ) r. cos θ
∂x ∂y r ∂θ r ∞ r
∂ϕ
= u = x2 − y2 + x a2
∂x = U∞ (1 − 2 ) cosθ
r
x3 x2
ϕ= − y2 x + + f(y) + c1 ____ (1) ∂ψ 1
3 2
Vθ = − = −U∞ sin θ (1 − a2 (− 2 ))
𝜕𝜙 ∂r r
= v = −(2xy + y)
𝜕𝑦 a2

0 de
y2
= −U∞ sin θ (1 + )
ϕ = −xy 2 − + f(x) + c2 _____ (2) r2
2
∂ϕ a2
From Eq. (1) & (2) = Vr = U∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ
∂r r

I1 o
x3 x2 y2
ϕ= − xy 2 + − + c a2
3 2 2 ϕ = U∞ (r + r ) cosθ + f(θ) + c1 _____ (1)
u=

𝜕𝜓
∂ψ
∂y
, v = − ∂x
∂ψ
c ∂ϕ
r ∂θ
a2
= Vθ = −U∞ sinθ (1 + 2 )
r
EG al
= u = x2 − y2 + x a2
𝜕𝑦 ϕ = +rU∞ cosθ (1 + r2 ) + f(r) + c2 _____ (2)
y3
ψ = x2 y − + xy + f(x) + c3 ____ (3)
N rr

3 from Equ (1)

∂ψ a2
= −v = 2xy + y ϕ = rU∞ cosθ (1 + r2 ) + f(θ) + c1 ___ (3)
∂x
e

ψ = x 2 y + xy + f(y) + c4 _____ (4) From (2) & (3)

ef

From equation (3) & (4) a2

ϕ = rU∞ cosθ (1 + )+c
r2
y3
ψ = x 2 y + xy − +c
R

3
25. Answer: [𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝐦/𝐬]
23. Answer: [𝐔 = 𝐚𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐛𝐲 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐟(𝐲, 𝐳) + 𝐜] ∇2 ψ = 4 − 4 = 0 (Irrotational)
V = ax 3 − by 3 + cz ∵ ∇2 ψ = 0 ∵ Irrotational
W = bx 3 + cy − 2azx u=
∂ψ ∂ψ
, v = − ∂x
∂y
U=?
ψ = 2x 2 − 2y 2
∂U ∂V ∂W
+ ∂y + = 0 [In compressible] u = −4y, v = −4x
∂x ∂z

∂U at (3, 5)
+ 3by 2 − 2ax = 0
∂x
u = −4 × 5 = −20 m/s
∂U
= 2ax − 3by 2 v = −4 × 3 = −12 m/s
∂x
U = ax 2 − 3by 2 x + f(y, z) + c Magnitude of velocity = √(−20)2 + (−12)2
 = 23.323 m/s Is a stream line at c ′ = 1

26. Answer: [𝐜 ′ = 𝟏] 27. Answer:

∂u ∂v [𝛟 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬𝐧’𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰]
+ ∂y = 0 [Incompressible]
∂x
u = 3x + y, v = 2x − 3y
0+0=0
Continuity Equation
0=0
∂u ∂v
Flow is 2-D, incompressible & possible + =0
∂x ∂y
Equation of streamline 3−3=0

0 de
dx dy 0=0
=
u v
Hence, flow is possible
dx dy
y
= x 1 ∂v ∂u

I1 o
(− b2 ) (a2 ) ωz = ( − )
2 ∂x ∂y
b2 xdx = −a2 ydy 1
x2 y2
+
a2 b 2
= 2c
c =
2
(2 − 1)
1
ωz = 2 ≠ 0 (Rotational flow)
EG al
X2 y2
+ = c′ ϕ doesn’t exists for rotational flow.
a2 b 2
N rr

x2 y2
Hence, + =1
a2 b2
e
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 40

Chapter : Integral Analysis for a Control Volume

Topic : Conservation of mass

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [NAT, ]

A fluid flows steadily through a pipe with a Water flows out through a set of thin, closely
uniform cross-sectional area. The density of the spaced blades as shown in below figure with a
fluid decreases to half of its initial value as it speed of V = 3 m⁄s around the entire

0 de
flows through the pipe. The correct statement is circumference of the outlet. The entire
circumference of the outlet. The mass flow rate
through the inlet pipe is ______ kg⁄s (round off

I1 o
to one decimal place).

A. V2 equals
V1
4
c
EG al
V1
B. V2 equals 2

C. V2 equals 4V1
N rr

D. V2 equals 2V1
e

2. [NAT, ]
ef

Water flows steadily into and out of the system

with four pipes shown below. The mass flow rate
R

ṁ in the fourth pipe is _____ kg⁄s (round off to

nearest integer).
4. [MSQ, ]
A worker is performing maintenance in a small
rectangular tank with a height of 3 m and square
base 1.8 m by 1.8 m. Fresh air enters through an
0.2 m diameter lose and exits through a 0.1 m
diameter port on the tank wall. The flow is
assumed steady & incompressible and a
complete change of air every 3 minutes has been
taken. Which one or more of the following
statement(s) is/are TRUE ?
 A. For this tank, the required exchange rate is
3.1 m3 ⁄min to 3.7 m3 ⁄min.
B. Velocity of air entering the tank is
125.6 m⁄min to 129.6 m⁄min.
C. Velocity of air entering the tank is
104.1 m⁄min to 104.9 m⁄min.
D. Velocity of air leaving the tank is A. 0.01
418.65 m⁄min to 420.65 m⁄min. B. 0.04
C. 0.2
5. [NAT, ]
D. 0.05

0 de
Air flows steadily between two sections in a
long, straight portion of a 0.1 m inside diameter
7. [NAT, ]
pipe as shown in the below figure. The uniformly
Gasoline enters section 1 as shown in figure at

I1 o
distributed temperature and pressure at each
0.5 m3 /s. It leaves section 2 at an average
section are given. The average air velocity (non-
velocity of 12 m⁄s. The average velocity at
c
uniform velocity distribution) at section (2) is
305 m⁄s. The average air velocity at section (1)
section 3 is _____ m⁄s (round off to two decimal
places).
EG al
is _____ m⁄s (round off to two decimal places).
N rre
ef

6. [MCQ, ]
R

A circular pipe 10 cm in diameter has a 8. [MSQ, ]

2 m length which is porous. In this porous
section, the velocity of exit is known to be
constant as shown in below figure. If the
velocities at inlet and outlet of the porous
section are 2 m⁄s & 1.2 m⁄s, respectively, the
average velocity of emission is _____ m⁄s.
When 2500 liters of water flows per minute
through a 0.3 m diameter pipe which later
reduces to a 0.15 m diameter pipe. Which one
or more of the following statement(s) is/are
TRUE ?
A. Velocity at 0.3 m diameter pipe is 0.56 m⁄s
to 0.62 m⁄s.
B. Velocity at 0.3 m diameter pipe is 1.12 m⁄s
to 1.16 m⁄s.
 C. Velocity at 0.15 m diameter pipe is
2.90 m⁄s to 2.40 m⁄s.
D. Velocity at 0.15 m diameter pipe is
3.10 m⁄s to 3.30 m⁄s.

9. [NAT, ]
A high velocity water jet of cross section area =
0.01 m2 and velocity = 35 m/s enters a pipe [GATE-2016-ME]
filled with stagnant water. The diameter of the

0 de
pipe is 0.32 m. This high velocity water jet
entrains additional water from the pipe and the
total water leaves the pipe with a velocity 6 m/s
11. [NAT, ]
A horizontal pipe is feeding water into a
reservoir from the top with time-dependent

I1 o
m3
as shown in the figure. volumetric flow-rate Q ( h ) = 1 + 0.1 × t

c where t is time in hours. The area of the base of

the reservoir is 0.5 m2 . Assuming that initially
EG al
the reservoir was empty, the height of the water
level in the reservoir after 60 minutes is
N rr

The flow rate of entrained water is ______

______m (round off to two decimal places).
liters/s (round off to two decimal places)
[GATE-2016-XE]
e

[GATE-2021-ME]
ef

12. [NAT, ]
10. [NAT, ]
A fluid enters a control volume through an inlet
A channel of width 450 mm branches into sub-
port (denoted with subscript ‘i’) and leaves
R

channels having width 300 mm and 200 mm as

through two outlet ports (denoted with
shown in figure. If the volumetric flow rate
subscripts ‘o, 1’ and‘o, 2’) as shown in the figure.
(taking unit depth) of an incompressible flow
The velocities may be assumed to be uniform
through the main channel is 0.9 m3 /s and the
across the ports. The rate of change of mass in
velocity in the sub-channel of width 200 mm is
the control volume in kg/s, at the instant shown
3 m/s, the velocity in the sub-channel of width
in the figure is ______ (round off to one decimal
300 mm is ______(m/s) Assume both inlet and
place)
outlet to be at the same elevation (round off to
two decimal places).
 The fluid leaves the channel with a pressure of
100 kPa (absolute) and linearly varying velocity
profile. Vmax is four time Vmin . The density of the
fluid is 914.3 kg/m3 . The velocity Vmin , in m/s,
is

[GATE-2015-XE]

13. [NAT, ]

0 de
Steady state incompressible flow through a pipe
network is shown in the figure. Inlets marked as

I1 o
(1), (2) and (3) and exit marked as (4), are
shown with their respective diameters. The exit
c 3
flow rate at (4) is 0.1 m /s. A 20% increase in
flow rate through (3) results in a 10% increase
A. 25
B. 2.5
EG al
C. 2.0
in flow rate through (4). The original velocity
D. 4
through inlet (3) is ____ m/s (round off to two
N rr

[GATE-2013-XE]
decimal places).
e

15. [MCQ, ]
Consider steady flow of water in a situation
ef

where two pipe lines (pipe 1 and pipe 2)

combine into a single pipe line (pipe-3) as shown
R

in the figure. The cross-sectional areas of all

three pipelines are constant. The following data
is given
[GATE-2014-XE]
Pipe Number Area (𝐦𝟐 ) Velocity
14. [MCQ, ] (𝐦/𝐬)
1 1 1
An incompressible fluid at a pressure of 150 kPa 2 2 2
(absolute) flows steadily through a two- 3 2.5 ?
dimensional channel with a velocity of 5 m/s as
shown in the Figure. The channel has a 90° bend.
 rounded orifice of cross-sectional area Ao =
1 cm2 , located at y = 0. Initially the water level
(H), measured from y = 0, is 1 m. The
acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s 2

Assuming the water properties and the

velocities to be uniform across the cross section
of the inlets and the outlet, the exit velocity (in

0 de
m/s) in pipe 3 is
A. 1
B. 1.5

I1 o
Neglecting any losses, the time taken by water
C. 2
in the tank to reach a level of y = H/4 is ______
D. 2.5
c [GATE-2009-ME]
seconds (round off to one decimal place).
[GATE-2021-ME]
EG al
16. [MCQ, ]
18. [NAT, ]
The following data about the flow of liquid was
N rr

Water discharges from a cylindrical tank through

observed in a continuous chemical process
plant: an orifice, as shown in the figure. The flow is
e

considered frictionless. Initially, the water level

ef

in the tank was h1 = 2 m. The diameter of the

tank is D = 1 m, while the diameter of the jet is
Mean flow rate of the liquid is
R

d = 10 cm, and the acceleration due to gravity

A. 8.00 liters/s
B. 8.06 liters/s is g = 10 m/s 2 . The time taken (in seconds, up

C. 8.16 liters/s to one decimal place) for the water level in the

D. 8.26 liters/s tank to come down to h2 = 1 m is _____.

[GATE-2004-ME]

17. [NAT, ]
Water flows out from a large tank of cross-
sectional area At = 1 m2 through a small
 20. [MCQ, ]
Water drains out into atmosphere from a
smaller orifice located at the bottom of a large
open tank. If the initial height of the water
column is H, the time taken to empty the tank is
proportional to,
[GATE-2021: XE]
A. H1/2
B. H
19. [MCQ, ]

0 de
3
A cylindrical tank of 0.8 m diameter is C. H 2
completely filled with water and its top surface D. H 2

I1 o
is open to atmosphere as shown in the figure. [GATE-2015-XE]

Water is being discharged to the atmosphere

c
from a circular hole of 15 mm diameter located
at the bottom of the tank. The value of
21. [NAT, ]
A reservoir connected to a pipe line is being filled
EG al
with water, as shown in the Figure. At any time,
acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2 . How
t, the free surface level in the reservoir is h. Find
much time (in seconds) would be required for
N rr

the time in seconds for the reservoir to get filled

water level to drop from a height of 1m to 0.5 m.
up to a height of 1 m, if the initial level is 0.2 m
e

_____.
ef
R

A. 188
B. 266
C. 376 [GATE-2013-XE]
D. 642
[GATE-2017-XE]
22. [MCQ, ] function of head (H) to maintain a constant rate
Water is supplied to a tank at the rate of of decline of H.
3
0.02 m /s, as shown in the figure below. The
cross-sectional area of the tank is 1 m2 and the
inner diameter of the outlet pipe is 60 mm. At a
time when the water level in the tank is
increasing at the rate of 5 mm/s, the average
velocity (in m/s) of water in the outlet pipe is
approximately.

0 de
The relation between H and r is

I1 o
A. H is proportional to r
B. H is proportional to r 2
c C. H is proportional to r 3
D. H is proportional to r 4
EG al
[GATE-2010-XE]
N rr

24. [MCQ, ]
A. 0.005
A two-dimensional velocity field in Cartesian
e

B. 0.06
coordinates is defined by V = yi − xj. This flow
C. 5.3
ef

is
D. 20 A. compressible and rotational
[GATE-2012-XE] B. compressible and irrotational
R

C. incompressible and rotational

23. [MCQ, ] D. incompressible and irrotational
Ancients have designed water clocks based upon [GATE-2020-XE]
the head of the water in a circular section
container with a hole at the bottom as shown in
the figure below. The radius (r) varies as a
 Answer Key
1. (D) 14. (C)
2. (5 to 5) 15. (C)
3. (49.8 to 51.8) 16. (C)
4. (A, C, D) 17. (22.57 to 22.59)
5. (65.56 to 69.56) 18. (17.5 to 19.5)
6. (A) 19. (C)
7. (14.20 to 15.20) 20. (A)
8. (A, C) 21. (20 to 20)

0 de
9. (130 to 134) 22. (C)
10. (0.99 to 1.01) 23. (B)
11. (2.09 to 2.11) 24. (C)

I1 o
12. (0.7 to 0.8)
13. (17.55 to 17.55)

c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) P2 T1 V2
=
Steady, uniform cross-section P1 T2
127 × 300 × 305
∴ ṁ1 = ṁ2 =
690 × 251
ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 V1 = 67.37 m⁄s
ρ1
ρ1 A1 V1 = A V
2 1 2 6. Answer: (A)
π π
⇒ V2 = 2V1 Ap = (D2 ) = × (0.1)2
4 4
2. Answer: (5 to 5) = 7.854 × 10−3 m2

0 de
ṁi = ṁo Qinlet = Vi Ap
6 + 3 = ṁ + 4 = 2 × 7.854 × 10−3 = 0.01571 m3 ⁄s
Qoutlet = V0 Ap
6 + 3 − 4 = ṁ
= 1.2 × 7.854 × 10−3

I1 o
ṁ = 5 kg⁄s
= 0.0094248 m3 ⁄s
3. Answer: (49.8 to 51.8)
ṁ = ρAV
= ρ × 2πrh × V cos 60°
c Qc = Qi − Q0
= 0.01571 − 0.0094248
= 0.005285 m3 ⁄s
EG al
= 1000 × 2π × 0.18 × 0.03 × 3 cos 60° Qc = 5.285 L⁄s
ṁ = 50.884 kg⁄s Q 6.283 × 10−3
N rr

Ve = =
Ae π × 0.1 × 2
4. Answer: (A, C, D)
Ve = 0.01 m⁄s
V = 3 × 1.8 × 1.8 = 10.19 m3
e

V 10.19 7. Answer: (14.20 to 15.20)

Q= = = 3.4 m3 ⁄min
ef

t 3 Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3
Qin = Ai Vi
Q1 = A2 V2 + A3 V3
3.4
⇒ Vi = π = 104.5 m⁄min
R

(0.2)2 π π
4 0.5 = [ (0.18)2 × 12] + [ (0.13)2 × V 2 ]
4 4
Qo = Ao Vo
3.4 ⇒ V = 14.663 m⁄s
⇒ Vo = π = 419.31 m⁄min
(0.1)2
4
8. Answer: (A, C)
5. Answer: (65.56 to 69.56) Q = A1 V1
ṁ1 = ṁ2 π
ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 2500 × 10−3 = (0.3)2 × V1
4
ρ2
⇒ V1 = V ⇒ V1 = 0.589 m⁄s
ρ1 2

Q = A2 V2
 π 450(2) − 200(3)
2500 × 10−3 = (0.15)2 × V2 ⇒ u2 =
4 300
⇒ V2 = 2.36 m⁄s ⇒ u2 = 3 − 2 = 1 m/s
∴ Velocity in the sub-channel of width 300 mm
9. Answer: 132.55 (130 to 134)
is 1 m/s

11. Answer: 2.1 (2.09 to 2.11)

Q1 + Q 2 = Q 3

0 de
π
0.01 × 35 + Q2 = × 0.322 × 6
4
Q2 = 0.132548 m3 /s

I1 o
Q2 = 132.548 litres/s

c
10. Answer: (0.99 to 1.01)
EG al
Q = 1 + 0.1t
N rr

Where t is time in hours

At time 𝑡
e

Q = 1 + 0.1 t
In time dt
ef

Volume of water filled is dV

Applying continuity equation, for unit depth
R

ṁ1 = ṁ2 + ṁ3 dV

Q=
dt
⇒ ρ. (450 × 1) × u1
= ρ(300 × 1) × u2 + ρ(200 × 1) × u3 dV = Qdt
⇒ 450 u1 = 300u2 + 200u3 ⟶ (1)
Adh = Qdt
m3
Q1 = 0.9 = (450 × 10−3 × 1) × u1 Adh = (1 + 0.1t)dt
s
0.9 m
⇒ u1 = =2 H 1
450 × 10−3 s
m
∫ Adh = ∫(1 + 0.1t)dt
Given u3 = 3 s 0 0

Substituting u1 , u3 in (1) t
t2
⇒ 450(2) = 300u2 + 200(3) A[h]H
0 = [t + 0.1 ]
2 0
 AH = 1 + 0.05 ⇒ A1 V1 + A2 V2 + 1.2A3 V3
= 1.1 A4 V4  (b)
AH = 1.05
equation (b) − equation (a)
1.05
H= ⇒ 0.2A3 V3 = 0.1 A4 V4
0.5
A4 V4 0.1
H = 2.1 m ⇒ V3 = =π
A3 . 2 × (0.06)2 × 2
4
2 × 0.1
= = 17.683 m/s
12. Answer: 0.759 (0.7 to 0.8) π × (0.06)2

According to conservation of mass

0 de
dm 14. Answer: C
ṁi = ṁ0 + |
dt cv For continuity equation to be satisfied, Assuring
dm unit depth
| = ṁi − (ṁ01 + ṁ02 )

I1 o
dt cv
dm
dt cv
c
| = [5.5 × 0.2 × (3 cos 40°)]

− [5 × 0.15
EG al
× (2 cos 30° + 5 × 0.1
× (1 cos 20°))]
N rr

dm
| = 0.759 kg/s
dt cv
e
ef

13. Answer: 17.68 (17.55 to 17.55) 1

(50 × 1) × 5 = 50 × 1 × (Vmin + Vmax )
2
⇒ 10 = Vmax + Vmin
R

m
Given Vmax + 4. Vmin ⇒ 5. Vmin = 2 s

⇒ Vmin = 2 m/s

15. Answer: (C)

Applying mass balance,

m3 m3 ṁ1 = ṁ2 + ṁ3

Given Q4 = 0.1 = A4 V4 = 0.1
s s
⇒ ρ1 A1 V1 + ρ2 A2 V2 + ρ3 A3 V3
By continuity we have
⇒ A1 V1 + A2 V2 = A3 V3
A1 V1 + A2 V2 + A3 V3 = A4 V4  (a)
(Since properties are same in all pipes)
20% increase in Q3 results in 10% increase in
⇒ 1(1) + 2(2) = 2.5(V3 )
Q4
 5 g = 10 m/s2
⇒ V3 = = 2 m/s
2.5
A 2
∴ Exit velocity in pipe-3 is 2 m/s T= √ [√H1 − √H2 ]
a g

16. Answer: (C) (1)2 2

⇒T= 2
× √ × [√2 − √1]
(0.1) 10
Flow rate Frequency Mid value
(litre/sec) (fi ) (xi )
7.5 to 7.7 1 7.6 2
⇒ T = 100 × √ × [√2 − 1] sec
7.7 to 7.9 5 7.8 10
7.9 to 8.1 35 8.0
⇒ T = 18.52 sec
8.1 to 8.3 17 8.2

0 de
8.5 to 8.7 10 8.6
Mean flow rate of the liquid
19. Answer: (C)
Σfi xi
=

I1 o
Σfi AT 2
T= × √ × [√H1 − √H2 ]
(1 × 7.6) + (5 × 7.8) + (35 × 8.0) + (17 × 8.2) + (12 × 8.4) + (10 × 8.6) a g
=

=
652.8
80
c
(1 + 5 + 35 + 17 + 12 + 10)

= 8.16 litres/sec T=(

0.8 2
0.015
) ×√
2
9.81
× {√1 − √0.5}
EG al
⇒ T = 376.17 sec
17. Answer: (2257 to 2259)
N rr

Given Data: A = 1 m2
20. Answer: (A)
2 −4 2
a = 1 cm = 10 m
e

Time taken to empty the tank

H1 = 1 m
ef

1 A 2
H2 = m T= √ √H
4 a g
g = 9.8 m/s 2
R

⇒ T ∝ √H
A 2
T= √ [√H1 − √H2 ]
a g 21. Answer: (20 to 20)

1 2 1
T= √ [√1 − √ ]
10−4 9.8 4

T = 2258.7697 sec

18. Answer: (17.5 to 19.5)

π π
a = d2 = (0.1)2 m2 ∂
4 4 ∫ ρd∀ + ∫ ρV⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
π π ∂t CV CS
AT = D2 = (1)2 m2
4 4
 ∂∀ dh
+ ∫ ⃗V . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0 A + (aV2 − Q1 ) = 0
∂t CS dt
dh
π 2 dh π Q1 − A dt
D + { d2 (1 − 2)} = 0 V2 =
4 dt 4 9
π dh π 0.02 − 1 × 0.005
(0.5)2 + {− (. 1)2 } = 0 V2 =
4 dt 4 2.827 × 10−3
dh 15
25 =1 V2 =
dt 2.827
dh 1 V2 = 5.3059 m/s
=
dt 25
dh

0 de
= 0.04 m/s 23. Answer: (B)
dt
Time required for increases the level by 0.8 m
0.80

I1 o
= = 20 seconds
0.04

22. Answer: (C) c

EG al
N rre

CV ⇒ Deformable Control volume

ef

According Conservation of mass

∂
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫ ρd∀ + ∫ ρV dA = 0
∂t CV
R

CS

For water density is constant

A = 1 m2 ∂
ρ [ ∫ d∀ + ∫ ⃗V. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA] = 0
∂t CV CS
d = 600 mm,
π ∂∀
a = (. 06)2 = 2.827 × 10−3 m2 +∫ V⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
4 ∂t CS

dh mm d∀
=5 = 0.005 m/s + (ae Ve ) = 0
dt s dt
V2 =? d 1 2
[ πr H] + ae √2gh = 0
∂ dt 3
∫ ρd∀ + ∫ ρV⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0 r
∂t CV CS tan α = ⇒ r = H tan α
H
∂∀
ρ + ρ ∫ ⃗V. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
dA = 0
∂t CA
d 1 3 For constant rate of decline of H
[ πH tan2 α] + ae √2gh = 0
dt 3
√H ∝ r 2
1 dH
π tan2 α (3H 2 ) + ae √2gH = 0 H ∝ r4
3 dt
dH
π tan2 α H 2 = −ae √2gH
dt 24. Answer: (C)
dH
πr 2 = −ae √2gh
dt
dH ae √2gH
=−
dt πr 2

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 41

Chapter : Integral Analysis for a Control Volume

Topic : Linear Momentum Equation

1. [MCQ, ] tank in place is _____ kg (round off to two

The water is discharges into the atmosphere decimal places).
through the device shown in figure.

0 de
I1 o
c 3. [NAT, ]
EG al
Neglect the effect of gravity and friction, then A jet of water issuing from a stationary nozzle
the value of x component of force at the with a uniform velocity of 10 m/s, strikes a
N rr

flange required to hold device in place is (kN) frictionless turning vane mounted on a cart, as
A. 9.64 shown in figure. The vane turns the jet through
e

B. 11.79 an angle of, θ = 30°. The diameter of the jet is

ef

C. 12.62 0.064 m. An external mass M, is connected to

D. 10.55 the Cart through a frictionless pulley. Assume
R

the ground to be frictionless, then the

2. [NAT, ] magnitude of M (in kg) required to hold the Cart
A tank of water sits on a cart with frictionless stationary is _____ (round off to two decimal
wheels as shown in figure. The cart is attached places).
using a cable to a mass M = 10 kg. The
coefficient of static friction of the mass with the
ground is μ = 0.55. If the gate blocking the tank

exit is removed. Assume jet velocity is V = √2gh

where h = 2 m is the water depth. Then the
value of mass M that is just sufficient to hold the
4. [MCQ, ]
A vertical, circular cross-sectional jet of air
strikes a conical deflector as shown in figure. A
vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is required to
A. 84.3
hold the deflector in place. The magnitude of
B. 76.8
velocity of air remains constant then the mass of
C. 87.2
the deflector (in kg) is. Take ρair = 1.23 kg/m3
D. 90.5

0 de
6. [NAT, ]
Water flows into the tank at the rate of

I1 o
0.05 m3 /s . From the 100 mm diameter pipe.

c Tank is supported by four springs at the corners

of the tank as shown in the figure. Each spring
EG al
has a stiffness of K = 8 KN/m. If the tank is
500 mm on each side, the compression in each
N rr

of the four springs that support its corners when

A. 0.162 the water reaches a depth of h = 1 m is _____

e

B. 0.0842 mm. Assume mass of tank to be negligible and

ef

C. 0.129 take ρω = 1000 Kg/m3 (round off to two

D. 0.108 decimal places).

R

5. [MCQ, ]
The force (in KN) required to hold the plug in
place at the exit of the water pipe. The flow rate
is 1.5 m3 /s, and the upstream gage pressure is
3.5 MPa
7. [MCQ, ] D. 3000
A steady jet of water is used to propel a small [GATE-2022-ME]
cart along a horizontal track as shown. Total 9. [NAT, ]
resistance to motion of the cart assembly is Water (density = 103 kg/m3 ) enters steadily
given by FD = KU 2 , where K = 0.92 N. s 2 /m2 . into a horizontal pipe bend, which is part of a
Assume no change in speed with respect to vane larger piping system, as shown in the figure. The
and uniform flow at each cross-section. If the volumetric flow rate of water is 0.1 m3 /s. The
speed of Cart U = 10 m/s, then the gage pressure at the inlet is 500 kPa, while the
acceleration of the cart is (in m/s2 ) exit is open to atmosphere. The x -component of

0 de
the force on the support is Fx . The absolute
value of Fx (in kN, up to one decimal place)

I1 o
is______.

A. 14.2
c
EG al
B. 12.6
C. 11.7
N rr

D. 13.5
[GATE-2021: XE]

8. [MCQ, ]
e

Consider steady, one-dimensional compressible 10. [NAT, ]

ef

flow of a gas in a pipe of diameter 1 m. At one A spherical ball is steadily supported against

location in the pipe, the density and velocity are gravity by an upward air jet as shown in the
R

1 kg/m3 and 100 m/s, respectively. At a figure. Take acceleration due to gravity to be g =

downstream location in the pipe, the velocity is 10 m/s2 . The mass flow rate of air reaching the
170 m/s. If the pressure drop between these ball, is 0.01 kg/s and the air reaches the ball at
two locations is 10 kPa, the force exerted by the an upward velocity of 3 m/s. Neglecting the
gas on the pipe between these two locations is buoyancy force and using the principle of
____ N. integral momentum balance the mass (in grams,
A. 350 π2 up to one decimal place) of the ball is_______.
B. 750 π
C. 1000 π
 12. [NAT, ]
A water jet of 100 mm diameter issuing out of a
nozzle at a speed of 50 m/s strikes a vane and
flows along it as shown in figure. The vane is
attached to a cart which is moving at a constant
speed of 20 m/s on a frictionless track. The jet
is deflected at an angle of 30°. Take the density
of water as 1000 kg/m3 . Neglecting the friction
between the vane and the fluid, the magnitude

0 de
[GATE-2021: XE] of the force exerted by water on the cart in the
11. [NAT, ] x-direction, in N, is _____.

I1 o
⃗ jet impinges normal to
A water jet with velocity V

a moving flat plate with velocity ⃗Vplate such that

c
the jet splits equally into two halves as shown in
EG al
⃗ jet
figure. The jet cross-sectional area is 2 cm2 , V

is 20 m/s and ⃗Vplate is 10 m/s and density of

N rr

water is 1000 kg/m3 . Consider steady flow and

neglect weight of the jet, weight of the plate and
e

frictional losses. The absolute value of the force [GATE-2018-XE]

ef

required to keep the plate moving at constant

velocity ⃗Vplate is _____ N. 13. [NAT, ]

R

A jet of diameter 20 mm and velocity 6 m/s

coming out of water-tank standing on a
frictionless cart hits a vane and gets deflected at
an angle 45° as shown in the figure below. The
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 . Neglect all
minor and viscous losses. If the cart remains
stationary, the magnitude of tension in the
supporting string connected to the wall is
[GATE-2020: XE] ____ N
 plate and the water. Density of water is 1000 kg/
m3 .

15. [MCQ, ]

The magnitude of the reaction force at the wall
[GATE-2016-XE] is

0 de
A. 20 N
14. [NAT, ] B. 25 N
A reducing elbow is used to deflect water C. 35 N

I1 o
upward by 30° as shown in the figure. The mass D. 50 N
flow rate at the inlet is 14 kg/s. Water is [GATE-2011-XE]
c
entering at a gauge pressure of 200 kPa and exits
to the atmosphere. The cross-sectional area is
16. [MCQ, ]
A 20 cm diameter pipe carries a water discharge
EG al
113 cm2 at the inlet and 7 cm2 at the exit. of π/100 m3 /s. The pipe is bent through an
Density of water and acceleration due to gravity
N rr

angle of 30° in the horizontal plane as shown in

are 1000 kg/m3 and 10 m/s 2 , respectively. the figure below.
e

Magnitude of x- component of the water force

on the elbow is ___ N.
ef
R

Neglecting friction, the components of the force

(N) exterted by water on the bend in x-and y-
[GATE-2014-XE] directions, respectively, are
Common Data Question 15: A. 4.21 and −15.71
A two-dimensional rectangular water jet of velocity B. −4.21 and 15.71
10 m/s and area 5 cm2 impinges normal to a flat C. 15.71 and -27.2
plate and splits symmertrically into two half jets, D. 4.21 and 15.71
each of area 2.5 cm2 as shown. Assume steady flow [GATE-2010-XE]
and neglect viscous effects and the weight of the
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 17 and 18: A. P, R
An incompressible fluid is passed through a T- B. P, S
junction supported on wheels, as shown in the C. Q, R
figure. The area at outlet A is twice that of outlet B. D. Q, S
While the incoming mass flow rate is fixed, the [GATE-2009-XE]
distribution of flow at the two outlets can be varied 18. [MCQ, ]
by a suitable mechanism built in the system. Assume Which of the following statements are true?
that the flexible tube offers no resistance to motion, P: In Case1, the system moves to the left
and frictional effects in the pipes and wheels can be Q: In Case1, the system moves to the right

0 de
neglected. Now, consider the following two cases: R: In Case2, the system moves to the left
Case 1: The flow rates at section A and B are equal. S: In Case2, the system moves to the right

I1 o
Case 2: The velocity at sections A and B are equal. A. P, R
B. P, S
c C. Q, R
D. Q, S
EG al
[GATE-2009-XE]
N rr

19. [NAT, ]

A turning vane of negligible weight is mounted on the
e

cart. A horizontal steady water jet is issued from a

stationary nozzle of area 0.1 m2 and strikes the
ef

17. [MCQ, ] turning vane as shown in the figure. The vane turns
Which of the following statements are true? the jet downward parallel to the inclined plane. Find
R

P: In Case 1, the velocity at section A is twice the out the minimum jet velocity (in m/s) which will not

velocity at section B allow the cart to come down. Neglect friction,

consider density of water = 1000 kg⁄m3 and
Q: In Case 1, the velocity at section A is half the
acceleration due to gravity = 10 m⁄s 2 . (Round off
velocity at section B
to two decimal places)
R: In Case 2, the flow rate at section A is twice
[GATE-2022-XE]
that at section B
S: In Case 2, the flow rate at section A is half that
at section B
 the engine, the air passes through the
combustion chamber and the exhaust gas exists
the jet engine horizontally at a constant speed of
700 m/s. The fuel mass flow rate added in the
combustion chamber is negligible compared to
the air mass flow rate. Also neglect the pressure
difference between the inlet air and the exhaust
20. [NAT, ]
gas. The absolute value of the horizontal force
A water jet (density = 1000 kg/m3 ) is
(in kN, up to one decimal place) on the jet

0 de
approaching a vertical plate, having an orifice at
engine is ______.
the center, as shown in the figure. While a part
[GATE-2021: XE]
of the jet passes through the orifice, remainder

I1 o
flows along the plate. Neglect friction and

c
assume both the inlet and exit jets to have
circular cross-sections. If V = 5 m/s, D =
22. [NAT, ]
A 10 kg mass placed on an infinitely long
EG al
100 mm and d = 25 mm, magnitude of the horizontal massless flat platform is to be
horizontal force (in N, rounded off to one supported by a steady vertical water jet as
N rr

decimal place) required to hold the plate in its shown in the figure. The diameter of the jet is
position is ________. 5 cm. What minimum average velocity is
e

[GATE-2023: XE-2M] required to hold the mass in place?

ef
R

Assume ρwater =
1000 kg⁄m3 , g = 10 m⁄s2 and π = 3.14.bNe
21. [NAT, ]
glect friction. (Round off to two decimal
Air (of density 0.5 kg/m3 ) enters horizontally
places)
into a jet engine at a steady speed of 200 m/s
[GATE-2022-XE]
through an inlet area of 1.0 m2 . Upon entering
23. [NAT, ]
Consider two-dimensional turbulent flow of air
over a horizontal flat plate of length 1 m. Skin
friction coefficient at a length x from the leading
edge of the plate is obtained as
cf = 0.06⁄(Rex )0.2 [GATE-2022-XE]

Where, Rex is the local Reynolds number. 25. [NAT, ]

2
Find out the drag force per unit width (in N⁄m ) Consider a cart of mass 10 kg placed on an
on the plate if the free stream air velocity is

0 de
inclined plane (angle of inclincation 60° with
10 m⁄s. Density and dynamic viscosity of air horizontal) a shown in the figure. A turning vane
are given as 1.2 kg⁄m3 and 1.83 × of negl8igible weight is mounted on the cart. A

I1 o
−5 2
10 N − s⁄m , respectively. (Round off to horizontal steady water jet is issued from a
three decimal places) stationary nozzle of area 0.1 m2 and strikes the
c [GATE-2022-XE] turning vane as shown in the figure. The vane
EG al
turns the jet downward parallel to the inclined
24. [NAT, ] plane. Find out the minimum jet velocity (in m/s)
Consider a lawn sprinkler with horizontal arms of
N rr

which will not allow the cart to come down.

radius, a = 10 cm which has water introduced
Neglect friction, consider density of water =
vertically through the centre, as shown in the figure.
e

1000 kg⁄m3 and acceleration due to gravity =

2
The exit area of the jet is 25 cm and the jet velocity
10 m⁄s2 . (Round off to two decimal places)
ef

is 1 m⁄s. The water is ejected orthogonal to the

[GATE-2022-XE]
sprinkler arm and the jet makes an angle of 60° with
R

the horizontal plane. Find the torque (in N-m)

required to hold the sprinkler stationary. Consider
water density 1000 kg⁄m3. Neglect the effects of
friction and gravity (Round off to two decimal
places).
 Answer Key
1. (D) 14. (2034.85)
2. (6.85 to 8.11) 15. (D)
3. (4.25 to 4.45) 16. (A)
4. (D) 17. (C)
5. (D) 18. (D)
6. (84.41 to 89.41) 19. (0.74 to 0.78)
7. (D) 20. (183.0 to 185.0)
8. (B) 21. (48.0 to 52.0)

0 de
9. (10.5 to 12.0) 22. (6.95 to 7.20)
10. (3.0) 23. (MTA)
11. (20 to 20) 24. (0.24 to 0.26)

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12. (947 to 947) 25. (0.74 to 0.78)
13. (7.99)

c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 2. Answer: (6.85 to 8.11)

Applying linear momentum equation

0 de
Applying linear momentum equation
−V1 ρA1 V1 − V2 ρA2 V2 + V3 cos 43° ρA3 V3 R x = (ṁVf )x − (mVi )x
= −FA + P1 A1 − −(1) = ṁ(Vf − Vi )

I1 o
From conservation of mass = ρAV(V cos θ − 0)

Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3 R x = ρAV 2 cos θ − − − (1)

V1 A1 = V2 A2 + V3 A3 c
(6)(0.07) = (9)(0.04) + V3 (0.07)
Given height of fluid in the tank h = 2 m

And V = √2gh
EG al
⇒ V3 = 0.8571 m/s = √2 × 9.81 × 2
From eq(1) V = 6.26 m/s
N rr

−ρA1 V12 − ρA2 V22 + V3 cos 43° ρA3 V3 Substitute V = 6.26 m/s in eq(1)
= −FA + P1 A1
e

∴ R x = ρAV 2 cos θ
⇒ −(1000 × 0.07 × 36) π
= 1000 × (0.05)2 × (6.26)2 cos 60°
ef

− (1000 × 0.04 × 81) 4

⇒ R x = 38.5 N
+ 0.857 cos 43° × 1000 × 0.07
R

The mass that is just sufficient is

× 0.8571
Given by R x = Mg. μ
= −FA + 69 × 103 × 0.07
Rx
⇒ −2520 − 3240 + 37.608 = −FA + 4830 ⇒M=
g. μ
⇒ −5722.392 = −FA + 4830
38.5
⇒ FA = 10552.392 N = 10.552 kN =
9.81 × 0.55
M = 7.14 kg
3. Answer: (4.25 to 4.45) 4. Answer: (D)

Applying the x component of the linear

momentum equation to the C.V.

0 de
Fx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
= ρAV(V cos θ) − ρAV. V
= ρAV 2 cos θ − ρAV 2

I1 o
Applying linear momentum equation
Fx = ρAV 2 (cos θ − 1)
(mv
̇ )f − (mv
̇ )i = −FA − Wcone

∴ Fx = −T
c
T = tension in the string
(ṁv2 cos θ − ṁv1 ) = −FA − Wcone
(ṁv2 cos θ − ṁv1 ) + FA = −Wcone
EG al
ρAV 2 (cos θ − 1) = −T
⇒ Wcone = ṁ(v1 − v2 cos θ) − FA
⇒ T = ρAV 2 (1 − cos θ)
⇒ m. g = ṁ(v1 − v2 cos θ) − FA
N rr

Since, for equilibrium, tension in the string

ṁ(v1 − v2 cos θ) FA
equals to Mg because of Friction less nature of ⇒ mcone = −
g g
e

pulley ρAv1 (v1 − v2 cos θ) FA

⇒ mcone = −
∴ T = ρAV 2 (1 − cos θ) = Mg g g
ef

ρAV 2 ⇒ mcone
⇒M= (1 − cos θ) π
g (1.23) × × (0.1)2 . 30(30 − 30 cos 30°)
R

4
=
Substitute all values in the above equation. 9.81
π
1000 × 4 × (0.064)2 × 102 0.1
−
M= (1 − cos 30) 9.81
9.81
mcone = 0.108 kg
⇒ M = 4.39 kg

5. Answer: (D)
∂
Fx = FSx + FBx = ∫ uρdV + ∫ u. ρV ⃗
⃗ . dA
∂t CV CS

m3
D1 = 0.25 m D2 = 0.2 m Q = 1.5
s
P1 = 3500 kPa ρ = 999 kg/m3
 πD12 Q At outlet, Q = Vout Aout
A1 = A1 = 0.0491 m2 V1 = V
4 A1 1 0.05 = Vout [(0.5)2 − π(0.05)2 ]
= 30.6 m/s ⇒ Vout = 0.2065 m/s
π
A2 = (D12 − D22 ) A2 = 0.0177 m2 Applying the Linear momentum equation on
4
Q Control volume along y-direction (downwards)
V2 = V2 = 84.9 m/s
A2
Applying the basic equation
−F + p1 . A2 − p2 . A2
= 0 + V1 . (−ρ. V1 . A1 ) + V2 . (ρ. V2 . A2 )

0 de
And p2 = 0 (gage)
Hence F = p1 . A1 + ρ. (V12 . A1 − V22 . A2 )
F = 3500 × 0.0491 + 999 × [(30.6)2 . 0.0491

I1 o
− (84.9)2 × 0.0177]
F = 90.4 kN
c − Fy = −mvout − mvin
= −ρw Aout (Vout )2 − ρw Ain (Vin )2
EG al
6. Answer: (84.41 to 89.41) = −1000 × [(0.5)2 − π(0.05)2 ] ×
Pipe diameter d = 100 mm
(0.2065)2 − 1000 × π(0.05)2 × (6.366)2
N rr

Side of tank a = 500 mm

⇒ Fy = 328.63 N
3
Discharge Q = 0.05 m /s
e

The weight of the water in the tank at a depth

K = 8 KN/m
of 1m is
ef

Taking water in pipe and tank as a control

WN = ρw gvw = 1000 × 9.81 × [(0.5)2 ] =
volume
2452.5 N
R

∴ Total downward force is

F = Fy + WN = 328.63 + 2452.5
= 278.13 N
For equilibrium of the tank, this total
downward force must be counter balance by
spring force Fs .
Number of springs = 4

At pipe inlet, Q = Vin Ain ∴ Spring force = 4Fs = F

0.05 = Vin [π(0.05)2 ] ∴ 4Fs = 2781.13

⇒ Fs = 695.283 N
⇒ Vin = 6.366 m/s
 The compression of the spring Fs = 8. Answer: (B)
695.283 = Kx
695.283 = (8 × 103 ) × x
⇒ x = 86.91 mm

7. Answer: (D)
Control volume diagram of the cart is
∑ ⃗Fc.v = (mv
̇ )0,x − (mv
̇ )i,x

(P1 A − P2 A) − Fx = ρ1 A1 V1 (V2 − V1 )

0 de
⇒ −Fx = [ρV1 (V2 − V1 ) − (P1 − P2 )]A
π
−Fx = [(1 × 300 × 70) − (10 × 103 )]
4
× 12

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π
−Fx = −3000 ×

(1) and (2)

c
Applying linear momentum equation between
−Fx = −750 π N
→ Fx = 750 π N
4
EG al
−Fx − FD = −(ṁv)f − (ṁv)i
−Fx − FD = −ṁ(v − u) sin θ − ṁ(v − u)
9. Answer: (10.5 to 12.0)
N rr

−Fx − FD = −ṁ(v − u) [sin θ + 1]

Fx = (500 × 200 × 10−4 ) + 105
−(Fx + FD ) = −ρA(v − u)2 [sin θ + 1]
0.1 0.1
e

⇒ Fx = ρA(v − u)2 [1 + sin θ] − FD {0.1 × 103 × { −4

+ }}
100 × 10 200 × 10−4
Given FD = KU 2
ef

Fx = (1.5 × 103 ) + (10 × 103 )

∴ Fx = ρA(v − u)2 [1 + sin θ] − KU 2
⇒ Fx = 11.5 kN
π 25 2
R

2
Max = 1000 × 4 (1000) × (30 − 10) [1 +

sin 30°] − 0.92 × (10)2 10. Answer: (3.0)

1 At equilibrium
⇒ ax = [294.46 − 92]
M W=F
1
ax = [202.46] mg = ρaV 2
15
ρaV 2
⇒ ax = 13.49 m/s2 ≅ 13.5 m/s 2 m=
g
ṁV
m=
g
0.01 × 3
⇒ mb =
10
⇒ mb = 0.003 kg
 ⇒ mb = 3 gm Fx = ρAVJ [VJ cosθ − 0]
Fx = 7.99N

11. Answer: (20 to 20)

2
Fx = −ρA(VJ − Vp ) 14. Answer: (2034.85)
2
ṁ = ρAV
Fx = ρA(Vj − Vp )
Fx + P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos θ
For plate
= ṁ{V2 cos θ − V1 }
2
Fx1 = ρA(Vj − V0 ) ⇒ Fx = ṁ{V2 cos θ − V1 } + P2 A2 cos θ − P1 A1
For water jet ṁ ṁ
Fx = 14 { cos θ − } + (101.325)

0 de
ΣFX = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x ρAout ρAin
× 103 × 7 × 10−4 × cos θ
= ṁ(Vf,x − Vi,x )
− (301.325) × 103 × 113
= ρA(Vj − Vp )(0 − (Vj − Vp )

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2
× 10−4
Fx = −ρa(Vj − Vp )
Fx = ṁ{Vout cos θ − Vin } + P2 A2 cos θ − P1 A1
Fx = ρa(Vj − Vp )
2
c
= 1000 × 2 × 10−4 × (20 − 10)2
⇒ Fx =
(14)2 cos 30°
3
{
10 7 × 10 −4
−
1
113 × 10−4
}
EG al
Fx = 20 N + 101.325 × 103 × 7 × 10−4
× cos 30° − 301.325 × 103
N rr

× 113 × 10−4
12. Answer: (947 to 947)
For Water Jet ⇒ Fx = −334352 N
e

ΣFx = (ṁV)f.x − (ṁv)i.x = −334.35 kN

ef

̇ V ) |Fx | = 334.35 kN
Fx = ṁ(Vf,x − i.x

Fx = ρA(VJ − Vc )[(VJ cosθ − V) − (VJ − Vc )]

R

15. Answer: (D)

Fx = ρAV. (0 − V)
Fx = −ρAV 2
⇒ |Fx | = ρAV 2
= 103 × 5 × 10−4 × 102
2
Fx = ρA(Vj − Vc ) = 50 N

(cosθ − 1)
Fx = −947N 16. Answer: (A)
π
Q̇ = m3 /s
100
13. Answer: (7.99) Q
V=
ΣFx = (ṁv)f,x − (ṁv)i,x A
= ṁ[Vf,x − Vi,x ]
 ΣFy = Fy − Patm . A. Cos 60° Fj = Force applied by jet
= ṁout . Vout,y − ṁin Vin,y ΣF = 0
π 1 10π So Fj = Mg sin 60° _____ (I)
Fy = 101.325 × × (0.2)2 × + (π
4 2 (0.2)2
4 Now, initial momentum of water along x
π 1 direction: (Mi )
× × )
100 2
[Where V = velocity of jet
π 1 ṁ = Mass flow rate of water (kg/s)
⇒ Fy = 101.325 × 103 × × (0.2)2 ×
4 2
π Mi = ṁ V cos 60° ____ (II)
10π × 1001
+ (π × ) ṁ = ρAV]

0 de
× (0.2)2 2
4
Final momentum of water (Mf ) in x direction
ṁg = −ṁV ______ (III)
17. Answer: (C)

I1 o
Now, Net force = Mi − Mf
Q̇A = Q̇ B
= ṁV cos 60° − (−ṁV)
⇒ A2A VA = AB VB

⇒ VB = 2. VA ⇒ VA =
VB
2
c = mV̇ (cos 60° + 1)
So, FJ = ṁV(1 + cos 60°) Replacing ṁ
EG al
Let VA = VB = ρAV 2 (11 cos 60°)
N rr

Q2A AA . VA Now from equation (I)

= ⇒ Q̇A = 2. Q̇B
AB AB VB Fj = Mg sin 60°
e

⇒ ρAV 2 (11 cos 60°) = Mg sin 60°

18. Answer: (D) Replacing the values; in the above equation
ef

Q̇A = Q̇ B 103 × (0.1) × V 2 (11 cos 60°)

VB
⇒ VA = = 10 × 10 × sin 60°
R

2
sin 60
VB > VA V2 = = 0.5774
(1 + cos60°)
So V = 0.7698 m/s
19. Answer: (0.74 to 0.78)

20. Answer: (183.0 to 185.0)

Given
V = 5 m⁄s
D = 100 mm
d = 25 mm
Fx = (Initial Momentum Rate)x
− (Final Momentum Rate)x
 Fx = Ṁ1 ⃗V1x − Ṁ2 ⃗V2x
22. Answer: (6.95 to 7.20)
= V(Ṁ1 − Ṁ2 )
= V[ρA1 V1 − ρA2 V2 ] (V1 = V2 = V)
23. Answer: (MTA)
2
= ρV [A1 − A2 ]
π π 24. Answer (0.24 to 0.26)
= 1000 × 52 × [ × 0.12 − × 0.0252 ]
4 4
Fx = 183.984 N 25. Answer:0.74 to 0.78
21. Answer: (48.0 to 52.0)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 42

Chapter : Integral Analysis for a Control Volume

Topic : Angular Momentum Equation

1. [NAT, ]
3. [NAT, ]
A lawn sprinkler with two nozzles
Water flows through a bent pipe as shown in
0.5 cm diameter each at 20 cm and 15 cm radii
figure. The portion AB is in a vertical plane where
is connected across a tap capable of 6 L/min

0 de
as BCD is in a horizontal plane. The atmospheric
discharge. The nozzle discharge water upwards
pressure is 1 bar, then the torque about the
and outwards from the plane of rotation, then
vertical axis through B acting in the anti-
the total torque due to nozzles A and B is _____

I1 o
clockwise direction is _____N-m (round off to
N-m (round off to three decimal places).
two decimal places).

c
EG al
N rr

2. [NAT, ]
e

The 3-arm lawn sprinkler shown receives

ef

20°C water through the center at 2.7m3 /hr. If

4. [MSQ, ]
collar friction is neglected, what is the steady
Water is flowing through a 12-cm diameter pipe
R

rotation rate in rev/min for θ = 400 . Neglect air

drag _______. (round off to nearest integer)
(one-inlet & one-outlet steady flow) that
consists of a 3-m long vertical and 2-m long
horizontal section with 90° below at the exit to
force the water to be discharged downward in
the vertical direction, as shown in the below
figure. Water discharges to atmospheric air at a
velocity of 4 m/s, and the mass of the pipe
section when filled with water is 15 kg/m
length. Which one or more of the following
statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
 [GATE-2015-XE]

6. [NAT, ]
Consider a lawn sprinkler with horizontal arms of

0 de
radius, a = 10 cm which has water introduced
vertically through the centre, as shown in the
figure. The exit area of the jet is 25 cm2 and the

I1 o
jet velocity is 1 m⁄s. The water is ejected
A. For downward discharge, the moment acting
orthogonal to the sprinkler arm and the jet

m. c
on the pipe at point A is 62.6 N-m to 68.6 N-

B. For downward discharge, the moment acting

makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal plane.
Find the torque (in N-m) required to hold the
EG al
sprinkler stationary. Consider water density
on the pipe at point A is 35.5 N-m to 36.5 N-
1000 kg⁄m3 . Neglect the effects of friction and
m.
N rr

gravity (round off to two decimal places).

C. For upward discharge, the moment acting on
the pipe at point A is 654.4 N-m to 658.4 N-
e

m.
ef

D. For upward discharge, the moment acting on

the pipe at point A is 515.5 N-m to 518.5 N-
m.
R

5. [NAT, ] [GATE-2022-XE]

The total discharge of water through a lawn
sprinkler shown in the figure is one liter per 7. [NAT, ]
minute. The velocity of the jet at each end, A sprinkler shown in the figure rotates about its

relative to the arm, is 2π/30 m/s. The density hinge point in a horizontal plane due to water
flow discharged through its two exit nozzles.
of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the length of each
arm is 0.1 m. If the frictional torque of the pivot
is π/36 mN. m, the rotational speed, in
revolutions per minute, of the sprinkler is The total flow rate Q through the sprinkler is
______ (round off to nearest integer). 1 litre⁄sec and the cross-sectional area exit
 nozzle is 1 cm2 . Assuming equal flow rate −22 kPa (gauge); exhaust static pressure =
through both arms and a frictionless the steady 0 kPa (gauge); mass flow rate through the
state angular speed of rotation (in rad/s) of the engine= 100 kg/s. The anchoring force (in kN)
sprinkler is _____ (round off to two decimal
in axial direction on the thrust stand is ______.
places).
[GATE-2018-ME]

8. [NAT, ]
A jet engine is to be tested on a thrust stand as
shown in the figure below. The conditions

0 de
prevailing in a typical test are as follows: Axial
intake air velocity = 100 m/s; axial exhaust gas

I1 o
velocity= 250 m/s; intake cross-sectional area
[GATE-2019-XE]
2
=1m ; intake static pressure =
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (0.0265 to 0.0411) 5. (15)
2. (314 to 319) 6. (0.24 to 0.26)
3. (46.45 to 49.54) 7. (9.50 to 10.50)
4. (A, C) 8. (15 to 15)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.0265 to 0.0411) 2. Answer: (314 to 319)
6 × 10−3 The velocity exiting each arm is
QA = QB =
2 × 60
Q/3 2.7/(3600)(3) m
= 50 × 10−6 m3 /s Vo = = = 6.50
(π/4)d2 (π/4)(0.007) 2 s
UA = UB
π Vo cosθ
∴ QA = d2 . UA Now, ωfinal =
4 R
π
50 × 10−6 = (0.005)2 . UA (6.50)cos400 rad
4 ω= = 33.195

0 de
0.15m s
⇒ UA = UB = 2.54 m/s
rev
= 316.988
min

I1 o
3. Answer: (46.45 to 49.54)
π
ṁ = ρV1 A1 = 1000 × 5 × (5)2 × 10−4
c = 9.817 kg/s
4
EG al
A1 5 2
V2 = V1 = 5 × ( ) = 31.25 m/s.
A2 2
N rr

Since the inlet momentum is purely in the

UAθ = 2.54 cos 30° = 2.2 m/s
vertical direction, the momentum in the
UθB = 2.54 cos 45° = 1.8 m/s
e

horizontal plane is solely due to V2 and is

When stationary, Torque due to nozzles
ṁV2 = 9.817 × 31.25 = 306.78 N.
ef

discharging water (ω = 0)
If the anti-clockwise torque acting on the water
T = ρQ(Vt1 r1 − Vt 2 r2 )
due to pipe action is T, the conservation of
R

= ρQ[(rA ω − UAθ )rA − (UBθ − rBω )rB ]

moment of momentum leads to:
TA = 1000 × 50 × 10−6 × 2.2 × 0.20
P2 = 1.5 − 1
= 0.0220 Nm
∴ (P2 )gauge = 0.5 bar
TB = 1000 × 50 × 10−6 × 1.8 × 1.5
ṁV2 sin α . r = T − P2 A2 sin α . r
= 0.0135 Nm
Total torque or T = (ṁV2 + P2g A2 )r sin α
π
= 0.0220 + 0.0135 = 0.0355 m = (306.78 + 0.5 × 105 × × 22 × 10−4 )
4
× 30 × 10−2 × 0.5
= 48.37 N − m anti-clockwise.
 The torque acting on the bend as reaction from
water is 48.37 Nm, but clockwise. Hence the
bend will tend to rotate in the clockwise
direction about the vertical axis through OB.

4. Answer: (A, C) ṁL ṁL

−T = [(ωr − vr )] +
One-inlet & one-outlet ⇒ V1 = V2 2 2
ṁ = ṁ1 = ṁ2 (ωi − vi )
∴ ṁ = 45.2304 kg/s −T = ṁLr (ωr − vr )
W = mg
π 1 2πN 2π
= 15 × 2 × 9.81 − × 10−3 = × 0.1 [ × 0.1 − ]

0 de
36 60 60 30
W = 294.3 N/m
⇒ N = 15 rpm

I1 o
6. Answer: (0.24 to 0.26)
T = (ṁvr)f,L + (ṁvr)f,R

For downward discharge

c = 2ṁ(RVr cos α)
EG al
T = 2ρQRVr cos α
(ΣMA )D = ∑ rṁV − ∑ rṁV
out in = 2 × 1000 × 25 × 10−4 × 1 × 0.1 × cos 60°
N rr

(MA )D − r1 W = −r2 ṁV2

⇒ (MA )D = r1 W − r2 ṁV2 = 0.25 N-m
e

= (1 × 294.3) − (2 × 45.2304 × 4)
(MA )D = −65.55 N-m 7. Answer: (9.50 to 10.50)
ef
R

R L = 10 cm
R Q = 20 cm } R R = 2R L
aL = ar = 1 cm2
ṀL = ṀR = Ṁ
(MA )D = r1 W + r2 ṁV2
Q
= 1 × 294.3 + 2 × 45.2304 × 4 QL = QR = = 0.5 litre⁄s
2
= 656.143 N-m
QL
VL =
aL
5. Answer: (15)
QR
ṁ = V̇e VR =
qR
ṁ = 10−3 × 103 = 1 kg⁄min
VL = VR = V
2π
Vr = m/s ΣT = (ṁvr)f,L + (ṁvr)f,R = 0
30
(ṁvr)f,L + (ṁvr)f,R = 0 QL
ω=
5aL R L
−(ṀL VL′ R L ) + (ṀR VR′ R R ) = 0
0.5 × 103
−ṀL (VL + R L ω)TL + ṀR (VR − R R ω R R = 0) ω=
5 × 10−4 × 10−1
−(V + R L ω)R L + (V − 2R L ω)2R L = 0 ω = 10 rad⁄s
−V − R L ω + 2V − 4R L ω = 0
V − 5R L ω = 0 8. Answer: (15 to 15)
V
ω=
5R L

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP - 43

Chapter : Integral Analysis for a Control Volume

Topic : Conservation of mass, Liner momentum equation & Angular
momentum equation

1. [MCQ, ] the expression for the force required to hold the
Water enters the bottom of the cone as shown rocket on the test stand is _____.

0 de
in the below figure at a uniformly increasing
average velocity V = Kt, where K is a constant &
t is time. For the condition h = 0 at t = 0, the

I1 o
expression for the water surface rise h(t) is _____

c
EG al
A. F = ρe Ae Ve2 + Ae Pe
B. F = ρe Ae Ve2 + Ae (Pe − Pa )
N rr

C. F = ρe Ae Ve2 − Ae Pe
D. F = ρe Ae Ve2 + Ae Pe2
e
ef

1 3. [NAT, ]
2 2 2 3
A. h(t) = [5 Kt d cot θ]
The alcohol jet exiting from a horizontal nozzle
2
B. h(T) = [7 Kt 2 d2 cot 2 θ]
R

having a pressure gauge of upper side of the

1
1 3
nozzle through a small opening and impinges on
2 2
C. h(t) = [8 Ktd cot θ]
a stationary vertical plate, as shown in the below
3 1/3
D. h(t) = [8 Kt 2 d2 cot 2 θ] figure. A force F = 425 N is required to hold the
plate stationary. The mass flow rate of alcohol is

2. [MCQ, ] _____ kg⁄s (round off to two decimal places).

A rocket has a supersonic exhaust. The exit

pressure Pe is not necessarily equal to the
atmospheric pressure Pa , as shown in the below
figure. If the rocket is rest on the test stand, then
4. [NAT, ]

0 de
An incompressible fluid flows steadily through
two pipes of diameter 0.15 m and 0.2 m which 6. [NAT, ]

combine to discharge in a pipe of 0.3 m Firefighters are holding a nozzle at the end of a

I1 o
diameter. If the average velocities in the 0.15 m hose while trying to extinguish a fire. If the

c
and 0.2 m diameter pipes are 2 m/s and 3 m/s
respectively, then the average velocity in the
nozzle exit diameter is 8 cm and the water flow
rate is 12 m3 / min, the horizontal resistance
EG al
0.3 m diameter pipe is _______ m/s (round off force required of the firefighters to hold the

to two decimal places). nozzle is __________ N (round off to one

N rr

decimal place).

5. [NAT, ]
e

7. [NAT, ]
A water tank has a 3 cm diameter inlet at A, a
An 8 cm diameter horizontal water jet having a
ef

4 cm diameter outlet at B and a 3 cm diameter

velocity of 35 m/s strikes a vertical stationary
controllable inlet at C. If the velocity of water at
flat plate. The water splatters in all directions in
R

the inlet A is 2.0 m/s and the velocity of flow

the plane of the plate. The force required to hold
going out at B = 1.85 m/s, the velocity at the
the plate against the water stream is _______ N
inlet at C to see that the water level in the tank
(round off to one decimal place).
does not change is _________ m/s (correct upto
two decimal places).
8. [NAT, ]
A 16 cm diameter horizontal water jet with a
speed of Vj = 20 m/s relative to the ground is
deflected by 40° cone moving to the left at Vc =
 10 m/s. The external force, F, needed to normal to the rotating arm. Assuming the
maintain the motion of the cone is _____N. frictional resistance to be zero, calculate its
(round off to one decimal place).Neglect the speed of rotation (in rpm) (round off to nearest
gravity and surface shear effects and assume the integer)
cross-sectional area of water jet normal to the
direction of motion remains constant
throughout the flow.

11. [NAT, ]

0 de
Water flows steadily through a splitter as shown
in figure below, with V̇1 = 0.08 m3 ⁄s, V̇2 =
0.05 m3 ⁄s & V̇3 = 0.03 m3 ⁄s. The diameters

I1 o
at the inlet and outlets of the splitters are D1 =
D2 = 0.12 m & D3 = 0.1 m. If the pressure

9. [NAT, ]
c readings at the inlet and outlets of the splitter
EG al
A sprinkler as shown in figure used to deliver are P1 = 100 kPa, P2 = 90 kPa & P3 = 80 kPa,
water. Water enters into the sprinkler steadily at the external force required to hold the splitter
N rr

rate of 9 π L/S. Both the water jet has equal fixed is _____ N (round off to two decimal
discharge and equal diameter of 1.5 cm. The places). Assume water is discharged to the
e

angular velocity of sprinkler at equilibrium is atmosphere.

____ rad/s (round off to one decimal place).
ef

Neglect frictional losses.

R

10. [NAT, ]

A sprinkler with unequal arms and jets of area
0.8 cm2 facing in the same direction is shown in
fig. A flow of 1.5 L/s enters the assembly
12. [NAT, ]
A 2.8 m3 ⁄s water jet is moving in the positive x-
direction at 6 m/s. The stream hits a stationary
splitter, such that half of the flow is diverted
upward at 45° and the other half is directed
downward, and both streams have a final
average speed of 5.5 m⁄s. The magnitude of x-
component force required to hold the splitter in
place against the water force is _____ N (round

0 de
off to two decimal places). Neglect gravitational
effects.

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (D) 8. (4231.5 to 4235.5)
2. (B) 9. (114.5 to 118.5)
3. (10.22 to 10.32) 10. (34 to 37)
4. (1.81 to 1.85) 11. (250.65 to 256.65)
5. (1.24 to 1.32) 12. (4505.75 to 4515.75)
6. (7955.7 to 7959.7)
7. (6154.5 to 6159.5)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) 2. Answer: (B)

0 de
Horizontal force balance
D
tan   Fx  F   Pe  Pa  Ae
2h
&e Ve  m &o Voo  F   Pe  Pa  Ae
&f Vfo  m
 D  2h tan  m

I1 o
&e Ve  F   Pe  Pa  Ae
m
d
&out   m
&In  m &cv 


m

 d 1
dt c 
e Ae Ve2  F   Pe  Pa  Ae

 F e Ae Ve2   Pe  Pa  Ae
EG al
D2
  d2  V       h  
4  dt  3 4 
t t h h
3. Answer: (10.22 to 10.32)
 2  2 
N rr

t0 4 d Kt dt  h0 d  12 4h  tan  h 

2
e

t h
d Kcot 2  dt   d  h3 
3 2
4 0 h 0
ef

1/3
3 2 2
 8 d Kcot t   h  t 
2

 
R

1/3

 h  t    3 d2Kcot 2  t 2 
8 
From Linear momentum equation

FX   mV
& f ,x   mV
& i,x
F  mV
&2

F  A2V22 425  0.79 1000  0.02 2  V22
4
V2  41.385m / s
& A2V2
Mass flow rate of alcohol m
  7. Answer: (6154.5 to 6159.5)
 0.79 1000   0.022   41.385
4
&  10.27kg / s
m.

4. Answer: (1.81 to 1.85)

From continuity
A1 V1 + A2 V2 = A3 V3
π π π
⇒ d12 V1 + d12 V2 = d23 V3
4 4 4
2
d1 d2 2
⇒ V3 = ( ) × V1 + ( ) × V2 Fx,on fluid = ṁ{Vf,x − Vin,x }

0 de
d3 d3
2 ρAV{0 − V} = ρAV 2
V1 2 π
⇒ V3 = + ( ) × V2 F = ρAV 2 = 103 × (0.08)2 × 352
4 3 4
1 4
= 6157.5 N

I1 o
⇒ V3 = + (3) = 1.833 m/s
2 9
V3 = 1.833 m/s

c
5. Answer: (1.24 to 1.35)
8. Answer: (4231.5 to 4235.5)
EG al
QA + QC = QB
(AV)A + (AV)C = (AV)B
π
[(0.03)2 × 2 + (0.03)2 × Vc ]
N rr

4
π
= × (0.04)2 × 1.85
4
e

(0.03)2 [2 + Vc ] = (0.04)2 × 1.85

F = −Facting on cone = Facting on fluid = ṁ{Vf,x − Vin,x }
0.04 2
ef

⇒ Vc = ( ) × 1.85 − 2 ṁ = ρA(Vj + Vc ) × {(Vj + Vc ) cos 40° − (Vj + Vc )}

0.03
2
Vc = 1.288 m⁄s ⇒ |F| = ρAj (Vj + Vc ) × {cos 40° − 1}
π
R

= 103 × × (0.16)2 × (30)2 × {1 − cos 40°}

6. Answer: (7955.7 to 7959.7) 4
= 4233.5 N

9. Answer: (114.5 to 118.5)

v = Velocity of water from jet
Q = 12 m3 ⁄min Q′
(∴ Q = )
12 3 2
= m ⁄s = 0.2 m3 ⁄s
60 π 2 9π
Q ⇒Q= d ×v= × 10−3 m3 /s
Fon fluid,x = ṁ(V − 0) = ρQV = ρQ ( ) 4 2
A
2 3 2 π 9π
ρQ 10 × (0.2) × 4 × 0.0152 × v = × 10−3 ⇒ v = 80 m/s
|F| = = 4 2
A π × (0.08)2
= 7957.7 N v1 = Absolute exit velocity from (1)
v1 = v cos 30 − ω × 0.4
 v2 = absolute exit velocity from (2) = −ρQn [0 − (r3 V3 − r2 V2 )]
= v cos 60 − ω × 0.5 For zero frictional resistance T = 0 and hence
Net change in angular moment = 0 r3 V3 = r2 V2
⇒ ρQv2 × 0.5 + ρQ × v1 × 0.4 = 0 0.4(9.375 − 0.4ω)
v2 × 0.5 + v1 × 0.4 = 0 = 0.3(9.375 + 0.3ω)
V COS 60 × 0.5 − ω × 0.52 + V COS 30 × 0.4 0.9375
ω= = 3.75 rad/s
− ω × 0.42 = 0 0.25
3.75 × 60
⇒ ω = 116.37 rad/s ⇒ N= = 35.81 rpm
2π

0 de
10. Answer: (34 to 37) 11. Answer: (250.65 to 256.65)

I1 o
c
EG al
1.5
Qn = distance from each nozzle =
2
N rr

= 0.75 L/s
1.5 × 1000 cm
v= = 937.5
0.8 × 2 s
e

Velocities at each section are

= 9.375m/s
V̇1 Q1 0.08
ef

Let ω= angular velocity of the arm. V1 = = =π = 7.075 m⁄s

A1 A1 (0.12)2
4
Designating the jet at shorter arm by 2 and at Q2 0.05
R

V2 = =π = 4.424 m⁄s
the longer arm by 3 A2 (0.12)2
4
Relative velocities, v2 = v3 = 9.375 m/s Q3 0.03
V3 = =π = 3.8204 m⁄s
Tangential velocity A3 (0.1)2
4
u2 = ωr2 = 0.3ω Applying linear momentum equation in x-
u3 = ωr3 = 0.4ω direction
(Note that u2 and v2 are in the same −P1 A1 cos θ + P2 A2 + R x
direction) = ρV̇1 cos θV1 − ρV̇2 V2
Absolute velocity ⇒ R x = ρV̇1 cos θV1 − ρV2̇ V2
V2 = v2 + ωr2 = 9.375 + 0.3ω + P1 A1 cos θ − P2 A2
V3 = v3 − ωr3 = 9.375 − 0.4 ω
Torque on the arm = To
= (1000 × 0.08 × cos 30° × 7.075) R y = 105.568 N
− (1000 × 0.05 × 4.424) + 100 Resultant Force R =
π
× 103 × (0.12)2 × cos 30° √(230.556)2 + (105.568)2
4
𝜋 R = 253.57 N
− 90 × 103 × (0.12)2
4
R x = (490.1703) − (221.2) + (979.27) 12. Answer: (4505.75 to 4515.75)
− (1017.684) ṁ = ρQ

R x = 230.556 N ṁ = 1000 × 2.8 = 2800 kg⁄s

Applying linear momentum equation in y- ṁ1 = 2800 kg⁄s

0 de
ṁ1
direction ṁ2 =
2
R y + P3 A3 − P1 A1 sin θ = ρV̇1 V1 sin θ − ρV̇3 V3
Fx = 2ṁ2 V2 cos θ − ṁV1
⇒ R y = ρV̇1 V1 sin θ − ρV̇3 V3

I1 o
ṁ
=2 V cos θ − ṁ1 V1
+ P1 A1 sin θ − P3 A3 2 2
= 1000 (0.08 × 7.075 c
× sin 30° − 0.03 × 3.8204)
Fx = ṁV(cos θ − 1)
= 2800 × 5.5 (cos 45° –1)
EG al
π Fx = −4510.56 N and
+ 100 × 103 × (0.12)2
4 1 1
3 Fz = ṁ(V2 sin θ) − ṁV2 sin θ = 0 N
N rr

× sin 30° − 80 × 10 2 2
π
× (0.1)2
4
e

= 168.388 + 565.38 − 628.2

ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 44

Chapter : Inviscid Flow

Topic : Basic Bernoulli Equation

1. [NAT, ]
Water flows through the 20° reducing bend as
shown in figure, at a rate of 0.025 m3 /s. The

0 de
pressure at section (1) is 150 kPa. The flow is
frictionless, gravitational effects are negligible,
then the force required to hold the bend in place

I1 o
(Resultant of x and y component of forces) is
_____ N (density ρ = 999 kg/m3 ) (round off to
nearest integer) c A. 98
B. 116
C. 100
EG al
D. 104
N rr

3. [NAT, ]
A tap discharges water evenly in a jet at a
e

velocity of 2.6 m/s at the tap outlet, the

ef

diameter of jet at this point being 15 mm. The

jet flows down vertically in a smooth stream,
R

then the diameter of the jet at 0.6 m below the

tap outlet is ____ mm (round off to two decimal
2. [MCQ, ]
places)
In the following figure, the fluid is gasoline at
20°C at a weight flux of 120 N/s. Assuming no
losses. Density of gasoline is 680 kg/m3 . Take
g = 9.81 m/s2 . The value of gauge pressure at
section 1 is (in kPa)
4. [NAT, ]
While traveling on a dirt road, the bottom of a
car hits a sharp rock and a small hole develops at
the bottom of its gas tank. If the height of the
gasoline in the tank is 30 cm, the initial velocity
of the gasoline at the hole is ___________ m/s A. 538

(correct upto three decimal places). B. 461

C. 510
D. 566
5. [NAT, ]

0 de
Water flows radially between the two flanges at
the end of a 0.15 m diameter pipe as shown in 7. [MCQ, ]
Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section, the

I1 o
figure. If the pressure head at A is −0.3 m,
neglecting losses, then the pressure head at B is diameter is 0.3 m, the static pressure is

c
_____m (round off to three decimal places). 260 kPa gauge, the velocity is 3 m/s and the
elevation is 10 m above ground level. The
EG al
elevation at a section downstream is 0 m, and
the pipe diameter is 0.15 m. The gauge pressure
N rr

at the downstream section is _______ kPa.

Frictional effects may be neglected. Assume
e

density of water to be 999 kg/m3 .

ef

A. 168.38
B. 290.57
R

C. 211.46
D. 186.45
6. [MCQ, ]
A pump produces pressure within the syringe
8. [NAT, ]
that gives the plunger A, a velocity of 20 mm/s.
Consider a flow through a nozzle, as shown in
If the saline fluid has a density of 1050 kg/m3 ,
the figure below.
then the pressure developed in the syringe at B
is (in kPa)
 The air flow is steady, incompressible and [GATE-2018-ME]

0 de
inviscid. The density of air is 1.23 kg/m3 . The
10. [MCQ, ]
pressure difference, (p1 − patm ) is
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable for
__________ kPa (round off to two decimal

I1 o
A. viscous and compressible fluid flow
places).
B. inviscid and compressible fluid flow
c [GATE-2020-ME] C. inviscid and incompressible fluid flow
D. viscous and incompressible fluid flow
EG al
9. [NAT, ]
[GATE-2018-CE]
A frictionless circular piston of area 10−2 m2 and
11. [NAT, ]
N rr

mass 100 kg sinks into a cylindrical container of

An inviscid incompressible fluid of density
the same area filled with water of density
e

1000 kg/m3 is flowing in a horizontal pipe of

1000 kg/m3 as shown in the figure. The
tapered cross-section with a flow rate of
ef

container has a hole of area 10−3 m2 at the

4000 cm3 /s. The area of cross-section at two
bottom that is open to the atmosphere.
different locations ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 10 cm2 and
R

Assuming there is no leakage from the edges of

20 cm2 , respectively. The velocity of the fluid at
the piston and considering water to be
the location ‘A’ is 4 m/s and pressure is 5 N/m2 .
incompressible, the magnitude of the piston
The pressure (N/m2 ) at location ‘B’ would be
velocity (in m/s) at the instant shown is _____
________.
(correct to three decimal places).
[GATE-2017-XE]
12. [NAT, ]
Exhaust from a kitchen goes into the
atmosphere through a tapered chimney as
 shown. The area of cross-section of chimney at 2gh
B. √ 1 1
location-1 is twice of that at location-2. The flow −
(H1 +h)2 H2

can be assumed to be inviscid with constant

2g(H−H1 )
exhaust density of 1 kg/m3 and acceleration C. √ 1 1
−
(H1 +h)2 H2

due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2 . If the steady,

2g(H−H1 )
D.
uniform exhaust velocity at location-1 is U = 1 1
( 2 )−( 2 )
H1 H
1m/s, the pressure drop across the chimney is
[GATE-2014-XE]
_____ Pa.
14. [MCQ, ]

0 de
Water is coming out from a tap and falls
vertically downwards. At the tap opening, the
stream diameter is 20 mm with uniform

I1 o
velocity of 2 m/s. Acceleration due to gravity is

c [GATE-2016-XE]
9.81 m/s 2 . Assuming steady, inviscid flow,
constant atmospheric pressure everywhere and
EG al
neglecting curvature and surface tension
13. [MCQ, ]
effects, the diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m
The gravity driven flow over a hump of height h
N rr

below the tap is approximately

in a canal is shown in the figure. The height of
A. 10
the free surface from the canal bed at upstream
e

B. 15
of the hump is H. The free surface height reduces
ef

C. 20
to H1 above the hump.
D. 25
R

[GATE-2013-ME]

15. [MCQ, ]

Bernoulli’s equation is valid for the following
Assuming the canal bed to be horizontal, the type of flow:
discharge per unit width is given by A. compressible, steady, inviscid

2g(H−H1 −h)
B. incompressible, steady, viscous
A. √ 1 1
− 2 C. compressible, unsteady, viscous
H21 H

D. incompressible, steady, inviscid.

[GATE-2013-XE]

16. [MCQ, ]
A large tank with a nozzle attached contains
three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown.
Assuming that the changes in h1 , h2 and h3 are
negligible, the instantaneous discharge velocity
is
indicated in the figure. The gas pressure is
130 kPa. The atmospheric pressure,
gravitational acceleration and density of water
may be taken as 100 kPa, 10 m/s 2 and
1000 kg/m3 , respectively. Neglecting losses,
the maximum velocity (in m/s) of water at any
location in the horizontal portion of the delivery
pipe for the pressure NOT to drop below
atmospheric pressure, is

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rr

A. 1.3
B. 4.2
e

C. 10
ρ1 h1 ρ2 h2
A. √2gh3 (1 + ρ + )
ef

3 h3 ρ3 h3 D. 12

B. √2g(h1 + h2 + h3 ) [GATE-2012-XE]
18. [MCQ, ]
R

ρ1 h1 +ρ2 h2 +ρ3 h3
C. √2g ( )
ρ1 +ρ2 +ρ3 Bernoulli’s equation is valid under steady state
ρ1 h2 h3 +ρ2 h3 h1 +ρ3 h1 h2 A. only along a streamline in inviscid flow, and
D. √2g ( )
ρ1 h1 +ρ2 h2 +ρ3 h3
between any two points in potential flow.
[GATE-2012-ME]
B. between any two points in both inviscid flow
17. [MCQ, ]
and potential flow.
The water level in a gas-pressurized tank with a
C. between any two points in inviscid flow, and
large cross-sectional area is maintained constant
only along a streamline in potential flow,
as shown in the figure below. The water level in
the tank is 4.2 m above the pipe centerline as
 D. only along a streamline in both inviscid flow C. 56.4 kN/m2
and potential flow. D. 61.4 kN/m2
[GATE-2012-AE] [GATE-2009-CE]

19. [MCQ, ] 21. [MCQ, ]

Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational A nozzle has inlet and outlet diameters of 10 cm
flow through a reducer in a horizontal pipe and 5 cm, respectively. If it discharges air at
where the diameter is reduced from 20 cm to steady rate of 0.1 m3 /s into the atmosphere,
10 cm. The pressure in the 20 cm pipe just the gauge pressure (static) at the nozzle inlet will

0 de
upstream of the reducer is 150 kPa. The fluid be
has a vapour pressure of 50 kPa and a specific A. 1.26 kPa

I1 o
weight of 5 kN/m3 . Neglecting frictional effects, B. 1.46 kPa
the maximum discharge (in m3 /s) that can pass C. 3.52 kPa
c
through the reducer without causing cavitation
is
D. 3.92 kPa
[GATE-2009-XE]
EG al
A. 0.05
B. 0.16 22. [MCQ, ]
N rr

C. 0.27 At two points 1 and 2 in a pipeline the velocities

e

D. 0.38 are V and 2V respectively. Both the points are at

[GATE-2009-ME] the same elevation. The fluid density is ρ. The

ef

flow can be assumed to be incompressible,

20. [MCQ, ]
inviscid, steady and irrotational. The difference
R

Water (γw = 9.879 kN/m3 ) flows with a flow

in pressures P1 and P2 at points 1 and 2 is
rate of 0.3 m3 /sec through a pipe AB of
A. 0.5 ρV 2
10 m length and of uniform cross section. The
B. 1.5ρV 2
end B is above end A and pipe makes an angle of
C. 2ρV 2
30ᵒ to the horizontal. For a pressure of
D. 3ρV 2
2
12 kN/m at the end B, the corresponding
[GATE-2007-CE]
pressure at the end A is
23. [MCQ, ]
A. kN/m2
In a Bernoulli’s equation, used in pipe flow, each
B. 17.0 kN/m2
term represents
 A. energy per unit weight B. steady, uniform, incompressible fluid
B. energy per unit mass C. steady, frictionless, incompressible fluid
C. energy per unit volume D. unsteady, incompressible fluid
D. energy per unit flow length [GATE-1996-CE]
[GATE-2001-CE]
26. [MCQ, ]
24. [MCQ, ]
Water flows steadily down in a vertical pipe of
Water flows through a vertical contraction from
constant cross section. Neglecting friction,
a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter d/2
according to Bernoulli’s equation
(see Figure). The flow velocity at the inlet to the

0 de
A. pressure is constant along the length of the
2
contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 kN/m .
pipe
If the height of the contraction measures 2 m,
B. velocity decrease with depth

I1 o
then pressure at the exit of the contraction will
C. pressure decreases with depth
be very nearly
c D. pressure increases with depth
[GATE-1996-CE]
EG al
27. [NAT, ]
Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between any
N rr

two points on a stream line for a rotational flow

field State: True/False.
e

[GATE-1994-ME]
ef

28. [MCQ, ]

2
A. 168 kN/m
Bernoulli’s equation is an equation of
R

B. 192 kN/m2
A. conservation of mass
2
C. 150 kN/m
B. conservation of linear momentum
D. 174 kN/m2
C. conservation of energy
[GATE-1999-ME]
D. conservation of angular momentum
25. [MCQ, ] [GATE-1992-CE]
The equation
29. [MCQ, ]
gz + v 2 /2 + ∫ dp /ρ = Constant along a
Air flows through a venturi and into atmosphere.
steam line holds true for
Air density is ρ; atmospheric pressure is Pa ;
A. steady, frictionless, compressible fluid
throat diameter is Dt ; exit diameter is D and exit
velocity is U. The throat is connected to a
cylinder containing a frictionless piston attached
to a spring. The spring constant is k. The bottom
surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere.
Due to the flow, the piston moves by distance x.
Assuming incompressible frictionless flow, x is

30. [MCQ, ]

0 de
The gauge pressure at section−1, in kPa, is
A. 0.6
B. 13.5

I1 o
C. 135

A. (ρU 2 /2K)πD2s
D2
c
B. (ρU 2 /8K)(D2 − 1)πD2s
D. 600
[GATE-2013-XE]
EG al
t
31. [MCQ, ]
D2
C. (ρU 2 /2K)(D2 − 1)πD2s The magnitude of the force, in kN, required to
t
N rr

D4 hold the pipe in place, is

D. (ρU 2 /8K)(D4 − 1)πD2s
t
A. 2.7
[GATE-2003-ME]
e

B. 5.4
ef

C. 19
Common data for questions 30 & 31:
D. 27
Water enters a symmetric forked pipe and
R

[GATE-2013-XE]
discharges into atmosphere through the two
32. [MCQ, ]
branches as shown in the Figure. The cross-
Which of the following statements are true?
sectional area of section-1 is 0.2 m2 and the
(i) Conservation of mass for an unsteady
velocity across section-1 is 3 m/s. The density of
incompressible flow can be represented as
water may be taken as 1000 kg/m3 . The viscous
effects and elevation changes may be neglected. ∇. ⃗V = 0, where ⃗V denotes velocity vector.
(ii) Circulation is defined as the line integral of
vorticity about a closed curve.
 (iii) For some fluids, shear stress can be a
nonlinear function of the shear strain rate.
(iv) Integration of the Bernoulli’s equation
along a streamline under steady-state leads
to the Euler’s equation.
33. [MCQ, ]
A. (i), (ii) and (iv) only
The power (in kW) required to propel the boat is
B. (i), (ii) and (iii) only
A. 10 B. 20
C. (i) and (iii) only
C. 50 D. 90
D. (ii) and (iv) only

0 de
[GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2023: XE]

34. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
Common Data for Questions 33 & 34
The total kinematic energy imparted to the
A boat is propelled in still water at a velocity of
c 3⁄
5 m/s by taking water at the rate of 1 m s from
the aft side and discharging it through the stern
water per second (in kW) by the pump is
A. 10 B. 25
EG al
C. 28 D. 81
using a pump, as shown in the figure below. The
[GATE-2012-XE]
velocity of the discharge jet relative to the boat is
N rr

9 m/s. The effect of pressure at the intake and

e

discharge can be neglected. The density of water

may be taken as 1000 kg⁄m3 .
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (832 to 840) 18. (C)
2. (D) 19. (B)
3. (11.45 to 11.85) 20. (D)
4. (2.418 to 2.422) 21. (B)
5. (−0.051 to − 0.046) 22. (B)
6. (A) 23. (A)
7. (B) 24. (C)
8. (1.50 to 1.55) 25. (A)

0 de
9. (1.400 to 1.500) 26. (D)
10. (C) 27. (True)
11. (6005) 28. (C)

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12. (2.95 to 3.05) 29. (D)
13. (A) 30. (B)
14. (B)
15. (D)
c 31. (A)
32. (C)
EG al
16. (A) 33. (—)
17. (D) 34. (B)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (832 to 840) π
R x = 74.5 × 103 ( (0.05)2 ) cos 20° − 150
4
π
× 103 ( (0.1)2 )
4
+ [(12.7) cos 20°
− 3.18](999)(0.025)
= −822 N
For the control volume shown the x − Similarly, in the y −direction
component of the momentum equation is ΣFy = (−V2 sin 20°)ρV2 A2

0 de
ΣFx = V1 ρ(−V1 )A1 + (V2 cos 20°)ρV2 A2 = p2 A2 sin 20° + R y
⇒ R x + p1 A1 − p2 A2 cos 20° or

I1 o
or R y = −V2 sin 20° ṁ − p2 A2 sin 20°
R x = p2 A2 cos 20° − p1 A1 + (V2 cos 20° − = −(12.7) sin 20° (999)(0.025) − 74.5
V1 )ṁ, ….(1) c
Where ṁ = ṁ1 = ṁ2 = ρQ = ρAV
π
× 103 ( (0.05)2 ) sin 20°
4
EG al
= −156 N
Also,
R2x = 675684 N
Q 0.025
N rr

V1 = = π = 3.18 m/s R2y = 24336 N

A 2
4(0.10)

R = √R2x + R2y
e

and
Q 0.025
R = 836.67 N
ef

V2 = = π = 12.7 m/s
A2 2
4(0.05)

In addition, from the Bernoulli equation, 2. Answer: (D)

R

Weight Flux
1 1 Discharge Q =
p1 + ρV12 = p2 + ρV22 γ
2 2
120
1 =
⇒ p2 = p1 + ρ(V12 − V22 ) 680 × 9.81
2
1 Q = 0.018 m3 /s
= 150 + (999)[(3.18)2 − (12.7)2 ]
2 Q = A1 V1
= 150 × 103 − 75.5 × 103 = 74.5 kPa π
0.018 = (0.08)2 . V1
4
Thus, from eqn (1),
⇒ V1 = 3.58 m/s
Q = A2 V2
 π V22
0.018 = (0.05)2 . V2 ⇒ 0.3 =
4 2g
⇒ V2 = 9.16 m/s
⇒ V2 = √2g × 0.3
Applying Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2
V2 = 2.426 m/s
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + gz1 = + + gz2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
5. Answer: (−𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏 𝐭𝐨 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔)
P1 V12 0 V22
⇒ + +0= + + g(z2 ) Applying continuity equation between A and B
ρ 2 ρ 2
P1 (3.58)2 (9.16)2 sections
⇒ + = + 9.81(12)
680 2 2 Q = AA VA = AB . VB

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⇒ P1 = 104000 Pa π
( × 0.152 ) × VA = (2π × 0.6 × 0.025)VB
4
P1 = 104 kPa
16
⇒ VA = V
3 B

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3. Answer: (11.45 to 11.85) Again, applying continuity equation between B

c
Pressure around the jet is atmospheric
throughout taking the tap outlet as point 1 and
and C sections
AB VB = AC . VC
EG al
also taking it as the datum, using Bernoulli’s. (2π × 0.6 × 0.025)VB
P1 V12 P2 V22 = (2π × 1.2 × 0.025)VB
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g
N rr

⇒ VB = 2VC
(2.6)2 V22
= − 0.6 Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and C
2g 2g
e

PA VA2 Pc VC2 VA2

⇒ V2 = 4.3 m/s + = + + zc − 0.3 +
ef

γ 2g γ 2g 2g
Using continuity equation A1 V1 = A2 V2
VC2
(0.15)2 2
× 2.6 = D × 4.3 = + 1.5
2g
R

⇒ D = 0.01166 m = 11.66 mm 16
We have, VA = VB and VB = 2VC
3

4. Answer: (2.418 to 2.422) 16 32

∴ VA = × 2VC = V
3 3 C
3
⇒ VC = V
32 A
3 2
VA2 (32 VA )
∴ −0.3 + = + 1.5
2g 2g
VA2 3 2
Applying Bernoullie equation ⇒ [1 − ( ) ] = 1.8
2g 32
P1 V12 P2 V22 ⇒ VA = 5.97 m/s
+ + Z1 = + + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g 3
And VC = 32 × 5.97
 VC = 0.56 m/s PB = 537.6 kPa
Applying Bernoulli equation between points B
and C 7. Answer: (B)

PB VB2 PC VC2
+ = +
γ 2g γ 2g
PB (2VC )2 VC2
⇒ + =
γ 2g 2g
PB VC2 VC2
+4 =
γ 2g 2g

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PB (0.56)2 Applying Bernoullie’s equation between 1 & 2
= [−3]
γ 2 × 9.81 P1 V2 P V2
+ 2g1 + Z1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + Z2 (1)
PB ρg
⇒ = −0.0479 m From continuity equation
γ

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A1 V1 = A2 V2
6. Answer: (A)
D1 2
CSA of syringe
c
AB = π(0.02)2 = 1.2564 × 10−3 m2
⇒ V2 = ( ) × V1

∴ V2 = 4V1
D2
EG al
CSA of needle AN = π(0.5 × 10−3 )2 From eq. (1)
260 × 103 P2 15V12
= 7.8525 × 10−7 m2 + 10 = +
ρw g ρg 2g
N rr

Apply Bernoulli’s equation between point N and 260 × 10 3

15 × 9
⇒ P2 = ( + g × 10 − ) × ρw
B ρw g 2g
e

PB VB2 PN VN2 ×g
+ + gZB = + + gZN ⇒ P2 = 290.6 kPa
ef

ρ 2 ρ 2
Datum will coincide with the central streamline.
8. Answer: 1.522 (1.50 to 1.55)
R

∴ Z B = ZN
PB VB2 VN2
+ =
ρ 2 2
ρ
⇒ PB = (VN2 − VB2 ) − (1)
2
From continuity equation
VB AB = VN AN
(20 × 10−3 ) × (1.2564 × 10−3 ) A1 = 0.2 m2

= VN × 7.8525 × 10−7 A2 = 0.02 m2

⇒ VN = 32 m/s P2 = Patm,L

1050 V2 = 50 m/s
∴ eq(1) ⇒ PB = (322 − (20 × 10−3 )2 )
2 ρ = 1.23 kg/m3
 P1 − Patm,L =? mg V12 100V12
+ + z1 = + z2
For steady and incompressible flow A1 ρg 2g 2g

A1 V1 = A2 V2 99V12 mg
= + (z1 − z2 )
2g A1 ρg
A2 V2 0.02 × 50
V1 = = 2mg
A1 0.2 99V12 = + 2g(z1 − z2 )
ρA1
V1 = 5 m/s
2 × 100 × 10
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2 = + 2 × 10 × (0.5)
1000 × 10−2
P1 − P2 210
V12 =
1 99
= ρ(V22 − V12 ) [For same potential head]

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2 V = 1.4564 m/s
1
P1 − Patm,L = × 1.23(502 − 52 )
2
10. Answer: (C)
1

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P1 − Patm,L = × 1.23(502 − 52 ) Inviscid and incompressible fluid flow
2
P1 − Patm,L = 1522.125 Pa
P1 − Patm,L = 1.522 kPa c 11. Answer: (6005)
EG al
9. Answer: (1.400 to 1.500)
N rre
ef

AB = 20 cm2
R

VB = 2 m/s
AA VA = AB VB
AA VA
VB =
P1 V12 P2 V12 AB
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g = 2 m/s

Patm,L +
mg
PL V12 P2 V22
A1 V12 Patm,L V22 + + z1 = + + z2
+ + z1 = + + z2 ρg 2g ρg 2g
ρg 2g ρg 2g
ρ
mg V12 V22 ⇒ P2 = P1 + (V12 − V22 )
+ + z1 = + z2 2
A1 ρg 2g 2g
= 6005 N/m2
mg V12 A21 V12
+ + z1 = + z2
A1 ρg 2g 2gA22
12. Answer: (2.95 to 3.05)
A1 = 10A2
 A1 = 2. A2
2gx
ρ = 1 kg/m3 ⇒ V1 = √ 2
V
(V2 ) − 1
g = 9.8 m/s2 1

P2 = Patm,L Now Q = A1 V1 ⇒ Q = (H. 1) V1

V1 = 1 m/s
2gx
P1 − P2 =? ⇒ Q = (H. 1)√ 2
V
(V2 ) − 1
1
A1 V1 = A2 V2
V2 = 2 m/s 2g(H − H1 − h)
⇒ Q = HH√
P1 V12 P2 V22 H 2 − H12

0 de
+ + z1 = + + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 − P2 V22 − V12 2g(H − H1 − h)
= + (Z2 − Z1 ) ⇒Q=√ 1 1
ρg 2g − H2
H21

I1 o
V22 − V12
P1 − P2 = ρ { + g(z2 − z1 )}
2
3 c
⇒ P1 − P2 = 1 { + 9.8(0.15)} = 2.97 Pa
2
14. Answer: (B)
EG al
13. Answer: (A)
N rr

Q̇ = (H. 1) V1
H = x + H1 + h
e

x = (H − H1 + h)
ef

From continuity A1 V1 = A2 V2 P1 V12 P2 V22

+ + z1 = + + z2
⇒ H(1)V1 = (H1 ). (1). V2 ρg 2g ρg 2g
R

V2 H on solving
⇒ =
V1 H1
A2
V1 √1 − A12 = √2g(z2 − z1 ) (when both points
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at points 1 &2 2

P1 V12 P2 V22 are open to atmosphere)

⇒ + + z1 = + + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
204
P1 − P2 V22
− V12 2√1 − 4 = √2 × 9.81 × (−0.5)
⇒ = d2
ρ 2
Patm + ρf gx − Patm V22 − V12 d2 = 14.672 mm
⇒ =
ρ 2
2 2
V1 V2
⇒ gx = (( ) − 1) 15. Answer: (D)
2 V1
Incompressible, steady, inviscid
16. Answer: (A) 130 × 103 − 100 × 103
⇒ (( ) + 4.2) × 2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2 103 × 10

× 10 = V22 |max
2
⇒ (7.2) × 20 = V2,max
2
⇒ 144.0 = V2,max ⇒ V2,max = √144
⇒ V2,max = 12 m/s

18. Answer: (C)

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Between any two points in inviscid flow, and
only along a streamline in potential flow

I1 o
19. Answer: (B)

P1
+
V12
+ z1 =
P2
+
c
ρ3 density fluid is available at 1 & 2
V22
+ z2
EG al
ρ3 g 2g ρ3 g 2g
Patm,L + ρ1 gh1 + ρ2 gh2 + ρ3 gh3
ρ3 g
N rr

Patm,L V22
= + z1 = z2
ρ3 g 2g
e

D1 = 2D2
ρ1 h1 ρ 2 h2
(ρ3 gh3 (1 + ρ +ρ )) 15 2
ef

V22 3 h3 3 h3 P1 − P2 = ρV
= 2 1
2g ρ3 g
2
15 Q
R

ρ1 h1 ρ2 h2 P1 − P2 = ρ (π 2 )
V2 = √2gh3 (1 + + ) 2 D1
ρ3 h3 ρ3 h3 4
3
Q = 0.16 m /s

17. Answer: (D)

20. Answer: (D)
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 For uniform c/s ∵ A1 = A2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
∴ V1 = V2
P1 − P2
⇒ (( ) + z1 ) 2g = V22
ρg
P1 − P2
⇒( + z1 ) 2g = V22
ρg
 P1 V12 P2
+ + z1 = + V22 + z2
ρg 2g ρg
P1 − P2 V22 − V12
P1 V12 P2 V22 =
ρg 2g
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g 1

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(P1 − P2 ) = P1 − P2 = ρ(V22 − V12 )
2
= z2 − z1
ρg (For same elevation)
P1 − P2 = ρg(z2 − z1 )(for same velocity) = 1.5 ρV 2

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P1 − 12 = 9.879 × 5
⇒ P1 = 61.395 kPa
c 23. Answer: (A)
Energy per unit weight
EG al
21. Answer: (B)
24. Answer: (C)
N rre
ef

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
R

2 2
P1 − Patm 1 Q̇ Q̇
⇒ = {( ) − ( ) }
ρg 2g A2 A1
P1 V12 P2 V22
ρQ̇2 16 16 + + z1 = + + z2
⇒ P1 − Patm = { 2 4 = 2 4} ρg 2g ρg 2g
2 π . d2 π d1
200 × 103 22
1.2(10−2 ) 16 1 1 + +0
= × 2{ − } Pa 1000 × 10 2 × 10
2 π 0.0054 0.14
P2 82
= 1459.02 Pa = 1.459 kPa = + +2
104 2 × 10
= 1.46 kPa P2 = 150 kPa
25. Answer: (A)
22. Answer: (B) V2 dP
gz + +∫ =C
2 ρ
 Compressible flow

26. Answer: (D)

Pa − P1 1 D4
= ( 4 − 1) U 2
ρg 2g Dt
A1 < A2

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A1 V1 = A2 V2
A1 = A2
V1 > V2
V1 = V2
P1 V12 P2 V22

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P1 − P2 = ρgh + + zL = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g

27. Answer: (True)

c P1 < P2
P1
+(
A2 V2 2 1
) =
P2 V22
+
EG al
ρg A1 2g ρg 2g
For inviscid, Rotational Flow Bernoulli’s equation π
D2 U 1
P1 4 Pa U 2
can be applied between any two points on the +( π 2 ) = +
N rr

ρg Dt 2g ρg 2g
4
same stream line.
At Equilibrium
e

For Inviscid, Irrotational flow Bernoulli’s

kx + P1 A = Pa A
equation can be applied between any two points
ef

kx = (Pρ − P1 )A
on the same stream line or two stream lines.
P D4 π
kx = ( 4 − 1) U 2 ( D2s )
2 DT 4
R

π ρ D4
x= ( − 1) U 2 D2s
8 k D4t

30. Answer: (B)

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = ( + + z2 )
ρg 2g ρg 2g
28. Answer: (C)
P1 − Patm V22 − V12
Conservation of energy ⇒ =
ρg 2g
29. Answer: (D) 36 − 9
⇒ P1 − Patm = ρ { }
2
27
⇒ P1 − Patm = = 13.5 kPa
2
31. Answer: (A) Un-steady, incompressible flow
ΣFx = Fx + P1 A1 − {P2 A1 } ⃗ =O
∇·V
ṁout Circulation is the line integral of the velocity
= 2{ Vout,x } − ṁin Vin,x
2
vector over closed path.
2 } 2
⇒ Fx = 2{ρout . Aout . Vout − {ρin Ain Vin }
For Non – Newtonian fluids shear stress is a non
+ (P2 − P1 )A1
2 } 2 –linear function of shear strain rate Integration
⇒ Fx = 2{ρout Aout Vout − {ρin Ain Vin }
of Euler’s equation along stream line under
+ (P2 − P1 )A1
36 steady state & incompressible fluid will give
⇒ Fx = {ρ(0.2)3 × } − {ρ(0.2)3 × 9}

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4 Bernoulli’s equation.
3
+ {(13.5) × 10 × 0.2}
⇒ Fx = 2.7 kN 33. Answer: (—)

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270
= = 2.7 34. Answer: (B)
100

32. Answer: (C)

c
EG al
Given:
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 45

Chapter : Inviscid Flow

Topic : Free Liquid Jet & Syphon

1. [MSQ, ] and exits into the air as a jet, strikes a plate &
A siphon is used to discharge water from a tank splits into two jets-A force of 70 N is required to
to the atmosphere as shown in the below figure. hold the plate stationary. Neglect the all minor

0 de
The diameter of the siphon is 1 cm & z1 = losses. Which one or more of the following
60 cm, z2 = −25 cm, z3 = 90 cm, z4 = 35 cm. statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
Which one or more of the following statement(s)

I1 o
is/are CORRECT? Assume it is frictionless, steady
& incompressible flow.
c
EG al
N rre

A. The expression for the exiting velocity of

ef

siphon is V2 = √2g(z2 − z1 ). A. The inlet velocity of water in the nozzle

B. The expression for the exiting velocity of 1.32 m⁄s to 1.36 m⁄s.
R

siphon is V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 ). B. The inlet velocity of water in the nozzle

C. The flow rate of water through the siphon is 0.88 m⁄s to 0.94 m⁄s.

265.75 cm3 ⁄s to 270.75 cm3 ⁄s. C. The mercury-manometer reading h is

D. The flow rate of water through the siphon is 0.62 m to 0.72 m.

318.75 cm3 ⁄s to 323.75 cm3 ⁄s. D. The mercury-manometer reading h is

0.35 m to 0.43 m.

2. [MSQ, ]
Water flows through a horizontal circular nozzle. 3. [MCQ, ]

A mercury manometer is attached to the nozzle Water is siphoned from the tank as shown in

having SG = 13.5. Water exiting from the nozzle figure. The water barometer indicates a reading
 of 9.2 m. The pressure of the vapor in the closed
end of the barometer equals the vapor pressure.
Then the maximum value of h allowed without
cavitation occurring is

A. 2.58 m

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B. 1.76 m
C. 6.58 m
D. 0.58 m

I1 o
5. [MCQ, ]

A. 800 mm
c For Isentropic flow of perfect gas (Pv γ = c),
isentropic Bernoulli equation can be written as
EG al
B. 645 mm
P V2
k + + z = Constant
C. 480 mm ρg 2g
N rr

D. 947 mm Where k is a constant, given by?

γ
A.
e

γ+1
4. [MCQ, ] γ+1
B.
ef

If losses are neglected in the given figure, for γ

γ−1
what water level h will the flow begin to form C. γ
R

γ
vapor cavities at the throat of the nozzle? D. γ− 1
(Properties at 30°C, Pvapor = 4242 Pa,
ρwater = 996 kg⁄m3 ) 6. [NAT, ]
A tube has two area of cross-sections as shown
in figure. The diameters of the tube are 8 mm
and 2 mm. Find range of water falling on
horizontal surface, if piston is moving with a
constant velocity of 0.25 m/s, h = 1.25 m (g =
10 m/s2 ) (round off to one decimal place).
7. [MSQ, ]
A free liquid jet is released from has constant
ambient pressure, as shown in the below figure.

0 de
The value of 𝜃, for which the water jet will clear A. The exit velocity of liquid through the siphon
the corner of the building is is V = √2g(h − y).
B. The exit velocity of liquid through the siphon

I1 o
is V = √2g(h + y).

c C. The pressure at point C will be PC = PA −

ρg (h + y + H).
EG al
D. The pressure at point C will be PC = PA +
ρg
(h + y + H).
N rr

2
e

A. θ = 85.94° 9. [MSQ, ]

B. θ = 60.75° Refer to the below figure, the siphon will run
ef

C. θ = 55.40° continuously as long as reservoir fluid is

D. θ = 45.27° available. Which one or more of the following
R

statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?

8. [MSQ, ]
A siphon is used to remove liquid from a tank as
shown in below figure. In order to operate the
siphon, it must initially be filled with the liquid.
Which one or more of the following statement(s)
is/are CORRECT ?
 A. The exit velocity of the fluid is V2 = √2gH.
B. The exit velocity of the fluid is V2 =

√2g(H + L).
C. The lowest pressure occurs at point-3
depends on the distance L + H.
D. The lowest pressure occurs at point-3
depends on the distance H.

0 de
10. [NAT, ] 12. [MCQ, ]
If the approach velocity is not too high, a hump A tank open at the top with a water level of 1 m,
in the bottom of a water channel causes a dip Δh as shown in the figure, has a hole at a height of

I1 o
in the water level, which can serve as a flow 0.5 m. A free jet leaves horizontally from the

c
measurement. If Δh = 10 cm, as shown in the
figure when the bump is 30 cm high, the volume
smooth hole. The distance X ( in m) where the
jet strikes the floor is
EG al
3⁄
flow rate per unit width is _____ m s-m (round
off to two decimal places).
N rre
ef
R

A. 0.5
B. 1.0
C. 2.0
11. [NAT, ] D. 4.0
The exit velocity is horizontal, neglect the losses. [GATE-2018-ME]

For the free jet to just clear the wall, the water 13. [NAT, ]

level h will be _______ m (round off to three A fire hose nozzle directs a steady stream of

decimal places). water of velocity 50 m/s at an angle of 45°

above the horizontal. The stream rises initially
 but then eventually falls to the ground. Assume
water as incompressible and inviscid. Consider
the density of air and the air friction as
negligible, and assume the acceleration due to
gravity as 9.81 m/s2 . The maximum height (in
m, round off to two decimal places) reached by
the stream above the hose nozzle will then
be____________.
[GATE-2021-CE]
15. [MCQ, ]
Water flows from an open vertical cylindrical
tank of 20 cm diameter through a hole of 10 cm
diameter. What will be the velocity of water
flowing out of the hole at the instant when the
water level in the tank is 50 cm above the hole?
Ignore unsteady effects.
A. 3.16 m/s
B. 3.26 m/s

0 de
C. 3.36 m/s
14. [MCQ, ] D. 3.46 m/s

I1 o
A siphon is used to drain water from a large tank [GATE-2009-XE]

as shown in figure below. Assume that the level

c
of water is maintained constant. Ignore frictional
effect due to viscosity and losses at entry and
16. [MCQ, ]
A siphon draws water from a reservoir and
EG al
exit. At the exit of the siphon, the velocity of discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.

water is Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,

N rr

the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is

e
ef
R

A. √2gh1
A. √2g(ZQ − ZR )
B. √2gh2
B. √2g(ZP − ZR )
C. √2g (h2 − h1 )
C. √2g(ZO − ZR )
D. √2g (h2 + h1 )
D. √2gZQ
[GATE-2006-ME]
[GATE-2014-ME]
17. [NAT, ]
A siphon is used to drain out water (density
1000 kg⁄m3 ) from a tank as shown in the
figure. What can be the maximum height z (in
meter) of the point C? Consider acceleration due
to gravity = 10 m⁄s 2 , pressure at point A = 101
kPa, vapour pressure of water = 29.5 kPa and
neglect friction. (Round off to two decimal
places)
the pipe is _____ m/s (rounded off to two
decimal places).
[GATE-2020-XE]
19. [MCQ, ]
When a large tank containing water is placed on
a weighing scale, a reading of 10000 N is
obtained. The tank is fitted with an outlet pipe
and a valve as shown. When the valve is

0 de
opened, a jet of water with a velocity of 10 m/s
issues out in the vertically upward direction.

I1 o
The diameter of the outlet pipe is 10 cm.
Determine approximately the reading on the
c weighing scale at the instant the valve is opened
and the water jet issues out. Density of water is
EG al
1000 kg/m3
N rre

[GATE-2022: XE]
ef

18. [NAT, ]
R

A. 9215 N B. 10000 N
A liquid flow through a horizontal smooth pipe
C. 10785 N D. 12500 N
of diameter 5 cm and discharges into a
[GATE-2011-XE]
collection tank of dimension 50 cm × 50 cm ×
50 cm. Time taken for a 10 cm rise of liquid level
in the collection tank is 40 𝑠. The flow velocity in
 Answer Key
1. (B, D) 11. (0.131 to 0.137)
2. (B, D) 12. (B)
3. (D) 13. (63.50 to 63.90)
4. (B) 14. (B)
5. (D) 15. (A)
6. (1.9 to 2.1) 16. (C)
7. (A, C) 17. (5.1 to 5.2)
8. (B, C) 18. (0.30 to 0.33)

0 de
9. (A, C) 19. (C)
10. (3.71 to 3.78)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B, D) 
70  1000   0.032  V22
4
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) & (2)
V2  9.9523m / s
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g From continuity equation
P1 = P2 = Patm A1V1  A2V2
V1 = 0
A2V2
V22  V1 
∴ + z2 = z1 A1
2g

0 de
9.9523   0.03
2

⇒ V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 ) 
0.12
V2 = √2 × 9.81(0.6 − (−0.25))
V1  0.895m / s

I1 o
V2 = 4.0837 m⁄s From Bernoulli equation2
Discharge Q = A2 V2
π
= (0.01)2 × 4.0837
4
c P1 V12 P2 V22
+
γ 2g
= +
γ 2g
EG al
3⁄
P1 − P2 V22 − V12
Q = 320.67 cm s =
ρg 2g
P  49123.625Pa
N rr

2. Answer: (B, D)
P 49123.625
h    0.371m
e

 hg 13.5  9810
ef

From continuity equation

A1V1  A2V2
R

D12V1  D22V2
2
D 
V1   2  V2
 D1 
2
2
V1     41.385
 5
ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x V1  6.6216 m / s
̇
F = mV Applying Bernoulli equation
F   A2V22
 P1 V12 P2 V22 Apply Bernoulli equation between (1) and (3)
 z    Z2
g 2g 1 g 2g P1 V12 P3 V32
+ + z1 = + + z3
γ 2g γ 2g
P1  Patm V22  V12
 
g 2g ⇒ V3 = √2g(z1 − z3 )

 V2  V12  ⇒ V3 = √2gh
 P1  Patm   2 
 2  V32 (4.311)2 (4.311)2
⇒h= = =
0.79 1000  2g 2g 2 × 9.81
P1  101 
  41.3852  6.62162 
2 ⇒ h = 0.947 m = 947 mm
P1  735.1716kPa

0 de
4. Answer: (B)
3. Answer: (D)
Apply Bernoulli equation for 1 and 2

I1 o
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 → (1)
γ 2g γ 2g
c
Where P1 = 0, V1 = 0, P2 = Pvapor
z1 = 0 and z2 = 1.8 m
EG al
PV V22
∴ eq(1) ⇒ 0 = + + 1.8 → (2)
γ 2g
N rr

PV Applying Bernoulli equation between points

Given = −9.2 m
γ
A&C
e

PV
Substitute value in eq (2)
γ
PA VA2 PC VC2
+ + ZA = + + ZC
ef

V22 ρg 2g ρg 2g
∴ 0 = −9.2 + + 1.8
2g VC2
⇒ = ZZ = h
V22
R

2g
⇒ = 7.4
2g From continuity equation
m
⇒ V2 = 12.04 AB VB = AC VC
s
From continuity equation, apply between 2 & 3 D2B VB = D2C VC

A2 V2 = A3 V3 8 2
⇒ VB = ( ) VC
A2 5
⇒ V3 = ( ) × V2 Applying Bernoulli between points B & C
A3
D2 2 PB VB2 PC VC2
= ( ) × V2 + + ZB = + + ZC
D3 ρg 2g ρg 2g

7.6 2 4.242 × 103 8 4 2gh 10/325 2gh

=( ) × 12.04 ⇒ +( ) = +
12.7 996 × g 5 2g 996 × g 2g
V3 = 4.311 m/s ⇒ h = 1.789 m
 π × (4 × 10−3 )2 × 0.25
∴ v2 = = 4 m/s
5. Answer: (D) π × (1 × 10−3 )2
Pv γ = c 1
Also, h = 2 gt 2 ⇒ t = √ g
2h

⇒ P = ceγ _____ (1)

2h
dP = rcργ−1 dρ Horizontal range x = v2 × t = v2 √ g
From Bernoullie
2 × 1.25
dP γcργ−1 dρ =4×√ =2m
+ VdV + gdz = + VdV + gdz = 0 10
ρ ρ

∫ rcργ−2 dρ + ∫ VdV + ∫ gdz = 0

0 de
7. Answer: (A, C)
ργ−1 V 2 Vertical component of velocity is
γc + + gz = c
γ−1 2 1
γcργ ρ−1 V2
z = V1 sin θ t − gt 2

I1 o
+ + gz = c _____ (2) 2
γ−1 2
Horizontal component of velocity is
Substitute P = cργ in equation (2)
γP
+
ρ(γ − 1) 2
V2
+ gz = c
c x = V1 cos θ t

⇒t=
x
EG al
V1 cos θ
γP V2 x 1 x 2
+ +z=c z = V1 sin θ − g( )
(γ − 1)ρg 2g V1 cos θ 2 V1 cos θ
N rr

P V2 gx 2
k + +Z =c z = x tan θ −
ρg 2g 2V12 cos 2 θ
e

γ
∴k= ∴ z = 15 m, x = 12 m, V1 = 30 m/s
γ−1
ef

9.81 × (12)2
15 = 12 tan θ −
2 × (30)2 × cos 2 θ
6. Answer: (1.9 to 2.1)
R

0.7848
From law of continuity A1 v1 = A2 v2 15 = 12 tan θ −
cos2 θ
Given 15 = 12 tan θ − 0.7848 sec 2 θ
A1 = π × (4 × 10−3 )2, A2 = π × (1 × 10−3 )2 15 + 0.7848 sec 2 θ = 12 tan θ
1.25 + 0.0654 sec 2 θ = tan θ
θ = 85.94° & 55.40°

8. Answer: (B, C)
1 1
(i) PA + 2 ρ(0)2 + 0 = PA + 2 ρv 2 + [−(h +

y)ρg]
v1 = 0.25 m/s
1
PA = PA + ρv 2 − (h + y)ρg
2
 1 2 h2 = h1 − H − Δh
ρv = (h + y)ρg
2 h2 = 2 − 0.3 − 0.1 = 1.6
v = √2(h + y)g
1 1
2 × 9.81 × 0.1
(ii) PA + 2 ρ(V ′ )2 + ρg(0) = Pc + 2 ρ[2g(h + ∴ V1 = √ 2 = 1.87 m/s
2
(1.6) − 1
y)] + ρgH
PA = PC + ρg (h + y) + ρgH Q1 = V1 h1 = 1.87 × 2 = 3.74 m3 ⁄s-m
PC = PA − ρg (h + y + H)
11. Answer: (0.131 to 0.137)
9. Answer: (A, C) The exit velocity V0 = √2gh

0 de
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) & (2) 1
s = ut + gt 2
P1 V12 P2 V22 2
+ + z1 = + + z2 1
ρg 2g ρg 2g 0.3 = gt 2

I1 o
2
P1 = P2 = P & V1 = 0
2 × 0.3
= t2
V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 )
V2 = √2gH
c 9.81

⇒t=√
2 × 0.3
EG al
= 0.247 s
1 9.81
∴ PA + ρV12 + ρg(0) = PC + ρgL + ρgH
2
X = Vo t
N rr

PA = PC + ρg(L + H)
0.4 = √2gh × 0.247
PC = PA − ρg(L + H)
⇒ h = 0.133 m
e

10. Answer: (3.71 to 3.78)

ef

From continuity V1 h1 = V2 h2 12. Answer: (B)

V1 h1 V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 )
⇒ V2 =
R

h2 V2 = √2g × 0.5
From Bernoulli’s equation
V2 = √g m/s
V12 V22
+ h1 = + h2
2g 2g
V12 V12 h12
+ h1 = 2 + h2
2g h2 × 2g
V12 V12 h1 2
+ h1 = × ( ) + h2
2g 2g h2
V12 h1 2
⇒ [( ) − 1] = Δh
2g h2 Time of flight
2gΔh 1
⇒ V12 = h 2
_____ (1) S = ut + gt 2
[( 1 ) −1] 2
h2
 1 2 15. Answer: (A)
0.5 = gt
2
1
t= sec
√g
1
Range x = V2 ±= √g × = 1m
√g

13. Answer: (63.50 to 63.90)

Given Data: V = √2g(0.5)

V1 = 50 m V = √g = √9.81 = 3.12 m/s

0 de
α = 45°
g = 9.81 m/s 16. Answer: (C)

I1 o
c
EG al
For free water jet pressure h atmospheric
N rr

pressure every where (P1 = P2 = Patm,L )

V12 − V22 = 2gymax
e

V12 − V12 sin2 α = 2gymax Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) & (2)
ef

V12 cos2 α = 2gymax

P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
V12 cos2 α ρg 2g ρg 2g
ymax =
2g
R

V22
502 cos 2 45° ⇒ (h2 − h1 ) =
2g
ymax =
2 × 9.81
⇒ V2 = √2g(h2 − h1 )
ymax = 63.71 m

17. Answer: (5.1 to 5.2)

14. Answer: (B)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between P & R
18. Answer: (0.30 to 0.33)
PP VP2 PR VR2
+ + zP = + + zR
ρg 2g ρg 2g
19. Answer: C
VR2 Fnew = 10000 + Fjet → (1)
⇒ = zP − zR
2g
Fjet = ρAV. {V}
⇒ VR = √2g(zP − zR )
π
Fjet = 103 × × (0.1)2 × 102
4
 1000π
= = 785.39 N
4
From eqn.(1).
⇒ Fnew = 10000 + 785.39
⇒ Fnew = 10755.39 N

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 46

Chapter : Inviscid Flow

Topic : Venturimeter

1. [MSQ, ] 2. [MSQ, ]

Referring to the below figure, water flows at In the spillway flow of the below figure shown,
40°C having vapour pressure of 7375 Pa. The the flow is assumed to be uniform & hydrostatic
actual flow rate of water Q = 40 m3 ⁄h.

0 de
at sections 1 and 2. Which one or more of the
Assuming that the throat divides the head loss following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? Neglect
equally & that changing the constriction cause losses.

I1 o
no additional losses. Which one or more of the
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ? Take
c
Patm = 101350 Pa & ρw = 992 kg⁄m3 .
EG al
N rr

A. The exit velocity V2 is 9.15 m⁄s to

e

9.35 m⁄s.
ef

B. The exit velocity V2 is 8.15 m⁄s to

8.35 m⁄s.
R

C. The force per unit width of the water on the

A. There is head loss of 7 m as the pipe jet
dissipates into the downstream reservoir.
B. There is head loss of 15 m as the pipe jet
dissipates into the downstream reservoir.
C. The constriction diameter D which causes
cavitation is 22.5 mm to 25.5 mm.
D. The constriction diameter D which causes
cavitation is 33.7 mm to 35.7 mm.
spillway is 6850.6 N⁄m to 6852.6 N⁄m.
D. The force per unit width of the water on the
spillway is 5265.5 N⁄m to 5465.5 N⁄m.
3. [NAT, ]
For the pipe – flow – reducing section of D1 =
8 cm, D2 = 5 cm & P2 = 101 kPa. If V1 =
5 m⁄s, the manometer reading h is _____ cm
(round off to two decimal places). Assume
ρmercury = 13600 kg⁄m3 .

4. [NAT, ]
For the venturimeter, has the deflection of
mercury in the manometer is 380 mm. Assume,
0 de
there is no energy loss between A and B, then
the flow of water through the venturimeter is
I1 o
______ kg/s (round off to one decimal place).
c D2 = 20 cm. The maximum height (h, in meters,
EG al
N rr
e
ef
R
5. [NAT, ]
Two venturimeter of different area ratios are
connected at different locations of same
pipeline. Similar manometers are used across
two venturimeter to measure discharge. The
first venturimeter of area ratio 2 registers a
pressure head difference ′h′ while the second
venturimeter registers 5h. Then the area ratio
of second venturimeter is _____. (Area ratio =
a1 /a2 ) (round off to one decimal place).
6. [NAT, ]
Water is flowing with a flow rate Q in a
horizontal circular pipe. Due to the low pressure
created at the venturi section (Section – 1 in the
fig.), water from a reservoir is drawn upward
using a connecting pipe as shown in the figure.
Take acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s 2 .
The flow rate Q = 0.1 m3 /s, D1 = 8 cm and
up to one decimal place) of the venturi from the
reservoir just sufficient to raise the liquid upto
Section-1 is ________.
[GATE-2021: XE]
7. [NAT, ]
A venturimeter with 75 mm diameter throat is
placed in a 150 mm diameter pipeline carrying
water at 25°C. The pressure drop between the
 upstream tap and the venturi throat is 40 kPa.
(Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 ). The flow rate
is _______m3 /s (rounded off to three decimal
places).
[GATE-2020: XE]
8. [NAT, ]
A venturimeter of diameter 0.2 m at the
entrance and 0.1 m at the throat is inclined
[GATE-2015-ME]
10. [NAT, ]
An inclined venturimeter connected to an
inverted manometer is shown in the figure. The
cross-sectional areas at the inlet and the throat
are 2 × 10−3 m2 and 2 × 10−4 m2 , respectively.
The densities of water and oil are 1000 kg/m3

0 de
and 800 kg/m3 , respectively. The gravitational
upwards. The vertical elevation difference acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 . If the discharge of
between the entrance and the throat is 0.5 m. water therough the venturimeter is 5 ×

I1 o
3
The density of water is 1000 kg/m and the 10−4 m3 /s, neglecting viscous effects and
coefficient of velocity is 0.97. The differential U-
c
tube manometer connected to the entrance and
throat shows a pressure difference of 30 kN/
assuming uniform velocities across the inlet and
the throat, the manometer reading h, in m, will
EG al
be ______.
2
m . Assume acceleration due to gravity as
9.81 m/s2 . The velocity of the water (in m/s,
N rr

rounded off to the first decimal place) at the

e

throat would be ___.

[GATE-2017-XE]
ef

9. [NAT, ]
R

Water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3 ) flows through a [GATE-2015-XE]

venturimeter with inlet diameter 80 mm and
throat diameter 40 mm. The inlet and throat 11. [NAT, ]
gauge pressure are measured to be 400 kPa and A venturimeter, having a diameter of 7.5 cm at
130 kPa respectively. Assuming the the throat and 15 cm at the enlarged end, is
venturimeter to be horizontal and neglecting installed in a horizontal pipeline of 15 cm
friction, the inlet velocity (in m/s) is diameter. The pipe carries an incompressible
__________. fluid at a steady rate of 30 liters per second. The
 difference of pressure head measured in terms
of the moving fluid in between the enlarged and
the throat of the venturimeter is observed to be
2.45 m. Taking the acceleration due to gravity as
9.81 m/s2 , the coefficient of discharge of the
venturimeter (correct up to two places of
decimal) is______.
[GATE-2014-CE]
B. avoid separation
C. ensure that the flow remains turbulent
D. avoid formation of boundary layer
[GATE-2010-XE]
14. [MCQ, ]
A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is
used to measure the velocity of water in a

0 de
horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the
12. [NAT, ]
pressure difference between the pipe and throat
Water is flowing through a venturimeter having
sections is found to be 30 kPa then, neglecting
a diameter of 0.25 m at the entrance (Station 1)

I1 o
frictional losses, the flow velocity is
and 0.125 m at the throat (Station 2) as shown
A. 0.2 m/s
c
in the figure. A mercury manometer measures
the piezometric head difference between
B. 1.0 m/s
EG al
C. 1.4 m/s
Stations 1 and 2 as 1.3505 m. The loss of head
D. 2.0 m/s
between these two stations, is 1/7 times the
N rr

[GATE-2005-ME]
velocity head at the Station 2. Assume the
acceleration due to gravity to be 10 m/s 2 . The
e

15. [NAT, ]
velocity of water at the throat is ___ m/s.
Water (density = 1000 kg/m3 ) flows steadily
ef

with a flow rate of 0.05 m3 /s through a

venturimeter having throat diameter of
R

100 mm. If the pipe diameter is 200 mm and

losses are negligible, the pressure drop (in kPa,
rounded off to one decimal place) between an
upstream location in the pipe and the throat
[GATE-2014-XE]
(both at the same elevation) is _______.
13. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2023-XE]
The diverging limb of a venturimeter is kept
longer than the converging limb to
A. ensure that the flow remains laminar
16. [MCQ, ] C. h1 = h2 = h3
Water is flowing with volume flow rate Q through a D. h1 = h3 and h1 > h2

pipe whose diameter reduces to half across a [GATE-2008-XE]

reducer. If the flow is frictionless, compare the

manometer reading h1 , h2 and h3 corresponding to
the three different inclinations of the pipe θ1 = 30°,
θ2 = 0° and θ3 = −30°. Note that only the pipe
tilts, while the manometer always stays vertical.
17. [MCQ, ]
Which of the following statement(s) regarding a
venturimeter is/are correct?
A. In the direction of flow, it consists of a
converging section, a throat, and a diverging

0 de
section.
B. In the direction of flow, it consists of a diverging
section, a throat, and a converging section.

I1 o
C. It is used for flow measurement at a very low
Reynolds number.
c D. Pressure tappings are provided just upstream of
the venturimeter and at the throat.
EG al
[GATE-2022-XE]
A. h1 > h2 > h3
N rr

B. h1 < h2 < h3
e
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B, C) 10. (1.576)
2. (A, C) 11. (0.93 to 0.95)
3. (56.05 to 56.45) 12. (5 to 5)
4. (76.2 to 76.9) 13. (B)
5. (3.9 to 4.1) 14. (D)
6. (18.5 to 20.0) 15. (19.01)
7. (0.035 to 0.045) 16. (—)
8. (7.097) 17. (B)

0 de
9. (6 to 6)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B, C) 5
⇒ V2 = × V1 = 7.14 V1
0.7
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) & (2)
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + h1 = + + h2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
V12 (7.14 V1 )2
+5= + 0.7
2g 2g
⇒ V1 = 1.30 m⁄s

0 de
∴ V2 = 7.14 V1
= 7.14 × 1.30
V2 = 9.28 m/s

I1 o
Applying Bernoulli equation between (1) & (2) 1 2 1 2
ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x = −F γh − γh
2 1 2 2
P1 V12
+
ρg 2g
+ z1 =
P2 V22
+
ρg 2g c
+ z2 1
ṁ(V2 − V1 ) = −F 9810 [52 − 0.72 ]
2
EG al
0 + 0 + 25 = 0 + 0 + 10 1
⇒ F = 9810 (25 − 0.49)
25 = 10 ? 2
− 1000 [(1.3) × 5][9.28 − 1.3]
N rr

∴ 15 - m head loss
Applying Bernoulli equation between (1) & (2) F = 68351.55 N/m
e

P1 V12 P3 V32 hf
+ + z1 = + + z3 + g
ρg 2g ρg 2g 2 3. Answer: (56.05 to 56.45)
ef

101350 Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) & (2)

+ 0 + 9.81 × 25
992 P1 V12 P1 V22
+ = +
R

7375 0.0141 ρg 2g ρg 2g
= + ( D2 ) + 0
992 P1 52 101×103 V22
2 + = + ______ (1)
1000 2 1000 2
+ 9.81 × 7.5 From continuity equation A1 V1 = A2 V2
⇒ D = 0.0248 m = 24.8 mm A1 V1
⇒ V2 =
A2

2. Answer: (A, C) 8 2
=( ) ×5
5
From conservation of mass
V2 = 12.8 m⁄s
V1 h1 = V2 h2
From equation (1)
 P1 (12.8)2 25 81VA2
= 101 + − = + 1.13
1000 2 2 2g
⇒ P1 = 170420 Pa ρHg
⇒ 0.37 + ( ) 0.38 + 0.38 − 1.13
ρw
(P1 − P2 ) = (ρHg − ρw )gh
80VA2
(170420 − 101000) =
2g
= (13600 − 1000) × 9.81 × h
80VA2
69420 = 123606 × h ⇒ 5.538 − 0.75 =
2g
⇒ h = 56.162 cm ⇒ VA = 1.0836 m/s
And VB = 9 VA = 9.752 m/s

0 de
4. Answer: (76.2 to 76.9) Flow of water = ṁ = ρAB . VB
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A and B π
= 1000 × × (0.1)2 × 9.752
PA VA2 PB VB2 4

I1 o
+ + zA = + + zB −→ (1) ṁ = 76.6 kg/s
ρw g 2g ρwg 2g
Manometer balancing
PA + ρw g(0.38)
c 5. Answer: (3.9 to 4.1)
EG al
= PB + ρw g(0.75) + ρHg g(0.38)
⇒ PA − PB = ρw g(0.75) + ρHg g(0.38)
N rr

− ρw g(0.38)
a1 a2 √2gh
⇒ PA − PB = 0.37gρω + 0.38ρHg . g → (2) Q1 =
√a21 − a22
e

From equation (1) a1 √2gh a

Q1 = where [ar = a1 (area ratio)]
ef

PA − PB VA2 VB2 √a2r1 −1 2

+ + 0.38 = + 1.13 → (3)
ρwg 2g 2g
a1 √2g(5h)
Q2 =
R

From continuity equation

√a2r2 − 1
Q = A1 V1 = A2 V2
For same pipeline discharge is same:
∴ D2A . VA = D2B . VB
Q1 = Q 2
2
DA
⇒ VB = ( ) . VA a1 √2gh a1 √2g(5h)
DB =
√a2r1 − 1 √a2r2 − 1
0.3 2
VB = ( ) × VA a2r2 − 1 = 5a2r1 − 5 = 15
0.1
⇒ VB = 9 VA → (4) ar2 = 4

Substitute eq (2) and eq (4) in eq (3)

0.37gρw + 0.38ρHg . g VA2 6. Answer: (18.5 to 20.0)
∴ + + 0.38
ρw g 2g g = 10 m/s2
Q̇ = 0.1 m3 /s
 D1 = 8 cm = 0.08 m = 0.0408 m3 /s
D2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
P2 = Patm 8. Answer: (7.097)
PB = PC π 2 π
A1 V1 = A2 V2 ⇒ d1 . V1 = d22 V2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A and ‘C’ 4 4
⇒ V2 = 4V1
PA VA2 PC VC2
+ + zA = + + zc P1 V12 P2 V22
ρg 2g ρg 2g + + gz1 = + + gz2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
PA − PC VC2 − VA2
⇒ = P1 − P2 V22 1
ρg 2g ⇒( ) + g(z1 − z2 ) = {1 − }
ρ 2 16

0 de
PA + ρgh = Patm
30 × 103
(Patm − PA ) ⇒ + g(−0.5)
⇒h= 103
ρg
V22 15

I1 o
VC2 − VA2 VA2 − VC2 = { }
⇒h= ⇒h= 2 16
2g 2g
⇒ V2 = 7.3168 m/s
⇒h=
VC2 − VA2
2g
⇒h= c
VA2 − VC2
2g Cv =
vact
vtheor
EG al
Q̇2 16 16 vact = Cv × vtheor
⇒h= { 2 4 − 2 4}
2g π dA π dB
= 0.97 × 7.3168
N rr

−2 4 4
10 16 1 1 = 7.097 m/s
⇒h= × 2 {( ) −( ) }
2 × 10 π 0.08 0.2
e

= 19.3 m
9. Answer: (6 to 6)
⇒ h = 19.282 m
ef

15 2
P1 − P2 = ρV
2 1
7. Answer: (0.035 to 0.045) 15 2
R

Pg1 − Pg2 = ρV
15 2 1
p1 − p2 = ρ V12 2(Pg1 − Pg2 )
2
2(p1 − p2 ) V12 =
V12 = 15ρ
15ρ
2(400 − 130) × 103
2 × 46 × 103 V12 =
V12 = 15 × 103
315 × 103
V1 = 2.369 m/s 2 × 270
V12 =
0.035 to 0.045 15
1 m
D2 = D1 V1 = 6
2 s
z1 = z2
π
Q = D12 V1
4 10. Answer: (1.576)
π
Q = (0.15)2 × 23.9 A1 = 2 × 10−3 m2
4
 A2 = 2 × 10−4 m2 12. Answer: (5 to 5)
ρW = 103 kg/m3 d1 = 0.25 m
ρOil = 800 kg/m3 1
= m
g = 9.81 m/s2 4
d2 = 0.125 m
Q̇ = 5 × 10−4 m3 /s
1
A1 V1 = A2 V2 = m
8
⇒ V2 = 10 V1 d2
= 0.5
P1 V12
P2 V22 d1
( + z1 ) + = ( + z2 ) +
ρg 2g ρg 2g ⇒ V2 = 4 V1

0 de
P1 P2 V22 − V12 P1 P2
⇒( + z1 ) − ( + z2 ) = h=( + z1 ) − ( + z2 )
ρg ρg 2g ρg ρg
ρoil 99V12 = 1.3505 m
⇒ h (1 − )=

I1 o
ρf 2g 1 V22
Q hL = { }
7 2g
V1 =

⇒ V1 =
A1
5 × 10 −4
c g = 10 m/s2
P1 V12 P2 V22
EG al
2 × 10−3 + + z1 = + + z2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 − ρf g(z2 − z1 ) − ρf g(x + H)
P1 P2 V22 − V12
N rr

= P2 − ρf gx − ρoil gh ⇒( + z1 ) − ( + z2 ) = + hL
ρg ρg 2g
P1 P2 ρoil
⇒ − (z2 − z1 ) − h = − h 1 1 16V12
e

ρf g ρf g ρf 2
{15V1 } + {
⇒ 1.3505 = }
20 7 2g
P1 P2 ρoil
ef

⇒( + z1 ) − ( + z2 ) = (1 − )h 3 4
ρfg ρfg ρf ⇒ 1.3505 = V12 { + }
4 35
800 99(0.25)2 ⇒ V1 = 1.2500 m/s
⇒ h (1 − )=
R

1000 2(9.81)
V2 = 4V1
99(0.25)2
⇒h= = 1.5768 m ⇒ V2 = 4(1.25)
0.4(9.81)
⇒ V2 = 5 m/s

11. Answer: (0.93 to 0.95)

13. Answer: (B)
D1 = 2D2
Avoid separation
A1
Q̇ = Cd √2gΔhP
√15
14. Answer: D
π
(0.15)2
30 × 10−3 = Cd 4 √2g × 2.45 Horizontal venturimeter, D1 = 2D2
√15
15 2
Cd = 0.948 P1 − P2 = ρV
2 1
 2(P1 − P2 ) π π
[ 4 (0.2)2 ] [ 4 (0.1)2 ] √2 × 9.81 × h
V12 =
15ρ 0.05 =
2 2
2 × 30 × 103 √[π (0.2)2 ] − [π (0.2)2 ]
2 4 4
V1 =
15 × 103 h = 1.938 m
V1 = 2.0 m/s
P1 P2
h= ( + Z1 ) − ( + Z2 )
ρg ρg
15. Answer: (19.01) P1 − P2
1.938 =
ρg
P1 − P2 = ΔP = 1.938 × 9.81 × 1000 Pa
= 19011 Pa

0 de
= 19.01 kPa

16. Answer: (—)

I1 o
m3
Q = 0.05

Q=
s
A1 A2 √2gh
c
17. Answer: (B)
EG al
√A21 − A22
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 47

Chapter : Inviscid Flow

Topic : Pitot tube & Orificemeter

1. [NAT, ] tube. Assume the coefficient of the tube to be 1,

A submarine moves horizontally in a sea and has then the deflection of the gauge is (in mm)
its axis below the water surface. A Prandtl pitot A. 380

0 de
tube placed in front of the submarine and along B. 340
its axis is connected to the two limbs of a U-tube C. 449
containing mercury. The difference in mercury D. 409

I1 o
level is found to be 170 mm. If SG of sea water
1.025, then the speed of submarine is _____ m/s 4. [NAT, ]
c
(round off to one decimal place). A pitot static tube placed in the centre of a
200 mm pipe line has one orifice pointing
EG al
2. [MCQ, ] upstream and other perpendicular to it. If
N rr

A pitot-static tube is inserted into an airstream pressure difference between two orifices is
of velocity U0 , pressure 1.02 × 105 N/m2 . It is 400 mm of water when the discharge through
e

connected differentially to a mercury U – Tube the pipe is 1365 lit/min. Taken the mean
manometer. If ρair = 1.1807 kg/m3 and velocity in the pipe to be 0.83 of the central
ef

specific gravity of mercury as 13.6 and U0 = velocity. The coefficient of the Pitot tube is
420 m/s, then the difference of mercury levels _____ (round off to three decimal places).
R

in the two limbs of the manometer is (in mm)

A. 610 5. [NAT, ]
B. 580 A pitot-tube is inserted in a pipe of 300 mm
C. 460 diameter. The static pressure in pipe is 100 mm
D. 780 of mercury (vacuum). The stagnation pressure at
the centre of the pipe, recorded by the pitot
3. [MCQ, ] tube is 0.981 N/cm2 . If the mean velocity of
Water flows at a velocity of 1.417 m/s. A flow is 0.85 times the central velocity the rate of
differential gauge which contains a liquid of flow of water (l/s) assuming cv = 0.98 is ______
specific gravity 1.25 is attached to a pitot-static (round off to nearest integer).
6. [NAT, ]
A pitot-tube is inserted in a pipe of 300 mm
diameter. The static pressure in the pipe is
100 mm of mercury (Vacuum). The stagnation
pressure at the centre of the pipe, recorded by
pitot-tube is 0.981 N/cm2 . If the mean velocity
of flow is 0.85 times the central velocity, then
the rate of flow of water through the pipe is
_____ m3 /s. Take Cv = 0.98, SG of mercury is
8. [NAT, ]
A pitot-static tube is used to measure air velocity
in a duct by neglecting losses. The density of air
is 1.2 kg/m3 . If the difference between the total
and static pressures is 1 kPa, the velocity of air
at the measuring location, in m/s is _______.
[GATE-2018-XE]
9. [NAT, ]

0 de
13.6 (round off to two decimal places). The arrangement shown in the figure measures
the velocity V of a gas of density 1 kg/m3

I1 o
7. [MCQ, ] flowing through a pipe. The acceleration due to
A tube of uniform diameter D is immersed in a gravity is 9.81 m/s 2 . If the manometric fluid is
c
steady flowing inviscid liquid stream of velocity
V, as shown in the figure. Gravitational
water (density 1000 kg/m3 ) and the velocity V
is 20 m/s, the differential head h (in mm)
EG al
acceleration is represented by g. The volume between the two arms of the manometer is
flow rate through the tube is _____. ________.
N rre
ef
R

π
A. 4 D2 V
π
B. 4 D2 √2gh2 [GATE-2017-ME]
π
C. 4 D2 √2g(h1 + h2 )
π
10. [MCQ, ]
D. 4 D2 √V 2 − 2gh2
A student can measure free-stream velocity of a
[GATE-2022-ME]
low-speed wind tunnel using a
 i. Pitot tube alone aligned with the flow
direction.
ii. Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction
with static pressure measurement at an
appropriate position on the tunnel wall.
iii. Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction
along with barometer pressure reading of
the outside ambient.
iv. Pitot static tube alone aligned with the flow
12. [MCQ, ]
The velocity of an air stream is 20 m/s. The
density of mercury and air are 13600 kg/m3
and 1.2 kg/m3 , respectively. The gravitational
acceleration may be taken as 10 m/s 2 . When a
Pitot-static tube is placed in the stream,
assuming the flow to be incompressible and
frictionless, the difference between the
stagnation and static pressure in the flow field

0 de
direction. (in mm Hg) would approximately be _______
Considering the above statements, which of the A. 1760

I1 o
following options is correct? B. 1.76
A. (i) only C. 0.57
B. (i) & (ii)
C. (ii) & (iv)
c D. 0.57 × 10−5
[GATE-2012-XE]
EG al
D. (i), (iii) & (iv)
[GATE-2014-AE] 13. [MCQ, ]
N rr

Figure shows the schematic for the

e

11. [NAT, ] measurement of velocity of air (density =

Air flows steadily through a channel. The 1.2 kg/m3 ) through a constant – area duct
ef

stagnation and static pressure at a point in the using a pitot tube and a water tube manometer.
flow are measured by a Pitot tube and a wall The differential head of water (density =
R

pressure tap, respectively. The pressure 1000 kg/m3 ) in the two columns of the
difference is found to be 20 mm Hg. The manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to
densities of air, water and mercury, in kg/m3 , gravity as 9.8 m/s 2 . The velocity of air in m/s is
are 1.18, 1000 and 13600, respectively. The
gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 .
Determine the air speed in m/s. _____.
[GATE-2013-XE]
 A. 6.4 4. Measuring discharge in a pipe
B. 9.0 The correct match of Group-I with Group-II is
C. 12.8 P Q R S
D. 25.6 A. 1 2 4 3
[GATE-2011-ME] B. 2 1 3 4
14. [MCQ, ] C. 2 1 4 3
A pitot-static probe is inserted in an airflow. A D. 4 1 3 2
manometer connected to this probe having Hg [GATE-2010-CE]
as the manometric fluid shows a difference of 16. [MCQ, ]

0 de
30 mm. Assume a probe factor of 1. Assuming A pitot tube is used to measure velocity V in a
ρair = 1.23 kg/m3 , ρHg = 13600 kg/m3 and duct of a gas with density ρ and static pressure

I1 o
g = 10 m/s2 , the speed of the air flow is P. It is connected to U −tube manometer
approximately containing a liquid of density ρm (Figure shown
A. 66.5 m/s
B. 81.5 m/s
c below). The height, h is
EG al
C. 76.5 m/s
D. 92.5 m/s
N rr

[GATE-2011-XE]
e

15. [MCQ, ]
ef

Group-I gives a list of devices and Group-II gives

ρ V2
a list of uses. A. (ρ ) 2g
R

m
Group-I V2
B. 2g
P. Pitot tube
ρm
Q. Manometer C. ρg
ρ
R. Venturimeter D. ρm g
S. Anemometer
Group- II
17. [MCQ, ]
1. Measuring pressure in a Pipe
PITOT TUBE is used to measure
2. Measuring velocity of flow in a pipe
A. static pressure of flowing fluid
3. Measuring air and gas velocity
 B. dynamic pressure of a flowing fluid 21. [NAT, ]
C. total pressure of a flowing fluid An orifice meter, having orifice diameter of d =
20
D. surface tension of a flowing fluid mm is placed in a water pipeline having flow
√π
[GATE-1992-CE]
rate,Qact = 3 × 10−4 m3 /s. The ratio of orifice
diameter to pipe diameter is 0.6. The
18. [MCQ, ]
contraction coefficient is also 0.6. The density of
The Pitot-static tube measures
water is 1000 kg/m3 . If the pressure drop
A. Static pressure
across the orifice plate is 43.5 kPa, the discharge
B. Dynamic pressure

0 de
co-efficient of the orifice meter at this flow
C. Difference in static and dynamic pressure
Reynolds number is _______
D. Difference in total and static pressures.
[GATE-2016-XE]

I1 o
[GATE-1989-CE]
22. [MCQ, ]
19. [NAT, ]
c
When a Pitot-static tube is immersed in a water
stream (density ρw ), the differential head
Match the devices in Column I with the
characteristics in Column II.
EG al
Column I Column II
measured by a mercury (density ρm )
high head loss and
manometer is hm . What is the velocity of the (P) Orifice meter 1.
N rr

low cost
water stream?
high head loss and
e

[GATE-1987-ME] (Q) Venturi meter 2.

high cost
ef

low head loss and

20. [NAT, ] 3.
high cost
The theoretical discharge for the flow through
R

low head loss and

an Orificemeter is 40 m3 /s. If the measured 4.
low cost
discharge in an experiment is 32 m3 /s, then the
A. P – 2; Q – 4
discharge coefficient (rounded off to one
B. P – 1; Q – 2
decimal place) is______.
C. P – 3; Q – 1
[GATE-2019-XE]
D. P – 1; Q – 3
[GATE-2012-XE]
23. [MCQ, ] An orifice plate is used to measure flow rate of
If discharges in two circular orifices O1 and O2 air (density = 1.23 kg⁄m3 ) in a duct of 250 mm
placed at depths of 200 mm and 800 mm in diameter as shown in figure. The volume flow
water are equal, the ratio of diameters is rate is 1 m3 ⁄s. Flow at sections 1 and 3 is
A. 1 ∶ 2 uniform and section 2 is located at vena
B. 2 ∶ 1 contracta. The diameter ratio, Dt ⁄D1, is 0.66.
C. √2 ∶ 1 The flow area at vena contracta, A2 = 0.65 At ,

D. 1 ∶ √2 where At is area of the orifice. The pressure

difference between locations 2 and 3 in N⁄m2 is

0 de
[GATE-1991-CE]
24. [MCQ, ] ______.

A tank containing water has two orifices of the

I1 o
same size at depth of 40 cm and 90 cm below
the free surface of water. The ratio of the
c
discharge through these orifices are
[GATE-2018-XE]
EG al
A. 4 ∶ 9
B. 2 ∶ 3
27. [MCQ, ]
N rr

C. 16 ∶ 81
Determine the correctness or otherwise of the
D. 1 ∶ 1
following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]:
e

[GATE-1989-CE]
Assertion [a]: The coefficient of discharge of
ef

25. [MCQ, ] orifice flow meter is less than that of venturi

In which one of the following devices the meter.

R

difference between static and total pressure is Reason [r]: Orifice flow meter is a differential

used to determine the flow velocity ? pressure device.

A. Piezometer B. Pitot static tube A. Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct

C. Orificemeter D. Venturimeter reason for [a].

B. Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the
[GATE-2019-XE]
correct reason for [a]

26. [NAT, ] C. Both [a] and [r] are false

D. [a] is true but [r] is false
[GATE-2009-XE]
28. [MCQ, ] level difference between the two arms of the
A projection manometer is to be used for manometer is 2 cm of water. The velocity is
measuring the dynamic pressure of an airstream A. 0.02 m/s
(ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3 ). The least count of the B. 2.0 m/s
manometer scale is 0.1 mm. The manometric C. 10 m/s
liquid is alcohol of specific gravity 0.8. The D. 20 m/s

lowest velocity that can be measured is [GATE-2007-XE]

A. √3/2 m⁄s
31. [MCQ, ]

0 de
B. 2/√3 m⁄s
Consider an inviscid flow through a smooth pipe
C. √3 m⁄s
which has a pitot-static tube arrangement as
D. 2 m⁄s

I1 o
[GATE-2008-XE] shown. Find the centre-line velocity in the pipe.

29. [MCQ, ] Consider that the density of the fluids is

c
An orifice plate of 60 mm diameter and
discharge coefficient 0.6 is used for measuring
1000 kg⁄m3 , acceleration due to gravity is
10 m⁄s2 , and the specific gravity of the
EG al
the flow rate of air (ρ = 1.2 kg⁄m3 , μ = 1.8 × manometric fluid is 11.

10−5 kg m−1 s−1 ) through a pipe of 100 mm

N rr

diameter. A manometer (with water as the

e

working liquid) connected across the orifice

plate reads 180 mm. The air flow rate is
ef

approximately equal to
A. 0.3 m3 /s
R

B. 0.1 m3 /s
C. 0.01 m3 /s
D. 0.03 m3 /s
[GATE-2007-XE]
A. 2 m/s B. 3 m/s
C. 5 m/s D. 7 m/s
30. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2022-XE]
3
The velocity of an airstream (ρ = 1.0 kg⁄m ) is
to be measured using a pitot-static tube. The
32. [MCQ, ]
Match the following measuring instruments
with the appropriate figures.
I – Pitot probe
II – Pitot-static probe
III – Piezometer
A. I – P; II – Q; III – R
B. I – R; II – Q; III – P
C. I – R; II – P; III – Q
D. I – Q; II – P; III – R
[GATE-2023-XE]

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (6.3 to 6.5) 18. (B)
2. (D) ρm −ρw
19. (√2g ( ) hm )
ρm
3. (D)
4. (0.952 to 0.995) 20. (0.8)
5. (399 to 401) 21. (0.3)
6. (0.38 to 0.42) 22. (D)
7. (D) 23. (C)
8. (40.82) 24. (B)
25. (B)

0 de
9. (19 to 21)
10. (C) 26. (1200 to 1350)
11. (67.25) 27. (—)
28. (—)

I1 o
12. (B)
13. (C) 29. (—)
14. (B)
15. (C)
c 30. (—)
31. (—)
EG al
16. (A) 32. (A)
17. (C)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (6.3 to 6.5) = 0.78 m = 780 mm
From Prandtl Pitot tube,
3. Answer: (D)
Sm
V = C√2gx ( − 1)
S ΔP
V = C√2g ( )
170 ρg
x= = 0.17 m;
1000 Therefore, for the present case,
Sm = 13.6; S = 1.025; and C is taken as 1.
ΔP

0 de
Thus by substitution, we get 1.417 = 1.00√2 × 9.81 ( )
ρg
13.6 ΔP
V = √2 × 9.81 × 0.17 ( − 1) Hence, = 0.1023 m of water
1.025 ρg

I1 o
or V = 6.4 m/s From the manometric equation of the

6.4 m/s
c
i.e., submarine is moving with a speed of differential gauge,
0.1023 = (1.25 − 1) h
EG al
Which gives the deflection of the gauge
2. Answer: (D) h = 0.409 m = 409 mm
N rr

ΔP = (ρm − ρair )gh

2ΔP 4. Answer: (0.952 to 0.995)

e

V=√
ρair 1365 × 10−3
Q= = 0.02275 m3 /s
ef

60
ρV 2
∴ ΔP = = (ρm − ρa )gh Mean velocity of flow is
2
V2 1 Q 0.02275
R

∴h= V= = = 0.724 m/s

2g ( ρm − 1) A π 200 2
( )
ρair 4 1000
V 0.724
We have ρm = 13.6 × 1000 Central velocity = 0.83 = = 0.872 m/s
0.83

= 13600 kg/m3 Now central velocity = C√2gh

3
ρair = 1.1807 kg/m
0.872 = C√2 × 9.81 × 40 × 10−3
(420)2 1
h= m C = 0.984
2 × 9.81 ( 13600 − 1)
1.1807

176400
=
(2 × 9.81 × 11517.6)
5. Answer: (399 to 401) N
Stagnation pressure = 0.981 cm2 = 0.981 ×
Given: 104 N/m2
Dia of pipe, d = 300 mm = 0.30 m 0.981 × 104
∴ Stagnation pressure head = =
π π ρg
∴ Area, a = 4 d2 = 4 (0.3)2 = 0.07068 m2
0.981×104
=1m
Static pressure head = 100 mm of mercury 1000×9.81

100 ∴ h = Stagnation pressure head – Static

(vacuum) = 1000 × 13.6 = −1.36 m of water
pressure head
Stagnation pressure = 0.981 N/cm2 =
= 1.0 − (−1.36) = 1.0 + 1.36 = 2.36 m of
0.981 × 104 N/m2
water

0 de
0.981×104
∴ Stagnation pressure head = =
ρg ∴ Velocity at centre = Cv √2gh
0.981×104
=1m = 0.98 × √2 × 9.81 × 2.36 = 6.668 m/s
1000×9.81

I1 o
∴ h = Stagnation pressure head – Static Mean velocity,
pressure head ̅ = 0.85 × 6.668 = 5.6678 m/s
V
c
= 1.0 − (−1.36) = 1.0 + 1.36 = 2.36 m of ̅ × area of pipe
∴ Rate of flow of water = V
= 5.6678 × 0.07068 m3 /s = 0.4006 m3 /s
EG al
water

∴ Velocity at center = Cv √2gh

N rr

7. Answer: (D)
= 0.98 × √2 × 9.81 × 2.36 = 6.668 m/s
Mean velocity, ⃗V = 0.85 × 6.668
e

= 5.6678 m/s
ef

⃗ × area of pipe
∴ Rate of flow of water = V
= 5.6678 × 0.07068 m2 /s = 0.4006 m2 /s =
R

400.6 l/s

6. Answer: (0.38 to 0.42) P1 V12 P2 V12

+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Given:
Patm,L + ρgh1 V 2
Diameter of pipe, d = 300 mm = 0.30 m +
ρg 2g
π π
∴ Area a= d2 = 4 (0.3)2 = 0.07068 m2 Patm,L + ρg(h1 + h2 ) V22
4
= + + (z2 − z1 )
Static pressure head = 100 mm of mercury ρg 2g
(vacuum) Patm,L + ρgh1 V22
+
100 ρg 2g
= − 1000 × 13.6 = −1.36 m of water
Patm,L + ρg(h1 + h2 ) V22
= + + (h1 + h2 )
ρg 2g
 V22 V 2 Pitot static tube alone aligned with the flow
⇒ = − h2
2g 2g direction.
⇒ V22 2
= V − 2gh2
∴ V2 = √V 2 − 2gh2 11. Answer: (67.25)
Volume flow rate through the tube is P0 − Pa = 20 mm Hg.
Q = A2 V2 = 20 × 10−3 × g × 13600 Pa
π
Q = D2 × √V 2 − 2gh2 2(P0 − Pa )
4 V=√
ρf

0 de
8. Answer: (40.82)
2 × 20 × 10−3 × 9.81 × 13600
=√
V = cv √2ghd 1.18
pstag− psta = 67.25 m/s
V = √2g ( )

I1 o
ρf g

V = √2 × 9.81 (

pd = pstag psta
1000
1.2 × 9.8
) c 12. Answer: (B)
V = 20 m/s , g = 10 m/s2
EG al
ρd P0 − Pa 2
hd = V = √( ) P0 − Pa = ρmercury gh
ρfg ρ
pstag − psta
N rr

hd = 1
ρf g ⇒ ρair V 2 = ρm . g. h
V = 40.82 m/s 2
e

1 ρair V 2
⇒h= .
2 ρHg g
ef

9. Answer: (19 to 21)

1 1.2 400
= × × × 103
ρw 2 13600 10
V = √2gh ( − 1)
R

ρg = 1.76 mm of Hg

1000
20 = √2 × 9.81 × h × ( − 1) 13. Answer: (C)
1
ρw
⇒ h = 20.4 mm h = x( − 1)
ρa
1000
= 10 × 10−3 ( − 1)
10. Answer: (C) 1.2
h = 8.323 m
Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction with
static pressure measurement at an appropriate V = √2gh

position on the tunnel wall. = √2 × 9.81 × 8.323

V = 12.77 m/s
14. Answer: (B) 21. Answer: (0.3)

V = cv √2ghd P1 V12 PC VC2

ρm − ρf + + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
( )h
ρf
P1 − PC VC2 − V12
ρm − ρf ⇒ =
V = √2g ( )h ρ 2
ρf
43.5 × 103 V12 25 2
⇒ = {( ) − 1}
13600 − 1.23 103 2 5.4
V = √2 × 10 ( ) × 30 × 10−3
1.23 ⇒ V1 = 2.063 m/s
V = 81.5 m/s A1 V1 = AC VC

0 de
VC A1
⇒ =
15. Answer: (C) V1 AC
VC A1
⇒ =
V1 ε × A0

I1 o
16. Answer: (A)
d0
Bernoulli’s equation (energy per unit volume) = 0.6

P + ρm gh = ρg
V2
2g
+P
c d1

ε=
AC
A0
⇒ AC = ε × A0
EG al
ρV 2 VC 25 25
⇒ = ρm gh ⇒ = =
2 V1 9 × 0.6 5.4
N rr

ρ V2 Q|theoretical = A1 × V1
⇒h=( )
ρm 2g π
= × d12 × V1
e

4
π 20
ef

17. Answer: (C) = ×{ × 103 } × 2.063

4 √π × 0.6
Total pressure of a flowing fluid
⇒ Q|theoretical = 5.731 × 10−4 m3 /s
R

Q|actual = 3 × 10−4 m3 /s
18. Answer: (B)
3
Dynamic pressure Cd = = 0.523
5.731

ρm −ρw 22. Answer: (D)

19. Answer: (√2g ( ) hm )
ρm

23. Answer: (C)

20. Answer: (0.8)
Q|theoretical = 40 m3 /s
Q|actual = 32 m3 /s
Q|actual 32
Cd = = = 0.8
Q|theoretical 40
 Q2 A2 V2 √2g(0.4)
= =
Q3 A3 V3 √2g(0.9)

=2∶3

25. Answer: (B)

Pitot Static Tube
Q = AV
Q1 = Q 2
26. Answer: (1200 to 1350)
A1 V1 = A2 V2
π 2 π

0 de
d1 √2gh1 = d22 √2gh2
4 4 27. Answer: (—)
d12 √h1 = d22 √h2

I1 o
d12 h2 28. Answer: (—)
√
2 = h
d2 1

d12
d22
=2
c 29. Answer: (—)
EG al
d1 30. Answer: (—)
= √2
d2
N rr

24. Answer: (B)

31. Answer: (—)
A2 = A3 = A
e

V2 = √2g(z1 − z2 ) = √2g(0.4)
32. Answer: (A)
ef

V3 = √2g(z1 − z3 ) = √2g(0.9)
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Fluid Dynamics

1. Alignment of a water pipeline has been changed 3. A jet of water is discharging at 25 kg/sec from a
by 45o in horizontal plane using reducing bend nozzle of 25 mm diameter. The jet from the nozzle
having 40 cm and 20cm dia. at the beginning and is directed towards a window of a building at a
end of the bend respectively. A discharge of height of 30 m from the ground. Assuming the

0 de
400 lit/sec is flowing in the pipeline. The nozzle discharge to be at a height of 2 m from the
pressure in the pipeline at the starting end of the ground, determine the greatest distance from the
bend is 3000 bar. The frictional head loss due to building where the fireman can stand, so that the

I1 o
the bend may be assumed as 5% of the kinetic jet can reach the window.

c
energy at the exit off the bend. Determine the
force exerted on the bend. Also determine the
[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2019]
EG al
direction of resulting force. 4. A 45° reducing pipe-bend in a horizontal plane,

[ESE CE-20 Marks : 2021] tapers from 600 mm diameter at inlet to

N rr

300 mm diameter at outlet. The gauge pressure

at inlet is 140 kPa and the rate of flow of water
e

2. A certain fluid is flowing through the pipe bend as

through the bend is 0.425 m3 /s. Neglecting
shown in the figure below. Determine the forces
ef

friction, calculate the net resultant horizontal

exerted by the pipe boundary on the fluid, if given
force exerted by the water on the bend.
that p1 = 2.452 bar (gauge), v1 = 4.0 m/s,
R

[CSE ME : 20 Marks : 2019]

D1 = 0.3 m, D2 = 0.15 m, θ = 60° and ρ =
1000 kg/m3 .
5. 300 litres/second of water is flowing in a pipe
having a diameter of 250 mm. If the pipe is bent
by 135o as shown in the figure below, find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on
the bend. Pressure acting at sections (1) and (2) is
500 kN/m2 (P1 = P2 = 500 kN/m2 ). Assume
steady flow. ρ = 1000 kg/m3 , neglect self-weight
[CSE CE-2020 : 15 Marks]
of water in the bend.
 8. A 5 mm diameter nozzle is discharging a vertically
upward jet of water with a velocity of 10 m/s at
the nozzle. What is the maximum height to which
this jet will reach? If a flat plate weighing 1.5 N is
balanced on the jet, what will be its height from
the nozzle?
[CSE CE-2016 : 10 Marks]

0 de
[IFS CE : 15 Marks: 2016]
9. A horizontal venturi meter which has an inlet

I1 o
6. A 40 × 20 cms venturimeter fitted in a vertical diameter of 120 mm and throat diameter of

pipe of 40 cms diameter, which carries oil of sp. 60 mm is connected to a pipeline. The coefficient
c
gr: 0.9. The difference in elevation of inlet and
throat is 40 cms. The U-tube manometer reads
of discharge is 0.95. The inlet pressure is 10 kPa
(gauge) and local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa
EG al
30 cms of mercury deflection. (absolute). Determine the maximum discharge of
water that can be allowed without causing
N rr

Determine:
(i) The discharge in a pipe cavitation. Assume vapour pressure of water as
e

4 kPa.
(ii) Difference of pressure between inlet
and throat [ESE CE-8 marks: 2015]
ef

Cd of venturimeter = 0.98, and flow is

vertically upward. 10. Calculate the volume rate of flow of water through
R

[IFS CE-15 marks : 2016] a pipe of 100 mm dia. When measured by (a) An
orifice plate of orifice size 50 mm dia and (b)

7. The loss of head from the entrance to the throat venturi tube of throat size 50 mm dia. The

of a 250 mm × 125 mm venturimeter is 1/8 recorded D.P. 250 Pa. The density of water is

times the velocity head at throat. Take the 1000 kg/m3 . Assume orifice Cd equal to 0.6 and

deflection of water mercury manometer as venturi Cd equal to 0.9.

101.6 mm. Compute the discharge. [ESE ME-10 Marks : 2014]

[IFS CE-8 marks : 2016]

11. In a laboratory experiment, an orifice of diameter
15 mm is installed in a 25 mm diameter pipe and
two pressure tappings, one before and one after
the orifice, are connected to a vertical mercury
manometer. The discharge is obtained by
measuring the rise of water level in a 30 cm ×
30 cm square tank collecting the outflow from
the pipe. For a particular experiment, the
0 de
difference in manometer readings was 130 mm of
Hg and the rise of water level was 120 mm in 15
I1 o
seconds. Estimate the coefficient of discharge.
[ESE CE-8 marks : 2014]
c
12. A pipe of 40 cm diameter is carrying 0.2 m3 /s
EG al
water. The pipe is bent by 145o from the
horizontal counter-clockwise. The pressure of
N rr
water flowing through the pipe is 400 kN/m2 .
e
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant
force on the bend.
ef
[CSE CE-2014 : 10 Marks]
R
13. A Pitot-static tube is inserted into an airstream of
velocity U0 , pressure 1.02 × 105 Nm−2 and
temperature 28o C. It is connected differentially to
a mercury U − tube manometer. Calculate the
difference of mercury levels in the two limbs of
the manometer if the velocity U0 is
(i) 50 ms−1 and (ii) 420 ms −1
Take the specific gravity of mercury as 13.6 and of
air γ = 1.4, R = 0.287 kJ/kg −1 K −1.
[ESE ME-15 marks : 2013]
14. Write Bernoulli's equation and the conditions for
which it is valid. If a fluid obeying Bernoulli's
equation has elevation, velocity and pressure at a
point as 30 m, 50 m/s and 50 bar respectively,
calculate the total energy per unit mass of this
fluid If its density is 1000 kg/m3 .
[CSE ME 2013 : 10 Marks]
15. An orifice meter having orifice diameter of 10 cms
is fitted in a 200 mm dia. pipe, which is laid
horizontally. The manometer reads 30 cms of
height of mercury. Determine the discharge of oil
flow of specific gravity 0.8. Consider coefficient of
discharge = 0.60.
[IFS CE-8 marks : 2013]
16. A venturimeter is fitted in 40 cms diameter
horizontal pipeline, which has a throat diameter of
15 cms. The pressure intensity at the inlet is
1.4 kg/cm2 and at throat it is 40 cms of mercury
of vacuum pressure. Determine the flow of water.
Assume 5% of differential head loss between inlet
and throat. Find also the coefficient of discharge
of venturimeter.
[IFS CE-15 marks : 2013]
17. A pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity 0.8
changes in diameter from 300 mm at position A
to 500 mm diameter at position B, which is 5 m at
a higher level. If the pressure at A is 19.62 and at
B is 14.91 N/cm2 and the discharge is 0.2 m3 /s.
Determine the loss of head and the direction of
the flow
[CSE CE-2012 : 12 Marks]
[CSE CE-2012 : 15 marks]
20. Water flows in a pipe as shown in the figure. If the
velocity at the point (1) is 1 m/sec determine
whether the flow is from (1) or (2) or the other
way.

0 de
18. A 10 cm diameter orifice discharges water at

I1 o
45 litres per second under a head of 2.75 m. A flat
plate is held normal to the jet just downstream
c
from the vena contracta requiring a force of 310 N
to resist the impact of the jet. Find coefficients of
[CSE CE-2011 : 12 Marks]
EG al
contraction Cc , velocity Cv , and discharge Cd 21. A pipeline carrying water has a 60o reducing bend
[ESE CE-4 marks: 2012] in a horizontal plane. The cross-sectional areas at
N rr

inlet and outlet of the bend are 1.0 m2 and 0.5 m2

e

19. A liquid of specific gravity 1.6 is flowing upwards respectively. The pressure at inlet and outlet of
at the rate of 0.1 m3 /s through a vertical venturi the bend are 40 kN/m2 and 30 kN/m2
ef

meter with an inlet diameter of 0.3 m throat respectively. The discharge in pipe is measured as
diameter of 0.15 m. The coefficient of discharge is 10 m3 /s. Calculate the magnitude and direction
R

0.98. The vertical distance between the pressure of force required to hold the bend in position.
tappings is 0.5 m. Take the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 .
(i) Find the difference in readings of the [IFS CE-10 Marks : 2011]
two pressure gauges, which are
connected to the two pressure tappings.
22. A conical tube of length 2 m fixed vertically with
(ii) Find difference in levels of mercury
columns of the differential manometer its smaller end upwards. The velocity head and
connected to the tappings in place of pressure head at upper ends are 1.27 m and
pressure gauges.
2.50 m respectively. The velocity head and
(ii) Sketch the arrangement showing details.
 pressure head at lower ends are 0.203 m and
5.407 m respectively. Find the direction of flow.
[ESE CE-2 marks : 2010]
23. A pipe carrying water tapers from cross-section
2 2
0.3 m at A to 0.14 m at B. The average velocity
at A is 1.8 m/sec and pressure is 441 kN/m2
(gauge). If the frictional effects are negligible,
0 de
determine the pressure at B which is 5.5 m above
the level of A.
I1 o
[ESE CE-4 marks : 2010]
c
24. A pitot tube was used to measure the quantity of
water flowing in a pipe of 0.3 m diameter. The
EG al
water was raised to a height of 0.25 m above the
centre of pipe in a vertical tube. If the mean
N rr
velocity is 0.78 times the velocity at the centre and
e
the coefficient of pitot tube is 0.98. Find the
quantity of water in litre per second. Static
ef
pressure head at the centre of the pipe is 0.2 m.
[CSE CE-2010 : 10 Marks]
R
25. A cylindrical water tank of 50 cm diameter and
120 cm height is initially filled with water. The top
of the tank is open to the atmosphere. A discharge
plug is fitted at the bottom of the tank. When the
plug near the bottom of the tank is pulled out, a
water jet streams out of the tank with a jet
diameter of 1 cm. The mean velocity of the jet is
given by v = √2gh where h is the height of the
water in the tank measured from the centre of the
hole. Determine how long will it take for the water
level in the tank to drop to 60 cm level from the
bottom. Neglect the distance between the bottom
of the tank and the centre of the hole compared
to the total water height.
[CSE CE-15 marks : 2006]
26. A flow nozzle is used for measuring the discharge
in the laboratory. The approach flow pipe has a
100 mm diameter pipe and the throat diameter
of the flow nozzle is 60 mm. The coefficient of
velocity is 0.90. The differential mercury
manometer shows 13.5 cm of Hg. Obtain the
discharge in litres per second.
[ESE CE-10 marks : 2005]
27. A venturimeter having a throat diameter of
100 mm is fitted into a pipeline which has a
diameter of 200 mm and through which oil of
specific gravity 0.9 is flowing. The difference in
pressure between the entry and throat tappings is
measured by a U-tube manometer, containing
mercury of specific gravity 13.6 and the
connections are filled with the oil flowing in the
pipeline. If the difference of level indicated by the
mercury in the U-tube is 0.6 m, calculate the
 theoretical volume rate of flow through the
meter.
[ESE CE-12 marks : 2004]
28. Find the discharge of water through a horizontal
venturimeter having 400 mm diameter at the
inlet main and 150 mm diameter at the throat,
if the differentiai gauge between the inlet and
to Indicate the level of the water. An observer
starts the stop watch when water level was at
600 mm. It was found that water level becomes
800 mm after one minute. Again the observer
starts the stop watch when water level was at 1 m
and it was found that water level becomes 1.1 m
in one minute. Calculate the diameter of the tank
by assuming coefficient of discharge for the orifice

0 de
its throat shows a pressure head of 25 cm of equal to 0.6.
mercury. Assume coefficient of discharge for [ESE ME-25 marks : 2003]

I1 o
the meter as 0.98 and the specific gravity of
mercury as 13.6. 31. For the pipe – nozzle system shown in the figure
c [CSE CE-2004 : 12 marks] below, the gauge pressure at point 1 is 1.5 ×
105 Pa, the velocity at the nozzle is 6.0 m/sec and
EG al
29. Explain practical utility of venturimeter and pitot the head loss between points 3 and 2 are
tube. Starting from first principles, derive the estimated as 0.6 m. Calculate the X-force on the
N rr

expression for discharge of a liquid through a bolt connecting nozzle pipe. Do not neglect the
e

venturimeter, if the coefficient of discharge of a losses in the pipe. Density of water is taken as
venturimeter is 0.96, the venturimeter constant is 1000 kg/m3 .
ef

0.3 m2.5 /sec and venturi head is 0.2 m, find

discharge through the venturimeter.
R

[ESE ME-15 marks : 2003]

30. A cylindrical tank is placed with its axis vertical. A

circular orifice of 40 mm diameter is fitted at its
bottom. The supply of water into the tank is at [CSE CE-2003 : 20 Marks]
uniform rate and at the same supply of water into
the tank is at uniform rate and at the same time 32. Determine the throat diameter of a venturi-meter
water is discharged through the orifice. A in an installation of 100 mm diameter pipe
manometer tube is fitted on the side of the tank
 carrying water. The maximum range available in
water-Hg differential pressure gauge is 50 cm of
Hg deflection. Find the maximum throat diameter
which will induce full gauge deflection when the
flow rate is 20 l/s. Assume Cd = 0.984.
[ESE ME 20 Marks : 2002]
0.09 mPa. What is the magnitude of the resultant
force acting on the elbow. Neglect the body forces
and energy loss duo to flow in the elbow. Neglect
also the effect atmospheric force acting on the
elbow. Mark the direction of the resultant force.
[CSE CE-2000 : 20 Marks]

33. Find the discharge of water flowing through an 36. Predict the flow rate through the motor as

0 de
inclined venturimeter of 30 cm main size and shown in the figure below, carrying gasoline of
15 cm throat size. The difference between the specific gravity 0.80 (neglect boundary

I1 o
main and the throat pressure measured by an resistance)
inverted liquid manometer with the liquid of
c
specific gravity of 0.6 gives a reading of 30 cm.
The loss of head between the main and the throat
EG al
is 0.2 times the K.E. of the main.
[ESE ME-20 marks : 2001]
N rre

34. The head of water over on orifice of 100 mm

diameter is 5 metre. The water coming out of [CSE CE-1999 : 20 Marks]
ef

orifice is collected in circular tank of 2 meter

diameter. The rise of water in the tank is
R

0.45 meter in 30 secs. Also the coordinate of a
certain point measured from vena contracta are
100 cms horizontal and 5.2 cms vertical.
Calculate the hydraullc coefficients of orifice.
[IFS CE-10 Marks : 2001]
35. Water flows through reducing elbow as shown in
the above figure at the rate of 1 m3 /sec. The
gauge pressure at 1 is 0.1 mPa and at 2 is
37. A steel pipe of 15 cm diameter carries water at a
rate of 30 liters per second from point A to B
along the pipe, the point B being 20 m higher
than point A and 600 m apart along the pipe. If
the pressure at B is to be 2.8 kg/cm2 , what
pressure must be maintained at A, if friction
factor for the pipe is 0.024? What will be the
capacity of the pipe after 15 years of service,
when the friction factor is tripled? Assume that
 the same pressures are to be maintained at A and
B, (kg = unit of force in metric system).
[ESE-CE 15 marks : 1999]
38. A jet of water falling vertically has a velocity of
30 m/s and a diameter of 60 mm at an elevation
of 24 m. What is its velocity and jet diameter an
elevation of 12 m. State the principle used.
[CSE CE-1996 : 22.5 Marks]
40. Three pipes each of uniform cross-section lie in a
horizontal plane & converge at a point as shown
the figure. Fluid flow through A1 with a velocity V1
and out of A2 and A3 with velocities V2 and V3 . The
1
dimensions are such that A2 V2 = 2 A1 V1 .

0 de
Find the resultant force required to hold the joint
[CSE CE-1998 : 20 Marks] the equilibrium, assuming that the fluid velocities
are uniform across the sections of the pipe and

I1 o
39. Water flows up a tapered pipe (figure). A that the pressure in the field is negligible.
differential mercury manometer is attached to the
c
pipe at A and B. The pipe has a diameter of
200 mm at A and 100 mm at B, the point B being
EG al
1 m above the point A. Obtain the deflection in
the manometer corresponding to a discharge of
N rr

50 L/s. Neglect the friction in the pipe. Relative

e

density of mercury = 13.6.

ef

[CSE CE-1995 : 20 Marks]

R
 Answer Key
1. (𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐨 ) 22. (Section 1 to 2)

2. (𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝐨 ) 23. (𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐 )

3. (𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝐦) 24. (53.516 lirre/sec)

4. (𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝐨 ) 25. (𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜)

5. (22.5°) 26. (15.75 litre/sec)

𝐦𝟑 27. (𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟒 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
6. (𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟕 ; 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟒. 𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝐍/𝐦𝟐 )
𝐬

0 de
28. (𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬𝐞𝐜)
7. (59.66 litre/sec)
29. (𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
8. (2.1218 m)
30. (𝐃 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝐦)
9. (𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬𝐞𝐜)

I1 o
31. (𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝐍)
10. (1.2904 litre/sec)
11. (𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟓)
12. (17.5°)
c 32. (𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟏 𝐦𝐦)
33. (𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬)
EG al
34. (𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟔)
13. (𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦 ; 780.6 mm)
35. (𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟐𝐨)
14. (6544.3 J/kg)
N rr

36. (𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬𝐞𝐜)

15. (47.23 litre/sec)
37. (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
16. (0.33976 m3/s)
e

𝐦
38. (𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝐬 ; 𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐦)
17. (1.3565 m)
ef

39. (𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝐦𝐦)

18. (0.832)
19. [(i) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟐 𝐦, (𝐢𝐢) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝐦] 𝐀𝟏 𝐕𝟐
40. (𝛒 √𝟒𝐕𝟏𝟐 + 𝐕𝟐𝟐 + 𝐕𝟑𝟐 − 𝟐𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐 − √𝟑𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟑 )
R

𝟐
20. (2) to (1)
21. (80.1°)
 Solutions
π π
1. Answer: (𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐨 ) (3000 × 105 ) × (0.4)2 − 299.99 × 106 ×
4 4
Solution: × (0.2)2 × cos45o + Fx
= 103 × 0.4[12.732 cos 45o − 3.183]
Fx = −31032681.63 N
Fx = −31032.681 kN
Applying linear momentum equation in y-direction

0 de
ΣFy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y

−P2 A2 sinθ + Fy = ṁV2 sinθ

Q = 400 lit/ sec = 0.4 m3 /s
π

I1 o
Q 0.4 −299.99 × 106 × 4 (0.2)2 × sin 45o + Fy
V1 = A = π(0.4)2 = 3.183 m/s
1 4
= (104 × 0.4)(12.732 × sin 45𝑜 )
Q 0.4
c
V2 = A = π(0.2)2 = 12.732 m/s
2 4 Fy = 6667703.417 N
EG al
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation = 6667.703 kN
between 1 & 2
For exerted on fluid element
P1 V21 P2 V22
N rr

+ 2g + z1 = ρg + 2g + z2 + hL
ρg

V2
hL = 0.05 × 2g2 , z1 = z2 (horizontal)
e

P1 V2 P V2 V2
ef

+ 2g1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + 0.05 2g2

ρg

3000×105 (3.183)2 (12.732)2 P2 Force exerted on bend

+ − 1.05 =
103 2 2 ρ
R

P2 = 299,999,920 = 299.99 × 106 Pa

Forces acting on fluid element

FR = √(31032.681)2 + (6667.703)2
Applying linear momentum equation in x- = 31,740.913 kN
direction for fluid element
6667.703
tanϕ = 31032.681
ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
ϕ = 12.126o
(P1 A1 − P2 A2 cosθ) + Fx = (ṁV2 cosθ) − ṁV1
2. Answer: (𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝐨 ) Forces on fluid element

Resultant force FR = √Fx2 + Fy2

A1 V1 = A2 V2 (Continuity equation)
π π
(0.3)2 × 4 = (0.15)2 × V2 = √(15.095)2 + (5.8338)2

0 de
4 4

V2 = 16 m/s = 16.183 kN
15.095
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) & tan θ′ = 5.8338 ⇒ θ′ = 68.87o

I1 o
(2)
P1 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
𝜌𝑔
1
+ 2𝑔

2.452×105 42
c
+ 𝑧1 = 𝜌𝑔2 + 2𝑔
2
+ 𝑧2

2
+ 2×9.81 = 103 ×9.81
𝑃 162
+ 2×9.81
3. Answer: (𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝐦)
ṁ = ρAV
EG al
103 ×9.81 π
25 = 103 × 4 (0.25)2 × V
[∵ z1 = z2 horizontal]
P2 = 125.2 × 103 N/m2 V = 50.9296 m/s
N rr

Applying linear momentum equation in x-direction

ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
e

P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos60o + Fx = ρQ[V2 cos60o − V1 ]

ef

π
2.452 × 105 × (0.3)2 − 125.2 × 103
4
π
R

× (0.15)2 × cos60o + Fx Using equation trajectory

4
π gx2
= 103 × 4 (0.3)2 × 4[16 cos60o − 4] y = x tan α − 2u2 cos2 α
(9.81)x2
Fx = −15094.96 N 28 = x tanα − sec 2 α
2(50.9296)2
Fx = −15.095 kN
28 = x tanα − (1.891 × 10−3 )x 2 sec 2 α
Applying linear momentum equation in y-direction _____ (1)

ΣFy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y For maximum value of x

dx
−P2 A2 sin60o + Fy = ρQ[V2 sin60o − 0] =0
dθ
π dx
−125.2 × 103 × 4 (0.15)2 × sin60o + 0 = xsec 2 α + (tan α (dθ) − (1.891 ×
π
Fy = 103 × 4 (0.3)2 × 4 [16 sin60o − 0] 10−3 )x 2 2 sec α × sec α × tan α +
dx
sec 2 α. 2x dθ)
Fy = 5.8338 kN
 0 = x sec 2 α − 1.891 × 10−3 × 140×103 (1.503)2 P (6.0125)2
+ = 1032×g +
2x 2 sec 2 α tan α 103 ×g 2g 2g

x(sec 2 α − 1.891 × 10−3 P2 = 123.0544 kPa

× 2x sec 2 α tan α) = 0 Applying linear momentum Equation in x-
2
xsec α(1 − 2 × 1.891 × 10 x tan α) = 0 −3 direction
1 ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
x = 2×1.891×10−3 tan 𝛼
264.41
Pg1 A1 − Pg2 A2 cos45o + Fx = ṁ(V2 cos45o −
x= V1 )
tan α
π
Putting x value in equation (1) 140 × 103 × 4 (0.6)2 − 123.0544 × 103 ×
π
2
(264.41) × (0.3)2 × cos 45 + Fx =
10−3 ) tan2 α

0 de
28 = 264.41 − (1.891 × × 4
ρQ(6.0125 cos 45 − 1.503)
sec 2 α
(1.891×10−3 )(264.41)2 33433.509 + Fx = 1168.1038
264.41 − = 28
sin2 α
Fx = −32265.40 N (On Fluid)

I1 o
sin2 α = 0.5592
Applying linear momentum equation in y-
sin α = 0.74781
α = 48.4o
c direction
ΣFy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,x
EG al
264.41
∴ x = tan(48.4o ) = 234.746 m −Pg2 A2 sin 45o + Fy = ṁ(V2 sin 45o − 0)
𝜋
−123.0544 × 103 × (0.3)2
N rr

4
4. Answer: (𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝐨 ) × sin 45o + Fy
= ρQ(6.0125 sin 45o )
e

Fy = 7957.437 N (on fluid)

ef

Force on Bend will be of same in magnitude but

opposite direction
Force on Bend
R

D1 = 600 mm = 0.6 m, D2 = 300 mm =

0.3 m
Pg1 = 140 kPa, Q = 0.425 m3 /s
Q 0.425
V1 = π(D )2
= π(0.6)2 = 1.503 m/s
4 1 4

Q 0.425
V2 = π = π(0.3)2 = 6.0125 m/s FR = √(32265.4)2 + (7957.437)2
D22
4 4
= 33232.166 N
Applying Bernoulli’s Equation between (1)& 7957.437
(2) [z1 = z2 ] tanθ = ⇒ θ = 13.854o
32265.4

P1 V2 P V2
+ 2g1 = ρg2 + 2g2
ρg
5. Answer: (22.5°)

Resultant force = √(45.028)2 + (18.651)2

ṁ = ρQ̇ = 103 × 300 × 10−3 = 300 kg
Q 0.3
= 48.7378 kN
V1 = V2 = π(0.25)2 = π(0.25)2 = 6.111 m/s 18.651
4 4 tan θ = 45.028 ⇒ θ = 22.5o

0 de
P1 = P2 = 500 × 103 N/m2
π
A1 = A2 = 4 (0.25)2 = 0.049087 m2
𝐦𝟑
6. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟕 𝐬
; 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟒. 𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝐍/𝐦𝟐 )

I1 o
Applying linear momentum equation in x-
direction.

c
ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
P1 A1 + P2 A2 cos 45o + Fx =
ρQ(−V2 cos 45o − V1 )
EG al
500 × 103 × 0.049087 (1 + cos 45) + Fx =
300(−6.111 cos 45 − 6.111)
N rr

Fx = −45028.014 N
ρ = 0.9 × 1000 = 900 kg/m3
Fx = −45.028 kN
e

h = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Applying linear momentum equation in
ef

direction Cd = 0.98, d1 = 40 cm = 0.4 m

ΣFy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y d2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
R

−P2 A2 sin 45o + Fy = ṁ(V2 sin 45o − 0) Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp

(i) Q =
√A21 −A22
−500 × 103 × 0.049087 × sin 45o + Fy =
300(6.111 × sin 45o ) ρm −ρ
Δhp = ( )h
ρ
Fy = 18651.1214 N
13600−900
Fy = 18.651 kN =( ) 0.3
900

Force on Bend = 4.233 m

π π
0.98× (0.4)2 × (0.2)2 ×√2×9.81×4.233
4 4
Q= 2 2
√{π(0.4)2 } −{π(0.2)2 }
4 4

Q = 0.28977 m3 /s
ρm −ρ
(ii) Δhp = ( ) h = 4.233 m
ρ
 P P V1 = 1.2155 m/s
(ρg1 + z1 ) − (ρg2 + z2 ) = 4.233
π
P1 −P2 Discharge Q = A1 𝑉1 = (0.25)2 × 1.2155
4
( ) + (z1 − z2 ) = 4.233
ρg
= 0.05966 m3 /s
P1 −P2
( ) + (z1 − z2 ) = 4.233
ρg Q = 59.66 litre/sec
P1 − P2
( ) = 4.233 + (z2 − z1 )
ρg 8. Answer: (2.1218 m)
= 4.233 + 0.4 = 4.633 m
P1 − P2 = ρg(4.633)
= 900 × 9.81 × 4.633

0 de
P1 − P2 = 40904.757 N/m2

I1 o
7. Answer: (59.66 litre/sec)
Fjet = Weight of plate
d1 = 250 mm = 0.25 m
d2 = 125 mm = 0.125 m
1 V22
c ρA2 V22 = W
Q 2
ρA2 (A ) = 1.5
EG al
hL = 8 (2g ) 2

Q2
h = 101.6 mm = 0.1016 m ρ A = 1.5 ----- (1)
N rr

2
ρm −ρ
Δhp = ( )h Q = A1 V1
ρ
𝜋
e

13600−1000 = 4 (5 × 10−3 )2 × 10
Δhp = ( ) × 0.1016
1000
= 1.9635 × 10−4 m3 /s
ef

= 1.28016 m
2
P1 P2 ρ(1.9635×10−4 )
(ρg + z1 ) − (ρg + z2 ) = 1.28016 m = 1.5
A2
R

Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation A2 = 2.57 × 10−5 m2

between 1 & 2 π
d22 = 2.57 × 10−5
4
P1 V21 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL d2 = 5.72 × 10−3 m
ρg 2g ρg 2g

A1 V1 = A2 V2 = 5.72 mm
π π Q
(0.25)2 × V1 = (0.125)2 × V2 V2 = A = 7.64 m/s
4 4 2

V2 = 4 V1 Applying Bernoull’s equation between 1 & 2

P P 15V21 16V2 P1 V2 P V2
(ρg1 + z1 ) − (ρg2 + z2 ) = 2g
+ 8×2g1 + 2g1 + z1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + z2
ρg
[∵ z1 = z2 ]
102 (7.64)2
V21 15
+0= +h
2×9.81 2×9.81
1.28016 = ( 2 + 1)
g
 h = 2.1218 m Qorifice = 8.6028 × 10−4 m3 /s
Height will be 2.1218 m from nozzle. = 0.86028 litre/sec
(b)
9. Answer: (𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬) A1 = 7.8539 × 10−3 m2
Cd A1 A1 √2gΔhp dventuri = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Q=
√A21 − A22
A2 = 1.96349 × 10−3 m2
p1 −p2
(Δhp )max = (For Z1 = Z2 ) Cd(Venturi) = 0.9, Δhp = 0.02548 m
ρg

{(10+96)−(4)}×103 Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp
= Qventuri =
103 ×9.81

0 de
√A21 −A22
π 𝜋
0.95× ×(0.12)2 × (0.06)2 ×√2×9.81×10.3975
4 4
= 2 2 Qventuri = 1.2904 × 10−3 m3 /s
√{ (0.12)2 } −{𝜋(0.06)2 }
π
4 4
litre
= 1.2904

I1 o
3
Q = 0.039622 m /s = 39.622 litre/s sec

10. Answer: (1.2904 litre/sec)

Given:
c 11. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟓)
Rise of volume
EG al
Qact =
Time taken
D(pipe dia) = 100 mm = 0.1 m
(Area of tank)×(Rise in height)
=
N rr

D.P.(Depression in Pressure) = 250 Pa Time taken

(0.3×0.3)×0.12
Water density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 = 15
e

p p
Δhp = (ρg1 + z1 ) − (ρg2 + z2 ) = 7.2 × 10−4 m3 /s
ef

Cd A1 A0 √2gΔhp
Δhp =
p1 −𝑝2
[For z1 = Qact =
ρg √A21 −A20
z2 horizontal position]
R

ρm − ρ 13600 − 1000
250
Δhp = 103 ×9.81 = 0.02548 m Δhp = ( )h = ( ) × 0.13
ρ 1000

(a) = 1.638 m
A1 A2 √2gΔhp Qact
Qorifice = Cd 𝜋 𝜋
√A21 −A22 Cd × 4 (0.025)2 × 4 (0.015)2 × √2 × 9.81 × 1.638
=
2 2
dorifice = 0.05 m, Cd (Orifice) = 0.6 √{π (0.025)2 } − {𝜋 × (0.015)2 }
4 4
π
A1 = 4 D2 = 7.85539 × 10−3 m2 ∵ Qact = 7.2 × 10−4 m3 /s
𝜋
A2 = 4 d2orifice = 1.96349 × 10−3 m2 ∴ Cd = 0.6705

Qorifice =
0.6×(7.8539×10−3 )(1.96349×10−3 )√2×9.81×0.02548
10−3 ×√(7.8539)2 −(1.96349)2
12. Answer: (17.5°)

Force on bend (Same in magnitude) (opposite

Since d1 = d2 = 40 cm = 0.4 m in direction)
π
A1 = A2 = 4 (0.4)2 = 0.12566 m2
Q 0.2
V1 = V2 = A = 0.12566 = 1.5916 m/s

0 de
∵ V1 = V2 , z1 = z2 (Horizontal)

P1 = P2 = 400 kN/m2 Result FR = √(92.017)2 + (29.018)2

I1 o
Applying linear momentum equation in x- = 96.484 kN
direction 29.018
tan θ′ = 92.017 ⇒ θ′ = 17.5o
c
ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x

P1 A1 + P2 A2 cos 35o + Fx =
EG al
13. Answer: (𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦 ; 780.6 mm)
ρQ[−V2 cos 35o − V1 ]
Given
400 × 103 × 0.12566 + 400 × 103 ×
N rr

0.12566 × cos35 + Fx P = 1.02 × 105 N/m2 ,

= 103 × 0.2[−1.5916 cos 35𝑜 − T = 28o C = 301 K

e

1.5916]
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K = 287 J/kg K
Fx = −92016.93 N
ef

P = ρair RT
Fx = −92.017 kN
1.02 × 105 = ρair × 287 × 301
R

Applying linear momentum equation in y-

ρair = 1.1807 kg/m3
direction
o
ρm = 13600 kg/m3
−P2 A2 sin 35 + Fy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y
Pitot tube with U-tube Manometer ⇒ 𝑉 =
−400 × 103 × 0.12566 × sin35o + Fy = ρm −ρ
ρQ[V2 sin 35 − 0] √2g ( ρ
)h

−28.830246 + Fy = 103 × 0.2 × 1.5916 × Where

sin 35o
V = velocity of fluid flow
Fy = 2901.83 N
h = difference of manometric fluid
Fy = 29.018 kN
ρm = density of manometric fluid
Force of fluid element
ρ = density of flowing fluid
Here ρ = ρair = 1.1807 kg/m3
 (i) U0 = 50 m/s = V = 6544.3 J/kg

13600−1.1807
50 = √2 × 9.81 × ( )×h
1.1807
15. Answer: (47.23 litre/sec)
h = 0.01106 m d1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
h = 11.06 mm π
A1 = 4 (0.2)2
(ii) U0 = 420 = V
Orifice diameter d0 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
13600−1.1807 π
420 = √2 × 9.81 × ( 1.1807
)×h A0 = 4 (0.1)2

H = 0.7806 m = 780.6 mm Cd = 0.6

0 de
h = 30 cm = 0.3 m
14. Answer: (6544.3 J/kg) ρ = 0.8 × 1000 = 800 kg/m3
P V2 ρm −ρ 13600−800

I1 o
+ + z = constant ∴ Δhp = ( )h = ( ) × 0.3
ρ 800
ρg 2g

P
= Pressure head
c
This is Bernoulli’s equation
= 4.8 m

Q=
Cd A1 A0 √2gΔhp

√A21 −A20
EG al
ρg

V2
2g
= Kinetic head / Dynamic head = 0.04723 m3 /s
N rr

z = potential head/datum head = 47.23 litre/s

Bernoulli’s equation is valid for

e

16. Answer: (0.33976 m3/s)

1) Flow is inviscid flow.
ef

2) Flow is taking place along the stream line hL

Cd = √1 −
direction only. Δhp
R

3) Flow is steady. hL = 0.05 Δhp

4) Flow is incompressible flow. Cd = √1 − 0.05 = 0.9747
5) No heat interaction. P1 P2
Δhp = ( + z1 ) − ( + z2 )
ρg ρg
6) No shaft work.
P1 −P2
= [∵ z1 = z2 ]
Given: ρg

z = 30 m, V = 50 m/sm P = 50 bar = 50 × P1 = 1.4 kg/cm2 = 1.4 × 9.81 × 104 =

105 N/m2 13.734 × 104 N/m2

ρ = 1000 kg/m3 P2 = 40 cm of mercury vacuum

P V2 = −13600 × 9.81 × 0.4 = −53,306.4 N/

Total energy per unit mass = ρ + + gz m2
2

50×105 (50)2 13.734×104 +53366.4

= + + 9.81 × 30 Δhp =
103 2 103 ×9.81
 = 19.44 m 18. Answer: (0.832)
Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp Orifice diameter = 0.1 m
Q=
√A21 −A22
Qactual = 45 l/s
π π
0.9747× (0.4)2 × (0.15)2 ×√2×9.81×19.44 Head H = 2.75 m
4 4
= 2 2
√{π(0.4)2 } −{π(0.15)2 }
4 4
Vth = √2gH
3
= 0.33976 m /s
= √2 × 9.81 × 2.75
= 7.3454 m/s
17. Answer: (1.3565 m)
Qth = A Vth
ρ = 0.8 × 1000 = 800 kg/m3

0 de
π
= (0.1)2 × 7.3454
dA = 300 mm = 0.3 m 4

dB = 500 mm = 0.5 m = 0.05769 m3 /s

I1 o
zB = 5 m, zA = 0 (Datum) = 57.69 l/s
Qactual 45
PA = 19.62 × 104 N/m2
PB = 14.91 × 104 N/m2
c Cd = Qth
= 57.69 = 0.78

Force on plate F = (ρAV)V

EG al
Q = 0.2 m3 /s = ρQact Vact
Q
VA = π = 2.83 m/s 310 = 103 × 45 × 10−3 × Vact
d2A
N rr

Q Vact = 6.889 m/s

VB = π = 1.02 m/s
d2 Vact 6.889
4 B
e

Cv = = 7.3454 = 0.9378
Vth
Total head at A
ef

Cd = Cc × Cv
PA V2A 19.62×104 (2.83)2
HA = + 2g + zA = + 2×9.81 + 0 C
ρg 800×9.81 Cc = Cd
v
R

= 25.408 m 0.78
= = 0.832
0.9378
Total Head at B
PB V2 14.91×104 (1.02)2
HB = + 2gB + zB = + 2×9.81 + 5
ρg 800×9.81 19. Answer: [(i) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟐 𝐦, (𝐢𝐢) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝐦]
= 24.0515 m Given:
∵ Total Head at A > Total Head at B ρ = 1.6 × 103 = 1600 kg/m3
∴ Flow will be from A to B. Q = 0.1 m3 /s
Head loss = HA − HB Cd = 0.98

= 25.408 − 24.0515 z1 − z2 = −0.5 m (vertical distance &

point 1 is below 2)
= 1.3565 m
 Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp V1 = 1 m/s, V2 = 6 m/s
(i) Q =
√A21 −A22 1×9.81
P2 = 1 kgf/cm2 = Pa or N/m2
10−4
π π
0.98× (0.3)2 × (0.15)2 ×√2×9.81×Δhp
4 4
0.1 = 2 2 P2 = 9.81 × 104 Pa
√{ (0.3)2 } −{π(0.15)2 }
π
4 4
1.2×9.81
P1 = 1.2 kgf/cm2 = N/m2
Δhp = 1.5932 m 10−4

P1 P2
P1 = 11.772 × 104 Pa
(ρg + z1 ) − (ρg + z2 ) = 1.5932
Total head at (1)
P1 P
− ρg2 + (z1 − z2 ) = 1.5932 P1 V2 11.772×104 12
ρg + 2g1 + z1 = + 2×9.81 + 0
ρg 103 ×9.81
P1 −P2

0 de
= 1.5932 + 0.5 = 12.0509 m
ρg

P1 − P2 = (2.0932) × ρg Total heat at (2)

= (2.0932) × 1600 × 9.81 P2 V2 9.81×104 (6.25)2

I1 o
+ 2g2 + z2 = 103 ×9.81 + 2×9.81 + 2
ρg
= 32855.156 N/m2
= 13.9909 m
(ii) Δhp = 1.5932 = ( c
13600−1600
ρm −ρ
ρ
)h
∵ Total head at (1) is greater than total head
at (2).
EG al
1.5932 = ( )h
1600
Hence , flow will be from (2) to (1).
h = 0.2124 m
N rr

h = 21.24 mm
21. Answer: (80.1°)
(iii)
e
ef
R

Given:

Q = 10 m3 /s, A1 = 1m2 , A2 = 0.5 m2

P1 = 40 × 103 N/m2 , P2 = 30 × 103 N/m2 ,

ρ = 1000 kg/m3
20. Answer: (2 to 1)
Q 10
V1 = A = = 10 m/s
A1 V1 = A2 V2 (Continuity equation) 1 1

π π Q 10
(50)2 × 1 = (20)2 × V2 V2 = A = 0.5 = 20 m/s
4 4 2

V2 = 6.25 m/s Applying linear momentum equation in x-

Assuming z1 as datum direction

z1 = 0, z2 = 2m ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x

P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos 60o + Fx = ρQ[V2 cos 60o − 22. Answer: (section 1 to section 2)
V1 ]
40 × 103 × 1 − 30 × 103 × 0.5 × cos 60o +
Fx = 103 × 10[20 × cos 60o − 10]
Fx = −32,500 N
Fx = −32.5 kN
Applying linear momentum equation in y-
direction Total energy at section 1 = Pressure head +
ΣFy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y velocity head + datum head

0 de
−P2 A2 sin 60o + Fy = ρQ[V2 sin 60o ] = 2.50 + 1.27 + 2 = 5.77 m
Total energy at section 2 = Pressure head +
−30 × 103 × 0.5 × sin 60o + Fy = 103 ×
velocity head + datum head
10[20 × sin 60o ]

I1 o
= 5.407 + 0.203 + 0 = 0 5.61 m
Fy = 186,195.46 N

= 186.195 kN
c
Force on the bend will be same in magnitude
Since the total energy at the lower end is less
than the total energy at the upper end,
therefore the direction of flow will be from
EG al
and opposite in direction upper end to lower end i.e. from section 1 to
section 2.
N rr

23. Answer: (𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝐤𝐍/𝐦𝟐 )

e
ef

Resultant force FR = √(32.5)2 + (186.195)2

R

= 189.01 kN
186.195
tan θ′ = AA VA = AB VB (Continuity equation)
32.5

θ′ = 80.1o 0.3 × 1.8 = 0.14 × VB

Vb = 3.857 m/s
ZA = 0 (Datum), ZB = 5.5 m, PA =
kN
441 m2 (gauge)

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A & B

PA V2 PB V2
+ 2gA + zA = + 2gB + zB
ρg ρg

441 (1.8)2 BP (3.857)2

+ 2×9.81 + 0 = 9.81 + + 5.5
9.81 2×9.81
 PB = 381.226 kN/m2 According to Continuity Eq.
dm
ṁi = ṁ0 + |
dt cv
24. Answer: (53.516 litre/sec)
dm
Stagnation head = 0.25 m | = −ṁo
dt cv

Static pressure = 0.20 m d

(ρAh) = −ρa√2gh
dt
Stagnation head = static head + kinetic head A 1 1
dt = − a dh
√2g √h
0.25 = 0.20 + kinetic head (h)
T 0 A 1 1
Kinetic head h = 0.05 m ∫0 dt = ∫H − a √2g √h dh

0 de
A 1 0 1
V = Cv √2gh T = −a ∫ dh
√2g H √h

= 0.98√2 × 9.81 × 0.05 A 1 0

T = −a [2√h]H
√2g
= 0.9706 m/s

I1 o
A 2
Mean velocity = 0.78 × Velocity at centre T= √g √H
a

Vmean = 0.78 × V c
= 0.78 × 0.9706
Time required to decrease the level from 𝐇𝟏
to 𝐇𝟐
EG al
= 0.7571 m/s A 2
T = a √g [√H1 − √H2 ]
Discharge Q = Apipe × Vmean
N rr

π
π D = 50 cm = 0.5m, A = 4 (0.5)2 =
= 4 (0.3)2 × 0.7571
0.1963 m2
e

= 0.053516 m3 /s π
d = 1cm = 0.01 m, a = 4 (0.01)2 =
ef

Q = 53.516 litre/sec 7.85398 × 10−5 m2

H1 = 120 cm = 1.2 m
R

25. Answer: (𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜)

H2 = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Time required to empty a rectangular (Circular
A 2
base) tank. T = a √g [√H1 − √H2 ]
Incompressible fluid flow
0.1963 2
= 7.85398×10−5 × √9.81 (√1.2 − √0.6)

= 362.0853 seconds

26. Answer: (15.75 litre/s)

Cv = 0.90, Cd = Cc Cv ⇒ Cd = 0.90
[∵ CC = 1]
π
A1 = (0.1)2 = 7.8539 × 10−3 m2
4
 π ρm −ρ 13600−1000
A2 = 4 (0.06)2 = 2.8274 × 10−3 m2 Δhp = ( )h = ( ) × 0.25
ρ 1000
ρm −ρ
Δhp = ( )h = 3.15 m
ρ
π π
13600−1000 0.98× (0.4)2 × (0.15)2 ×√2×9.81×3.15
4 4
=( ) × 0.135 Q= 2 2
1000 √{π(0.4)2 } −{π(0.15)2 }
4 4
= 1.701 m
Q = 0.13751 m3 /sec
Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp
Q= = 137.51 litre/sec
√A21 −A22

0.9×(7.8539×10−3 )(2.8274×10−3 )√2×9.81×1.701

= 29. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
√(7.8539×10−3 )2 −(2.8274×10−3 )2

0 de
Q = 0.01575 m3 /s Venturimeter is used to measure discharge of
fluid flow through a pipe. It consists of short
= 15.75 litre/s converging part, throat and long diverging part.

I1 o
Pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of fluid
𝟑
27. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟒 𝐦 /𝐬) flow in a channel or pipe. It consists of a glass

= 0.031415 m2
c π
Pipe cross sectional Area A1 = 4 (0.2)2
tube whose lowest end is bent at right angle.
Discharge Measurement with Inclined
EG al
Venturimetre
π
Throat cross sectional area A2 = 4 (0.1)2
N rr

= 7.8539 × 10−3 m2
A1 A2 √2gΔhp
Q = Cd
e

√A21 −A22
ef

Cd = 1 (since not given)

ρm −ρ
Δhp = ( )h
ρ
R

13600−900 Assumptions:
=( ) × 0.6
900
1. Flow is inviscid steady & incomp.
= 8.466 m
1×(0.31415)(7.8539×10−3 )√2×9.81×8.466 2. No external energy interactions
Q=
√(0.031415)2 −(7.8539×10−3 )2
According to continuity Equation.
3
Q = 0.10454 m /s
Q = A1 V1 = A2 V2
A
V2 = A1 V1 ________ (a)
28. Answer: (𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬𝐞𝐜) 2

Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp Applying BE between (1) & (2)

Q=
√A21 − A22 P1 V2 P V2
+ 2g1 + z1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + z2
ρg
Cd = 0.98 (given), h = 25 cm = 0.25 m
 V2 V2 Venturi head = 0.2 = Δhp
hp1 + 2g1 = hp2 + 2g2
A1 A2 √2g
V22 −V21 Venturimeter constant =
Δhp = [hp1 − hp2 = ΔhP ] √A21 −A22
2g

A 2
[( 1 )V1 ] −V21 Cd ×A1 A2 √2g×√Δhp
Δhp =
A2 Qactual =
2g √A21 −A22

2
(A21 −A22 ) V21
Δhp = = 0.96 × 0.3 × √0.2
A22 ×2g

A22 ×2g Δhp

= 0.1288 m3 /s
V12 =
√A21 −A22

0 de
A2 √2g Δhp 30. Answer: (𝐃 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝐦)
V1 =
√A21 −A22

Q = A1 V1

I1 o
A2 √2g Δhp
Q = A1 A21 −A22

Q=
A1 A2 √2g Δhp

√A21 −A22
c ______ (1)
EG al
Where
N rr

Δhp = hp1 − hp2 Given:

P P Orifice diameter d = 40 mm = 0.04 m

Δhp = ρg1 + z1 − (ρg2 + z2 )
e

Cd (for orifice) = 0.6

P1 −P2
Δhp = ( ) + (z1 − z2 )
ef

ρg m3
Let supply of water = Q s
For horizontal venturimeter
Discharge through orifice = Cd a√2gh
R

P1 −P2
Δhp = ρg A → Area of work
Equation (1) gives the theoretical discharge a → area of orifice
actual discharge will be less than theoretical
discharge h → level of water in tank of any instant

Qact = Cd Qth So,

dh
Here, Cd = Coefficient of discharge for (Q − Cd a√2gh = A dt
venturimeter
Adh
dt =
Generally, 0.95 ≤ Cd ≤ 0.99 Q−Cd a √2gh

Given: t 0 = 0, h1 = 0.6 m

Cd = 0.96 t1 = 60 sec, h2 = 0.8 m

Venturimeter constant = 0.3 m2.5 /sec And let h = y 2 ⇒ dh = 2y dy

 h A
60 = ∫h 2 Q−C (2y)dy 2A Q Q − Cd a√2g × 1.1
1 d a(y)√2g {− ln ( )
Cd a√2g Cd a√2g Q − Cd a√2g × 1.0
2A h2 √2g Cd a(y)dy
60 = ∫
Cd a√2g h1 Q−Cd a(y)√2g − (√1.1 − √1.0)}
2A h2 −Q+ Cd a√2gy+Q
60 = ∫h Q Q−C a√2g×0.8
Cd a√2g Q−Cd a√2g y
1
−C ln ( Q−Cd a√2g×0.6 ) − (√0.8 −
d a√2g d
2A h Q
60 = C a√2g ∫h 2 {Q−C a√2gy − √0.6) =
d 1 d
Q− Cd a√2g y
} dy
Q−Cd a√2g y Q Q−C a√2g×1.1
−C ln ( Q−Cd a√2g×1.0 ) − (√1.1 −
2A h Q d a√2g d
2
60 = ∫h {Q−C −

0 de
Cd a√2g 1 d a√2gy √1.0)
Q− Cd a√2g y
} dy Q Q−C a√2g×0.8
Q−Cd a√2g y {ln ( Q−Cd a√2g×0.6 ) −
Cd a√2g d
2A h Q h2 Q−Cd a√2g×1.1
60 = {∫h 2 Q−C a√2gy dx − ∫h dy } ln ( Q−C ) } = [(√1.1 − √1.0) −

I1 o
Cd a√2g 1 d 1 d a√2g×1.0

h2 (√0.8 − √0.6)] = −0.07

60 =
2A
Cd a√2g
c
{Q
ln(Q−Cd a√2g y)
−Cd a√2g
− y}
h1

h2
𝜋
Cd a√2g = 0.6 × 4 × 0.042 √2 × 9.81 =
0.00334
EG al
2A ln(Q−Cd a√2gh a)
60 = {−Q − √h}
Cd a√2g Cd a√2g 𝑄−0.00334√0.8 𝑄−0.00334
h1
Q {ln (𝑄−0.00334√0.6) × (𝑄−0.00334√1.1)} =
2A Q Q−Cd √2gh2 a −0.07 × 0.00334
N rr

60 = {− C ln ( )−
Cd a√2g d a√2g Q−Cd √2gh1 a
Q−0.00299 Q−0.00334
(√h2 − √h1 )} Q {ln Q−0.00259 × Q−0.00335} = 2.37 × 10−4
e

By trial & error

Consider case (1) h1 = 0.6, h2 = 0.8
ef

2A Q Q−aCd √2g×0.8
Q = 10 m3 /s
60 = {− C ln ( Q−aC )−
Cd a√2g d a√2g d √2g×0.6 Substituting in case (1)
R

(√0.8 − √0.6)}
60 =
2A Q Q−Cd a√2g(0.8)
Case (2). h1′ = 1 m, h′2 = 1.1 m Cd a√2g
[− C ln ( ) −(√0.8 −
d a√2g Q−Cd a√2g(0.6)
2A Q Q−Cd a√2g×1.1
60 = {− ln ( )− √0.6)]
Cd a√2g Cd a√2g Q−Cd a√2g×1.0

(√1.1 − √1.0)} A = 2999 m2

π
Equating (1) and (2) we get, D2 = 2999 m2
4

2A Q Q−C a√2g×0.8 D = 61.79 m

{− C ln ( Q−Cd a√2g×0.6 ) −
Cd a√2g d a√2g d

(√0.8 − √0.6)} =
31. Answer: (𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝐍)
P1 = 1.5 × 105 Pa
V2 = 6 m/s
hL (2 to 3) = 0.6 m FBolt = −256.674 N
d2 = 6 cm = 0.06 m So force on the bolt will be opposite direction
d1 = d3 = 10 cm = 0.1 m Force on bolt = 256.674 N
A1 V1 = A2 V2
π π
d12 V1 = 4 d22 V2 32. Answer: (𝟒𝟕. 𝟔𝟏 𝐦𝐦)
4
π π Pipe diameter, D = 100mm = 0.1m
(0.1)2 × V1 = (0.06)2 × 6
4 4
Cd = 0.984, Q = 20 l/s
V1 = 2.16 m/s = V3
= 0.02 m3 /s
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 3

0 de
Deflection h = 50 cm
P1 V21 P3 V23
+ 2g + z1 = ρg + 2g + z3
ρg = 0.5 m
z1 = 0 (Datum), z3 = 10 m ρm −ρ
Δhp = ( )h

I1 o
ρ
1.5×105 3 P
+ 0 = 103 ×9.81 + 10 [∵ V1 = V3 ]
103 ×9.81 ρm = 13600 kg/m3
P3 = 51900 Pa
Applying modified
c Bernoulli’s equation
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
EG al
Δhp = 6.3 m
between 3 & 2
π
P3 V23 P2 V22
A1 (pipe cross section area) = (0.1)2
+ 2g + z3 = ρg + 2g + z2 + hL 4
N rr

ρg
π
51900 (2.16)2 P 62 A2 (throat cross section Area) = d2
2
+ 2×9.81 = 103 ×9.81 + 2×9.81 + 0.6 4
e

103 ×9.81
Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp
P2 = 30346.8 Pa Q=
√A21 −A22
ef

π π
0.984× (.1)2 × d2 √2×9.81×6.3
4 4
0.02 = 2 2
√(π(.1)2 ) −(πd2 )
R

4 4

(. 14 − 𝑑 4 ) = 18.4565 d4
1/4
0.14
d = (19.4565) = 0.04761 m
Assume FBolt in positive x-direction (On fluid)
applying linear momentum equation x- = 47.61 mm
direction
ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
33. Answer: (𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬)
P3 A3 − P1 A2 + FBolt = ρQ(V2 − V1 )
π π
51900 × 4 × (0.1)2 − 30346.8 × 4 +
(0.06)2 + FBolt
𝜋
= 103 × 4 (0.1)2 × 2.16(6 − 2.16)
 V1 = 0.3936 m/s
Discharge Q = A1 V1
π
= 4 (0.3)2 × 0.3936

= 0.02782 m3 /s
= 27.82 litre/s

34. Answer: (0.9806)

Given:
Orifice diameter d0 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
d1 = 30cm = 0.3m

0 de
Head H = 5m
d2 = 15cm = 0.15m
Diameter of tank = 2m
Sm = 0.6 ⇒ ρm = 6000 kg/m3 π
Cross section Area of tank = 4 (2)2

I1 o
ρ = 1000 kg/m3 , h = 30 cm = 0.3 m
π
(2)2 ×0.45
p1
Δhp = (ρg + z1 ) − (ρg + z2 )

=(
ρ−ρm
)×h
c p2 Volume flow rate in tank =

∴ Qact = 0.04712 m3 /s
4
30
EG al
ρ
Vth = √2gH
1000−600
=( ) × 0.3
1000
= √2 × 9.81 × 5
N rr

Δhp = 0.12 m
= 9.9045 m/s
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation
e

Qth = (Area of orifice) × velocity

between 1 & 2,
π
= 4 (0.1)2 × 9.9045
ef

p1 v21 p v22
+ 2g + z1 = ρg2 + 2g + z2 + hL
ρg
= 0.0778 m3 /s
p p v22 v21
R

(ρg1 + Z1 ) − (ρg2 + z2 ) = 2g − 2g + hL _____ Co-efficient of discharge, Cd =

Qact
=
Qth
(1) 0.04712
= 0.6056
0.0778
v21
hL = 0.2 2g (given) Coordinate of point (x, y) → (100 cm,
5.2 cm)
A1 V1 = A2 V2
π π ↓
(0.3)2 × V1 = (0.15)2 × V2
4 4
(1 m, 0.052 m)
V2 = 4V1
Horizontal distance x = velocity × time
Putting V2 & hL value in equation (1)
x = vt
(4V1 )2 V21 V21
Δhp = − 2g + 0.2 2g 1
2g Vertical distance y = 2 gt 2
15.2V21
0.12 = 1 x 2
2g y = 2 g (v )
 1 x2 ΣFy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y
V2 = 2 g y

1 1 P2 A2 sin45o + Fy = ρQ(−V2 sin45 − 0)

= 2 × 9.81 × 0.052
9 × 10−5 × 0.07 × sin45 + Fy = −103 ×
V 2 = 94.3269 1(14.2857 × sin45)
V = 9.7122 m/s Fy = −10,101.5153 N
V
Coefficient of velocity Cv = V Force on the elbow will be same in magnitude
th

9.7122
but opposite in direction.
= 9.9045 = 0.9806
Force on elbow

0 de
35. Answer: (𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟐𝐨)

I1 o
c Resultant force FR =
√(10101.5153)2 + (101.5153)2
EG al
FR = 10,102.025 N
10101.5153
N rr

Q = 1 m3 /s (Given) tan θ′ = 101.5153

Q 1
V1 = A = 0.1 = 10 m/s θ′ = 89.42422o
e

Q 1
V2 = A = 0.07 = 14.2857 m/s
ef

2
36. Answer: (𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬𝐞𝐜)
−3 −4
P1 = 0.1 mPa = 0.1 × 10 Pa = 10 Pa Cd A1 A2 √2gΔhp
Q=
P2 = 0.09 mPa = 0.09 × 10−3 = 9 ×
R

√A21 − A22
10−5 Pa
Cd = 1 (No losses), h = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Applying linear momentum equation in x-
ρm −ρ
direction Δhp = ( )h
ρ

ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x 13600−800

Δhp = ( ) × 0.2
800
P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos45o + Fx = ρQ(V2 cos45 −
V1 ) Δhp = 3.2 m
π π
10−4 × 0.1 − 9 × 10−5 × 0.07 × cos45o + 1× (0.1)2 × (0.05)2 ×√2×9.81×3.2
4 4
Q= 2 2
Fx = 103 × 1(14.2857 cos45 − 10) √{π(0.1)2 } −{π(0.05)2 }
4 4

Fx = 101.5153 N = 0.016068 m3 /s
Applying linear momentum equation in y- = 16.068 litre/sec
direction
37. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)

Given:
Q = 30 liters/s = 0.03 m3 /s
d = 0.15 m z1 = 24 m, V1 = 30 m/s, d1 = 60 mm =
0.06 m, z2 = 12m, d2 =?

0 de
2.8×9.81
PB = 2.8 kg/cm2 = = 2.75 × 105 N/
(10−2 )2 Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2
2
m
P1 V2 P V2
+ 2g1 + z1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + z2
L = 600 m, f = 0.024 ρg

I1 o
ZA = 0 (datum), ZB = 20 m, VA = VB V21 V22
+ z1 = + z2 [∵ P1 = P2 = Patm ]
2g 2g
Applying modified
between A & B
c Bernoulli’s equation 302
2×9.81
2
+ 24 = 2×9.81 + 12
V2
EG al
PA V2 PB V2 V2 = 33.6963 m/s
+ 2gA + zA = + 2gB + zB + hL
ρg ρg
A1 V1 = A2 V2 (Continuity equation)
PA V2 2.75×105 V2 fLQ2
N rr

+ 2g = + 2g + 20 + 12.1d5 π π
𝜌𝑔 9810 (60)2 × 30 = d22 × 33.6963
4 4
PA = 62.10 × 9810 = 6.092 × 105 N/m2
d2 = 56.6136 mm
e

When friction factor is tripled

Principle Used: Bernoulli’s principle & mass
ef

f = 3 × 0.024 = 0.072 conservation of incompressible steady fluid is

used
Again applying modified Bernoulli’s equation
R

between A & B
PA V2 PB V2 39. Answer: (𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝐦𝐦)
+ 2gA + zA = + 2gB + zB + hL
ρg ρg
The arrangement is like venturimeter.
6.092×105 𝑉𝐴2 2.75×105 𝑉𝐵2
+ 0 + 2𝑔 = 9.81×103 + 20 + 2𝑔 + So, we can apply the venturimeter formula
9.81×103
(0.072)(600)Q2 directly.
12.1(0.15)5
A1 A2 √2gΔhp
Q = 0.01729 m3 /s Q=
√A21 −A22

π π
𝐦 (0.2)2 × (0.1)2 √2×9.81×Δhp
38. Answer: (𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝐬 ; 𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐦) 50 × 10−3 = 4 4
4 2
√{ (0.2)2 } −{π(0.1)2 }
π
4 4

Δhp = 1.93656 m
 ρm −ρ Applying linear momentum equation in x-
( ) h = 1.93656
ρ
direction
h = 0.15369 m
Fx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x
= 153.69 mm
= ṁ2 V2 cos60o − ṁ1 V1
40. Answer:
1
A1 V2
= ρQ2 V2 × 2 − ρQ1 V1
(ρ √4V12 + V22 + V32 − 2V1 V2 − √3V2 V3 )
2 V Q1
= ρQ1 ( 42 − V1 ) [∵ Q2 = ]
2

Applying linear momentum equation in y-

direction

0 de
Fy = (ṁV)f,y − (ṁV)i,y

= ṁ2 V2 sin60o − ṁ3 V3

√3

I1 o
= ρQ2 V2 × − ρQ3 V3
2

√3 V3 Q1

c = ρQ1 ( 4 V2 − 2
) [∵ Q2 = Q3 =

Force on the bend will be same in magnitude

2
]
EG al
Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3 but opposite in direction
A1 V1 = A2 V2 + A3 V3
N rr

1
A1 V1 = A1 V1 + A3 V3
2
1
A3 V3 = 2 A1 V1
e

Q1
ef

Q3 = 2
FR = √Fx2 + Fy2
Q1
Also Q2 = 2
R

2 2
V √3 V
Forces acting on fluid element = √{ρQ1 ( 42 − V1 )} − {ρQ1 ( 4 V2 − 23 )}

=
V22 V2 V1 3 V23 √3
ρQ2 √ + V12 − + V22 + − VV
16 2 16 4 4 2 3

=
A1 V2
ρ √4V12 + V22 + V32 − 2V1 V2 − √3V2 V3
2
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10
Chapter : Flow Through Pipes
Topic : Expression for frictional head loss
1. [MSQ, ]
Water is flowing at a velocity of 3 m/s in a pipe
of diameter 300 mm and length 50 m.
0 de
Assuming the value of coefficient of friction for
pipe, f = 0.00256 and acceleration due to
gravity, g = 9.81 m⁄s 2 . Which one or more of
I1 o
the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
A. The head-loss due to friction in the pipe
c
according to Darcy formula is 0.76 m to
0.80 m.
EG al
B. The head-loss due to friction in the pipe
N rr
according to Darcy formula is 1. 05 m to
1.15 m.
e
C. According to Chezy’s formula [Chezy’s
constant C = 60] is 1.61 m to 1.69 m.
ef
D. According to Chezy’s formula [Chezy’s
constant C = 60] is 1.25 m to 1.35 m.
R
2. [NAT, ]
Water is flowing at a rate of 200 litres/sec in a
pipe of length 2000 m. If head loss due to
friction is 4 m, the diameter of the pipe is _____
mm (round off to one decimal place). Take
Chezy’s constant C = 50.
NTPP & PYQs - 48
3. [NAT, ]
Water is flowing in a pipe of diameter 200 mm
and length 500 m. The head loss due to friction
in the pipe is 4 m. If friction coefficient is 0.009,
then the discharge through the pipe is _____
liters/s (round off to one decimal place).
4. [NAT, ]
Water flows through a 150 mm diameter
horizontal pipe at a rate of 0.057 m3 ⁄s & a
pressure drop of 29 kPa per 31 m of pipe. The
friction coefficient is _____ (round off to one
decimal place).
5. [NAT, ]
Water discharges steadily from a large reservoir
through a long pipeline, as shown in the figure.
The Darcy friction factor in the pipe is 0.02. The
pipe diameter is 20 cm, and the discharge of
water is 360 m3 /h . Water level in the reservoir
is 10 m and acceleration due to gravity g =
10 m/s2 . If minor losses are negligible, the
length L (in meters, up to one decimal place) of
the pipeline is ______.

[GATE-2021-XE]
6. [NAT, ]
Water flows at an average velocity, V of 10 m/s
through a horizontal smooth tube of diameter,
The inlet leg length of the siphon to its summit is
2000 m. The difference in the water surface
levels of the two reservoirs is 5 m. Assume the
permissible minimum absolute pressure at the
summit of siphon to be 2.5 m of water when
running full. Given: friction factor F = 0.02
throughout, atmospheric pressure= 10.3 m of
water, and acceleration due to gravity

0 de
d = 5 cm. The friction factor, F is 0.02. Head
loss is obtained using Darcy-Weisbach relation
FLV2
. The fluid pressure, p measured at various
g = 9.81 m/s 2 . Considering only major loss
using Darcy-Weisbach equation, the maximum
height of the summit of siphon from the water

I1 o
2gd

stations are reported in the table below. The level of upper reservoir, h (in m, round off to 1

c
length of the pipe l, between station 0 and
station 6 is 6 m.
decimal place) is _____.

[GATE-2019-CE]
EG al
Station 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8. [MCQ, ]
Water is flowing at a velocity of 1.6 ms −1 in a
N rr

p, kPa 304 273 255 240 226 213 -

If acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s2 and pipe of diameter 8 cm and length 100 m.
e

Assuming the value of coefficient of friction for

density of water = 1000 kg/m3 , then the fluid
pipe, F = 0.005 and acceleration due to gravity,
ef

pressure at station 6 is ________kPa (rounded

off to one decimal place). g = 9.81 ms−2, the head loss (in meter) due to
friction in the pipe is
R

[GATE-2020-XE]
A. 1.28 B. 2.28
7. [NAT, ]
C. 2.78 D. 3.26
Two water reservoirs are connected by a siphon
[GATE-2019-AG]
(running full) of total length 5000 m and
9. [MCQ, ]
diameter of 0.10 m, as shown below (figure not
In a fully developed turbulent flow through a
drawn to scale)
circular pipe, a head loss of h1 is observed. The
diameter of the pipe is increased by 10% for the
same flow rate and a head loss of h2 is noted.
 Assume friction factor for both the cases of pipe 12. [NAT, ]
h2 The figure shows a reducing area conduit
flow is the same. The ratio of is closest to
h1
carrying water. The pressure p and velocity V are
A. 0.34 B. 0.62
uniform across sections 1 and 2. The density of
C. 0.87 D. 1.00
water is 1000 kg/m3 . If the total loss of head
[GATE-2016-ME]
due to friction is just equal to the loss of
10. [NAT, ]
potential head between the inlet and the outlet,
Water is discharged at atmospheric pressure
then V2 in m/s will be_______.
from a large reservoir through a long pipe of

0 de
diameter d and length L. The height of the free
surface of the reservoir from the discharge point

I1 o
h meters. The Darcy’s friction factor of the pipe
is 0.002. Neglect the velocity inside the reservoir
c
as the reservoir is very large. Given L =
20 m, d = 40 mm, density of water = 1000 kg/
[GATE-2015-XE]
EG al
13. [MCQ, ]
3
m and flow rate is
For steady, fully developed flow inside a straight
Q = 4π × 10−3 m3 /s. Assuming gravitational
N rr

pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity effects,

2
acceleration g = 10 m/s . The value of h is ___
the pressure drop ∆p over a length L and the
e

m.
wall shear stress τw are related by
[GATE-2016-XE]
ef

∆pD ∆pD2
A. τw = B. τw =
11. [MCQ, ] 4L 4L2
∆pD 4∆pL
C. τw = D. τw = D
2L
Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe
R

[GATE-2013-ME, PI]
with negligible entrance length effects.
14. [MCQ, ]
Assuming the mass flow rate, density and
Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter horizontal
friction factor to be constant, if the length of the
cast iron pipe (friction factor, F = 0.0225) of
pipe is doubled and the diameter is halved, the
length 500 m. The volumetric flow rate is
head loss due to friction will increase by a factor
0.2 m3 /s. The head loss (in m) due to friction is
of
(assume g = 9.81 m/s 2 )
A. 4 B. 16
A. 116.18 B. 0.116
C. 32 D. 64
C. 18.22 D. 232.36
[GATE-2015-ME]
[GATE-2012-ME]
15. [MCQ, ] 18. [MCQ, ]
Consider a steady, fully developed flow in a A centrifugal pump is required to pump water to
horizontal pipe of diameter D. Over a section of an open water tank situated 4 km away from the
length L of this pipe, a pressure drops of Δp is location of the pump through a pipe of diameter
observed. The average wall shear stress over this 0.2 m having Darcy’s friction factor of 0.01. The
section is average speed of water in the pipe is 2 m/s. If it
ΔpD ΔpD is to maintain a constant head of 5 m in the tank
A. B.
4L 2L
ΔpπL ΔpπL neglecting other minor losses, the absolute
C. D.

0 de
dD 4D
discharge pressure at the pump exit is
[GATE-2011-XE]
A. 0.449 bar B. 5.503 bar
16. [MCQ, ]
C. 44.911 bar D. 55.203 bar

I1 o
Two fluids of densities ρ1 and ρ2 are flowing at
[GATE-2004-ME]
velocities V1 and V2 , respectively, through
c
smooth pipes of identical diameter and pressure
per unit length. When the friction factor is same,
19. [MCQ, ]
A fire protection system is supplied from a water
EG al
the ratio ρ1 /ρ2 is equal to
tower with a bent pipe as shown in the figure.
V1 2
A. V1 /V2 B. (V ) The pipe friction factor F is 0.03. Ignoring all
2
N rr

1
2
C. (V2 )
V
D. (V )
V2 2 minor losses, the maximum discharge, Q, in the
1 1
pipe is
e

[GATE-2010-MT]
ef

17. [MCQ, ]
Oil is being pumped through a straight pipe, the
R

pipe length, diameter and volumetric flow rate

are all doubled in a new arrangement. The pipe
friction factor, however, remains constant. The
ratio of pipe frictional losses in the new
arrangement to that in the original configuration A. 31.7 lit/sec B. 24.0 lit/sec
would be C. 15.9 lit/sec D. 12.0 lit/sec
1 1
A. B. [GATE-2004-CE]
4 2

C. 2 D. 4
[GATE-2008-ME]
20. [Fill up the blank]
Due to aging of a pipeline, its carrying capacity
has decreased by 25%. The corresponding
increase in the Darcy Weisbach friction factor F
is____%.
[GATE-1995-CE]

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (A, C) 12. (8 to 8)

2. (551.5 to 555.5) 13. (A)

3. (29.1 to 29.5) 14. (A)

4. (0.2 to 0.4) 15. (A)

5. (182.0 to 192.0) 16. (C)

6. (183.5 to 184.5) 17. (A)

7. (5.7 to 5.9) 18. (B)

0 de
8. (3.26 m) 19. (B)

9. (B) 20. (77)

I1 o
10. (10.097)
11. (D)
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A, C)
4fLV2 3. Answer: (29.1 to 29.5)
From Darcy, hL = 2gD
4fLV 2
4 × 0.00256 × 50 × 3 2 hL =
2gD
=
2 × 9.81 × 0.3
4 × 0.009 × 500 × V 2
hL = 0.7828 m 4=
2 × 9.81 × 0.2
From Chezy’s ⇒ V = 0.934 m/s
π

0 de
C = 60, V = C√mi Q = D2 · V
4
d 0.3
m= = = 0.075 π
4 4 = (0.2)2 × 0.934
4
3 = 60√0.075 × i

I1 o
Q = 29.3 litres⁄s
1
⇒i=

i=
hL
L
30
c 4. Answer: (0.2 to 0.4)
Pressure drop for a horizontal pipe is
EG al
1 hL ΔP FLV 2
= =
30 50 ρ 2D
N rr

⇒ hL = 1.665 m
29 × 103 F × 31 × V 2
=
103 2 × 0.150
e

2. Answer: (551.5 to 555.5) 4 × 0.057 2

F × 31 × (π × 0.150)
ef

π 29 =
Q = A · V = D2 . V 2 × 0.150
4
8.7 = F × 7.26
4Q 4 × 0.2 0.8
⇒V= = =
R

πD2 πD 2 πD2 F = 1.1983

hL 4 F
i= = = 2 × 10−3 ⇒f= = 0.299 ≅ 0.3
L 2000 4
V = C√mi
5. Answer: (182.0 to 192.0)
0.8 D
2
= 50√ × 2 × 10−3
πD 4

0.8 1 2 D
( 2 × ) = × 2 × 10−3
πD 50 4
2.59284 × 10−5 × 4
2 × 10−3
⇒ D = 553.30 mm
f = 0.02, d = 20 cm = 0.2 m
 Q = 360 m3 /hr = 0.1 m3 /s 0.02 × 6 × 102
P0 − P6 = kPa
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at 1 & 2 2 × 0.65
P6 = 184 kPa
P1 V12 P2 V22
⇒ + + z1 = + + z2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
V22 fLV22 7. Answer: (5.7 to 5.9)
⇒ 10 = +
2g 2gD
V22 fL
⇒ 10 = {1 + }
2g D
πd2
Q̇ = × V2
4

0 de
4Q
⇒ V2 = 2
πd Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A and C
V22 fL PA VA2 PC VC2

I1 o
⇒ 10 = {1 + } + + zA = + + zC + hL,1
2g D ρg 2g ρg 2g
4 × 10−1
V2 =
π × 4 × 10−2

⇒ V2 =
10
m/s
m/s
c ∴
PA PC VC2
= +
ρg ρg 2g
+ zC + hL,1 → (1)

Applying Bernoulli’s equation at B and C

EG al
π
100 (0.02)L PB VB2 PC VC2
⇒ 10 = 2 {1 + } + + zB + hL,2 = + + zc
ρg 2g ρg 2g
N rr

2π (10) 0.2
L PB PA
⇒ (2π2 − 1) = ⇒ + zb + hL,2 = − hL,1 (since PA = PB
10 ρg ρg
e

⇒ L = 20π2 − 10 m = Patm )
ef

⇒ L = 187.39 m ⇒ hL,1 + hL,2 = −zB

fV 2 (L1 + L2 ) 0.02 × V 2 × 5000

⇒ =5⇒ =5
R

2gd 2 × 9.81 × 0.1

6. Answer: (183.5 to 184.5)
9.81
⇒V=√ = 0.3132 m/s
100

Substituting the value of ′V′ in (1)

g
⇒ 10.3 = 2.5 + ( )+h
100 × 2g
0.02 × 2000 g
2 + (( )( ))
FLV 2g × 0.1 100
hL =
2gD
⇒ 10.3 = 2.5 + 0.005 + h + 2
ΔP = ρghL
⇒ h = 10.3 − (4.5 + 0.005)
2
ρgFLV
ΔP = ⇒ h = 5.795 m ⇒ h = 5.8 m
2gD
∴ Maximum height of summit = 5.8 m Substitute V2 value in the above equation
16Q2 FLQ2
⇒ z1 − z2 = +
8. Answer: (3.26 m) 2gπ2 D4 12.1D5

FLV 2 = 10.097 m
hL =
2gD
(4 × 0.005) × 100 × 1.62 11. Answer: (D)
hL =
2 × 9.81 × 0.08 ṁ = constant
hL = 3.26 m
ρ = constant
ṁ
Q= constant

0 de
9. Answer: B ρ
FLV 2 FLQ2 F = constant
hL = =
2gD 12.1D5 L2 = 2L1

I1 o
1 D1
hL ∝ D2 =
D5 2
h2
h1
=(
D 5
1.1 D
) c hL =
FLQ2
12.1 D5
EG al
h2 1 L
= hL ∝ 5
h1 1.15 D
h2 hL2 L2 D1 5
N rr

= 0.62 = ( )( )
h1 hL1 L1 D2
1
e

=2× = 26 = 64
(1/2)5
10. Answer: (10.097)
ef

12. Answer: (8 to 8)
R

Applying modified
Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Q = A2 V2
π 2
Q = D2 V2 V22 = V12 + (P1 − P2 )
4 ρ
4Q 2
⇒ V2 = V22 = 22 + (30) × 103
πD2 1000
P1 V12 P2 V22 V22 = 64
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g V2 = 8 m/s
V22
z1 − z2 = + hL
2g
13. Answer: (A) hL2 L2 Q2 2 D1 5
= ( )( ) ( )
τW & ΔP hL1 L1 Q1 D2
D hL2 1 5
τW = ΔP = 2 × (2)2 × ( )
4L hL1 2
hL2 1
=
14. Answer: (A) hL1 4

FLQ2
hL =
12.1D5 18. Answer: (B)
(0.0225)(500)(0.2)2
hL =
12.1(0.2)5

0 de
hL = 116.18 m

I1 o
15. Answer: (A)
D
τw = ΔP
4L
c Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A & B
PA VA2
+
ρg 2g
+ zA =
PB VB2
+
ρg ρg
+ zB + hL
EG al
16. Answer: (C)
PA − PB fLVA2 VA2
ΔP = ρghf ⇒ =5+ −
ρg 2gd 2g
N rr

Given (ΔP)1 = (ΔP)2 , f1 = f2 , D1 = D2

PA − PB
f1 LV12 f2 LV22 ⇒ =5
⇒ ρ1 ( ) = ρ2 ( ) ρg
e

2gD1 2gD2
0.01 × 4000 × 410
+(
⇒ ρ1 V12 = ρ2 V22 2 × 9.81 × 0.2
ef

ρ1 V2 2 4
⇒ =( ) − )
ρ2 V1 219.81
R

PA − PB
⇒ = 45.5708 m
ρg
17. Answer: (A)
∴ PA = 101.325 + (9.81 × 45.5708) kPa
L2 = 2L1
= 548.375 kPa = 5.48 bar
D2 = 2D1
Q2 = 2Q1
19. Answer: (B)
F2 = F1
Applying Modified Bernoulli’s equation between
FLQ2
hL = 1&2
12.1D5
For constant Friction Factor
LQ2
hL ∝ 5
D
 V22 = 9.168
V2 = 3.028 m/s
Q = A2 V2
π
Q = (0.1)2 × 3.028
4
Q = 0.02378 m3 /s
Q = 23.78 lts/s

20. Answer: (77)

0 de
P1 V12 P2 V22 FLQ2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL hL =
ρg 2g ρg 2g 12.1D5
For a given hL , L & D
P1 = P2 = Patm,L

I1 o
1
𝑉1 ≪≪< 𝑉2 F∝
Q2
V22
⇒ z1 =
2g
+ hL

V22 FLV22
c F2 Q21
=
F1 Q22
EG al
z1 = + F2 − F1 Q21 − Q22
2g 2gD × 100 = × 100
F1 Q22
V22 FL
12 − 0.752
N rr

z1 = (1 + ) F2 − F1
2g D × 100 = × 100 = 77.77%
F1 0.752
2gz1
V22 =
e

FL
1+ D
ef

2 × 9.81 × 25
V22 = 0.03×175
1+ 0.1
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 49

Chapter : Flow Through Pipes

Topic : Minor Losses

1. [MCQ, ] suddenly enlarged from 200 mm to 400 mm.

The diameter of a water pipe is suddenly The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is
enlarged from 350 mm to 700 mm. The rate of 11.772 N⁄cm2 , the pressure intensity in the
flow through it is 0.25 m3 /s. The loss of head larger pipe is _____ N⁄cm2 (round off to two

0 de
due to enlargement is (in mm head of water) decimal places).
A. 166 B. 128

I1 o
C. 151 D. 194 5. [MSQ, ]
A horizontal pipe of diameter D1 has a sudden
2. [NAT, ] c
A horizontal pipe of diameter 0.2 m is suddenly
expansion to a diameter D2 . Under maximum
EG al
pressure differential on either side of the
enlarged to 0.3 m. If the rate of flow of water expansion, which one or more of the following
through the pipe is 0.2 m3 /s and the intensity
N rr

statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?

of pressure in the smaller pipe is 100 kPa, then D
A. The ratio of D2 = √2.
1
e

power loss due to enlargement is _____ kW D

B. The ratio of D1 = √2.
2
(round off to two decimal places).
ef

C. The expression for head loss due to sudden

1 V21
3. [NAT, ] enlargement hL,SE = 4 .
R

2g

Water flows through a pipe of diameter 200 mm D. The expression for differential pressure head
is suddenly enlarged to a diameter of 400 mm. 1
ΔP = 4 ρV12 .
If the rate of flow of water through the pipe is
250 litres/s, head loss due to sudden
6. [NAT, ]
enlargement is _____ m (round off to two
The pump creates a 20°C waterjet oriented to
decimal places).
travel a maximum horizontal distance, as shown
in figure. The system friction head losses are
4. [NAT, ]
6.5 m. The jet may be approximated by the
3⁄
Water flows at a rate of 0.25 m s in a
trajectory of frictionless particles. The power
horizontal pipe. The diameter of the pipe is
 delivered by the pump is ____kW (round off to
nearest integer).

9. [MSQ, ]
7. [NAT, ]
Water flows from a reservoir through a stepped

0 de
Power is transmitted hydraulically through
pipe as shown in figure. The volume flow rate is
100 mm diameter horizontal pipes for a
600 lit/min. Neglect pipe friction loss. Take
distance of 6 km. If a pressure of 6000 kPa be

I1 o
losses due to expansion and contraction into
maintained at the end of pipe. The power
consideration. Which one or more of the
c
delivered is 120 kW and coefficient of friction
f = 0.0075. Then the minimum number of pipes
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
EG al
required to ensure an efficiency of transmission
of 90% is _____ (round off to two decimal
N rr

places).
e

8. [NAT, ]
ef

Water flows through a 5 cm diameter pipe with A. required head of water in the tank is
a velocity of 4. 5 m/s, length of the pipe is 11.42 m.
R

4.26 m as shown in figure. The relative B. force required to hold the reservoir-pipe
roughness of a pipe is 0.004 and the loss system in position on a horizontal plane is
coefficient for the exit is 1.0. Then the value of 1273 N.
‘h’ is _____m (round off to one decimal place). C. required head of water in the tank is

(Take f = 0.029) 13.51 m.

D. force required to hold the reservoir-pipe
system in position on a horizontal plane is
1092 N.
10. [NAT, ]
A hydraulic pipeline of 4.8 km long and 200 mm
in diameter when water at 6.9 MPa pressure is
fed into it at the near end. The maximum power
available at the far end is _____ KW.
Take friction factor = 0.028 and available head at
2
the far end is 3 rd of the head available at the
inlet. (round off to nearest integer)
0 de
11. [NAT, ]
I1 o
A 100 mm diameter pipe in order to pass a short
obstruction is reduced to a diameter of 50 mm.
c
Shortly after it enlarges to 100 mm. Diameter.
The pressure difference between the 100 mm
EG al
diameter sections is 2 m of head of water. Take
Cc = 0.62. The ratio of the loss due to sudden
N rr
expansion to the loss due to sudden contraction
e
is _________ (round off to nearest integer)
ef
12. [NAT, ]
Water (density = 1000 kg/m3 ) at ambient
R
temperature flows through a horizontal pipe of
uniform cross section at the rate of 1 kg/s. If the
pressure drop across the pipe is 100 kPa, the
minimum power required to pump the water
across the pipe, in watts, is _______.
[GATE-2017-ME]
13. [NAT, ]
Water is flowing at a rate of 0.5 m3 /s in a
horizontal pipeline of inside diameter 0.5 m. The
density and kinematic viscosity of water is
1000 kg/m3 and 10−6 m2 /s, respectively.
Assume Darcy-Weisbach friction factor value to
be 0.0093 and acceleration due to gravity as
9.81 m/s 2 . To maintain constant flow rate, the
required power per unit length of the pipeline
(in W/m, rounded off to the first decimal place)
would be ____.
[GATE-2017-XE]
14. [NAT, ]
A pump is used to deliver water to an overhead
tank at flow rate of Q = 4π × 10−3 m3 /s. The
pump adds 1.6 kW to water. If the density of
water is 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s2 , the pump head added to the
flow is ____m.
[GATE-2016-XE]
15. [MCQ, ]
Water at 25°C is flowing through a 1.0 km long
G.I. pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate of
0.07 m3 /s. If value of Darcy friction factor for
this pipe is 0.02 and density of water is
1000 kg/m3 , the pumping power (in kW)
required to maintain the flow is
A. 1.8 B. 17.4
C. 20.5 D. 41.0
[GATE-2009-ME]
16. [MCQ, ] 19. [MCQ, ]
A farmer uses a long horizontal pipeline to While deriving an expression for loss of head due
transfer water with a 1 hp pump and the to a sudden expansion in a pipe, in addition to
discharge is ‘Q’ liters per min. If he uses a 5 hp the continuity and impulse-momentum
pump in the same pipe line and assuming the equation, one of the following assumptions is
friction factor is unchanged the discharge is made:
approximately A. head loss due to friction is equal to the head
A. 5Q B. √5Q loss in eddying motion

0 de
C. √5Q
3
D. √5Q B. the mean pressure in eddying fluid is equal

[GATE-1996-CE] to the downstream pressure

C. the mean pressure in eddying fluids is equal

I1 o
17. [MCQ, ] to the upstream pressure

k
D
c
An old pipeline which has relative roughness

= 0.005 operates at a Reynolds number

D. head lost in eddies is neglected
[GATE-1997-CE]
EG al
which is sufficiently high for the flow to be
beyond the viscous influence and the 20. [MCQ, ]
N rr

corresponding The head loss coefficient in a sudden expansion

F = 0.03. If through further aging the relative shown in figure below is proportional to
e

roughness is doubled and the corresponding

ef

F = 0.0375. Power increase required to

maintain the same rate of flow would be about
R

A. 25% B. 50%
C. 75% D. 100%
[GATE-1993-CE] 2
d2 d2
A. B. (1 − )
D2 D2

D2 d4
18. [NAT, ] C. D.
d2 D4
Water is pumped through a pipe line to a height [GATE-1996-CE]
3
of 10 m at the rate of 0.1 m /sec. Frictional and 21. [NAT, ]
other minor losses are 5 m. Then the power of A 15 cm diameter pipe is joined to a 30 cm
pump in kW required is ______ diameter pipe by a reducing flange. For water
[GATE-1990-CE] flowing at a rate of 0.115 m3 /s, the head loss
 when water flows from the smaller to the larger A. (K L )b > (K L )a > (K L )c
diameter pipe is______.
B. (K L )b ≤ (K L )a = (K L )c
[GATE-1994-CE]
C. (K L )b < (K L )a < (K L )c

22. [MCQ, ] D. (K L )a > (K L )b > (K L )c

The head loss due to sudden expansion is [GATE-2021-XE]
expressed by
V21 −V22 V1 −V2 2 25. [NAT, ]

0 de
A. B. ( )
2g 2g
The discharge of a centrifugal pump is 25 L s −1
V1 −V2 2 (V1 −V2 )2
C. ( ) D. against the delivery head of 10 m. The outlet of
g 2g

the delivery pipe is submerged. A 200 m long

I1 o
[GATE-1993-CE]
100 mm diameter pipe is connected with the

23. [MCQ, ] c
The loss of energy at the exit of a submerged
delivery end of the pump. The friction factor for
the pipe is 0.03. The minor losses in the delivery
EG al
pipe is pipe are 1 m. The pressure at the delivery end of

V2 V2 the pump in kPa is _______.

N rr

A. B. 0.5 2g
2g
[GATE-2016-AG]
V2 V2
C. 1.5 2g C. 2.0 2g 26. [NAT, ]
e

[GATE-1989-CE] Two reservoirs are connected through a 930 m

ef

24. [MCQ, ] long, 0.3 m diameter pipe, which has a gate

The head loss (K L ) associated with the flow valve. The pipe entrance is sharp (loss
R

entry of water to an internal passage depends coefficient = 0.5) and the value is half-open

on the shape of the entry. The following figure (loss coefficient = 5.5). The head difference

shows three different types of flow entry into a between the two reservoirs is 20 m. Assume the

pipe. Which one of the following relationships friction factor for the pipe as 0.03 and g =

correctly represents the head loss associated 10 m/s2 . The discharge in the pipe accounting

with the three different flow entries? for all minor and major losses is _________
m3 /s.
[GATE-2015-CE]
27. [MCQ, ] suction and delivery sides of the pump are 2 times
A 2 km long pipe of 0.2 m diameter connects and 28 times the velocity head, respectively.
two reservoirs. The difference between water
28. [MCQ, ]
levels in the reservoirs in 8 m. The Darcy-
The power (W) supplied to the pump is
Weisbach friction factor of the pipe is 0.04.
A. 10476.2 B. 6285.7
Accounting for frictional, entry and exit losses,
C. 6757.1 D. 11261.9
the velocity in the pipe (in m/s) is:
[GATE-2010-XE]
A. 0.63 B. 0.35
29. [MCQ, ]

0 de
C. 2.52 D. 1.25
The suction side of the pump is located L m
[GATE-2013-CE]
above the free surface level in the sump. The

I1 o
minimum permissible pressure in the pipeline
Common Data for Questions 28 & 29:
on the suction side of the pump is 8 m of water
c
A 60% efficient pump is installed in a pipe of
diameter 20 cm to lift water from a sump to an
below atmospheric pressure. The maximum
permissible value of L is
EG al
3
overhead tank at a discharge rate of π/100 m /s.
A. 20.00 B. 8.00
Free surface level in the overhead tank is 20 m
N rr

C. 7.85 D. 5.00
higher than the free surface level in the sump. The
[GATE-2010-XE]
all-inclusive head losses (not including the lift) in the
e
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (D) 16. (D)

2. (1.21 to 1.29) 17. (A)

3. (1.80 to 1.82) 18. (14.175)

4. (12.48 to 13.68) 19. (C)

5. (A, C, D) 20. (B)

6. (23 to 29) 21. (1.214)

7. (2.75 to 3.05) 22. (D)

0 de
8. (4.7 to 5.1) 23. (A)

9. (B, C) 24. (A)

25. (409 to 412.5)

I1 o
10. (374 to 384)
11. (23 to 25) 26. (0.140 to 0.142)

12. (100)
13. (30.159)
c 27. (A)
28. (D)
EG al
14. (40 m) 29. (C)

15. (B)
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) = 1.25 kW
Given Q = 0.25 m3 /s
Q = A1 V1 3. Answer: (1.80 to 1.82)
π Q1 = A1 V1
0.25 = × (0.35)2 × V1
4 π
0.25 0.25 = (0.2)2 × V1
⇒ V1 = = 2.6 m/s 4
0.0962 V1 = 7.96 m⁄s
Head loss due to enlargement = he,L

0 de
Q = A2 V2
2
A1 V12 π
hL,SE = (1 − ) × 0.25 = (0.4)2 × V2
A2 2g 4
0.0962 2 (2.6)2 V2 = 1.989 m⁄s

I1 o
= (1 − ) ×
0.385 2g (V1 − V2 )2 (7.96 − 1.989)2
hL,SE = =
= 0.1938
= 193.8 mm of water
c 2g
hL,SE = 1.817 m
2 × 9.81
EG al
hL,SE = 194 mm of water
4. Answer: (12.48 to 13.68)
N rr

2. Answer: (1.21 to 1.29) Q1 = A1 V1

π
Given: D1 = 0.2 m, D2 = 0.3 m, Q = 0.2 m3 /s 0.25 = (0.2)2 × V1
4
e

and P1 = 100 kPa V1 = 7.96 m⁄s

ef

Velocity in smaller section pipe: Q = A2 V2

Q Q 0.2 π
V1 = = π = π = 6.366 m/s 0.25 = (0.4)2 × V2
A1 ( ) D2 ( ) × 0.22 4
R

4 1 4
V2 = 1.989 m⁄s
Velocity in larger section pipe:
(V1 − V2 )2 (7.96 − 1.989)2
Q Q 0.2 hL,SE = =
V2 = = π = π = 2.83 m/s 2g 2 × 9.81
A2 ( ) D2 ( ) × 0.22
4 1 4 hL,SE = 1.817 m
Head loss due to sudden enlargement
Applying Bernoulli’s equation before and after
(V1 − V2 )2 (6.366 − 2.83) 2
hL = = the sudden enlargement
2g 2 × 9.81
Pipe is horizontal 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
= 0.637 m
P2 P1 V12 V22
Power loss due to enlargement, = + − − hL,SE
ρg ρg 2g 2g
ρw gQhL 1000 × 9.81 × 0.2 × 0.637
P= = 11.772 × 104 (7.96)2 (1.989)2
1000 1000 = + − − 1.817
9810 19.62 19.62
 = 13.21 Δp V12
= = (1 − x 4 ) − hL
⇒ P2 = 13.24 × 9810 × 10−4 = 12.96 N⁄cm2 γ 2g
V12 1 1 1 V12
ΔP = (1 − − ) = ×
2g 4 4 2 2g
5. Answer: (A, C, D)
(a) In a sudden expansion, the loss of head
6. Answer: (23 to 29)
(V1 − V2 )2
hL = For maximum travel, the jet must exit at θ =
2g
For an expansion in a horizontal pipe 45°

p1 V12 p2 V22 (V1 − V2 )2 ∴ V2 sin θ = √2gzmax

0 de
+ = + +
γ 2g γ 2g 2g V2 sin 45 = √2 × 9.81 × 25
p2 p1 Δp V12 V22 (V1 − V2 )2 V2 × sin 45 = 22.147
( − )= = − −
γ γ γ 2g 2g 2g
⇒ V2 = 31.3 m/s

I1 o
By continuity
The steady flow energy equation for the piping
V1 D12 = V2 D22
D1
V2 = V1 ( ) = V1 x 2
D2
c
2
system is
P1 V12
+
P2 V22
+ z1 = + + z2 + hf − hp
EG al
γ 2g γ 2g
D
Where x = (D1 ) (31.3)2
2 ⇒ 0 + 0 + 15 = 0 + + 2 + 6.5 − hp
2 × 9.81
N rr

Δp V12 V12
∴ = (1 − x ) − (1 − x 2 )2
4
⇒ hp = 43.5 m
γ 2g 2g
∴ Power delivered by the pump = Ppump
e

V12
= [1 − x 4 − (1 − x 2 )2 ]
2g Ppump = γQhP
ef

For maximum pressure differential π

= (1000 × 9.81) ( (0.05)2 × (31.3)) (43.5)
d(Δp⁄γ) 4
=0
R

dx = 25559.7 W
∴ −4x 3 − 2(1 − x 2 )(−2x) = 0
= 25.56 kW
−2x 3 + 2x − 2x 3 = 0
1
or (2x 2 – 1) = 0 or x =
√2 7. Answer: (2.75 to 3.05)
i.e. D2 = √2D1 Given D = 100 mm
(V1 −V2 )2
(b) Head loss hL = l = 6000 m
2g
Pressure at the end of pipe = 6000 kPa
V12
= (1 − x 2 )2 Pressure head at the end of pipe
2g
1 2 V12 1 V12 6000 × 1000
= (1 − ) = =
2 2g 4 2g 9810
= 611.62 m
Differential pressure head
 Let H = head at inlet P1 V12 P2 V22
+ z1 + − hL = + z2 +
Efficiency of transmission = 90% = 0.9 γ 2g γ 2g
P1
611.62 Where = h; z1 = 0
= γ
H
P2 = 0; z2 = 2.4 m
⇒ H = 679.58 m
V2 = 0
Head loss due to friction hf = 679.58 −
fl V2
and hL = (D + k L ) 2g
611.62
= 67.96 m Given k L = 1 (V = V1 )
Consider one pipe V2 l V2
∴h+ − (f + k L ) = z2

0 de
4fLV 2 4fL 4Q 2 1 fLQ2 2g D 2g
hf = = . ( 2) . = (4.5)2
2gd d πd 2g 3.0257 d5 4.26
⇒h+ − (0.029 × + 1)
0.0075 × 6000 × Q2 2 × 9.81 5 × 10−2
67.96 = (4.5)2

I1 o
3.0257 × (0.1)5 × = 2.4
2 × 9.81
⇒ Q = 0.00676 m3 /s
c
Power transmitted by one pipe
ρQg(H − hf )
⇒ h + 1.03211 − (3.4708) × 1.03211
= 2.4
EG al
= h − 2.55009 = 2.4
1000
9810 × 0.00676(611.62) h = 4.95 m
=
N rr

1000
= 40.56 kW
9. Answer: (B, C)
e

Total power transmitted ⇒ 120 kW

The cross-sectional areas of the delivery pipe
∴ Number of pipes required
ef

are:
120 π
= = 2.95 A1 = (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
40.56
R

4
π
A2 = (0.2)2 = 0.03141 m2
4
8. Answer: (4.7 to 5.1)
π
A3 = (0.1)2 = 0.007854 m2
4
The velocities:
0.1
V1 = = 5.66 m/s
0.01767
0.1
V2 = = 3.18 m/s
0.03141
0.1
V3 = = 12.73 m/s
0.007854
Applying Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2 V2
Head loss at entry, hL1 = 0.5 2g1 = 0.816 m
 (V2 −V1 )2 Available head at the far end
Expansion loss, hL3 = = 0.313 m
2g
2
V23
H2 = × H1
3
Contraction loss, hL3 = 0.5 2g = 4.129 m
H2 = 469 m of water
Total head loss, hL = 5.258 m.
Available power at the far end
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the
p = ρ × g × Q × H2
reservoir free surface and the pipe outlet, we
= 1000 × 9.81 × 0.082 × 469
have
= 377272 W = 377.272 kW
Patm Patm V32
+H= + + hL
ρg ρg 2g

0 de
11. Answer: (23 to 25)
V23
Hence H = hL +
2g

or H = 5.258 + 8.259 = 13.517 m is the

I1 o
required water level in the reservoir.
Considering a control volume surrounding the
c
reservoir and intersecting the pipe in the outlet
section, the momentum balance yields the force
EG al
exerted by the support on the reservoir as:
F = ṁV3
N rr

Loss in sudden interaction is

= 0.1 × 103 × 12.73 = 1273 N V2 1 V22
[ − 1] = 0.375
e

2g Cc 2g
V3 = V1
ef

10. Answer: (374 to 384)

(V2 − V1 )2
For the maximum power available at the exit, Loss due to sudden expansion = 2g
R

the friction loss must be one third of the head Bernoulli’s equation between 1 and 2, z1 =
available at the inlet. z2 = z3 ,
H1 P1 V2 P V2 V22
hf = + 2g1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + 0.375 ., Between 2 to 3
3 ρg 2g

p1 = 6.9 × 106 Pa = ρgH1 P2 V2 P V2 (V2 −V1 )2

+ 2g2 = ρg3 + 2g1 + . Adding LHS to
ρg 2g
⇒ H1 = 703.4 m of water
RHS.
703.4
hf = = 234.47 m P1 V2 P V2 P V2 V21 P
3 + 2g1 + ρg2 + 2g2 = ρg2 + 2g2 + 0.375 + ρg3 +
ρg 2g
f × l × Q2 V21 (V2 −V1 )2
= + .
12 × d5 2g 2g

Q2 = 6.7 × 10−3 ; Cancelling common key to noting V2 = 4V1

3
⇒ Q = 0.082 m /s P1 −P3 9V2
2= = 0.375 V22 + 2g2
ρg 1
 ⇒ V2 = 2.046 m/s 1.6 × 103
h=
Loss due to sudden contraction 1000 × 10 × 4 × 10−3
h = 40 m
0.375 × 2.0462
= = 0.08 m
2 × 9.81
9 × 2.0462
Loss due to enlargement = = 1.92 m 15. Answer: (B)
2 × 9.81

1.92 PP = ρgQhL
= 24
0.08 FLQ2
PP = ρgQ ( )
12.1D5
12. Answer: (100) ρgFLQ3
PP =

0 de
PP = ρgQhL 12.1D5
1000 × 9.81 × 0.02 × 103 × (0.07)3
PP = ΔPQ PP =
12.1 × (0.2)5
ΔPṁ
PP = PP = 17.4 kW

I1 o
ρ
100 × 103 × 1
PP =

ṁ = 1 kg/s
1000 c 16. Answer: (D)
F2 = F1
EG al
ρ = 1000 kg/m3 Same pipeline
ΔP = 100 kPa FLQ2
N rr

PP = 100 W 12.1d5
PP = ρgQhL
e

FLQ2
13. Answer: (30.159) PP = ρgQ ( )
12.1D5
ef

PP = ρgQhL
ρg(FL)Q3
FLQ2 PP =
PP = ρgQ ( ) 12.1D5
12.1D5
R

PP ∝ Q3
3
PP FρgQ
= PP2 Q2 3
L 12.1 D5 =( )
PP1 Q1
PP 0.0093 × 1000 × 9.81 × (0.5)3
= PP
1/3
L 12.1(0.5)5 Q2 = ( 2 ) Q
PP PP1
= 30.159 W/m 3
L Q2 = 51/3 Q = √5Q

14. Answer: (40 m) 17. Answer: (A)

P = ρgQh PP = ρgQhL
P
h= FLQ2
ρgQ PP = ρgQ
12.1D5
 2
ρgLQ3 d12
PP = ×F ⇒ hL ∝ (1 − 2 )
12.1D5 d2
PP2 F2
=
PP1 F1
21. Answer: (1.214)
PP2 − PP1 F2 − F1
× 100 = × 100 (V1 − V2 )2
PP1 F1 hL,SE =
2g
0.0375 − 0.03
= × 100 2
0.03 Q21 1 1
hL,SE = 2 [ 2 − 2] ×
= 25% π d1 d2 2g
(4)
2
8Q2 1

0 de
1
18. Answer: (14.175) hL,SE = 2 [ 2 − 2]
π g d1 d2
PP = ρgQ(hL,T + h)
8 × 0.1152 1 1 2 1
hL,SE = 2 [ 2 − 2 ] × −8
PP = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1 × (5 + 10) π × 9.81 15 30 10

I1 o
PP = 14.175 kW hL,SE = 1.214 m

19. Answer: (C)

c 22. Answer: (D)
EG al
Assumptions made while deriving an expression
for head loss due to sudden expansion in a pipe
N rr

are:
1. Continuity equation
e

2. Linear Momentum equation

ef

3. The mean pressure in eddying fluids is equal

Head loss due to sudden expansion
to the upstream pressure
(V1 − V2 )2
R

= hL =
2g
20. Answer: (B) 23. Answer: (A)
Head loss due to sudden expansion Exit loss is given by
(V1 − V2 )2 V2
= hL = hL = where V is the velocity of flow in the
2g 2g

V12 A1 2 pipe
∴ hL = (1 − )
2g A2
π 2
V12 d2 24. Answer: (A)
4 1
⇒ hL = (1 − π 2 )
2g d2 V2
4 (hL )bends = K L ( )
2g
V12 d12
⇒ hL = (1 − 2 ) (K L )b > (K L )a > (K L )C
2g d2
 2gh
V2 = FL
25. Answer: (409 to 412.5) k L,en + k L,V + +1
D
2 × 10 × 20
V2 = 0.03×930
0.5 + 5.5 + +1
0.3

V = 2 m/s
π
Q = × 0.32 × 2
4
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A & B Q = 0.14137 m3 /s

PA VA2 PB VB2 fLVA2

+ + zA = + + zB + +1

0 de
ρg 2g ρg 2g 2gd 27. Answer: (A)
PA PB fL VA2 hL,T = hL,SC + hL + hL,SE
⇒ = + zB + { − 1} . + 1
ρg ρg d 2g V 2 FLV 2 V 2
8 = 0.5 + +

I1 o
⇒ PA = 101.325 + (9.81 × 10) 2g 2gD 2g
0.03 × 200 VA2 FL V 2
+{

Q̇ 25 × 10−3 × 4 10
VA = = =
c 0.1

m/s
− 1} . + 9.81
2
8 = (1.5 + )
D 2g
16g
EG al
A π × (0.1)2 π V=√ 0.04×2×103
1.5 + 0.2
59 100
∴ PA = 101.325 + 98.1 + ( )( 2 )
N rr

2 π 16 × 9.81
⇒ PA = 410.32 kPa V=√
1.5 + 400
e

V = 0.6252 m/s
26. Answer: (0.140 to 0.142)
ef

28. Answer: (D)

Acutal output
R

η=
Desired output
Desired Input
η=
Actual Input
Power supplied by pump to water = ρgQH
π
h = h1L = 103 × 9.81 × × 21.529 W
100
h = hL,en + hL,V + hL + hL,ex ∴ Power supplied to pump
V2 V 2 FLV 2 V 2 π 21.529
h = k L,en + k L,V + + = 103 × 9.81 × ( )× W
2g 2g 2gd 2g 100 0.6
FL V2 = 11058.37 W
h = (k L,en + k L,V + + 1)
D 2g (if g = 10 m/s 2 )
 Psupplied = 11, 272 W
to pump

29. Answer: (C)

Patm,L = 101.325 kPa
8 m of water = (1000 × 9.81 × 8)
Patm,L = (8 × 9.81) kPa
Patm,L = 8 × 9.81 V2
⇒L=8−{ }
g
PA PB VB2
+ VA2 + zA = + + zB + hL 1

0 de
ρg ρg 2g ⇒L=8−{ }
9.81
(8 × 9.81)103 V2
⇒ = L+ 2( ) ⇒ L = 7.89 m
103 × 9.81 2g Pabs = (101.325 − (8 × 9.81)) kPa

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 50

Chapter : Flow Through Pipes

Topic : Arrangement of Pipes

1. [NAT, ] to 10 m. The diameter of the additional pipe is

A compound piping system consists of 3000 m _____ mm (round off to two decimal places).
of 0.4 m, 1200 m of 0.6 m and 800 m of 0.3 m
4. [MCQ, ]

0 de
cast iron pipes connected in series. What will be
the diameter of equivalent shaft of length Two pipes of diameter D and d of equal length
5000 m is _____ (round off to two decimal are arranged in parallel. Minor losses are

I1 o
places). negligible and friction factors are considered to
be same in both pipes. Then the ratio of the
2. [MCQ, ] c discharge through these pipes if d = 0.5 D
EG al
Consider a pipe that branches out into two A. 2√2 B. 4√2
parallel pipes and then rejoining at a junction C. 4/√2 D. 2/√2
N rr

downstream. The two parallel pipes have the

same length and friction factors. The diameters 5. [NAT, ]
e

of pipe are 2 cm and 4 cm. If flow rate in one A parallel combination of two identical pipes is
pipe is 10 L⁄min, the flow rate in other pipe is
ef

connected in series with another pipe of same

A. 100 L⁄min length as shown in the figure.
B. 35.6 L⁄min
R

C. 40.3 L⁄min
D. 56.6 L⁄min

3. [NAT, ]
Water is flowing through a 500 mm diameter The diameter of pipe 3 is twice that of pipe 1.

pipe having a head loss of 25 m. An another pipe The ratio of head loss in pipe 3 to that in pipe 1

of appropriate diameter is laid parallel to the hf3 /hf1 ) is _____ (rounded to three decimal

existing pipe having same length and same places). Assume friction factor to be same for all

friction factor. To get same discharge jointly the pipes.

through both the pipes, the head loss is reduced

6. [MSQ, ] required diameter of nozzle is (in cm). Assume it
The parallel galvanized-iron pipe system of the is maximum power transmission condition.
figure delivers water at 20°C with a total flow A. 2.4
rate of 0.036 m3 /s. If the pump is wide open B. 1.7
and not running, with a loss coefficient K = 1.5. C. 2.8
D. 1.4

8. [NAT, ]

0 de
A horizontal pipe carries an incompressible fluid
flowing through it. In the middle the pipe is
divided into two horizontal parallel pipes of

I1 o
length 2 m and again joins back to original size.
Take ρw = 998 kg/m3 ; μw = 0.001 kg/m −
c
sec. Assume friction factor for both pipes =
0.020, it is a turbulent flow with same pressure
The ratio of diameter of the parallel pipe is 4.
Assume that the head loss is due to friction only
EG al
and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor is same
drop in each leg. Which one or more of the
for both the pipes. The velocity ratio between
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT ?
N rr

bigger and smaller pipe is _____ (round off to

A. Discharge in second pipe is 0.012 m3 /s to
nearest integer)
e

0.014 m3 /s.
B. Discharge in first pipe is 0.020 m3 /s to
ef

9. [NAT, ]
0.022 m3 /s.
Two reservoirs are connected by two parallel
C. Pressure drop in pipe is 1267 KPa to
R

pipes of equal length and of diameters 20 cm

1292 KPa.
and 10 cm, as shown in the figure. When the
D. Pressure drop in pipe is 1606 KPa to
difference in the water levels of the reservoirs is
1069 KPa.
5 m, the ratio of discharge in the larger diameter

7. [MCQ, ] pipe to the discharge in the smaller diameter

A power transmission pipe of 10 cm diameter pipe is _______ (round off to two decimal

and 500 m long is fitted with a nozzle at the exit. places)

The inlet is from a lake with water level 60 m (Consider only loss due to friction and neglect all

above the discharge nozzle. Take f = 0.03, the other losses. Assume the friction factor to be the
same for both the pipes)
 pipe AB is 1 and for the BC is 2. If the discharge
supplied at the point A (i.e., 100) is equally
divided between the pipes AB and AC, the value
of r (up to two decimal places) for the pipe AC
should be ________.
[GATE-2022-CE] [GATE-2017-CE]

10. [NAT, ] 12. [MCQ, ]

0 de
Two identical pipes (i.e., having the same length, A pipeline carrying a discharge of 500 litres per
same diameter, and same roughness) are used minute branches into two parallel pipes, X and Y,
to withdraw water from a reservoir. In the first as shown in the following figure. The length and

I1 o
case, they are attached in series and discharge diameter of pipes X and Y are shown in the

c
freely into the atmosphere. In the second case,
they are attached in parallel and also discharge
figure.
EG al
freely into the atmosphere. Neglecting all minor
losses, and assuming that the friction factor is
N rr

same in both the cases, the ratio of the discharge

in the parallel arrangement to that in the series
e

The friction factor, F, for all pipes is 0.030. The

arrangement (round off to 2 decimal places) is
ratio of flow in pipes X and Y is
ef

______
A. 0.67 B. 0.44
[GATE-2019-CE]
C. 0.36 D. 1.00
R

[GATE-2010-AG]
11. [NAT, ]
A triangular pipe network is shown in the figure
13. [MCQ, ]
Which of the following statement are TRUE,
when the cavitation parameter, σ = 0?
(i) the local pressure is reduced to vapor
pressure.
The head loss in each pipe is given by hf = (ii) cavitation starts
rQ1.8 , with the variables expressed in a (iii) boiling of liquid starts
consistent set of units. The value of r for the (iv) cavitation stops
 A. (i), (ii) and (iv) losses, the discharge (in m3 /s) into the reservoir
B. only (ii) and (iii) B is _______.
C. only (i) and (iii) [GATE-2015-CE]
D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
[GATE-2015-ME] 16. [NAT, ]
An incompressible fluid is flowing at a steady
14. [MCQ, ] rate in a horizontal pipe. From a section, the pipe
Three parallel pipes connected at the two ends divides into two horizontal parallel pipes of

0 de
have flow-rates Q1 , Q2 and Q3 respectively, diameters d1 and d2 (where d1 = 4d2 ) that run
and the corresponding frictional head losses are for a distance of L each and then again join back
hL1 , hL2 and hL3 respectively. The correct to a pipe of the original size. For both the parallel

I1 o
expression for total flow rate (Q) and frictional pipes, assume the head loss due to friction only

c
head loss across the two ends (hL ) are.
A. Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ; hL = hL1 + hL2 + hL3
and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor to be the
same. The velocity ratio between the bigger and
EG al
B. Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ; hL = hL1 = hL2 = hL3 the smaller branched pipes is ______.
C. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 ; hL = hL1 + hL2 + hL3 [GATE-2014-CE]
N rr

D. Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 ; hL = hL1 = hL2 = hL3

[GATE-2015-ME] 17. [MCQ, ]
e

A single pipe of length 1500 m and diameter

ef

15. [NAT, ] 60 cm connects two reservoirs having a

A pipe of 0.7 m diameter has a length of 6 km difference of 20 m in their water levels. The pipe
R

and connects two reservoirs A and B. The water
level in reservoir A is at an elevation 30 m above
the water level in reservoir B. Halfway along the
pipe line, there is a branch through which water
can be supplied to a third reservoir C. The
friction factor of the pipe is 0.024. The quantity
of water discharged into reservoir C is 0.15
m3 /s. Considering the acceleration due to
2
gravity as 9.81 m/s and neglecting minor
is to be replaced by two pipes of the same length
and equal diameter ‘d’ to convey 25% more
discharge under the same head loss. If the
friction factor is assumed to be same for all the
pipes, the value of ‘d’ is approximately equal to
which of the following options?
A. 37.5 cm B. 40.0 cm
C. 45.0 cm D. 50.0 cm
[GATE-2011-CE]
Common Data for Questions 18 & 19: 20. [MCQ, ]
A pipe line (diameter 0.3 m, length 3 km) carries Cavitation is caused by
water from point P to point R (see figure). The A. high velocity B. low pressure
piezometric heads at P and R are to be maintained C. high pressure D. high temperature
at 100 m and 80 m, respectively. To increase the [GATE-2000-CE]
discharge, a second pipe is added in parallel to the
existing pipe from Q to R. The length of the 21. [NAT, ]
additional pipe is also 2 km. Assume the friction Two pipes A and B are connected in parallel

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factor, between two points M and N as shown in the
F = 0.04 for all pipes and ignore minor losses. figure. Pipe A is of 80 mm diameter, 900 m long
and its friction factor is 0.015. Pipe B is of 100

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mm diameter, 700 m long and its friction factor

c is 0.018. A total discharge of 0.030 m3 /s is

entering the parallel pipes through the division
EG al
at M. Calculate the discharge in the two pipes A
18. [MCQ, ] and B.
N rr

What is the increase in discharge if the

additional pipe has same diameter (0.3 m)
e

A. 0% B. 33%
ef

C. 41% D. 67%
[GATE-2003-CE] [GATE-1999-CE]
R

19. [MCQ, ] 22. [MCQ, ]

If there is no restriction on the diameter of the Three reservoirs A, B and C are interconnected
additional pipe, what would be the maximum by pipes as shown in the figure. Water surface
increase in discharge theoretically possible from elevations in the reservoirs and the Piezometric
this arrangement? head at the junction J are indicated in the Figure
A. 0% B. 50%
C. 67% D. 73%
[GATE-2003-CE]
 [GATE-1997-CE]

24. [MCQ, ]
If a single pipe of length L and diameter D is to
be replaced by three pipes of same material,

Discharge Q1 , Q2 and Q3 are related as same length and equal diameter d (d < D), to

A. Q1 + Q2 = Q3 convey the same total discharge under the same

B. Q1 = Q2 + Q3 head loss, then d and D are related by

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D D
C. Q2 = Q1 + Q2 A. d = B. d =
32/5 25/3
D. Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 C. d =
D
D. d =
D
32/3 23/2

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[GATE-1998-CE]
[GATE-1997-CE]
23. [NAT, ]
c
A straight pipe AB, of length 10 m, tapers from a
diameter of 40 cm at A to 20 cm at B. The centre
25. [NAT, ]
EG al
If bulk modulus of water is 2 × 104 kgf/cm2
line of the pipe is so located that the end B is 2 m
(19.62 × 108 N/m2 ). Then water hammer
N rr

above the level of A. Liquid of specific gravity

wave celerity through a rigid pipe line will be
0.9 flows through the pipe at 150 liters/sec.
______m/s.
e

Pressure gauges connected at A and B show the

[GATE-1988-CE]
reading of 60 kPa and 40 kPa, respectively.
ef

Determine the direction of flow ________.

R
 Answer Key
1. (0.35 to 0.42) 14. (B)

2. (D) 15. (0.56 to 0.58)

3. (400.75 to 404.75) 16. (2 to 2)

4. (B) 17. (D)

5. (0.121 to 0.129) 18. (C)

6. (A, D) 19. (D)

7. (A) 20. (B)

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8. (2 to 2) 21. (QA = 0.0106 m3 /s ; QB = 0.0193 m3 /s)

9. (5.60 to 5.70) 22. (A)

23. (6.872, 7.698, flow B to A)

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10. (2.80 to 2.90)
11. (0.60 to 0.63) 24. (A)

12. (C)
13. (D)
c 25. (1400)
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N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.35 to 0.42) fLQ2
Or, 25 = 12×(0.5)5
L1 = 3000 m, D1 = 0.4 m
If another pipe is connected in parallel then
L2 = 1200 m, D2 = 0.6 m
discharge is same given and head loss is 10 m.
L3 = 800 m, D3 = 0.3 m
∴ Q = Q1 + Q2 ______ (ii)
Leq = 5000 m
(Q1 and Q2 are discharge through each pipe
L L1 L2 L3
For series, = D5 + D5 + D5
D5 1 2 3 individually)
5000 3000 1200 800

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= + + Using Darcy-Weisbach equation for both pipes
D5eq 0.45 0.65 0.35
individually,
Deq = 0.379 m = 0.38 m fLQ21
10 = ….. For first pipe ….. (iii)
12×(0.5)5

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fLQ2
2. Answer: (D) 10 = 12×d25 ….. For second pipe ….. (iv)
∵ For parallel system,
(hL )1 = (hL )2
c From equation (iii) and (iv)
EG al
8 fL Q2 fL Q22
⇒ × D5 × π21 × D5 ×
π2 1 2 8
N rr

Q21 D51
⇒ =
Q22 D52
Q 2 0.5 5
5 (Q 1 ) = ( d ) ….. (v)
e

D
⇒ Q2 = Q1 √(D2 ) 2
1
From equation (i) and (iii),
ef

4 2 Q1 2 10
= 10 × √( ) ( ) =
2 Q2 25
R

= 56.6 L/min ⇒ Q1 = 0.632 Q

∴ Q2 = Q − Q1 = 0.368 Q
3. Answer: (400.75 to 404.75) From equation (v),

Given: Initial head loss = 25 m 0.632Q 2 0.5 5

( ) =( )
0.368Q d
⇒ d = 0.40273 m = 402.738 mm

4. Answer: (B)
Using Darcy-Weisbach equation:
When the pipes are arranged in parallel. The
fLQ2
hf = ______ (i) head loss in the two pipes are same
12D5
 π
f1 L1 Q21 f2 L2 Q22 From equation (2)⇒ 4 (0.05)2 (1.10V2 ) +
hf1 = 5
and hf2 =
12.1D 12.1d5
π
(0.04)2 V2 = 0.036
Since hf1 = hf2 ; f1 = f2 and L1 = L2 4

⇒ V2 = 10.54 m/s
Q21 D 5
∴ 2=( ) And V1 = 11.59 m/s
Q2 d
π m3
Given d = 0.5 D Q1 = 4 (0.05)2 × 11.59 = 0.023 s
Q1 2 D 2 π
So (Q ) = (0.5D) = 32 Q2 = (0.04)2 × 10.54 = 0.013 m3 /s
2 4

Q1 The pressure drop is the same in either leg:

⇒ = 4√2
Q2 ρf1 L1V2 L ρV22

0 de
ΔP = 1
= (f2 d2 + 1.5)
2d1 2 2

5 998×(10.54)2
ΔP = (0.020 × 0.04 + 1.5)
5. Answer: (0.121 to 0.129) 2

= 1607.6 kPa

I1 o
fLQ2
hf =
12D5

hf3
Q2

Q3 2 D1 5
c
⇒ hf ∝ D5 as f and L are same for all pipes. 7. Answer: (A)
Given power transmitted is maximum
EG al
∴ = ( ) × ( ) {∵ f1 = f3 & L1 = L3 }
hf1 Q1 D3 1/4
d5
2 5 ∴ Diameter of nozzle dn = (2fL)
2Q1 D1 1
N rr

=( ) ×( ) = 22 × 2−5 = 1/4
Q1 2D1 8 (0.1)5
dn = [ ]
= 0.125 2 × 0.03 × 500
e

⇒ dn = 2.4 cm
ef

6. Answer: (A, D)
f1 L1 V21 V22 L 8. Answer: (2 to 2)
hf1 = = hf2 + hm2 = (f2 d2 + 1.5). …
R

2gd1 2g 2
Let diameter of parallel pipes be d1 and d2 ,
(1)
such that d1 > d2
Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 = (π/4)d12 V1 + (π/
Head losses for pipe 1
4)d22 V2 = 0.036 m3 /s … (2)
fLV12
From equation (1) H1 − H2 =
2gd1
601 V22 V2 55
⇒ (0.02) (0.05) 2(9.81) = 2(9.81) [(0.02) (0.04) + Head losses for pipe 2

1.5] flV22
H1 − H2 =
2gd2
⇒ V1 = 1.10 V2
 Since they are parallel, head loss between same fLQ2series
∴ hL, series =
points will be equal. A2 gd

flV12 fLV22
=
2gd1 2gd2
V12 V22
=
4d2 d2
V1 2
=2 fL(Qparallel )
V2 hf,1 + hf,2 =
2A2 gd
2
16fL(Qparallel , 1)

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9. Answer: (5.60 to 5.70) =
2. A2 gd5
Friction factor is unchanged Qparallel
Qparallel,1 =
⇒ F1 = F2 2

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FLQ2 Qparallel 2
∴ fL ( )
2

So,
12.1 d5

2 5
c ∴ hf,1 = hf,2 =

16fL (
Qparallel 2
)
2. A2 gd5
EG al
Q1 d1 = 2
( ) =( ) 2. π2 gd5
Q2 d2
Q1 2 0.2 5 Equating the head loss in both cases,
N rr

( ) =( )
Q2 0.1 16 fL. Q2series
= 2.
Q1 π gd5
e

⇒ = (2)5/2
Q2
16 fL Q2parallel 1
ef

Q1 = . ( ) .
= 5.66 2π2 4 gd5
Q2
2
Qseries 1
⇒ (Q ) =8
R

parallel
10. Answer: (2.80 to 2.90) Qparallel
⇒ = √8 = 2.8284
Qseries

= 2.83

11. Answer: (0.60 to 0.63)

hL , series = hL,1 + hL,2

fLV 2 fLV 2 fLV 2 fLQ2series

= + = =
2gd 2gd gd A2 gd
 When local pressure approaches vapor
pressure, boiling of the fluid begins and bubbles
get formed leading to cavitation.

14. Answer: (B)

For a correct distribution of Flow, the net heat
around the circuit should be equal to zero.
ΣrQn = 0
−1 × 501.8 + rAC × 501.8 + 2 × 201.8 = 0

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(1 − rAC )51.8 = 22.8
In parallel combination
rAC = 0.6156
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3

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And friction loss is same in all the pipes,
12. Answer: (C)
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ; hL = hL,1 = hL,2 = hL,3
When pipes are parallel;
hf,x = hf,y
c 15. Answer: (0.56 to 0.58)
EG al
16 16
fx Lx (π2 ) Q2x fy Ly (π2 ) Q2y
⇒ =
2gD5x 2gD5y
N rr

5/2
Qx Dx
⇒ =( )
Qy Dy
e

Qx 0.2 5/2
⇒ = ( ) = 0.3628
ef

Qy 0.3
Qx
∴ = 0.3628
R

Qy

13. Answer: (D) Applying Bernoulli’s equation at ‘A’ and ‘C’.

Cavitation parameter, σ is given by Let the discharge to reservoir ‘B’ is ‘Q’
P−Pv
σ= 1 2
PA VA2 PB VB2
2
ρv + + zA = + + zB + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Pv ⟶ vapor pressure at given conditions
⇒ hL + zB = 0
When = 0 ; (i) P − Pv ⇒ hL = −(−30)
i.e., local pressure is reduced to vapor
pressure.
 f(3000)(Q + 0.15)2 × 16
⇒ V1 d1
π2 × 2 × g × d5 =√
V2 d2
f(3000)(Q)2 × 16
+ = 30 V1
π2 × 2 × g × d5 =2
V2
16f(3000)
⇒ {(Q + 0.15)2 + Q2 } = 30
π2 × 2 × g × d5
17. Answer: (D)
16 × 24 × 10−3 × 3000
⇒ 2 {2Q2 + 0.3Q
π × 2 × 9.81 × (0.7)5 FLQ2
hL =
+ 0.152 } = 30 12.1D5
12.1hL D5
⇒ 2Q2 + 0.3Q + 0.152 2
Q =

0 de
FL
10π2 × (9.81) × (0.7)5
= 12.1hL D5
8 × 24
Q=√
⇒ 2Q2 + 0.3Q − 0.825 = 0 FL

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2
⇒ Q = 0.571 m3 /s Q′
FL ( 2 )

c
(ignoring the negative value)
∴ Discharge to reservoir ‘B’ = 0.571 m /s3
hL =

hL =
12.1d5
FL(1.25)2 12.1hL D5
EG al
12.1d5 FL × 4
16. Answer: (2 to 2) d = (1.25/2)2/5 D
N rr

d = (1.25/2)2/5 × 60
d = 49.7168 cm
e

18. Answer: (C)

ef

d1 = 4d2
L1 = L2 = L
R

F1 = F2 = F
hL1 = hL2
F1 L1 V12 F2 L2 V22
= L = 1 km
2gd1 2gd2
FLV12 FLV12 F = 0.04
=
d1 d2 D = 0.3 m
V1 2 d1 hL = 20 m
( ) =
1/2 d2 F(3L)Q2
hL =
12.1 D5
 12.1D5 hL 19. Answer: (D)
Q2 =
3FL
12.1 D5 hL
Let k = FL

k
Q2 =
3

k According to formula
Q=√ → (a)
3
FLQ2
hL =
12.1D5
hL → 0

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FLQ′′2
hL =
12.1D5
′′2
12.1D5 hL
Q =

I1 o
FL
hL = 20 m
Q′′2 = k
hL =
FLQ′2
12.1D5
+
1
c
F(2L)(Q′ /2)2
12.1D5
Q′′ = √k → (c)
From equation (a) & equation (c)
EG al
(1 + 2) (FLQ′2 )
hL = Q′′ = √3 Q
12.1D5
3 FLQ′2 Q′′ − Q
N rr

hL = × 100
2 12.1D5 Q
2(12.1D5 hL ) (√3 − 1) × 100
e

Q′2 =
3FL
(1.732 − 1) × 100
ef

2
Q′2 = k 73.2%
3

K
R

Q′ = √2 √ → (b) 20. Answer: (B)

3
Cavitation is caused by low pressure. When the
From equation (a) & equation (b)
pressure of fluid approaches the vapour
Q′ = √2 Q
pressure at given working conditions, cavitation
Q′ − Q
× 100 = (√2 − 1) × 100 occurs.
Q
= (1.414 − 1) × 100
= 41.4% 21. Answer: [𝐐𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬, 𝐐𝐁 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬]
hL,A = hL,B
 FA LA Q2A FB LB Q2B 23. Answer: (Flow B to A)
=
12.1D5A 12.1D5B
Q2A FB LB D5A
= ( ) ( )( )
Q2B FA LA D5B
Q2A 0.018 700
2 = (0.015) (900)
(0.8)5
QB
QA = 0.553QB
QA + QB = 0.030
1.553QB = 0.030 DA = 40 cm = 0.4 m; DB = 0.2 m

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3
QB = 0.019317 m /s ρ = 900 kg/m3 ;
QA = 0.010682 m3 /s Q = 150 × 10−3 m3 /s = 0.15 m3 /s
PA = 60 kPa + 101.325 kPa = 161.325 kPa

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22. Answer: (A) PB = 40 kPa + 101.325 kPa = 141.35 kPa

c Total Energy at ‘A’=

161.325 ( 2)
PA
ρg

4×0.15
V2
+ 2gA + zA
EG al
= + π×0.4 +0
9.81 (2 × 9.81)
= 16.5175 m of water
N rr

Total energy at point ‘B’

QA = QB + QC PB VB2
e

= + + zB
hL,T = hL,AO + hL,OB ρg 2g
ef

1 L 4×0.15 2
F (2) (0.15 + QB )2 F (2) (QB )2 141.325 (π×0.22 )
30 = + =( )× +2
12.1D5 12.1D5 9.81 (2 × 9.81)
R

FL = 17.5681 m of water
30 = [(0.15 + QB )2 + QB ]
24.2D5
HB > HA
30 × 24.2 × 0.45
(0.15 + QB )2 + Q2B = So, flow is from point ‘B’ to ‘A’
0.024 × 6000
2Q2B + 0.3QB + 0.0225 = 0.84735
2Q2B + 0.3QB − 0.82485 = 0 24. Answer: (A)

(−0.3 ± √0.32 − 4 × 2 × (−0.82485)) Deq = n2/5 D

QB =
2×2 D = 32/5 d
QB = 0.57156 m3 /s D
d=
32/5
25. Answer: (1400) k 19.62×108
Water wave celerity = √ρ = √ 103
Given
= 1400.7 m/s
k = 2 × 104 kgf/cm2
∴ Hammer wave celerity = 1400.7 m/s
= 19.62 × 108 N/m2

0 de
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c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Flow Through Pipes

1. A circular pipe of length 500 m and diameter pipe, if total flow in the main is 2.5 m3 /sec. The
400 mm is connected with a reservoir at one end coefficient of friction for each parallel pipe is same
and to the atmosphere at the other end. The pipe and equal to 0.005.
has rounded entrance (K = 0.15), sudden [ESE ME : 12 Marks : 2019]

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contraction to 400 mm (K = 0.25), sharp bend
(K = 0.18), gate valve full open (K = 8) and 4. For the simple pipe system shown in Fig. below,
sudden expansion to 500 mm pipe. Assuming the pressure measured are P1 = 19.58 kPa, P2 =

I1 o
pipe friction loss coefficient as 0.012, determine 14.685 kPa and p3 = 9.79 kPa when the

c
discharge for head of 50 m at entrance. K is the
head loss coefficient.
discharge is 11 L/s. Determine the head loss (1)
between 1 and 2, and (i) between 1 and 3. Take
EG al
[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2021] γ = 9.79 N/m3 , g = 9.81 m/s2
[IFS CE : 08 Marks : 2019]
N rr

2. A pipe of 300 mm diameter and 1000 m length

5. Water is pumped from the basement tank of a
e

connect two reservoirs kept at 15 m level

multistorey building to the terrace tank by a
difference. Find the flow through the pipe. If an
ef

20 kW motor. The free surface of the terrace tank

additional length of 500 m of 300 mm diameter
is 45 m higher than the basement tank. If the flow
pipe is connected at the later half of the existing
R

rate of water Is 0.03 m3 /s, determine the

pipe, find the increase in discharge. Neglect minor
mechanical power that is converted to thermal
losses. Take f = 0.02.
energy during the process due to friction effect.
[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2021]
Write the assumptions made in the calculation
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2019]
3. A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which
again form as one pipe. The length and diameter
6. For the purpose of project calculations, the total
of the first parallel pipe are 1000 m and 0.8 m
cost of moving a fluid over a distance by pipeline,
respectively, while the length and diameter of the
at a steady flow rate Q, can be broken down into
second parallel pipe are 1000 m and 0.6 m
two items. First, the manufacture, laying and
respectively. Find the rate of flow in each parallel
maintenance of the pipeline are represented by
 the cost C1 , which is proportional to D3 (D =
diameter of the pipe). The second item C2
depends solely upon the energy required to pump
the fluid. A preliminary design study for a
particular project showed that the total cost was a
minimum for D = 600 mm. If fuel prices are
increased by 150%, and assuming only C2 , is
affected, make a revised estimate of the optimum
0 de
pipe diameter
Determine:
I1 o
(i) The discharge in a pipe
(ii) Difference of pressure between inlet and
throat c
Cd of venturimeter = 0.98, and flow is vertically
EG al
upward.
[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2018]
N rr
e
7. There are two reservoirs, A and B, with the water
surface elevation in A 10 m higher than that in B.
ef
These are connected through two pipes in series
with pipe 1 starting from A and pipe 2 ending in B.
R
Lengths of both the pipes are 100 m, diameter of
pipe 1 is 30 cm and diameter of pipe 2 is 25 cm.
At the junction of these pipes, water is being
withdrawn at the rate of 0.02 m3 /s. Friction loss
L v2
in the pipes is given by hf = f D 2g and the Darcy
friction factor, f, for both pipes is 0.02. Neglecting
the head losses at the entrance and at the
junction, estimate the total water withdrawal
from reservoir A.
[ESE CE : 12 Marks : 2018]
8. A 0.3 m diameter pipe carries water at a velocity
of 24.4 m/s. At points A and B, the pressures were
measured 361 kPa mid 288 kPa respectively. The
elevations of points A and B were as 30.5 m and
33.5 m respectively. Find the loss of head
between A and B.
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2017]
9. Two reservoirs 10 km apart have a difference of
water level of 25 m and are connected together
by a pipeline. The pipeline consists of a 6 km
single pipe feeding a junction from which two
pipes run in parallel for the remaining length of
4 km to the lower reservoir. if the same size of
pipe is used throughout, what should be the
diameter for the pipe so that velocity may not
exceed 1.25 m/s? Take the friction coefficient f =
0.03.
[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2017]
10. Two pipes each of length ′L′ and diameters ′d1 ′
and ′d2 ′ are arranged in parallel, the loss of head
when a total quantity of water Q flows through
then is hLP . If the pipes are arranged in series and
the same quantity of water Q flows though then,
 the loss of head is hLS . If d1 = 3d2 , and f1 = 2f2 .
find the ratio of hLP to hLS . Neglect minor losses.
[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2016]
13. A booster pump is installed in the pipeline
between the reservoirs. If the energy added by
the pump is 20 m, determine the flow rate in
the pipe line m3 /s.
Length of the pipeline = 1500 m

11. Air flows in a circular duct which suddenly Coefficient of friction = 0.02
contracts in the cross sectional area. Draw the Diameter of the pipeline = 300 mm
flow sketch and locate the points on the sketch WSEL of A = 200 m

0 de
where turbulent flow will occur and calculate the
WSEL of B = 185 m
dynamic loss coefficient. Take the co-efficient of
contraction as 0.62.

I1 o
[CSE(Mains) ME : 10 Marks : 2015]

c
12. Three pipes are connected as shown in figure. The
EG al
characteristics of pipes are as follows: [CSE CE : 5 Marks : 2015]

Pipe D(mm) L(m) F

N rr

14. Two pipelines have been connected to a large

A 150 600 0.020
water reservoir. One of the pipes is 15 cm ×
e

B 100 480 0.032

300 m length with an outlet 4 m below the
C 200 1200 0.024
ef

reservoir water level, while the other pipe is

20 cm × 600 m length. Both the pipes have free
Determine the flow rate in each pipe. Minor losses
R

discharge at outlet end and the total discharge

may be neglected.
rate is 50 L/s. Calculate the difference of
elevation between the reservoir water level and
the outlet of 20 cm pipe. Neglect entrance losses,
and for all pipes f = 0.08 in Darcy's formula

flV 2
hf =
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2015] 2gd
[ESE CE : 08 Marks : 2014]
15. In a water pipe line there is an abrupt change in [ESE CE : 08 Marks : 2013]
diameters from 140 mm to 250 mm. If head loss
due to seperation when flow is from smaller to the 17. A pipeline of 0.6 m diameter is 1.5 km long. To
larger pipe is 0.6 m greater than the head loss augment the discharge another pipeline of the
when the same flow is reversed, determine the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in
flow rate. Table below shows the experimental the second half of the length. Neglecting minor
values of CC . losses find the increase in discharge if f = 0.04
A2/A1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 and head above the outlet is 30 m.

0 de
CC 0.61 0.632 0.673 0.73 1.0
[ESE CE : 06 Marks : 2012]
[IFS CE : 20 Marks : 2014]

I1 o
18. A pipeline of length 26.5 km is used for
16. A new 5 km long pipeline connects two reservoirs.
transmission of water. If the 100 kW power is to
c
The water surface elevation of the upper reservoir
is 1100 m and that of the lower reservoir is
be transmitted through the pipe in which water is
having 490.5 N/cm2 pressure at inlet of the pipe,
EG al
835 m. The pipeline is 400 mm nominal diameter
find the diameter of the pipe corresponding to
of welded steel (Hazan Williams Coefficient C =
maximum efficiency of transmission. Use head
N rr

130) with a square mouth inlet (14.32 m long)

fLU2
and including the following fittings: loss due to friction = where f = 0.026.
2gd
e

[ESE CE : 04 Marks : 2012]

1. Gate Valves 10 Each gate valve 0.98
ef

numbers of equivalent m
length
19. Two pipes have length L each. One of them has a
2. Standard 19 Each elbow of 6.4
R

radius 90o numbers equivalent m diameter of D and other d. If the pipes are
elbow length
3. Standard 37 Each elbow of 4.57 arranged in parallel, the head loss is h for a
radius 45o numbers equivalent m discharge of Q m3 /s. When the pipes are
elbow length
4. Straight tees 8 Each Tee length 2.19 connected in series, the head lost is H for same
numbers m
discharge. Find the ratio of H to h, for D =
2.25 d. (All dimensions in m)
What is the water flow rate between the reservoirs?
Use the concept of equivalent pipe. [ESE ME : 10 Marks : 2012]
10.7Q1.85 L
Given : hf = C1.85 D4.87
20. Two pipes A and B are connected in parallel of flow. Find the force acting on the conical
between two reservoir M and N. The details of two portion of the pipe. Neglect the weight of water
pipes are as follows: and the pipe.
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2010]
Pipe Length Diameter Darcy-Weisbach
(m) (mm) friction factor (f)
23. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe 100m
A 500 300 0.025
B 800 250 0.020 long and 100 mm in diameter followed by
another pipe 60 m long and 50 mm in diameter.

0 de
What difference in water surface elevations of the The total head loss between the reservoirs is
reservoir M and N would produce a flow of 10.3 m. Given f = 0.03. Compute discharge
3
0.30 m /s of water from the higher reservoir to

I1 o
neglecting minor losses.
lower one? Neglect minor losses.
[ESE CE : 04 Marks : 2010]
c [IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2011]
EG al
24. Two pipes of lengths 2500 m each and diameters
21. A pipe 0.6 m in diameter takes off from a reservoir
of 80 cm and 60 cm respectively are connected in
150 m high above the datum. The pipe is 5000 m
N rr

parallel. The friction factor for each pipe is 4f =

long and is laid completely at the datum level. For
0.024. Total flow is equal to 250 litres per second.
the last 1200 m, water is drawn by service pipes
e

Find the discharge in each pipe.

at a uniform rate of 0.1 m3 /sec per 300 m. Find
ef

[ESE CE : 04 Marks : 2010]

the head lost in the last 1200 length of the pipe.
fLV2
Use f = 0.04 and hf = . Velocity is zero at the 25. There is a sudden enlargement of a water pipeline
R

2gD

dead end. from 200 mm to 400 mm. The hydraulic gradient

[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2010] rises by 10 mm. Estimate the discharge in the

pipe.
22. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 [ESE CE : 04 Marks : 2010]
changes in size from 0.15 m at section A to
0.45 m at section B. Section A is 3.6 m lower than 26. Two pipes each 100 m long and diameter 50 mm
2
section B and pressures are 90.252 kN/m and and 100 mm respectively, are arranged in parallel
2
59.841 kN/m respectively. If the discharge is between the two reservoirs which have difference
3
0.45 m /s, determine the head loss and direction
 of water levels as 10 m. If friction factor for each reservoirs is 10 m. The pipeline has to cross a
pipe is same as f = 0.04, calculate the rate of ridge at a distance of 250 m from the upper
flow through each pipe. Neglect minor losses. Use reservoir. Find the maximum height of the
fLV2 pipeline at the ridge point above the upper
hf = formula
2gd
reservoir water level at which the pipeline can be
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2009]
laid and compute the discharge in the pipeline.
The local barometric pressure is 10 m of water,
27. A pipeline AB of 1500 m length and 750 mm dia
the vapour pressure at the maximum local

0 de
carries a flow of 500 𝑙ps. It branches into two
temperature is 2.5 m of water and a positive
pipes BC and BD of lengths and diameters as
pressure of 1.5 m is desirable above this vapour
shown in the figure below, carrying discharges Q1

I1 o
pressure. Assume coefficient of friction of the pipe
and Q2 upto C and D respectively into
′f′ = 0.025.
atmosphere.
c [CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2006]
EG al
29. A city has one million population and water
supply to the city is from a reservoir 10 km away.
N rr

The minimum required water supply is at the rate

e

of 150 litres per head per day. The supply is made

in two shifts, each being for 8 hours duration. The
ef

Assuming a constant friction factor f, equal to full supply level of the reservoir is R. L 180.00 and

0.020 for all the three pipelines, determine: its lowest level is R. L. 105.00. The delivery end of
R

i) Q1 and Q2 in lps the main is at R. L. 22.5 m. The head loss at the

ii) Total head loss in the system from A to C and A delivery of the main is 12 m. Find the diameter of

to D the pipe required. Assume friction factor equal to

[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2008] 0.04.

[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2003]

28. Two reservoirs are connected by a 40 cm
30. A steel pipe of 15 cm diameter carries water at the
diameter and 750 m long pipe. The level
rate of 30 Iitres per second from point A to B
difference of the water surface levels of the two
along the pipe, the point B being 20 m higher than
 point A and 600 m apart along the pipe. If the
pressure at B is to be 2.8 kg/cm2 , what pressure
must be maintained at A, if the friction factor for
the pipe is 0.024?
[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2003]
31. Three reservoirs A, B and C supply water to a
common junction J through pipas AJ, BJ and CJ
parallel pipe of appropriate diameter laid by the
side of the existing pipeline with the same overall
length and the same friction factor by reducing the
head loss to 10m, but still delivering the same
discharge jointly through both pipes. What should
be the diameter of this addition at pipe?
[ESE CE : 10 Marks : 2002]

0 de
respectively and the characteristics of flow 34. In a pipeline of diameter ‘d’ there is a large

through these pipes are given respectively by AJ − number of laterals tapping uniformly at the

I1 o
4Q2 ; BJ − 7Q2 and CJ − 9Q2 . The water surface average rate of Qi , where Q𝑖 , equals the discharge

elevations in the three reservoirs are A − 150 m, at entrance of main pipe divided by numbers of

c
B − 120 m and C − 40 m. Determine the flows
through each of the pipes AJ, BJ and CJ.
lateral in length ′t′ of main pipe as shown in the
figure. Prove that loss of head due to friction will
EG al
be equal to 1/3rd of loss of head due to friction in
[ESE CE : 10 Marks : 2003]
the same pipe without any laterals.
N rr

32. A 200 mm diameter pipeline, 5000 m long with

effective roughness of 0.03 m delivers water
e

between the two reservoirs having minimum

ef

difference in water levels of 40 m. Taking only

friction, entry and exit velocity head losses into [IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2002]
R

account, determine the steady discharge between

the reservoir, Friction factor can be taken as 35. A reservoir supplies 45,000 m3 of water in

0.0129 8 hours. During this time, the level of water in the

reservoir drops from 125 m to 75 m. The head
[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2002]
loss in the pipeline is 15 m. Determine the
diameter of the supply pipeline using 4f = 0.04 in
33. Water is pumped through a 600 mm diameter
Darcy-Weisbach equation.
pipe with a head loss of 20 m. It is intended to
[ESE ME : 15 Marks : 2002]
reduce the power consumption by laying another
36. A pipeline delivering water from a reservoir is
shown in the figure A pump P adds energy to the
flow and 45 litres/sec of water is discharged to
atmosphere at the outlet. Calculate the power
delivered by the pump. Assume the head loss in
the pipe as two times the velocity head at the
suction side and ten times the velocity head in the
delivery pipe. Draw a neat sketch showing energy
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2000]
38. Water flows from a reservoir through a pipe of
0.15 m diameter and 180 m long to a point
13.5 m below the open surface of the reservoir.
Here it branches into two pipes each of 0.1 m
diameter one of which is 48 m long discharging to
atmosphere at a point 18 m below reservoir

0 de
line and hydraulic grade lines. level, and the other 60 m long discharging to
atmosphere 24 m below reservoir level.

I1 o
Assuming a constant friction coefficient of 0.032,
calculate the discharge from each pipe. Neglect
c any losses at the junction
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2000]
EG al
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2001]
39. Water flows through a pipeline system shown in
N rr

37. A pump delivers water at the rate of 1.4 m3 /sec the below figure at the rate of 2.5 m3 /minute.

from a sump to reservoir which is 10 km away Obtain the power consumed by the pump
e

through steel pipe of 1200 mm diameter for a +neglecting the losses.

ef

length L km and the remaining length of (10 −

L) km through PSC pipe of diameter 1000 mm.
R

Friction head loss in steel pipe is equal to the

friction head loss in PSC pipe. Find the length L.
The elevation difference between the full tank
level at the delivery reservoir and low water level
of the sump is 50 m. Use friction factor for steel
pipe as 0.018 and PSC pipe as 0.02. Assume pump
efficiency 80% and neglect all the minor losses
[CSE CE : 12 Marks : 2000]
due to pipe fittings. What is the Brake Horse
power requirement of the motor?
40. Two reservoirs with 15 m difference in their
water levels are connected by a 300 mm
diameter pipe fine of 3000 m length. Calculate
the discharge. If a parallel pipeline of 300 mm
diameter is attached to the last 1500 m length of
existing pipe, determine the modified discharge.
Take only wall friction into account. Assume f =
0.04 in Darcy-Welsbach formula.
41. Two reservoirs with a difference in water surface
elevation of 10 m are connected by a pipeline ABC
which consist of two pipes AB and BC joined in
series. Pipe AB is 100 mm in diameter, 20 m long
and has a value of f = 0.02. Pipe BC is of 180 mm
diameter, 30 m long and has f = 0.018. The
junctions of pipes with the reservoirs and between
the pipes are abrupt. Calculate the discharge.

0 de
[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 1997] [CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1995]

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (0.47482 m3/s) 23. (4.535 litre/s)

2. (𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓%) 24. (168.1079 litre/s)

3. (1.6811 m3/s) 25. (0.02272 m3/s)

4. (𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟖 m) 26. (17.39 litre/s)

𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞
5. (6.7565 kW) 27. (𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟔 ; 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝐦)
𝐬𝐞𝐜

6. (672.812 mm) 28. (2.6667 m)

0 de
7. (0.21936 m3/s) 29. (1.0903; 1.2603 m)
8. (4.4414 m) 30. (6.21047 kg/cm2)
9. (668.96 mm) 31. (J to B)

I1 o
10. (𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) 32. (𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
11. (0.3756)

12. (𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟕

𝐦𝟑
𝐬
c
, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
33. (20; 421.74 mm)
34. (1/3)
EG al
35. (22.195 cm)
13. (𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
36. (108 m)
14. (17.65 m)
N rr

37. (1546.686 HP)

15. (0.1411 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
38. (0.2282 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬; 0.009782 0.2282 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬; 0.01304
16. (0.6387 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
e

𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬)
17. (0.1817 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
ef

39. (3605.175 W)
18. (199.936 mm)
40. (0.01606 m3/s)
19. (75.1332)
R

41. (0.04773 m3/s)

20. (15.7155 m)
21. (2.72 m)
22. (-1010.5786 N)
 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.47482 m3/s) 50 = (0.15 + 0.25 + 0.18 + 8 + 0.1296 +
V2
Solution: 60) 2g1

L = 500 m, D = 400 mm = 0.4 m V1 = 3.7785 m/s

π
K L,EN = 0.15, K L,SC = 0.25, K L,B = 0.18 Q = 4 (0.4)2 × 3.7785 = 0.47482 m3 /s
K L,V = 8, f = 0.012, F = 4f = 0.012 × 4 =
0.048
2. Answer: (𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟓%)

0 de
V1 = velocity at 0.4 m diameter
Solution:
V2 = velocity at 0.5 m diameter
V2

I1 o
hL,EN = K L,EN 2g1

hL,SC = K L,SC × 2g1

V2
hL,B = K L,B 2g1
c
V2
EG al
V2
hL,V = K L,V 2g1
N rr

(V1 −V2 )2
hL,SE = FLQ2
2g Without extra pipe, Here h = hL = 12.1D5
e

π π
(0.4)2 × V1 = (0.5)2 × V2 (assuming f as friction factor)
4 4
ef

0.02×1000×Q2
V2 = 0.64 V1 15 = 12.1×(0.3)5

(V1 −0.64V1 )2 V2 [∵ D = 300 mm, D = 0.3 m]

hL,SE = = (0.36)2 2g1
R

2g
Q = 0.1485 m3 /s
Head loss due to friction When extra pipe is added
FLV21 FL V21
hL = = . Head loss will remain same
2g D D 2g
2
0.048×500 V21 F(500) × Q′ F(500)Q21
=( ) × 2g hL = +
0.4 12.1 D5 12.1 D5
V2 ∵ hL in later half of pipe and added pipe will be
h1 = 60 2g1
same & Q1 = Q2
Head at entrance = Total head losses Q′ = Q1 + Q2

50 = (K L,EN + K L,SC + K L,B + K L,V + Q′ = 2Q1

(0.36)2 + 60) +
V21 Q′
2g Q1 =
2
 2
′2
Q′ 4. Answer: (2.8658 m)
0.02 × 500 × Q 0.02 × 500 × ( 2 )
15 = +
12.1 × (0.3)5 12.1 × (0.3)5
Q′ = 0.18784 m3 /s

Increase in Discharge = Q′ − Q

= 0.18784 − 0.1485

= 0.03934 m3 /s

= 39.34 litre/sec
Q′ −Q

0 de
% increase in discharge = × 100
Q

0.03934
= × 100 (i) Head loss between 1 & 2
0.1485

I1 o
Applying modified Bernoulli’s Equation between
= 26.4915 %
1&2

3. Answer: (1.6811 m3/s)

Solution:
c P1 V12
+
ρg 2g
+ z1 =
P2 V22
+
ρg 2g
+ z2 + hL,1
EG al
Here,V1 = V2 , z1 = z2
P1 − P2
hL,1 =
N rr

ρg
(19.58 − 14.685) × 103
= = 0.5 m
e

9.79 × 103
(ii) Head loss between 1 & 3
L1 = 1000 mm, L2 = 1000 m
ef

D1 = 0.8 m,D2 = 0.6 m Q 11 × 10−3

V1 = = π = 3.89 m/s
m3 A1 (0.6)2
Q = 2.5 4
R

s
hL1 = hL2 Q 11 × 10−3
V3 = = π = 8.7535 m/s
F1 L1 Q21 F2 L2 Q22 A3 (0.04)2
4
=
12.1 D15 12.1D52 Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
Q21 Q22 1&3
= [∵ F1 = F2 & L1 = L2 ]
(0.8)5 (0.6)5 P1 V12 P3 V32
Q1 0.8 5/2 + + z1 = + + z3 + hL
= ( ) = 2.0528 ρg 2g ρg 2g
Q2 0.6
19.58 × 103 (3.89)2
Q1 = 2.0528 Q2 + +5
Q = Q1 + Q 2 9.79 × 103 2 × 9.81
9.79 × 103 (8.7535)2
2.5 = 2.0528Q2 + Q2 = + +0
9.79 × 103 2 × 9.81
2.5 + hL
Q2 = = 0.81892 m3 /s
3.0528
Q1 = 1.6811 m3 /s HL = 2.8658 m
5. Answer: (6.7565 kW) For minimum cost
Solution:
dC 5k 3
= 0 ⇒ 3k1 D2 − 6
Pact = 20 kW dD D
Pideal = ρgQH 5k 3 1/8
D=( )
= 103 × 9.81 × 0.03 × 45 3k1
= 13.2435 kW Initially D = D1 = 600 mm
So, Mechanical power that is converted to When fuel prices are increased by 150%
thermal energy due to friction effect
C2′ = 2.5 C2 [Since C1 is unaffected]
= Pact − Pideal

0 de
k ′3 = 2.5 k 3
= 20 − 13.2435
1/8
= 6.7565 kW D2 k ′3
=( )
D1 k3

I1 o
6. Answer: (672.812 mm) D2
= (2.5)1/8
Solution:
C1 ∝ D3
c 600
D2 = 672.812 mm
EG al
C1 = k1 D3 Revised estimate of optimum diameter

k1 = proportionality constant D2 = 672.812 mm

N rr

C2 ∝ Power
7. Answer: (0.21936 m3/s)
e

C2 ∝ Pp
Solution:
C2 = k 2 Pp
ef

C2 = k 2 ρghf Q
R

FL Q2
C2 = k 2 ρgQ.
12.1 D5
k 2 ρgFLQ3 1
C2 = { }× 5
12.1 D
k
C2 = D35 here k 3 = constant [∵ Q = constant]

k 2 ρgFLQ3
k3 = fL V 2 fLQ2
12.1 hf = =
D 2g 12.1 D5
Total cost C = C1 + C2
Neglecting minor losses
k3
C = k1 D3 + L1 = L2 = 100 m, d1 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
D5
d2 = 25 cm = 0.25 m, f = 0.02
dC 5k 3
= 3k1 D2 − 6 Q3 = 0.02 m3 /s
dD D
 Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (Continuity equation) 9. Answer: (668.96 mm)
Q1 = Q2 + 0.02 Solution:

h = hL
10 = hL1 + hL2
fL1 Q21 fL2 Q22
10 = +
12.1 d15 12.1 d52
fL Q21 (Q1 − 0.02)2
10 = ( 5+ )
12.1 0.3 0.255
Q = Q1 + Q 2
Q21 (Q1 − 0.02)2

0 de
60.5 = +
(0.3)5 (0.25)5 D = D1 = D2 , F = 0.03
60.5 = 411.523 Q21 + 1024 (Q21 + 4 × 10−4 (∵ large value is given)
− 0.04 Q1 )
hL,JB = hL,JC

I1 o
60.5 = 411.523 Q21
+ 1024 Q21 + 0.4096
− 40.96 Q1 FL1 Q21 FL2 Q22
=

Q1 = 0.21936 m /s 3
c
1435.523 Q21 − 40.96Q1 − 60.0904 = 0
12.1 d5 12.1 d5
Q1 = Q 2
EG al
Q V
Total water withdrawn from reservoir A Q 2 = Q1 = ⇒ V2 = V1 =
2 2
= 0.21936 m3 /s h(E. L. difference) = hL,AJ + hL,JB
N rr

V 2
FLV 2 FL1 ( 2 )
8. Answer: (4.4414 m) 25 = +
e

Solution: 2gd 2g d
ef

D = 0.3 m, V = 24.4 m/s Vmax = 1.25 m/s

0.03 × 6000 × (1.25)2
PA = 361 kPa = 361 × 103 Pa 25 =
2 × 9.81 × d
R

1.25 2
PB = 288 kPa = 288 × 103 Pa 0.03 × 4000 ( 2 )
+
zA = 30.5 m & zB = 33.5 m 2 × 9.81 × d
d = 0.66896 m
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
A&B d = 668.96 mm

PA VA2 Pb VB2
+ + zA = + + zB + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g 10. Answer: (𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
Solution:
361 × 103 288 × 103
+ 30.5 = 3 + 33.5 + hL
103 × 9.81 10 × 9.81
[∵ VA = VB ]

hL = 4.4414 m
Q = Q1 + Q 2 11. Answer: (0.3756)
F1 LQ21 F2 Q22 Solution:
hL,P = = 1 2 2
V2
12.1 d15 d52 hL,SC = ( − 1)
CC 2g
F1 Q21 F2 Q22 2
V2
⇒ = 5 hL,SC = K L,SC ( )
d15 d2 2g
d1 = 3d2 , F1 = 2F2 K L,SC = dynamic loss coefficient
2F Q21 F2 Q22 CC = coefficient of contraction
⇒ (3d2 =
2)
5 d52
2 2
1 1
⇒ Q21 = 121.5 Q22 K L,SC = ( − 1) = ( − 1) = 0.3756
CC 0.62

0 de
⇒ Q1 = 11.0227 Q2
Q1 + Q 2 = Q 12. Answer:
11.0227 Q2 + Q2 = Q 𝐦𝟑 𝐦𝟑 𝐦𝟑
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟕 , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟗 , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 )

I1 o
𝐬 𝐬 𝐬
Q Solution:
Q2 = = 0.0832 Q

hL,P =
12.0227
F2 L(0.832 Q)2
12.1 d52
c Total head loss from (1) to (2) is
60 − 14 = 45 m
hL,A = hL,B
EG al
Series connection:
hL,A + hL,C = 45 _____ (1)
N rr

QA + QB = QC _____ (2)
Q1 = Q 2 = Q hL,A = hL,B
e

2 2
F1 LQ F2 LQ
hL,S = + FA LA Q2A FB LB Q2B
12.1 d15 12.1 d52 =
ef

12.1 D5A 12.1 D5B

LQ2 F1 F2
hL,S = [ + ] 0.02 × 600 × Q2A (0.032) × 480 × Q2B
12.1 d15 d52 =
R

(0.15)2 (0.1)5
F1 = 2F2 , d1 = 3 d2
QA = 3.1178 QB
LQ2 2F2 F2
hL,s = [ 5 5 + 5] Putting it in equation (2)
12.1 3 d2 d2
F2 LQ2 2 3.1178 QB + QB = QC
hL,S = [ + 1]
12.1 d52 35 QC = 4.1178 QB
hL,P (0.0832)2
= = 6.8657 × 10−3 hL,A + ℎ𝐿,𝐶 = 45
hL,S 1.00823
hL,B + ℎ𝐿,𝐶 = 45
hL,P
= 6.8657 × 10−3
hL,S FB LB Q2B FC LC Q2C
+ = 45
12.1 D5B 12.1 D5C
 0.032 × 480 × Q2B 0.024 × 1200 × (4.1178Q B )2 d1 = 15 cm = 0.15 m, d2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
+
12.1 × (0.1)5 12.1 × (0.2)5
L1 = 300 m, L2 = 600 m, f = 0.08
= 45
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation
Q2B × (126942.1488 + 126121.0674) = 45 between A & 1
QB = 0.01333 m3 /s PA V2 P V2
+ 2gA + zA = ρg1 + 2g1 + z1 + hL1
ρg
QC = 4.1178 × QB = 0.0549 m3 /s
𝑉2 fL V2
3
1
0 = 2𝑔 − 4 + 2g1d 1 [∵
QA = 3.1178 × QB = 0.04157 m /s 1
PA = P1 ]
V21 fL V2
4= + 2g1d 1
13. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬)

0 de
2g 1

Solution: 1 fL
4 = V12 [2g + 2g d1 ]
1
If pump is not there head available at B =
V21 0.08×300
(185 − 20) = 165 m = [1 + ]

I1 o
2g 0.15

Head available at A = 200 V1 = 0.6982 m/s

c
Head loss due to friction = 200 − 165 =
35 m
π
Q1 = 4 (0.15)2 × 0.6982 = 0.01234 m3 /s
EG al
From equation (1)
D = 300 mm = 0.3 m, f = 0.02, L = 1500 m
Q2 = 0.05 − 0.01234 = 0.03766 m3 /s
hL = 35
N rr

Q2 0.03766
V2 = = π
(0.2)2
= 1.1987 m/s
A2
4fLQ2 4
35 = 12.1 D5
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation
e

(4×0.02)×1500×𝑄 2 between A & 2

35 = 12.1×(0.3)5
ef

V22
0= − h1 + hL,2
Q = 0.0926 m3 /s 2g

(1.1987)2 fL V2
h1 = + 2g2d22
R

2g
14. Answer: (17.65 m)
(1.1987)2 0.08×600
Solution: h1 = (1 + )
2g 0.2

h1 = 17.65 m

15. Answer: (0.1411 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬)

Solution:
For larger diameter part
A1 , V1
For smaller diameter part ⇒ A2 , V2
3
Q1 + Q2 = 50 L/s = 0.05 m /s For vena contract ⇒ AC , VC
Q1 + Q2 = 0.05 _______ (1) Given area ratio
 A (140)2 L = 5332.33 m
= A2 = (250)2 = 0.3136
1
D = 400 mm = 0.4 m, Hazan Williams
CC value (from Interpolation) coefficient C = 130
(0.673−0.632)
CC = 0.632 + × (0.3136 − 0.3) h = hf
(0.5−0.3)

CC = 0.6348 h = (1100 − 835) = 265

10.7 Q1.85 L
A1 𝑉1 = A2 V2 = AC VC 265 = C1.85 D4.87
π π
(250)2 × V1 = (140)2 × V2 10.7×Q1.85 ×5332.33
4 4 265 = (130)1.85 (0.4)4.87
V2 = 3.189 V1
Q = 0.6387 m3 /s

0 de
VC = 5.023 V1
Head loss when flow from 140 mm to 17. Answer: (0.1817 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬)
250 mm
Solution:

I1 o
(V2 −V1 )2
hL,1 = = 0.244 V12 Case 1
2g

140 mm
(VC −V2 )2
c
Head loss when flow from 250 mm to
Case 2
EG al
hL,2 = = 0.1714 V12
2g

hL,1 = hL,2 + 0.6

N rr

0.244 V12 = 0.1714 V12 + 0.6

V1 = 2.875 m/s
e

π Case-1:
Q = 4 (0.25)2 × 2.875
ef

D = 0.6 m, L = 1500 m, f = 0.04 (friction

Q = 0.1411 m3 /s factor)
h = hL = 30 m
R

𝟑⁄
16. Answer: (0.6387 𝐦 𝐬) FLQ2
30 = 12.1 D5
Solution:
0.04×1500×Q2
Total length of gate valves = 0.98 × 10 = 9.8 m 30 = 12.1×(0.6)5
o
Total length of 90 elbow = 6.4 × 19 = Q = 0.68589 m3 /s
121.6 m
Case-2:
Total length of 45o elbow = 4.57 × 37 =
169.09 m Q1 = Q2 (Because pipe are of same diameter)
Total length of straight tees = 2.19 × 18 = Q′ = Q1 + Q2
17.52 m Q′
Q1 = , D1 = D = 0.6 m
Length of square mouth inlet = 14.32 m 2

hL = hL1 (1st half of pipe) + hL2 (Second half of

Total length of pipe L = 9.8 + 121.6 +
pipe)
169.09 + 17.52 + 14.32 + 5000
 2
fL′ Q′ fL Q2 19. Answer: (75.1332)
= 12.1 D5 + 12.11 D15
1 Solution:
2
Q′
0.04×750×Q′
2 0.04×750×(
2
) When pipes are in parallel
30 = +
12.1×0.65 12.1(0.6)5

Q′ = 0.8676 m3 /s
Increase in discharge = Q′ − Q
= 0.8676 − 0.68589
= 0.1817 m3 /s Q = Q1 + Q 2

hL1 = hL2

0 de
18. Answer: (199.936 mm) FL Q21 FL Q2
Solution: = 12.1 d25
12.1 D5

L = 26.5 km = 26500 m, f = 0.026 Q 2 D 5

I1 o
(Q1 ) = ( d )
2
PP = 100 kW = 100 × 103 W

Pressure head at inlet

N
c
Pinlet = 490.5 cm2 = 490.5 × 104 N/m2
Pin
=
490.5×104
Q1
Q2
= (d)

= (2.25)5/2
D 5/2

[∵
D
= 2.25]
EG al
ρg 103 ×9.81 d

H = 500 m Q1
= 7.59375
Q2
N rr

For maximum efficiency

Q1 = 7.59375 Q2
H 500
hL = =
e

3 3 Q = Q1 + Q 2
2
ηmax = 3 = 8.59375 Q2
ef

Power Pp = ρg(H − hL )Q Q 7.59375

Q2 = 8.59375 ⇒ 𝑄1 = 8.59375 Q
500
100 × 103 = 103 × 9.81 × (500 −
R

)Q FL Q2
3
h = hL (parallel) = 12.1 D15
Q = 0.03058 m3 /s
FL 7.59375 2
fLU fLQ 2 2 h = 12.1 D5 (8.59375 Q)
hL = =
2gd 12.1D5
When the pipes are in series
500 0.026 × 26500 × (0.03058)2
=
3 12.1 × D5
D = 0.199936 m
D = 199.936 mm
199.936 mm is the diameter corresponding to Q1 = Q 2 = Q
maximum efficiency. H = hL = hL1 + hL2
FL Q5 FL Q2
= 12.1 D5 + 12.1 d5
 FLQ2 1 1
F = 0.04 (given)
= [D5 + 5 ]
12.1 D
( ) 0.1 m3
2.25
q = 300 /m
s
FLQ2 1 (2.25)2
= [ + ] 0.1 m3
12.1 D5 D5 Q0 = 300 × 1200 s
FLQ2
= 12.1 D5 × 58.665 m3
= 0.4 s
H 58.665
= 2 = 75.1332
h (
7.59375
) Discharge at any distance x from C
8.59375

q x = Q0 − qx
0.1

0 de
20. Answer: (15.7155 m) q x = 0.4 − 300 x
Solution:
F.dx.q2
hL,A = hL,B = h (Difference in E.L.) dhL = 12.1 Dx5 [for strip of dx length]

I1 o
0.1 2
QA + QB = 0.3 _____ (1) D 1200 F(0.4−300x) dx
∫C dhL = ∫0 12.1 D5
fA LA Q2A
hL,A = h =

QA = √
12.1 d5A

12.1 d5A h
c hL (C to D) =
1200 0.04 (0.4−300x) dx
∫0 12.1(0.6)5
0.1 2
EG al
fA LA 2
1200 0.1
= 0.0425 ∫0 (0.4 − 300 𝑥) dx
QA = 0.0485 √h
1200
N rr

fB LB Q2B 0.1 3
(0.4− x)
hL,B = h = hL = 0.0425 300
|
12.1 d5B 0.1
3(− )
300 0
e

12.1 d5B h
QB = √ hL = 2.72 m
fB LB
ef

QB = 0.02717 √h
22. Answer: (-1010.5786 N)
QA + QB = 0.3 Solution:
R

0.0485√h + 0.02717√h = 0.3 ρ = 0.877 × 1000 = 877 kg/m3

h = 15.7155 m DA = 0.15 m, DB = 0.45 m

zA = 0 (Datum), zB = 3.6 m
21. Answer: (2.72 m)
Solution: PA = 90.252 kN/m2 , PB = 59.841 kN/m2

Q = 0.45 m3 /s
0.45
VA = π(0.15)2 = 25.4648 m/s
4

0.45
VB = π(0.45)2 = 2.8294 m/s
4

PA V2
Total head at A HA = + 2gA + zA
ρg
 90.252×103 (25.4648)2 Force on the conical portion of the pipe will be
= + +0
877×9.81 2×9.81
same in magnitude opposite in direction =
= 10.4903 + 33.051 1010.5786 N
HA = 43.541 m
PB V2 23. Answer: (4.535 litre/s)
Total head at B, HB = + 2gB + zB
ρg Solution:
59.841×103 (2.8294)2 Pipe 1
= + + 3.6
877×9.81 2×9.81
L1 = 100 m, D1 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
= 6.9555 + 0.4080 + 3.6
Pipe 2
HB = 10.9635 m

0 de
L2 = 60 m, 𝐷2 = 50 mm = 0.05 m
∵ H A > HB
f = 0.03 (Friction factor)
Fluid will flow from A to B
hL = hL,L + hL,2

I1 o
Head loss hL = HA − HB fL Q2 fL Q2
10.3 = 12.11 D5 + 12.12 D5 [∵ Q = Q1 =
= 43.541 − 10.9635

= 32.5775 m
c Q2 ]

10.3 =
1

0.03×100×Q2
2

0.03×60×Q2
+ 12.1×(0.05)2
EG al
12.1×(0.1)5

Q = 4.535 × 10−3 m3 /s
N rr

Q = 4.535 litre/s
e

24. Answer: (168.1079 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬)

Solution:
ef

Applying linear momentum equation in x-direction

ΣFx = (ṁV)f,x − (ṁV)i,x

R

PA AA − PB AB + Fx = ṁVB − ṁVA
π
90.252 × 103 × (0.15)2 − 59.841 × 103
4
π
× (0.45)2 + Fx F = 4f = 0.024
4
= ṁ(2.8294 − 25.4648) L1 = 2500 m, D1 = 80 cm = 0.8 m
−7922.415 + Fx L2 = 2500 m, D2 = 60 cm = 0.6 m
π
= 877 × (0.45)2 Q = 250 litre/ sec = 0.25 m3 /s
4
× 2.8294(−22.6354) hL1 = hL2
−7922.415 + Fx = −8932.9936 FL1 Q21 FL Q2
= 12.12 D25
12.1 D51 2
Fx = −1010.5786 N
L1 Q21 L2 Q22
=
D51 D52
 QL = 2.0528 Q2 Q = A2 V2 = 0.12566 × 0.18083
Q1 + Q2 = Q = 0.25 Q = 0.02272 m3 /s
2.0528 Q2 + Q2 = 0.25
Q2 = 0.081892 m3 /s 26. Answer: (17.39 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞/𝐬)
= 81.892 litre/s Solution:

∴ Q1 = 168.1079 litre/s L1 = L2 = L = 100 m, d1 = 50 mm = 0.05 m,

d2 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
fLV2 fLQ2
25. Answer: (0.02272 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬) hf = = 12.1 d5
2g d

0 de
Solution:
For parallel pipe connections
For smaller part of pipeline
(hf )pipe 1 = (hf )pipe 2
D1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
fL1 Q21 fL Q2

I1 o
π 2 2
z1 , v1 , P1 , A1 = 4 (0.2)2 = 0.0314 m2 = 12.1
12.1 d51 d5 2

D2 = 400 mm = 0.4 m
c
For larger part of pipeline also hf = 10 m
fL1 Q21
12.1 d51
= 10
EG al
π
z2 , V2 , P2 , A2 = (0.4)2 = 0.12566 m 2
4
0.04×100×Q21
= 10
Rise of hydraulic gradient = 10 mm 12.1×(0.05)5
N rr

= 0.01 m Q1 = 3.07459 × 10−3 m3 /s

P P
(ρg2 + z2 ) − (ρg1 + z1 ) = 0.01 m = 3.07459 litre/sec
e

fL2 Q22
A1 V1 = A2 V2 (Continuity Equation) Also, = 10
ef

12.1 d52
0.0314 V1 = 0.12566 V2 0.04×100×Q22
= 10
V1 = 4 V2 12.1×(0.1)5
R

Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between Q2 = 0.01739 m3 /s

smaller part & larger part of pipeline. litre
Q2 = 17.39 sec
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL,SE
ρg 2g ρg 2g
𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐞
(V1 − V2 )2 9V22 27. Answer: (𝟑𝟕𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟔 ; 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝐦)
hL,SE = = 𝐬𝐞𝐜
2g 2g Solution:
P2 P1 (4V2 )2 V22 9V22 (i) ∵ HC = HD
( + z2 ) − ( + z1 ) = − −
ρg ρg 2g 2g 2g
∴ hL (B to C) = hL (B to D)
6V22
0.01 = FL1 Q21 FL Q2
2g = 12.12 ϕ25
12.1 ϕ51 2
V2 = 0.18083 m/s
ϕ1 = 500 mm = 0.5 m
 ϕ2 = 300 mm = 0.3 m
2000×Q21 1500×Q22
(0.5)5
= (0.3)5

Q1 = 3.10565 Q2

Q = 500 lps = 0.5 m3 /s

Q = Q1 + Q 2

500 × 10−3 = 3.10565 Q2 + Q2

PC
3 ≥ 2.5 + 1.5
Q2 = 0.12178 m /s ρg

0 de
Q2 = 121.78 litre/sec Pc Patm
≥4& = 10
ρg ρg
Q1 = 0.3782 m3 /s P
For maximum height ρgc = 4
= 378.2166 litre/sec

I1 o
PA Patm
(ii) Total head loss Total head at A, HA = + zA = + zA
ρg ρg

A to C & A to D c
hL (A to C) = hL (A to B) + hL (B to C)
HA = 10 + 10 = 20 m
PB Patm
EG al
Total head at B, HB = + zB = + zB
ρg ρg
FLQ2
hL (A to B) = 12.1 ϕ5 HB = 10 + 0 = 10 m
N rr

0.02×1500×(0.5)2 PC
= Total head at C, HC = + zC
12.1×(0.75)5 ρg
e

= 2.6119 m = 4 + (10 + h)
ef

hL (B to C) = hL (B to D) = 14 + h

FL Q2 4fLQ2
hL (B to C) = 12.11 ϕ15 HA − HC = 12.1 d5
1
R

4×0.025×250×Q2
0.02×2000×(0.3782)2 20 − (14 + h) =
= 12.1×(0.4)5
12.1(0.5)2

= 15.131 m 6 − h = 201.769 Q2 _____ (1)

4fLQ2
hL (A to C) = hL (A to D) = 2.6119 + HC − HB = 12.1 d5
15.131 = 17.742 m
4×0.25×500×Q2
(14 + h) − 10 =
28. Answer: (2.6667 m) 12.1(0.4)5

Solution: 4 + h = 403.538 Q2 _____ (2)

By adding (1) & (2)

10 = 605.307 Q2

Q = 0.12853 m3 /s
 Putting Q in equation (1) D = 1.2603 m

h = 2.6667 m So, pipe of 1.2603 m should be used but by

using this pipe the discharge in I st case will
increase but we can control it by valve.
29. Answer: (1.0903 m; 1.2603 m)
Solution: 30. Answer: (6.21047 kg/cm2)
Solution:
Total water supply per day = (10)6 × 150 ×
10−3 D = DA = DB = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Q = 30 litre/s = 0.03 m3 /s
= 150 × 103 m3
VA = VB

0 de
Since water is supplied for 16 hours so
zB = 20, zA = 0 (Datum)
150×103
discharge = 16×3600 = 2.6042 m3 /s 2.8×9.81
L = 600 m, PB = 2.8 kg/cm2 = 10−4

I1 o
Case I:
PB = 274680 N/m2
When reservoir is full (R. L. = 180 m) FLQ2 0.024×600×(0.3)2

c
Delivery end RL = 22.5 m
hL = 12.1 D5 =

hL = 14.1047 m
12.1×(0.15)5
EG al
hL = 12 m
Applying modified Bernoulli’s Equation between
So, head available = 180 − 22.5 − 12 A&B
N rr

PA V2A PB V2B
= 145.5 m + + zA = + + zB + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
FL Q2 PA 274680
145.5 = 12.1 D5 [Neglecting minor losses]
e

+0= + 20 + 14.1047 [∵
ρg ρg

0.04 × (10 × 103 ) × (2.6042)2 VA = VB ]

ef

145.5 =
12.1 × D5 PA = 609247.107 N/m2
D = 1.0903 m PA = 6.21047 kg/cm2
R

Case II:
31. Answer: (J to B)
Reservoir at lowest level RL = 105 m
Solution:
delivery end RL = 22.5

hL = 12 m

So, head available = 105 − 22.5 − 12

= 70. 5 m

FLQ2
70.5 =
12.1 D5
0.04 × (10 × 103 ) × (2.6042)2
70.5 = Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
12.1 × D5 A&J
PA V2 P V2 104x 2 + 54 x − 5 = 0
+ 2gA + zA = 2gJ + 2gJ + zJ + hL
ρg
x = 0.0802, x = −0.6
PJ
0 + 0 + 150 = ρg + 0 + zJ + 4Q21
If x = 0.0802
PJ
+ zJ = 150 − 4Q21 _____ (1) Q1 = 2.754 m3 /s
ρg
Q2 = 0.2208 m3 /s
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
B&J Q3 = 2.9748 m3 /s
PB VB2 PJ VJ2 If x = −0.6
+ + zB = + + zJ + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g Q1 = 4.5022 m3 /s
P

0 de
120 = ρgJ + zJ + 7Q22 Q2 = −2.70135 m3 /s
PJ Q3 = 1.8 m3 /s
+ zJ = 120 − 7Q22 ______ (2)
ρg
Negative sign indicates Q2 will be from J to B

I1 o
Applying modified Bernoulli’s Equation between
J&C
PJ VJ2
+
ρg 2g
+ z5 =
PC VC2
+
ρg 2g
c
+ zC + hL
32. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
Solution:
EG al
PJ h = hL,EN + hL + hL,EX
+ zj = 40 + 9Q23 ______ (3)
ρg
Here h = 40 m, d = 200 mm = 0.2 m, L =
Equating (1) & (2)
N rr

5000 m
30 = 4Q21 − 7Q22 ______ (4)
F = 0.0129, Q (discharge) = ?
e

Equating (1) & (3)

V2 FLQ2 V2
h = 0.5 2g + 12.1 d5 + 2g
150 − 4Q21 = 40 + 9Q23
ef

110 = 4Q21 + 9Q23 ______ (5) 1 0.5Q2 0.0129×5000×Q2 Q2

40 = 2g [ +( ) 2g + A2 ]
A2 12.1×d5
Q1 + Q 2 = Q 3
R

Q2 0.5 1
Assume from equation (4) Q2 = x Q1 , (1 + 40 = [ 2 + 326831.095 + 2 ]
2g π { (0.2)2 }
π
{ (0.2)2 }
4 4
x)Q1 = Q3
30 = 4Q21 − 7x 2 Q21 = Q2 × 16735.52
30
Q21 = 4−7x2 ______ (6) Q = 0.04889 m3 /s

110 = 4Q21 + 9(1 + x)2 Q21

110 33. Answer: (20; 421.74 mm)
Q21 = 4+9 (1+x2+2x) _____ (7)
Solution:
30 110 Case-1
=
4 − 7x 2 4 + 9(1 + 9x 2 + 18x)
3(13 + 9x 2 + 18x) = 11(4 − 7x 2 )
hL = 20m, D = 600mm = 0.6m
39 + 27x 2 + 18 × 3x = 44 − 77x 2
 FLQ2 FlQ2
hL = 12.1 D5 = 20 ______ (1) hL = 12.1 d5 ______ (1)
1

Case-2 Head loss with lateral tapings

FS(iQi )2
h′L = ∑ni=1 12.1d5

FSQ2
h′L = 12.1 di 5 ∑ni=1 i2
FSQ2 n(n+1)(2n+1)
Q = Q1 + Q 2 h′L = 12.1 d5 n2 × 6

hL1 = hL2 = 10 m FlQ2 n(2n+1)

h′L = 12.1 d5 × 6n2
FL1 Q21 FL2 Q22
= 12.1 D5 = 10 m _____ (2) n

0 de
12.1 D51 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
[∵ ∑ i2 = ]
From (1) & (2) 6
i=1
Q2 [∵ S(n + 1) = l]
=2
Q21

I1 o
FlQ2 (2n+1)
Q h′L = 12.1 d5 × ______ (2)
6n
Q1 = = 0.7071 Q
√2
Q2 = Q − 0.7071 Q = 0.2929 Q
c h′L
hL
=
2n+1
6n
=
2+
6
1
n
=3
1
[∵ n is very large]
EG al
Putting Q2 in equation (2)
FL1 Q21 FL2 Q22
=
N rr

12.1 D15 12.1 D52 35. Answer: (22.195 cm)

Solution:
Q21 Q22
=
e

D15 D52
(0.7071 Q)2 (0.2929Q)2
ef

=
(0.6)5 D52
D2 = 0.42174 m
R

D2 = 421.74 mm

34. Answer: (1/3)

Solution: V = A(125 − 75)
Q 45000 = A × 50
Qi = n
A = 900 m2
Length of main pipe = 𝑙
Head available at supply pipeline = h − hL
l = (n + 1)s
= h − 15
l
=s dQ
n+1
= a√2g(h − 15)
dt
Head loss without lateral tapings
dh
−A dt = a√2g(h − 15)
 75
− ∫125
dh
=
a√2g (8×3600)
dt Total energy at C = 109.0457 − 1.0457 =
√(h−15) A
∫0
108 m
a
2 [√(125 − 15) − √(75 − 15)] = 900 ×
√2g × 8 × 3600
a = 0.03869 m2
π
0.03869 = 4 d2

d = 0.22195 m 37. Answer: (1546.686)

d = 22.195 cm Solution:
Q = 1.4 m3 /s

0 de
36. Answer: (108 m) For steel pipe
Solution:
L1 = LKM = L × 1000 m, d1 = 1200 mm =

I1 o
Vs2 1.2 m
hL,s (Sunction side) = 2 ×
2g
F1 = 0.018

= 2×
(1.4324)2
2 × 9.81
c For PSC pipe
EG al
hL,s = 0.20915 m L2 = (10 − L)km = (10 − L) × 103 m, d2 =
1000 mm = 1 m
V2
hL,d (delivery side) = 10 × 2gd
N rr

F2 = 0.02

(1.4324)2 hL1 (steel pipe) = hL2 (PSC pipe)

= 10 ×
e

2 × 9.81 F1 L1 Q2 F2 L2 Q2
=
12.1 d51 12.1 d52
hL,d = 1.0457 m
ef

0.018×L×1000×Q2 0.02×(10−L)×1000×Q2
Total head against which pump has to work =
12.1×(1.2)5 12.1×(1)5
R

= hL,s + hL,d + (108 − 100) 7.234 L = 20(10 − L)

= 0.20915 + 1.0457 + 8 27.234 L = 200
H = 9.25485 m L = 7.34376 m
Power delivery by pump PP = ρgQH Total head loss = hL (steel pipe) + hL (PSC pipe)
= 103 × 9.81 × 0.045 × 9.25485 = 2 × hL (steel pipe)
= 4.0855 × 103 W 2×0.018×7.34376×1000×(1.4)2
= 12.1×(1.2)5
PP = 4.0855 × 103 W
= 17.21 m
Total energy at A = 100 m
Total head against which pump has to work
Total energy at B = 100 − 0.20915 + 9.25485
H = hL + h (elevation difference)
= 109.0457 m
 H = 17.21 + 50 PB
= 13.5 − 7.8287 V12 _____ (1)
ρg
H = 67.21 m
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
ρgQH
Power required PP = η B&C
pump
PB V2 PC V2
103 ×9.81×1.4×67.21 + 2gB + zB = + 2gC + zC + hL
= ρg ρg
0.8
PB V2 FL2 V22
= 1153.8276 × 103 W + 0 − 13.5 = 0 + 2g2 − 18 +
ρg 2g d2

= 1153.8276 kW PB
= 3.1825 V22 − 4.5 _____ (2)
ρg
1153.8276×103
Brake Horse Power, PP = =

0 de
746 Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
1546.686 HP B&D
PB V2 PD V2D
+ 2gB + zB = + + zD + hL

I1 o
ρg ρg 2g
38. Answer: (0.2282 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬; 0.009782 0.2282 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬;
0.01304 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬) PB V2
+ 0 − 13.5 = 0 + 2g3 − 24 +
FL3 V23

Solution:
c ρg

PB
ρg
= 3.9653 V32 − 10.5 _____ (3)
2g d3
EG al
Equating (1) & (2)

13.5 − 7.8287 V12 = 3.1825 V22 − 4.5

N rr

18 = 3.1825 V22 + 7.8287 V12 ____ (4)

e

Equating (1) & (3)

ef

24 = 7.8287 V12 + 3.9653 V32 ____ (5)

A1 V1 = A2 V2 + A3 V3
R

π π π
L1 = 180 m, d1 = 0.15 m, L2 = 48 m, d2 = (0.15)2 V1 = (0.1)2 × V2 + (0.1)2 × V3
4 4 4
0.1 m
2.25 V1 = V2 + V3
L3 = 60 m, d3 = 0.1 m, F = 0.032 × 4
Let V2 = xV1
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
V3 = (2.25 − x)V1
A & B (Junction)
Putting V2 in equation (4)
PA V2A PB V2B
+ 2g + zA = + 2g + zB + hL
ρg ρg 18 = 3.1825 x 2 V12 + 7.8287 V12
PB FL1 V21 18
0+0+0= + 0 − 13.5 = V12 = 3.1825 x2 +7.8287 _____ (6)
ρg 2gd1

∵ PA (gauge) = 0, VB (Junction velocity) = 0 Putting V3 in equation (5)

PB (4×0.032)×180×𝑉12 24 = 7.8287 V12 + 3.9653 (2.25 − x)2 V12
+ =13.5
ρg 2×9.81×0.15
 24 = [7.8287 + 3.9653(2.25 − x)2 ]V12 40. Answer: (0.01606 m3/s)
[7.8287 + 3.9653 (2.25 − x)2 ] × 18 Solution:
24 =
(3.1825 x 2 + 7.8287) F = 0.04, h = 15 m, D = 300 mm = 0.3 m
(3.1825 x 2 + 7.8287) × 4 Case-1:
= [7.8287
Without parallel pipe (L = 3000 m)
+ 3.9653 (2.25 − x)2 ] × 3
h = hL,1
12.73 x 2 + 31.3148
FLQ2
= 23.4861 + 11.896 (2.252 + x 2 15 = 12.1 D5
− 4.5 x)
15×12.1×0.35
= Q2

0 de
12.73 x 2 + 31.3148 0.04×3000

= 23.4861 + 60.22 + 11.896 x 2 Q = 0.06062 m3 /s

− 53.53 x Case-2:

I1 o
2
0.834 x + 53.53x − 52.3913 = 0 With parallel pipe added to the last 1500 m
x = 0.9642

V1 = 1.2917 m/s c
EG al
V2 = 1.2455 m/s

V3 = 1.6609 m/s
L′ = 1500 m = L1 = L2 = 1500 m
N rr

π
Q1 = (0.15)2 × 1.2917 = 0.02282 m3 /s D′ = D1 = D2 = 300 mm = 0.3 m
4
h = 15 m
e

π
Q2 = (0.1)2 × 1.2455 = 0.009782 m3 /s
4 FL′ Q′
2
FL Q2
h = 12.1 D5 + 12.11 D15
ef

π
Q3 = (0.1)2 × 1.6609 = 0.01304 m3 /s
4 Q′ = Q1 + Q2
Q′
R

= Q1 = Q 2
2
39. Answer: (3605.175 W) 2
FL′ Q′ 1
2.5 3 15 = 12.1 D5 [1 + 4]
h = 70 cm = 0.7 m, Q = m /s
60
ρm −ρ Q′ = 0.07668 m3 /s(modified discharge)
ΔHp = ( )h
ρ
Discharge increases by = (0.07668 −
13600−1000 m3
=( ) × 0.7 0.06062) = 0.01606
1000 s

= 8.82 m
Pp = ρgQH = ρgQΔHp 41. Answer: (0.04773 m3/s)
2.5 Solution:
Pp = 103 × 9.81 × 60 × 8.82 m
Assuming f as friction factor
Pp = 3605.175 W
for pipe AB → f1 , L1 , Q1 , d1 , V1
f1 = 0.02, L1 = 20 𝑚, Q1 =?, d1 = 100 mm = 1 1 1 2 2 2 f L Q2 f L Q2
Frictional loss (in AB & BC) = 12.1 + 12.1
d5 d5
0.1 m 1 2

Q1 = Q2 = Q (in series)
For pipe BC → f2 , L2 , Q2 , d2 , V2
V2 (V1 −V2 )2 V2 f L Q2
1 1 2 2 f L Q2
f2 = 0.018, L2 = 30 m, Q2 =?, d2 = 10 = 0.5 2g1 + + 2g2 + 12.1 + 12.1
2g d5 1 d5 2
180 mm = 0.18 m
Q2 0.5 1 1 2 0.5 f L
1 1
10 = [ + (A2 − A2 ) + A2 + 12.1 +
2g A2 1 1 2 d5 2 1
f2 L2
]
12.1 d52

π
A1 = 4 (0.1)2 = 7.854 × 10−3 m2 , A2 =

0 de
𝜋
(0.18)2 = 0.02545 m2
4

Q2 0.5 1
10 = 2×9.81 [(7.854×10−3 )2 + ((7.854×10−3 ) −

I1 o
1 2 0.5 0.02×20
) + (0.02545)2 + 2g × (12.1(0.1)5 +
0.02545
V2
Entrance loss = 0.5 2g1

Sudden expansion loss =

c (V1 −V2 )2
0.018×30
12.1 (0.18)5
)]

2 × 9.81 × 10 = Q2 [8105.657 + 7749.44 +

EG al
2g
771.959 + 2g(3305.785 + 236.1814)]
V2
Exit loss = 2g2
Q = 0.04773 m3 /s
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 51

Chapter : Laminar Flow

Topic : Reynolds Number

1. [MCQ, ] diameter is increased by 20% and the fluid

Radius of a pipe is varying as r = Ae−0.0009x velocity is decreased by 40% keeping fluid the
where A is in meter and x is in mm. Ratio of same?

0 de
Reynolds number between two points which are A. 1200
2 m apart is approximately: B. 1800
A. 5.15 C. 3600

I1 o
B. 6.08 D. 200
C. 9.12
D. 8.05
c 4. [MCQ, ]
EG al
An oil of kinematic viscosity 0.25 stokes flows
2. [MCQ, ] through a pipe of diameter 10 cm. The flow is
N rr

The Reynolds’s number for the flow of a fluid in critical at the velocity of:
a horizontal circular tube of constant diameter is A. 7.2 m⁄sec
e

1200. If the diameter of the tube and the B. 5.0 m⁄sec

C. 0.5 m⁄sec
ef

kinematic viscosity of the fluid are doubled and

that discharged at the pipe exit is unchanged, D. 0.72 m⁄sec
R

then the new Reynold’s number for the flow in

the tube will be: 5. [MCQ, ]

A. 4800 In fluid flow, the dimensionless number that

B. 300 describes the transition from laminar to

C. 1200 turbulent flow is ______
D. 600 A. Reynolds number
B. Schmidt number
3. [MCQ, ] C. Biot number
The Reynold’s number for flow of a certain fluid D. Prandtl number
in a circular tube us specified as 2500. What will [GATE-2022-MT]
be the Reynolds number when the tube
6. [MCQ, ] D. it is constant but is always lower than the
The dimensionless number defined by the ratio average velocity in the fully developed
of inertial force to viscous force is called region.
A. Mach number [GATE-2017-ME]
B. Froude number
C. Weber number 9. [NAT, ]
D. Reynolds number Water flows through a pipe having an inner
radius of 10 mm at the rate of 36 kg/hr at 25°C.

0 de
[GATE-2021-PI]
The viscosity of water at 25°C is 0.001 kg/m. s.
The Reynolds number of the flow is _____.
7. [NAT, ]

I1 o
[GATE-2014-ME]
Water enters a circular pipe of length L = 5.0 m
10. [MCQ, ]
c
and diameter D = 0.20 m with Reynolds
number ReD = 500. The velocity profile at the
Two pipes of uniform section but different
diameters carry water at the same volumetric
EG al
inlet of the pipe is uniform while it is parabolic at
flow rate. Water properties are the same in the
the exit. The Reynolds number at the exit of the
two pipes. The Reynolds number, based on the
N rr

pipe is _______.
pipe diameter,
[GATE-2019-ME]
e

A. is the same in the both pipes

B. is large in the narrow pipe
ef

8. [MCQ, ]
C. is smaller in the narrower pipe
For steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid
D. depends on the pipe material
R

through a circular pipe of constant diameter, the

[GATE-2008-ME]
average velocity in the fully developed region is
constant. Which one of the following statements
11. [MCQ, ]
about the average velocity in the developing
Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-
region is TRUE?
symmetric fully developed viscous flow through
A. it increases until the flow is fully developed.
a straight circular pipe of constant cross-
B. it is constant and is equal to the average
sectional area at a Reynolds number of 5. The
velocity in the fully developed region.
ratio of inertia force to viscous force on a fluid
C. it decreases until the flow is fully developed.
particle is.
 A. 5
1
B. 13. [MCQ, ]
5

C. 0 Consider a fully developed laminar flow in a

D. ∞ circular pipe. If the diameter of the pipe is halved

[GATE-1997-ME] the flow rate and length of the pipe are kept

12. [MCQ, ] constant, the head loss increases by a factor of

The Reynolds number of a flow is the ratio of A. 4

B. 8

0 de
A. gravity forces to viscous forces
B. gravity forces to pressure forces C. 16

C. inertial forces to viscous forces D. 32

I1 o
D. viscous forces to pressure forces [GATE-2009-XE]

[GATE-1995-CE]
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B) 8. (B)

2. (B) 9. (635 to 638)

3. (B) 10. (B)

4. (C) 11. (A)

5. (A) 12. (C)

6. (D) 13. (—)

0 de
7. (500 to 500)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) 1 1
Re2 = R e1 = × 1200
4 4
r = Ae−0.0009x
ρVD
R e 2 = 300
∴ Re = μ

Re ∝ VD
3. Answer: (B)
Q
Re ∝ ( ) We know that Reynold’s number
r
ρVD
Since discharge will be constant in the pipeline. Re = (For pipe flow)

0 de
μ
Re1 r
= r2 ρ
Re2 1
R′e = × 1.2D × 0.6 × V
μ
at x = 0, r1 = A
ρDV × 1.2 × 0.6

I1 o
at x = 2 × 103 mm, R′e =
μ
r2 = Ae−0.0009×2000
Re1
Re2
=
Ae−1.8
A
c R′e = 2500 × 1.2 × 0.6
R′e = 1800
EG al
Re2
or, = e1.8
Re1
4. Answer: (C)
= 6.05
N rr

For pipe flow, flow is laminar upto Reynold’s

number of 2000.
e

2. Answer: (B)
ρVD VD
Given, Re = 1200, D2 = 2D1 , v2 = 2v1 Re = =
μ ν
ef

Reynold’s number, V × 0.1

2000 = or V = 0.5 m⁄s
ρ1 V1 D1 V1 D1 0.25 × 10−4
R

Re2 = =
μ1 ν1
Q
× D1 5. Answer: (A)
(π/4) D21 Q
= =π = 1200
ν1 D × ν1 Re < 2000 → Laminar Flow
4 1
Q Re ≤ 2300 → Transition Flow
Re2 = π
D2 ν2 Re > 2300 → Turbulent Flow
4
π
R e1 Q⁄ D × ν
= π4 6. Answer: (D)
R e 2 Q⁄ (2D)2ν
4
Reynolds Number (Re)
R e1 1
= Inertia force (FI )
Re2 4 =
Viscous Force (Fv )
 4 × 36/3600
Re =
π × 0.001 × 2 × 10−2
Re = 636.619
7. Answer: (500 to 500)
Given Data,
10. Answer: (B)
Length, L = 5.0 m, Diameter, D = 0.20 m
4ρQ
Reynolds Number, Re = 500 (at inlet) Re =
πμD
For a given volumetric flow rate
1
Re ∝

0 de
D
Hence Reynolds number is large in the narrow
pipe.

I1 o
Since the pipe is of uniform diameter, for a
11. Answer: (A)
c
given discharge, the average velocity at exit will
be the same as at inlet, which means that the
Reynolds Number (Re)
Inertia Force (FI )
EG al
Reynolds number at outlet is also same as at =
Viscous Force (Fv )
inlet. FI
=5
N rr

Fv

8. Answer: B
e

12. Answer: (C)

Discharge, Q = A. Vavg
ef

Q Reynolds Number (Re)

⇒ Vavg =
A Inertia force (FI )
=
Viscous Force (Fv )
R

As long as ′Q′ and ‘Area’ are constant, average

velocity in developing region also has to be
constant. 13. Answer: (—)

9. Answer: 635 to 638

4ρQ 4ṁ
Re = =
πμD πμD
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 52

Chapter : Laminar Flow

Topic : Hagen Poiseuille Flow - I

1. [NAT, ] D. 0.667
Water flows at a steady mean velocity of 4. [MCQ, ]
1.5 m/s through a 50 mm diameter pipe sloping In a laminar flow through a pipe of radius R, the

0 de
upwards at 45° to the horizontal. At a section
some distance downstream of the inlet pipe the
pressure is 700 kPa and at a section 30 m
fraction of the total fluid flowing through a
R
circular cross section of radius 2 centered at the
pipe axis is

I1 o
further along the pipe the pressure is 462 kPa. A. 3/8

c
The average shear stress at a radius of 10 mm is
_____Pa (Assuming datum to be passing
B. 7/16
C. 1/2
EG al
through the lower point). D. 3/4
N rr

2. [MCQ, ] 5. [MCQ, ]
In Hagen-Poiseuille flow of viscous liquid, one of A fluid flowing steadily in a circular pipe of radius
e

the following pairs of forces strike a balance. R has a velocity that is everywhere parallel to
ef

A. Inertial and viscous forces the axis (centerline) of the pipe. The velocity
B. Pressure and viscous forces distribution along the radial direction Vz =
R

C. Gravity and viscous forces r2

U(1 − R2 ), where r is the radial distance as
D. Inertial and gravity forces
measured from the pipe axis and U is the

3. [MCQ, ] maximum velocity at r = 0. The average velocity

A liquid flows through a pipe line 500 mm in of the fluid in the pipe is

diameter. The flow is laminar and the velocity at A. U/2

any radius r is given by u = (0.875 − 14r 2 ) m/ B. U/3

s. Then the mean velocity (in m/s) is C. U/4

A. 0.438 D. (5/6)U

B. 0.329 [GATE-2021-CE]
C. 0.514
6. [NAT, ]
A fluid with dynamic viscosity μ = 1 Pa. s is
flowing through a circular pipe with diameter
1 cm. If the flow rate (discharge) in the pipe is
0.2 litre/s, the maximum velocity in m/s of the
fluid in the pipe is (assume fully developed flow
and take fluid density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 ) ____
(Round off to one decimal place).
10. [NAT, ]
Fully developed flow of an oil takes place in a
pipe of inner diameter 50 mm. The pressure
drop per metre length of the pipe is 2 kPa.
Determine the shear stress, in Pa, at the pipe
wall __________.
[GATE-2013-XE]
11. [MCQ, ]

0 de
[GATE-2021-PI] In the case of a fully developed flow through a
7. [NAT, ] pipe, the shear stress at the centerline is

I1 o
The maximum velocity in a fully developed A. a function of the axial distance
laminar incompressible flow through a circular B. a function of the centerline velocity
c
pipe of constant cross-sectional area is 6 m/s.
The average velocity (in m/s) of the flow is
C. zero
D. infinite
EG al
______. [GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2019-XE] 12. [MCQ, ]
N rr

8. [NAT, ] The velocity profile of a fully developed laminar

e

Consider a fully developed steady laminar flow flow in a straight circular pipe, as shown in the
of an incompressible fluid with viscosity μ figure, is given by the expression.
ef

through a circular pipe of radius R. Given that −R2 ∂p r2 ∂p

u(r) = ( ∂x ) (1 − R2 ) where ∂x is a
4μ
the velocity at a radial location of R/2 from the
R

constant.
centerline ofthe pipe is U1 , the shear stress at
the wall is KμU1 /R, where K is ______.
[GATE-2016-ME]
9. [NAT, ]
For a fully developed laminar flow of water
(dynamic viscosity 0.001 Pa-s) through a pipe of The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is
R2 ∂p
radius 5 cm, the axial pressure gradient is A. − 8μ ( ∂x )
−10 Pa/m. The magnitude of axial velocity (in R2 ∂p
B. − 4μ (∂x )
m/s) at a radial location of 0.2 cm is_______.
R2 ∂p
[GATE-2015-ME] C. − 2μ ( ∂x )
 R2 ∂p D. inertial and gravity forces
D. − ( )
μ ∂x
[GATE-1988-CE]
[GATE-2009-ME]
17. [MCQ, ]
13. [MCQ, ]
The figure shows the developing zone and the
The shear stress in a fully developed laminar
fully developed region in a pipe flow where the
flow in a circular pipe is
steady flow takes place from left to right. The
A. constant over the cross section
wall shear stress in the sections A, B, C and D are
B. varies parabolically across the section
given by τA , τB , τC and τD respectively. Select

0 de
C. maximum at the pipe wall
the correct statement.
D. maximum at the pipe center line
[GATE-1996-CE]

I1 o
14. [NAT, ]

c
For a fully developed laminar flow through a
pipe, the ratio of the maximum velocity to the
EG al
average velocity is ____ (fill in the blank).
A. τA > τB
[GATE-1994-ME]
B. τB > τA
N rr

15. [MCQ, ]
C. τC > τB
3
The discharge in m /s for laminar flow through D. τC > τD
e

a pipe of diameter 0.04 m having a centre line [GATE-2022-XE]

ef

velocity of 1.5 m/s is: 18. [NAT, ]

A. 3π/50 Water (ρ = 1000 kg⁄m3 , μ = 0.01 N. s⁄m2 )
R

B. 3π /2500 flows through a smooth circular pipe of radius

C. 3π/5000
D. 3π/10000
[GATE-1988-ME]
16. [MCQ, ]
In Hagen-Poiseuille flow of viscous liquid, one of
the following Pairs of forces strike a balance
A. inertial and viscous forces
B. pressure and viscous forces
C. gravity and viscous forces
0.05 m. If the flow Reynolds number is 1000,
then the pressure drop (in N⁄m2 , rounded off 2
decimal places) over a length of 5 m will be
_____
[GATE-2019: XE]
19. [MCQ, ]
A fluid is flowing through a pipe of circular cross-
section. Reynolds number of the flow is
1600. The head loss over a 45 m length of the
 pipe is 0.6 m. The average flow velocity of the A. 0.005 B. 0.02
fluid is 1 m/s and the acceleration due to gravity C. 0.01 D. 0.05
is 10 m/s2 . The diameter of the pipe is _____m. [GATE-2021-XE]
[GATE-2014: XE] 22. [NAT, ]
A hydroelectric power plant takes in 30 m3 /s of
20. [MCQ, ] water through its turbine and discharges it to the
A fully developed laminar flow is taking place atmosphere with V2 = 2 m/s. The total head
through a pipe. If the flow velocity is doubled loss in the turbine and penstock system is 20 m

0 de
maintaining the flow laminar, the pressure loss (Assume turbulent flow with kinetic energy
would be correction factor as 1.1. Density of water is

I1 o
A. halved 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity, g
B. unaltered is 10 m/s2 ). The net head available to the
C. doubled
D. trebled
c turbine for power generation is _______ m.
(rounded off to one decimal place)
EG al
[GATE-2012: XE]
21. [MCQ, ]
N rr

If Pin = 1.2 Pa and Pout = 1.0 Pa are the

e

average pressures at inlet and outlet

respectively for a fully-developed flow inside a
ef

channel having a height of 50 cm, then the

absolute value of average shear stress (in Pa) [GATE-2020: XE]
R

acting on the walls of the channel of length 5 m

is
 Answer Key
1. (4.81 to 5.11) 12. (A)

2. (B) 13. (C)

3. (A) 14. (2 to 2)

4. (B) 15. (D)

5. (A) 16. (B)

6. (5.0 to 5.2) 17. (A)

18. (—)

0 de
7. (3 to 3)
8. (2.6 to 2.7) 19. (—)

9. (6.2 to 6.3) 20. (—)

I1 o
10. (25 to 25) 21. (C)
22. (—)
11. (C)
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (4.81 to 5.11) R/2
r2
P1 P2 QR/2 = ∫ Umax (1 − 2 ) 2πrdr
h1 − h2 = ( + 0) − ( + Z2 ) R
γ γ 0
R/2 R/2
700 × 10 3
462 × 10 30 3 r3
=( )−( + ) = 2πUmax [∫ rdr − ∫ dr]
9810 9810 R2
√2 0 0
2 R/2 R/2
= (71.356 − 68.308) = 3.048 m r r4
= 2πUmax [[ ] − [ 2] ]
Average shear stress at a radius of 10 mm is 2 0 4R 0
2 2
R R 7R2

0 de
∂h r QR/2 = 2πUmax [ − ] = 2πUmax [ ]
τ0 = γ (− ) 8 64 64
∂x 2 14
9810 × 3.048 0.01 QR/2 = πUmax R2 ( )
= × = 4.983 N/m2 64
30 2 Q(𝑅/2)

I1 o
Fraction of total fluid = Q
= 4.98 Pa 14
πUmax R2 (64) × 2 7

2. Answer: (B)
c ⇒
πR2 Umax
=
16
EG al
Pressure and viscous forces 5. Answer: (A)
Given,
N rr

3. Answer: (A) r2
Vz = U (1 − 2 )
dQ = udA = (0.875 − 14r 2 ) 2πrdr R
e

0.25
Let Vz = u and U = Umax (given)
2
ef

⇒ Q = ∫ (0.875 − 14r ) 2πrdr

For steady, incompressible fluid & Fully
0

Q = 0.0859 m3 /s developed Laminar flow through pipe,

R

Q 0.0859 ṁavg = ṁact

Mean velocity Vavg = A = π(0.5)2
4 umax
ρAc V = ρAc ( )
⇒ Vavg = 0.437 m/s Q
umax U
Vavg = =
2 2
4. Answer: (B)
πR2 Umax 6. Answer: (5.0 to 5.2)
̅=
Q = πR2 U
2 Given, (Fully developed flow, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 )
Dynamic viscosity (μ) = 1 Pa − sec
Diameter (D) = 1 cm = 1 × 10−2 m
Flow rate
(Q) = 0.2 lit/sec = 0.2 × 10−3 m3 /sec
 umax =? K = 2.667
Assuming steady flow,
9. Answer: (6.2 to 6.3)
umax
Q = Ac ( ) 1 − ∂P r 2
2 u= ( ) ( R − r2)
4μ ∂u x
2Q 8Q
⇒ umax = = 1
Ac πD2 u= (10)(52 − 0.22 ) × 10−4
4 × 0.001
8 × (0.2 × 10−3 )
⇒ umax = = 5.1 m/s u = 6.24 m/s
π(0.01)2

7. Answer: (3 to 3)

0 de
umax = 6 m/s 10. Answer: (25 to 25)
−dp R
For a steady, incompressible fluid through a τw = ( )
dx 2
circular pipe of constant cross sectional area,
3)
25 × 10−3

I1 o
τw = (2 × 10 × pa /m
umax 2
Vavg = τw = 25Pa
2
6
⇒ Vavg = = 3 m/s
2
c
EG al
11. Answer: (C)
8. Answer: (2.6 to 2.7)
−dp r
1 − ∂P τ=( )( )
u= ( ) (R2 − r 2 ) dx 2
N rr

4μ ∂u Linearly
1 − ∂P R2 for steady incompressible fluid & Fully
2
U1 = ( ) (R − )
e

developed laminar flow through pipe shear

4μ ∂u 4
stress is given by
1 − ∂P 3R2
ef

dp r
U1 = ( )( ) → (1) τ = (− ) ( )
4μ ∂u 4 dx 2
At r = 0, τ = 0
− ∂P r
R

τ=( )( ) dp R
∂u 2 At wall r = R, τ = (− dx ) ( 2 )
− ∂P R
τw = ( ) ( ) → (2) Shear stress is Maximum at wall and Minimum
∂x 2
Equation (2) ÷ equation (1) at center line
− ∂P R ∴ At center line τ|r=0 = 0
τw ( ) (2)
= 1 ∂u
U1 ( ) (− ∂P) (3R2 ) 12. Answer: (A)
4μ ∂u 4

τw 8μ For fully developed Laminar flow through pipe

=
U1 3R r2
u = umax (1 − 2 )
τw = 2.667 μU1 /R R
 r2 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 π 1.5
u = 2V (1 − R2 ) → (1) {∵ 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = } Q= (0.04)2 ×
2
4 2
−R2 ∂P r2 3π
u= ( ) (1 − 2 ) → (2) Q= m3 /s
4μ ∂x R 10000
For equation (1) & equation (2)
16. Answer: (B)
−R2 ∂P
2V = ( ) According to Hagen-Poiseuille Law,
4μ ∂x
32μvL
−R2 ∂P hL =
V= ( ) ρgD2
8μ ∂x
∴ Viscous and pressure forces strike a balance.

0 de
17. Answer: (A)
13. Answer: (C)
For steady, incompressible fluid & Fully

I1 o
developed Laminar flow in circular pipe shear 18. Answer:(—)

c
stress varies linearly with radial distance and is
maximum at the pipe wall 19. Answer:(—)
EG al
∂p R
τ|r=R = τmax = (− )
∂x 2 20. Answer:(—)
N rr

14. Answer: (2 to 2)
For a fully developed Laminar flow through 21. Answer:(C)
e

pipe, assuming steady flow of incompressible Given

Pin = 1.2 Pa
ef

fluid
umax umax Pout = 1.0 Pa
Vavg = ⇒ =2
2 Vavg
Height of channel
R

15. Answer: (D) 50

(h) = = 25 cm = 0.25 m
2
umax = 1.5 m/s
For a fully developed flow inside a channel we
umax
V= have,
2
1.5 ΔP Pin − Pout 1.2 − 1.0
V= ⇒ = =
2 L L 5
Q = AV dp
⇒ (− ) = 0.04 Pa/m
π dx
Q = d2 V
4 dp
τavg = (− ) y
dx
 1 22. Answer:(—)
= 0.04 ×
4
τavg = 0.01 Pa

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 53

Chapter : Laminar Flow

Topic : Hagen Poiseuille Flow - II

1. [MCQ, ] ensure laminar flow and neglect gravity. What is

A 100 mm diameter pipe 1000 m long is used to Q̇
the ratio of the flow rates (Q̇ round ) through the
square
pump oil of viscosity 0.85 Ns/m2 and specific
straws for a given pressure drop per unit length

0 de
gravity 0.92 at the rate of 1200 L/min. The first
(For square cross section f × Reh = 56.9) and
300 m length of the pipe is laid along the ground
for round shape f × Reh = 64)
sloping upwards at 10° to the horizontal and the

I1 o
A. 0.183
remaining 700 m length of the pipe is laid on the
B. 0.55
c
ground sloping at 15° to the horizontal. If the
efficiency of the pump is 60%, then power of
C. 5.5
D. 1.83
EG al
the driving motor is (kW). Assume pressure
head at the end of the pipe to be atmospheric
3. [NAT, ]
N rr

kg
Oil (ρ = 800 m3 , μ = 0.08 Pa. s) is being
e

transported through a 20 cm diameter, 20 km

ef

long pipe at the rate of 3π lit/s. The power

A. 256 required to maintain the flow is kπ kW. The
B. 301 value of k is _____. (Assume g = 10 m/s 2 )
R

C. 290 (rounded to two decimal places).

D. 188

4. [NAT, ]
2. [MCQ, ] The ratio of friction factors (f1 /f2 ) in two
Consider two types of drinking straws, one with different pipes with same fluid is 0.5. The
a square cross-sectional shape and the other average flow velocity in pipe-1 is 0.15 m/s and
type the typical round shape. The amount of the pipe diameter is 0.1 cm. The flow in the
material in each straw and the length of the pipes can be assumed to be laminar. The radius
perimeter of the cross section of each shape are of pipe-2 is 0.2 cm. The average velocity in pipe-
same. Assume the drink is viscous enough to
 2 is _____ m/s. (rounded off to three decimal
places).
5. [NAT, ]
A 20 cm diameter pipe 30 km long transports oil
from a tanker to the shore at 0.01 m3 /s. Take
μ = 0.1 Nm/s2 , ρ = 900 kg/m3 for the oil. The
power required to main the flow is _____ kW
7. [MCQ, ]
Glycerin (sp. Gravity 1.26, viscosity 0.9 Pa-s) is
pumped at the rate of 20 lit/s through a straight
pipe, diameter 100 mm, 45 m long and inclined
upwards at 15° to the horizontal. The gauge
pressure at inlet is 590 kPa. Then the average
shear stress at the wall (N/m2 )
A. 184

0 de
(round off to two decimal places). B. 164
C. 126

I1 o
6. [NAT, ] D. 155
An oil of specific gravity = 0.87 and kinematic
c
viscosity ν = 2.2 × 10−4 m2 /s flows through
the vertical pipe as shown in figure, the rate of
8. [NAT, ]
A straight stretch of horizontal pipe of 5 cm
EG al
4 × 10−4 m3 /s then the manometer reading h is diameter was used in the laboratory to measure
_____ m (round off to two decimal places). the viscosity of a crude oil (Specific weight
N rr

9000 N/m3 ) during the test run. A pressure

differential of 18000 N/m2 was recorded from
e

two pressure gauges located at 6 m apart on the

ef

pipe. The oil was allowed to discharge into a

weighing tank and 5000 N of oil was collected in
R

3 minutes duration, then the dynamic viscosity

of the oil is ______Ns/m2 (Round off to three
decimal places)

9. [MCQ, ]
A spindle 5 cm in diameter turns 100 revolutions
per minute in a bearing 5.004 cm internal
diameter. The intervening space is filled to 20 cm
depth with a lubricating oil of dynamic viscosity
0.08 Pa.s. If the oil pressure is 4000 kPa, then the
 oil leakage along the spindle and resisting torque
due to viscous drag of the oil film are
respectively
A. 2.61 × 10−8 m3 /s; 0.875 Nm
B. 1.264 × 10−7 m3 /s; 0.62 Nm
C. 1.264 × 10−7 m3 /s; 0.875 Nm
D. 2.61 × 10−8 m3 /s; 1.127 Nm
11. [MCQ, ]
Consider the fully-developed flow of a
Newtonian fluid (density ρ; viscosity μ) through
a smooth pipe of diameter d and length L. The
average velocity of the flow is V. If the length of
the pipe is doubled, keeping V, D, ρ, μ constant,
the friction factor
A. increase by two times

0 de
10. [MCQ, ] B. remains the same
Water of density 1000 kg m−3 flows in a C. decreases by two times

I1 o
horizontal pipe of 10 cm diameter at an average D. increases by four times
velocity of 0.5 ms −1. The following plot shows [GATE-2021-XE]
c
the pressure measured at various distances from
the pipe entrance
12. [NAT, ]
In a laminar, incompressible, fully-developed
EG al
pipe flow of Newtonian fluid, as shown in the
figure, the velocity profile over a cross-section
N rr

r2
is given by u = U (1 − R2 ), where U is a
e

constant. The pipe length is L and the fluid

ef

viscosity is μ. The power P required to sustain

the flow is expressed as P = cμLU 2, where c is
R

a dimensionless constant. The value of the

constant c (up to one decimal place) is ______.
Using the data shown in the figure, the fanning
friction factor in the pipe when the flow is
FULLY DEVELOPED is
A. 0.0012
B. 0.0074
C. 0.0082 [GATE-2021-XE]
D. 0.0106
[GATE-2021-CH]
13. [MCQ, ] 15. [NAT, ]
For a fully developed 1 − D flow of a Newtonian Water flows through two different pipes A and
fluid through a horizontal pipe of radius R (see B of the same circular cross-section but at
fig.), the axial velocity (v2 ) is given by: different flow rates. The length of pipe A is
ΔP R2 − r 2 1.0 m and that of pipe B is 2.0 m. The flow in
vz = [ ]( ),
L 4μ both the pipes is laminar and fully developed. If
Where, ΔP is the pressure difference (P1 – P2 ), the frictional head loss across the length of the
μ is the viscosity, r is the radial distance from pipes is same, the ratio of volume flow rates

0 de
the axis and L is the length of the tube. The QB /QA is _____ (round off to two decimal
shear stress exerted by the fluid on the tube places).
wall is:

I1 o
[GATE-2019-ME]
16. [NAT, ]

c Water is pumped at a steady uniform flow rate

of 0.01 m3 /s through a horizontal smooth
EG al
circular pipe of 100 mm diameter. Given that
the Reynolds number is 800 and g is 9.81 m/s 2 ,
N rr

ΔPR ΔPR
A. B. the head loss (in meters, up to one decimal
2L L
3ΔPR 2ΔPR place) per km length due to friction would be
e

C. D.
2L L
________.
[GATE-2021-MT]
ef

[GATE-2018-CE]
14. [NAT, ]
17. [MCQ, ]
A liquid of viscosity 1.74 × 10−3 Ns/m2 is
R

The head loss for a laminar incompressible flow

flowing through a horizontal capillary tube of
through a horizontal circular pipe is h1 Pipe
diameter 0.5 mm. The flow in the tube is
length and fluid remaining the same, if the
steady, incompressible, and fully developed
average flow velocity doubles and the pipe
laminar flow. The pressure drop across two
diameter reduces to half of its previous value,
locations spaced 1 m apart in the tube is
the head loss is h2 . The ratio h2 /h1 is
1.0 MPa. The flow rate in the tube
A. 1 B. 4
______mm3 /s.
C. 8 D. 16
[GATE-2020: XE]
[GATE-2015-ME]
18. [NAT, ] A. 33% B. 50%
A fluid of dynamic viscosity 2 × 10−5 kg/m.s C. 70% D. 80%
and density 1 kg/m3 flows with an average [GATE-2011-ME]
velocity of 1 m/s through a long duct of 22. [MCQ, ]
rectangular (25 mm × 15 mm) cross-section. The pressure drop for laminar flow of a liquid in
Assuming laminar flow, the pressure drop (in a smooth pipe at normal temperature and
Pa) in the fully developed region per meter pressure is
length of the duct is ________. A. directly proportional to density

0 de
[GATE-2014-ME] B. inversely proportional to density

19. [NAT, ] C. independent of density

I1 o
Water flows through a 10 mm diameter and D. proportional to (density)0.75

250 m long smooth pipe at an average velocity [GATE-2009-ME]

c
of 0.1 m/s. The density and the viscosity of
water are 997 kg/m3 and 855 × 10−6 N. s/
23. [MCQ, ]
Water flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe
EG al
m2 , respectively. Assuming fully-developed with a velocity of 0.015 m/sec. If the kinematic

flow, the pressure drop (in Pa) in the pipe is viscosity of water is 1.13 × 10−6 m2 /sec, the
N rr

__________. friction factor of the pipe material is

e

[GATE-2014-ME] A. 0.0015 B. 0.032

20. [NAT, ] C. 0.037 D. 0.048

ef

For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe [GATE-2009-CE]

having diameter 10 cm, velocity 0.1 m/s and 24. [MCQ, ]

R

kinematic viscosity 10−5 m2 /s, the value of
Darcy friction factor is _____.
[GATE-2014-ME]
21. [MCQ, ]
Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of
constant diameter and the flow is laminar. If the
diameter of the pipe is increased by 50%
Flow rate of a fluid (density = 1000 kg/m3 ) in
a small diameter tube is 800 mm3 /s. The
length and the diameter of the tube are 2 m
and 0.5 mm, respectively. The pressure drop in
2 m, length is equal to 2 MPa. The viscosity of
the fluid is
A. 0.025 N − s/m2
B. 0.012 N − s/m2

keeping the volume flow rate constant, then C. 0.00192 N − s/m2

D. 0.0102 N − s/m2
the pressure drop in the pipe due to friction will
[GATE-2007-CE]
decrease by
25. [MCQ, ] 27. If the flow is reversed, keeping the same
The velocity profile in fully developed laminar discharge, and the pressure at section 1 is
flow in a pipe of diameter D is given by maintained as 435 kN/m2 , the pressure at
u = u0 (1 − 4r 2 /D2 ), where r is the radial section 2 is equal to
distance from the centre. If the viscosity of the A. 488 kN/m2 B. 549 kN/m2
fluid is μ, the pressure drop across a length L of C. 586 kN/m2 D. 614 kN/m2
the pipe is [GATE-2006-CE]
μu0 L 4μu0 L
A. B. Common Data Questions 28 & 29:

0 de
D2 D2
8μu0 L 16 μu0 L A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains
C. D.
D2 D2
water and has its end a 100 mm long needle of
[GATE-2006-ME]

I1 o
1 mm diameter. The internal diameter of the
Common Data for Question (26 & 27)
syringe is 10 mm. Water density is 1000 kg/

3
c
An upward flow of oil (mass density 800 kg/
m , dynamic viscosity 0.8 kg/m − s) takes
m3 . The plunger is pushed in at 10 mm/s and
the water comes out as a jet
EG al
place under laminar conditions in an inclined
pipe of 0.1 m diameter as shown in the figure.
N rr

The pressures at sections 1 and 2 are measured

as P1 = 435 kN/m2 and P2 = 200 kN/m2 .
e

28. [MCQ, ]
ef

Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons s

required on the plunger to push out the water
R

is
A. 0 B. 0.04
C. 0.13 D. 1.15
[GATE-2003-ME]
29. [MCQ, ]
26. [MCQ, ]
Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully
The discharge in the pipe is equal to
developed laminar viscous flow throughout the
A. 0.100 m3 /s B. 0.127 m3 /s
needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re,
C. 0.144 m3 /s D. 0.161 m3 /𝑠
where Re is the Reynolds number. Given that
[GATE-2006-CE]
the viscosity of water is 1.0 × 10−3 kg/m − s,
 the force F in Newton required on the plunger 33. [MCQ, ]
is The dimensions of a pressure gradient in a fluid
A. 0.13 B. 0.16 flow are
C. 0.3 D. 4.4 A. ML−1 T 2 B. ML−3 T −2
[GATE-2003-ME] C. ML−2 T −2 D. M −1 L−3T −2
30. [MCQ, ] [GATE-1995-CE]
For laminar flow through a long pipe, the 34. [NAT, ]
pressure drop per unit length increases. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V

0 de
A. in linear proportion to the cross-sectional through a pipe of diameter D. Over a length of
areas FL V2
L, the head loss is given by . The friction
2gD

I1 o
B. in proportion to the diameter of the pipe
factor, F for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds
C. in inverse proportion to the cross-sectional
area c
D. in inverse proportion to the square of cross-
number (Re) is ____ (fill the blank).
[GATE-1994-ME]
EG al
35. [NAT, ]
sectional area
A 400 m long horizontal pipe is to deliver
[GATE-1996-ME]
N rr

900 kg of oil (s = 0.9, 𝜈 = 0.0002 m2 /s) per

31. [MCQ, ]
minute. If the head loss is not to exceed 8 m of
e

The friction factor of laminar liquid flow in a

oil, find the pipe diameter. (Friction factor in
circular pipe is proportional to
ef

laminar flow: F = 64/Re).

A. Reynolds number
[GATE-1989-ME]
B. inversely to the Reynolds number
R

36. [NAT, ]
C. square of the Reynolds number
A 0.20 m diameter pipe 20 km long transports
D. square root of the Reynolds number
oil at a flow rate of 0.01 m3 /s . Calculate the
[GATE-1996-CE]
power required to maintain the flow if the
32. [NAT, ]
dynamic viscosity and density of oil are
In fully developed laminar flow in the circular
0.08 Pa − sec, 900 kg/m3 .
pipe, the head loss due to friction is directly
[GATE-1988-ME]
proportional to____ (mean velocity/square of
37. [MCQ, ]
the mean velocity).
Water is flowing in two different tubes of
[GATE-1995-ME]
diameters D and 2D, with the same velocity. The
 ratio of laminar fiction factors for the larger (rounded off to two decimal places) is
diameter tube to the smaller diameter tube is ____________.
A. 0.5
[GATE-2023: XE-2M]
B. 1.0
39. [NAT, ]
C. 2.0
In a capillary tube of radius R = 0.25 mm, a fully
D. 4.0
developed laminar velocity profile is defined as,
[GATE-2018-XE] R2 dp r2
u= (− dx ) (1 − R2 ). In this expression,
38. [NAT, ] 4μ

0 de
dp
Axial velocity profile u(r) for an axisymmetric − = 1 MPa/m, μ is the dynamic viscosity of
dx

flow through a circular tube of radius R is given the fluid, and r is the radial position from the

I1 o
as, centerline of the tube. If the flow rate through
u(r) r 1/n the tube is 1000 mm3 /s, the viscosity of the
U
c
= (1 − )
R
Where U is the centerline velocity. If V refers to
fluid, in Pa-s is _____.
[GATE-2018: XE]
EG al
the area-averaged velocity (volume flow rate
per unit area), then the ratio V/U for n = 1
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (B) 21. (D)

2. (D) 22. (C)

3. (1.14 to 1.16) 23. (D)

4. (0.018 to 0.020) 24. (C)

5. (7.45 to 7.85) 25. (D)

6. (17.85 to 18.95) 26. (B)

27. (D)

0 de
7. (A)
8. (0.142 to 0.152) 28. (C)

9. (A) 29. (B)

I1 o
10. (B) 30. (C & D)
31. (B)
11. (B)
12. (6.0 to 6.5)
c 32. (Mean Velocity)
33. (C)
EG al
13. (A)
14. (857 to 924) 34. (64/Re)
35. (162.2)
N rr

15. (0.48 to 0.52)

16. (65.0 to 69.0) 36. (4.074)
e

17. (C) 37. (—)

38. (0.33)
ef

18. (1.7 to 2.0)

19. (6800 to 6900) 39. (—)

20. (0.06 to 0.07)

R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (B) Piezometer head at A = Piezometer heat at
d = 100 mm = 0.10 m B + hf
l = 1000 m VA2 P
zA + + = 233.268 + 766.489
μ = 0.85 Ns/m2 2g γ

S = 0.92 P
⇒ = 999.757 m of oil
𝛾
L 1200
Q = 1200 = = 0.02 m3 /s ⇒ P = 999.757 × (0.92 × 9.81 × 1000)Pa
min 1000 × 60

0 de
Q = A. V ⇒ P = 9023 kPa
P
Q Q ρQg( )
γ
⇒ Vmean = =π Power required to pump the oil=
A d2 1000
4

I1 o
(0.92 × 9810). 02 × 999.757
0.02 =
⇒ Vmean = π = 2.546 m/s 1000
(0.10)2
4

Reynolds number R =
c ρVmean d
μ
= 180.46 kW
Power of the driving motor=
180.46
0.60
EG al
(0.92 × 1000)(2.546)(0.10)
= = 300.77 kW
0.85
N rr

R e = 275.6
∴ R e < 2000, so it is Laminar flow 2. Answer: (D)
e

Height of the end of the pipe line above the

ef

pump
= 300 sin 10° + 700 sin 15°
= 233.268 m
R

Coefficient of friction for Laminar flow

64
f=
Re
64 Δp1 = Δp2
∴f= = 0.232
275.6 So hL1 = hL 2 Δp = γh1
Loss of head in 1000 m length of the pipe l V2 l2 V2
2
f1 D 1 × 2g1 = f2 × × 2g2
Dh 2
fLV 2 ((0.232)(1000)(2.546)) h1

hf = = Where l1 = l2 , Dh1 = D and

2gd 2 × 9.81 × 0.10
⇒ hf = 766.489 m of oil 4(Ac )2 4a2
Dh 2 = = =a
Since the mean velocity is the same throughout (P)2 4a
f1 V21 f2 V22
Thus = ………….. (1)
D a
 Since the perimeters are equal ΔP
P = ρgQ ( γ ) = QΔP = 3π × 10−3 × (48 ×
π
πD = 4a Therefore a = D …………….. (2)
4 800 × 10)
V1 Dh 1 V1 D
and Reh1 = = ⇒ P = 1152π W = 1.152 π kW
v v
VDh 2 V2 a πV2 D Thus, k = 1.15
Reh1 = = = from equation (2)
v v 4v

Thus, from equation (1)

4. Answer: (0.018 to 0.020)
64 56.9
V D V12 πV2 D
( 1 ) ( )
v 4v
= πD or V1 = 1.441 V2
D
4

0 de
π
Also Q̇1 = A1 V1 = 4 D2 × V1
π 2
And Q̇2 = A2 V2 = a2 V2 = 16 D2 V2

I1 o
So that
π
D2 V1 Given:
Q̇1
Q̇2
= 4
π2
16
D2V
2
=
4V1 4
πV2 π c
= × 1.441 f1
f2
= 0.5
EG al
= 1.83 Flow is laminar in both pipes.

Q̇round = 1.83 Q̇ square We know that in laminar flow through a pipe,

N rr

64 64ν
f= =
Re Vd
3. Answer: (1.14 to 1.16) Thus,
e

Given data: f1 64ν V2 ×0.4×10−2

= 0.5 = 0.15×0.1×10−2 ×
f2 64ν
ef

d = 0.2 m, L = 20 × 103 m,
On simplification
ρ = 800 kg/m3 , μ = 0.08 Pa. s, Q = 3π ×
2 V ×0.4
0.5 = 0.15×0.1
R

−3 3
10 m /s
ρVd ρ 4Q
m
Reynolds number, Re = = μ· ×d ⇒ V2 = 0.01875 = 0.019 m/s
μ πd2 s
ρ 4Q 800×4×3π×10−3
· = = 600 5. Answer: (7.45 to 7.85)
μ πd 0.08×π×0.2
0.01×4
Flow is laminar, From the data, U = = 0.318 m/s
π×0.22
ΔP 128μQL 128×0.08×3π×10−3 ×20×103 0.318 × 0.2 × 900
Thus, = = = Re = = 572.4
γ πd4 ×ρg π×0.24 ×800×10
0.1
48 m This being less than 2000, the flow is laminar
∴ Power required to maintain the flow, 8μU 8 × 0.1 × 0.318
Δp = 2
×l= × 30 × 1000
R 0.12
 = 763, 200 N/m2
Power loss = Δp × Q = 763, 200 × 0.01 =
7632 W = 7.63 kW
The power required to maintain the flow is
7.63 kW

6. Answer: (17.85 to 18.95)

Q 4 × 10−4
V= =π = 1.27 m/s

0 de
A (0.02)2
4

ρVD VD (1.27)(0.02)
Re = = =
μ ν 2.2 × 10−4

I1 o
= 115
∴ R e < 2000 ⇒ Laminar flow. From manometer considerations

ΔP = P1 − P2 =
c
128μQl
πD4
− γl → (1)
P1 + γ1 h1 − γm h + γ1 h2 = P2 → (2)
P1 − P2 = −γ1 h1 + γm h + γ1 h2
EG al
where γ1 = S. G. γH2 O
= −γ1 (h1 + h2 ) + γm h
= 0.87 × 9.81 × 1000
= −γ1 (h + l) + γm h
N rr

3
γ = 8530 N/m (∵ h1 + h2 = h + l, h1 = h − h2 + l
μ = νρ = νSGρH2 O
e

⇒ h1 + h2 = h + l)
−4 )(0.87
= (2.2 × 10 × 1000) = −γ1 h − γ1 l + γm h
ef

2
μ = 0.191 Ns/m P1 − P2 = (γm − γ1 )h − γ1 l
∴ Eq (1) Where γm = SGm γH2 O
R

128 × 0.191 × 4 × 10−4 × 4 = 1.3 × 9810

⇒ ΔP = − 8530
π(0.02)4
γm = 12740 N/m3
×4
4.37 × 104 = (12.74 × 103 − 8530)h
4 2
ΔP = 4.37 × 10 N/m
− (8530)4
⇒ h = 18.5 m

7. Answer: (A)
Q
The mean velocity of flow, V = A
 20 × 10−3 32 × μ × Q × L × 4
= = 2.546 m/s. =
π/4(0.1)2 πD4
The Reynolds number for this flow, 32 × 𝜇 × 3.08 × 10−3 × 6 × 4
18000 =
𝜋(0.05)4
ρVD
Re = ⇒ μ = 0.149 Ns/m2
μ
or 9. Answer: (A)
3
1.26 × 10 × 2.546 × 0.1 Given μ = 0.08 Pa. s
Re =
0.9
radial clearance,
= 356 < 2000
5.004 − 5

0 de
And therefore, the flow is laminar. b= = 0.2 × 10−4 m
2 × 100
16 16
The friction factor, f = Re = 356 = 0.045 and −dP 4000 × 103
( )= = 20 × 106 N/m3 /m
dx 0.2
the head

I1 o
average velocity
4fLV2
Lost due to friction, hf = 2gd b2 dP

=
2 × 9.81 × 0.1
c
4 × 0.045 × 45 × (2.546)2
= 26.76 m
Vavg =
12μ
(− )
dx
(0.2 × 10−4 )2
EG al
= × 20 × 106
Since the head lost is due to the viscous forces, 12 × 0.08
we make a balance of forces: ⇒ Vavg = 0.00833 m/s
N rr

τ × 2πr0 L = ΔP(πr02 ) = ρghf (πr02 ) Oil leakage = Clearance area × Vavg

∴ τ = ρghf r0 /2L = πDb × Vavg
e

1.26 × 103 × 26.76 × 9.81 × 0.05 = π × 0.05 × 0.2 × 10−4 × 0.00833

=
ef

2 × 45 = 2.61 × 10−8 m3 /s
2
= 183.76 N/m
Let ω = angular velocity
R

8. Answer: (0.142 to 0.152) r = radius of the spindle

W Viscous torque = Viscous force × radial distance
Q=
ρgt
= (Shear stress × area) × radius
5000 −3 3
Flow rate Q = 9000×(3×60) = 3.08 × 10 m /s du
=μ × 2πrl × r
Q dy
Average flow velocity Vavg = A
μωr
= × 2πrl × r
Pressure loss for laminar flow through a pipe b
line is 2πr 3 lμω
=
Q
b
32μVavg L 32. μ (A) L
P1 − P2 = =
D2 D2
 (2 × π × (0.025)3 × 0.2 × 0.08 × (
2π×100
)) Which is independent of length
60
= ∴ Reynolds number remains the same
0.2 × 10−4

⇒ 0.875 Nm
12. Answer: (6.0 to 6.5)
PP = ρgQhL
10. Answer: (B)
π 32μVL
P = ρg ( D2 × V) × ( )
4 ρgD2
P = 8πμLV 2
U 2

0 de
P = 8πμL ( )
2
P = 2πμLU 2
c = 2π = 2 × 3.14

I1 o
c = 6.28

c 13. Answer: (A)

EG al
32μVL Given
ΔP =
D2 1 − D Fully developed Newtonian fluid flow
N rr

2
ΔP D through horizontal pipe of a radius ‘R’
μ=( )
L 32V
ΔP R2 − r 2
0.12 Vz = ( )( )
e

μ = 37 × L 4μ
32 × 0.5
ef

Let Vz = u
μ = 0.023125
ρVD 1000 × 0.5 × 0.1 du
Re = = ⇒τ=μ
μ 0.023125 dr
R

d ΔP R2 − r 2
Re = 2162.162 (Laminar flow) τ=μ {( ) ( )}
dr L 4μ
16
f= = 0.0074 ΔP d 2
2162.162 τ = μ. (R − r 2 )
4μL dr
ΔP 2rΔP
11. Answer: (B) τ=μ (−2r) ⇒ τ = (− )
4μL 4L
For a fully developed Newtonian fluid flow
through smooth diameter pipe
ρvD
Re =
μ
 At wall r = R For a steady, incompressible fluid, fully
−ΔPR developed laminar flow through pipe
τmax =
2L 128μQL
∴ Magnitude of shear stress exerted by fluid ΔP =
πD4
on the tube wall is 128μQL
hL =
ΔPR ρgπD4
τ=
2L π, μ, g and ρ are constant for both the pipes
hL ∝ LQ (as D is same)
14. Answer: (857 to 924) hL,A LA QA
⇒ = ×

0 de
Given hL,B LB QB

Dynamic viscosity Since hL,A = hL,B

(μ) = 1.74 × 10−3 Ns/m2 Q B LA 1

= = = 0.5

I1 o
Q A LB 2
Diameter (D) = 0.5mm = 0.5 × 10−3 m
Pressure drop
c
(ΔP)1−2 = 1.0 MPa (For two points spaced
16. Answer: (65.0 to 69.0)
FLQ2
EG al
1 m apart) hL =
12.1D5
Flow rate (Q) =? 64LQ2
hL =
N rr

Flow is steady, incompressible fluid and fully 12.1ReD5

developed Laminar flow through pipe 64 × 1000 × (0.01)2
hL =
e

128μQL
12.1 × 800 × (0.1)5
Pressure drop (ΔP) = πD4 hL = 66.11 m
ef

4
ΔP × πD
⇒Q=
128 × μ × L
17. Answer: (C)
R

1.0 × 106 × π × (0.5 × 10−3 )4

= 32μVL 128μQL
128 × (1.74 × 10−3 ) × 1 hL = =
ρgD2 πρgD4
= 8.8159 × 10−7 m3 /sec 32μVL
hL =
Discharge (Q) = 881.59 mm3 /sec ρgD2
For a given ρ, μ, L
V
15. Answer: (0.48 to 0.52) hL ∝ 2
D
Given, Length of pipe A, LA = 1 m & hL2 V2 D1 2
= ( )( )
hL1 V1 D2
LB = 2 m
1
= (2)(2)2 {∵ V2 = 2V1 and D2 = 2 D1 }
=8
18. Answer: (1.7 to 2.0) 1
ΔP ∝
32μVL D4
ΔP = ΔP2 D14
L2c =
ΔP1 D42
2ab ΔP2 1
Lc = =
a+b ΔP1 1.54
2 × 25 × 15 ΔP2 1
Lc = (1 − ) × 100 = (1 − ) × 100
25 + 15 ΔP1 1.54
ΔP2
Lc = 18.75 mm (1 − ) × 100 = 80.247
ΔP1
32 × 2 × 10−5 × 1 × 1
ΔP =
(0.0187.5)2 22. Answer: (C)

0 de
ΔP = 1.82 Pa 32μVL 128μQL
ΔP1−2 = =
D2 πD4
Pressure drop is independent of density
19. Answer: (6800 to 6900)

I1 o
32μVL 23. Answer: (D)
ΔP =

ΔP =
D2
c
32 × 855 × 10−6 × 0.1 × 250
(10−2 )2
Given
Diameter, D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
EG al
Velocity, V = 0.015 m/s
ΔP = 6840 Pa
Kinematic viscosity (ν) = 1.13 × 10−6 m2 /s
N rr

Friction factor (F) =?

20. Answer: (0.06 to 0.07)
64
Friction factor (F) = Re
e

VD
Re =
ν For steady, incompressible Newtonian fluid,
ef

0.1 × 10−1
Re = fully developed flow through pipe
10−5
ρVD VD
Re = 1000
R

Re = =
μ ν
Flow is Laminar Flow
0.015 × 0.1
64 = = 1327.4336
F= 1.13 × 10−6
Re 64
Friction factor (F) = 1327.43 = 0.0482
64
F=
1000
F = 0.064 24. Answer: (C)
128μQL
δP =
21. Answer: (D) πD4
128μQL ΔP × πD4
ΔP = μ=
πD4 128QL
 2 × 106 × π × (0.5 × 10−3 )4 πρgD4 P1 − P2
μ= Q= [ + (z1 − z2 )]
128 × 800 × 10−9 × 2 128μL ρg
μ = 1.9174 × 10−3 N − s/m2 πD4
Q= [(P − P2 ) + ρg(z1 − z2 )]
μ = 0.00192 Ns/m2 128μL 1
πD4
Q= [(P − P2 ) + ρg(z1 − z2 )]
128μL 1
25. Answer: (D)
π × 0.14
For fully developed Laminar Flow we know Q= [(435 − 200) × 103
128 × 0.8 × 5
that 5
+ 800 × 9.81 × (− )]
4r 2 √2

0 de
u = u0 (1 − )
D2 Q = 0.127 m3 /s
u0
V=
2
27. Answer: (D)

I1 o
u0
32μVL 32μ ( 2 ) L
ΔP1−2 = = P1 − P2 P2′ − P1′
D2 D2 + (z1 − z2 ) = + (z2′ − z1′ )

ΔP1−2 =
16μu0 L
D2
c ρg
(P1 − P2 ) + ρg (z1 − z2 )
ρg
EG al
= (P2′ − P1′ ) + ρg(z2′ − zL′ (435.200) + 0.8

26. Answer: (B) 5

(435.200) + 0.8 × 9.81 × −
N rr

√2
5
× 9.81 × −
e

√2
5
= (P2′ − 435) + 0.8 × 9.81 ×
ef

√2
P2′ = 670 − 0.8 × 9.81 × 5 × 1.414
R

P2′ = 614.23 kPa

28. Answer: (C)

5
5 sin 45° = m
√2 Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation
P1 − P2 between 1 & 2
hL = + (z1 − z2 )
ρg P1 V12 P2 V22
128μQL + + z1 = + + z2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
hL =
πρgD4 1 32μV2 L
128μQL P1 − P2 P1 = Patm,L + ρ(V22 − V12 ) +
=[ + (z1 − z2 )]
2 d22
πρgD4 ρg
29. Answer: (C)
 Ap π
F = 500 × × 10−4 N
4
1
P1 − Patm,L = × 1000 × (12 − 10−4 ) F = 0.03926 N ≅ 0.04
2
(32 × 10−3 × 1 × 10−1 )
+
10−6 31. Answer: (C & D)
P1 − Patm,L = 3700 Pa For Laminar Flow Through pipe
π
F = 3700 × × 10−4 N 32μVL (128μQL)
4 ΔP1−2 = =
D2 πD4
F = 0.29059 N ≅ 0.3
ΔP1−2 32μV 128μQ
= =
L D2 πD4

0 de
ΔP1−2 1
30. Answer: (B) For a given average velocity ∝
L A
ΔP1−2 1
For a given Discharge ∝ A2
L

I1 o
c
Assumption: Neglecting minor losses
32. Answer: (B)

F=
64
Re
EG al
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 2
F is inversely proportional to Re
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
N rr

1 33. Answer: (Mean Velocity)

P1 = P2 + ρ(V22 − V12 ) → (1)
2
e

For Laminar Flow through pipe

Applying continuity equation between 1 & 2 32μVL
ef

hL =
A1 V1 = A2 V2 ρgd2
π 2 π hL ∝ V
d1 V1 = d22 V2
4 4
R

d12
V2 = V 34. Answer: (C)
d22 1
∂P
102 Pressure gradient= ∂x
;
V2 = × 10 mm/s
12
[∂P] [P] ML−1 T −2
V2 = 1 m/s = = = ML−2 T −2
[∂x] [L] L
Putting V2 in equation (1)
1
P1 = Patm,L + × 1000 × (12 − 10−4 )
2
P1 − Patm,L = 500 Pa
F = (P1 − Patm,L )A1
35. Answer: (64/Re)
For steady, incompressible fluid & fully 38. Answer: (0.33)
developed Laminar flow through pipe of D = 0.20 m
diameter D L = 20 km
64 Q = 0.01 m3 /s
F=
Re P=?
μ = 0.08 Pa. s
36. Answer: (162.2) ρ = 900 kg/m3
L = 400 m P = ρgQhL

0 de
900 128μQL
ṁ = kg/s P = ρgQ [ ]
60 πρgD4
⇒ 15 kg/s
128μQ2 L

I1 o
s = 0.9 ⇒P=
πD4
ν = 0.0002 m2 /s
hL = 8 m c Re =
ρVD 4ρQ
μ
=
πμD
4 × 900 × 0.01
EG al
D =? Re =
π × 0.08 × 0.2
ρVD 4ṁ
Re = = Re = 798. 77 (Laminar Flow)
μ πμD
N rr

4 × 15 128 × 0.08 × 0.012 × 20 × 103

Re = P=
π(900 × 0.0002) × D π × 0.24
e

P = 4.074 kW
For Laminar Flow (given)
Hence Flow is Laminar Flow
ef

128μQL
hL = 128μQL
πρgD4 PI = ρgqhL = ρgQ
πρgD4
128νṁL
R

hL = 128μQ2 L
πρgD4
PI =
128μṁL πD4
D4 = 128 × 0.08 × (0.01)2 × 20 × 103
πρ2 ghL =
128 × 0.0002 × 15 × 400 π × (0.20)4
D4 = PI = 4.0743 kW
π × 900 × 9.81 × 400
D = 0.1622 m
D = 162.2 mm 39. Answer: (—)

37. Answer: (—)

Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Laminar Flow

1. Water flows through a horizontal 60 mm kg

3. A viscous liquid (ρ = 1.18 × 103 m3, μ=
l
diameter galvanized iron pipe at a rate of 20 s. If s
0.005N − m2) flows at a rate of 4π
mL
through a
s
the pressure drop is 135kPa per 10 m length of horizontal 4 mm diameter tube.
pipe, determine whether the pipe is new or is it an (i) Determine whether the flow is laminar.

0 de
old pipe? Justify your answer with appropriate (ii) Determine the pressure drop along a 1 m
calculations and necessary assumptions. Take length of the tube which is far from the tube
average height of protrusions K = 0.15 mm for a

I1 o
entrance so that the only component of
new galvanized iron pipe, kinematic viscosity v = velocity is parallel to the tube axis.

kg
m2
c
1.12 × 10−6 sec, and density of water ρ = (ii) If a 2 mm diameter rod is placed in the 4 mm
diameter tube to form a symmetric annulus,
EG al
1000 m3. If required you can use Swamee-Jain
what is the pressure drop along a 1 m length if
explicit relationship for the friction factor (f) as
the flow rate remains the same as above?
N rr

given below:
[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2019]
0.25
e

f= 2
K 5.74
[log (3.7D + (Re)0.9 )]
4. The velocity distribution for the flow of a
ef

[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2020] Newtonian fluid between two fixed wide, parallel
plates is given by the following equation:
R

3V y 2
2. An oil of viscosity 18 poise flows between two u= [1 − ( ) ]
2 h
horizontal fixed parallel plates which are kept at a
where V is the mean velocity.
distance 150 mm apart. The maximum velocity of Ns m
If the fluid viscosity is 2 m2, V = 0.6 and h =
m s
flow is 1.5 s . Find:
5 mm, determine
(i) Pressure gradient
(ii) Shear stress at two horizontal parallel plates
(iii) Discharge per unit width for laminar flow of
oil
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2020]
 (i) the shearing stress acting on the bottom wall,
and
(ii) the shearing stress acting on a plane parallel to
the wall and passing through the centre line
(mid-plane).
[CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2018]
litre
5. Glycerine is pumped at a constant rate of 20
stretch of 800 m of pipeline is measured as
95 kPa. Estimate the absolute viscosity of the
fluid.
[ESE ME : 06 Marks : 2015]
8. Determine the diameter of the vertical pipe
needed for a flow of a liquid of kinematic viscosity
m2
1.95 × 103

0 de
s
at a Reynolds number of 1500. The
s

through a straight, 100 mm diameter pipe, 45 m constant pressure is maintained throughout its
long, inclined at 15° to the horizontal. The gauge length.

I1 o
pressure at the lower inlet end of the pipe is [CSE CE : 5 Marks : 2015]

c
590kPa. Verity that the flow is laminar and
calculate the pressure at the outlet end of the pipe kg Ns
9. Oil (ρ = 900 m3 , μ = 0.01 m2) is being pumped
EG al
and the average shear stress at the wall. (Relative
through a 5 cm steel pipe (Roughness height
density of glycerine 1.26 and dynamic viscosity of m3
0.01 mm) at a rate of 7 × 10−4 . it is required
N rr

glycerine 0.9Pa-s) s

to reduce the head loss to half by replacing the

[ESE ME : 20 Marks : 2018]
e

pipe by a larger diameter steel pipe, find the

diameter of now pipe.
ef

6. An oil of dynamic viscosity 1.5 poise and relative

[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2015]
density 0.9 flows through a 3 cm diameter vertical
pipe. Two pressure gauges are fixed 20 m apart.
R

10. For steady laminar flow between two infinitely

The gauge A fixed at the top records 200 kPa and
wide stationary plates, B = 2.0 mm, μ = 5 ×
gauge B fixed at the bottom records 500 kPa. Find
kg ∂P kN
the direction of flow and the rate of flow. 10−2 − s and pressure gradient = −15 ,
m ∂x m3

[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2017] determine discharge per unit width q, maximum

shear and maximum velocity.
kg [CSE CE : 10 Marks : 2014]
7. An oil of density 917 m3 is being pumped in a

15 cm diameter horizontal pipe. The discharge is

litre
measured as 800 minute. The drop in pressure in a
11. The velocity distribution is a stream is generally 14. Water is flowing through two pipes one of 10 mm
1
V y 7 diameter and second of 5 mm diameter and both
governed by one by seventh law, i.e., V = (y ) .
0 0
are discharging in 12 mm diameter pipe. The rate
Where V and V0 are point velocities at heights y
of flow in 10 mm diameter is 1.0c. c./s If the
and y0 from the stream bed. Show that point
Reynolds number of 12 mm diameter pipe flow is
velocity at 0.6 depth from free surface is equal to
4000, determine the rate of flow in 5 mm
average velocity.
diameter pipe. Consider kinematic viscosity equal
[ESE CE : 5 Marks : 2013] m2
to 6.5 × 10−7

0 de
.
s

m3
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2011]
12. Crude oil is to be pumped at a rate of 18 ,
h

I1 o
through a 100 m long pipe of diameter 0.3 m. The
15. A highly viscous oil is to be transported through a
delivery point of pipeline is 5 m vertically above
c
the entry point. The specific gravity of crude oil is
equal to 0.86 and kinematic viscosity is 0.135 ×
pipe is laminar mode. The discharge is 30
litres

energy gradient is limited to 0.02. Estimate the

s
and
EG al
smallest diameter of the pipe for this purpose. If
m2
10−4 sec. Calculate
this diameter is used what would be
N rr

(i) Maximum velocity of oil in the pipe

(i) Reynold's number and
(ii) Frictional head loss (ii) Power required per kilometer of pipeline
e

(iii) Power required to pump the oil kg

Take density and dynamic viscosity of oil as 960 m3
ef

[IFS CE : 15 Marks : 2012] kg

and 0.98 m−s respectively.

[IFS CE : 10 Marks : 2011]

R

13. Assume the velocity profile for turbulent flow in a

circular pipe to be approximated by a parabola
16. Explain what you mean by momentum correction
from the axis to a point very close to the wall
factor. The velocity distribution in a pipe is given
where the local velocity is u = 0.6um where um is
by
the maximum velocity at the axis. The equation for
u r n
r 2 = (1 − )
this parabola is u = um [1 − 0.4 (r ) ]. Find the U R
0
Where, U = maximum velocity at the centre of the
value of kinetic energy correction factor.
pipe, u = local velocity along r
[ESE ME : 15 Marks : 2011]
 R =Radius of the pipe. Find the momentum upward gradient of 1 in 250. Find out in kW
correction factor, if n = 0.20.
required to pump the oil. Take the specific weight
[ESE ME : 15 Marks : 2010] N
of fuel oil as 9820 m3 and the kinematic viscosity

as 20 stokes.
Ns
17. An oil having viscosity 0.08 m2 , specific weight [CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2005]
N kg
8829 m3, density 900 m3 flows at the rate of 5.4 ×
kg
m3 20. Oil of mass density 850 m3and dynamic viscosity
10−3 through a horizontal circular pipe of
s

0 de
0.12 m diameter and length 150 m. Find, 0.023 poise flows through a 50 mm diameter pipe
l
(i) pressure difference in 150 m length in m2
kN of length 400 m at the rate of 0.18 s. Determine

(i) Reynold's number of flow

I1 o
N
(ii) wall shear stress in m2 and
(ii) Pressure gradient

c
(li) average and maximum velocity

[ESE CE : 4 Marks : 2010]

(iii) The wall shear stress
(iv) Power required to maintain flow
EG al
[IFS CE : 20 Marks : 2005]
18. Water is flowing through a smooth pipe of
N rr

m3
100 mm diameter at rate of 0.036 . Determine
s 21. Assuming the following velocity distribution in a
(i) Darcy's friction factor
e

circular pipe:
1
(ii) Shear velocity
ef

r 7
u = Umax (1 − ), where Umax = maximum
R
(ii) Shear stress at wall
velocity, R = radius of pipe; u = velocity at a radius
(iv) Normal thickness of viscous sub layer
R

‘r’ from the centre of pipe.

m 2
Take kinematic viscosity 10−6 s
a) Calculate the ratio of the mean and maximum
kg
Density, ρ = 1000 m3 and velocities.
0.221
f(Darcy's friction factor) = 0.0032 + Re0.237 b) calculate the radius at which the actual velocity
[IFS CE : 20 Marks : 2006] equals the mean velocity.

[ESE CE : 20 Marks : 2004]

19. Fuel oil is pumped up in a 24 cm diameter pipe,
litres
10km long at rate of 20 . The pipe is laid at an
sec
22. Laminar flow of oil takes place down the slope (iii) The rate of oil flow per meter width.
between parallel plates, 8 mm apart held inclined [ESE CE : 15 Marks : 2003]
at 30° to the horizontal. The oil is of viscosity
kg kg 23. Calculate the power required to pump 60 t of oil
0.92 m−s and of mass density 1320 m3. The
per hour along a pipe line 120 mm diameter and
pressures of two points, 1 m vertically apart are
kg
kN kN 1.5km long if the oil has density of 910 m3 and
40 m2 and 170 m2, when the upper plate moves at
m m2
0.3 velocity relative to the lower plate in the kinematic viscosity of 0.00186 . Assume
s s

0 de
16
direction opposite to the oil flow. Determine: frictional coefficient f = Re.
(i) The maximum velocity of the flow within the [CSE CE : 20 Marks : 1998]
oil medium,

I1 o
(ii) The shear stress on the top plate, and

c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (0.357 mm) 15. [(i) Re = 132.498; (ii) 5.65 kW]

2. ((𝐢)𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟑 ; 16. (𝛃 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏)

𝐤𝐍 N
(𝐢𝐢)𝟕𝟐 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬) 17. [(i) 𝚫𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝟐 (ii) τw = 2.546 m2 (iii)
m
3. ((𝐢)𝐑𝐞 = 𝟗𝟒𝟒 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎; (𝐢𝐢)𝚫𝐏 = Vmax = 2Vavg = 0.955 s ]
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝚫𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; m
(𝐢𝐯) 79.375 kPa) 18. [(i) f = 0.01326; (ii) 0.1866 s ; (iii) τw =
N
4. ((𝐢)𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢)𝟎) 34.829 m2 ; (iv) 6.2165 × 10−5 m

0 de
5. (183.3148 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ) 19. (𝐏𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝐤𝐖)

6. (8.1788 × 10-4 m3/s) 20. [(𝐢)𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 <

𝐍 𝐍
𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎; (𝐢𝐢) 𝟐. 𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟖 (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟑 (𝐢𝐯) 𝐏𝐏 =

I1 o
7. (937.836) ; ;
𝐦𝟑 𝐦𝟐

8. (𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 𝐦𝐦) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟕𝐖 ]

9. (59.46 mm)
10. (15 N/m2)
c 21. [(𝐚)
𝟒𝟗
𝟔𝟎
; (𝐛) 𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟕]
𝐦
EG al
22. [(𝐢) 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝐬 ; (𝐢𝐢) 𝛕 =
11. (𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐠 ≃ 𝐕)
𝐍 𝐦𝟑
−𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ]
12. ((𝐢) 0.0707 m/s; (𝐢𝐢) 3.46 × 10-3 m; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 211.061 𝐬
N rr

W) 23. [𝐏𝐩 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝐤𝐖]

13. (𝛂 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓)
e

14. (𝐐𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬)

ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.357 mm) f from swamee-Jain formula is different that
means pipe is not having
Solution:
k = 0.15 mm
m3
Q = 0.02 , D = 60 mm = 0.06 m
s Calculating K value for pipe
ΔP 0.25
= 135kPa 0.03237 = K 5.74
L [log( +
3.7D (378940.34)0.9
)]

K 5.74
log (3.7×0.6 + 104885) = −2.779

0 de
K 5.74
+ 104885 = 1.6634 × 10−3
V1 = V2 3.7×0.06

Assuming z1 = z2 K = 3.57 × 10−4 m

I1 o
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation K = 0.357 mm (> 0.15 mm hence, pipe is
between (1) & (2)

P1 V12
+ + z1 =
P2 V22
+
c
+ z2 + hL
an old pipe)
EG al
ρg 2g ρg 2g 2. Answer: (𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟑 ; 𝟕𝟐 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬)
P1 − P2 Solution:
= hL
ρg
N rr

Ns
μ = 18 poise = 1.8 , 2t = 150 mm =
m2
P1 −P2 fLQ2
= 12.1D5 (f = friction factor) 0.15 m
ρg
e

m 2 2
1000×9.81×f×10×(0.02)2 umax = 1.5 ∴ V = 3 umax = 3 ×
135 × 103 = s
12.1×(0.06)5
ef

m
1.5 = 1 s
f = 0.03237
3μVL
(i) Δp =
k = 0.15 mm = 0.15 × 10 m −3 t2
R

Δp 3μv 3×1.8×1 N
m 2 = = = 960 m3
ν = 1.12 × 10−6 s L t2 (
0.15 2
)
2

m3 − ∂p 0.15 N
Q = 0.02 (ii) τ = ( ) × t = 960 × = 72 m2
s ∂x 2

4Q 4×0.02 (iii) Q = A × V
Re = πνD = π×1.12×10−6 ×0.06
= (2t × 1) × 1
Re = 378940.34
m3
f from Swamee-Jain explicit relationship = 0.15 per unit width
s
0.25
f= K 5.74 2
[log( + )]
3.7D (Re)0.9

f = 0.02541
3. Answer: (𝐑𝐞 = 𝟗𝟒𝟒 < 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎; 𝚫𝐏 = 5. Answer: (183.3148 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦 ; 𝚫𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; 79.375
𝟐
Solution:
kPa)
litre m3
Solution: Q = 20 = 0.02
s s
4ρQ 4×1.18×103 ×4π×10−3 ×10−3
(i) Re = πμD = D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
π×0.005×0.004

Re = 944 < 2300 (Laminar flow) L = 45 m

128μQL 128×0.005×4π×10−6 ×L P1 = 590 × 103 Pa

(ii) ΔP = =
πD4 π×(0.004)4 kg
ρ = 1.26 × 1000 = 1260 m3
N
ΔP = 10000 m2

0 de
μ = 0.9Pa − s
(iii) for annulus
−1
2
8μLQ (R20 −R2i )
ΔP = [R40 − R4i − ]

I1 o
π R
ln( 0 )
Ri

ΔP =
8×0.005×1×4π×10−6
π c
(0.0022 −0.0012 )
[(0.002)4 −
2 −1 4ρQ
Re = πμD =
4×1260×0.02
EG al
π×0.9×0.1
(0.001)4 − 0.002 ]
ln( )
0.001
Re = 356.507 < 2300 (Laminar flow)
ΔP = 79375.133Pa = 79.375kPa
N rr

64
F= = 0.1795
Re

FLQ2 0.1795×45×(0.02)2
4. Answer: [(𝐢) 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝐍⁄𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢) 𝟎)] hL = 12.1D5 =
e

12.1×(0.1)5

Solution: hL = 26.7 m
ef

We know, for Newtonian fluid, Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation

du between (1) & (2)
τ = μ ∂y
R

P1 V2 P V2
3V y2 + 2g1 + z1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + z2 + hL
ρg
u= [1 − h2 ]
2
590×103 2 P
du 3V 2y + 0 = 1260×9.81 + 11.647 + 26.7
= [0 − ] 1260×9.81
dy 2 h2

−3μVy
P2 = 116kPa
τ= h2 Average shear stress on wall
3μV×h 3μV
(i) τat bottom/y=−h = = −dP R
h2 h τw = ( dx ) 2
3×2×0.06 N
= = 720 m2 −dP 2τw
5×10−3 ( dx ) = R
−3μVy
(ii) τatmidplaney=0 = R2 −dP
h2
umax = 4μ ( dx )
=0
R2 2τw
umax = 4μ ( )
R
 2μRumax Hence flow will be from B to A
τw = R2
4μV Head loss hL = 56.6315 − 42.6526
τw = R
hL = 13.9789 m
8μV
τw = D Assuming laminar flow
8×0.9×2.5465
τw = 128μQL
0.1 hL = πD4 (ρg)
0.02 m 128×0.15×Q×20
[∵ V = π = 2.5465 ] 13.9789 = π×(0.03)4 ×900×9.81
(0.1)2 s
4
m3
N Q = 8.1788 × 10−4
τw = 183.348 m2 s

0 de
Checking
4ρQ 4×900×8.1788×10−4
6. Answer: (8.1788 × 10-4 m3/s) Re = πμD = π×0.15×0.03

I1 o
Solution: Re = 208.27 < 2300 (laminar flow)
Ns
μ = 1.5poise = 1.5 × 10−1 m2

ρ = 0.9 × 1000 = 900 m3

c kg
Assumption is correct

Q = 8.1788 × 10−4
m3
s
EG al
D = 3 cm = 0.03 m
zB = 0(Datum), zA = 20 m 7. Answer: (937.836)
N rr

PA = 200 × 103 Pa, PB = 500 × 103 Pa Solution:

kg
VA = VB (Diameter = constant) ΔP = 95 × 103 Pa, ρ = 917 m3
e

D = 15 cm = 0.15 m
ef

litre 0.8 m3
Q = 800 minute = 60 s
R

L = 800 m
128μQL
ΔP = πD4
0.8
128μ×( )×800
95 × 103 = 60
π×(0.15)4

μ = 0.11066Pa − s
Comparing piezometric head
0.8
4ρQ 4×917×( )
PA 200×103 60
HP,A = ( ρg + zA ) = 900×9.81 + 20 Re = πμD = π×0.11066×0.15

HP,A = 42.6526 m Re = 937.836

P 500×103
HP,B = ( ρgB + zB ) = 900×9.81 + 0

HP,B = 56.6315 m
8. Answer: (𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 𝐦𝐦) 9. Answer: (59.46 mm)
Solution: Solution:
m2 kg Ns
ν = 1.95 × 10−3 , R = 1500 < 2300 ρ = 900 m3 , μ = 0.01 m2, D = 5 cm = 0.05 m
s
(laminar flow)
k = 0.01 mm = 0.01 × 10−3 m, Q=7×
ρVD VD 3
Re = = −4 m
μ ν
10 s

VD 4Qρ 4×7×10−4 ×900

1500 = Re = πμD =
ν π×0.01×0.05

VD = 1500 × 1.95 × 10−3 Re = 1604.28 < 2300 (Laminar flow)

VD = 2.925 128μQL

0 de
hL = ρgπD4
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between
128×0.01×7×10−4 ×L
1&2 = = 5.1685 × 10−3 Lm
900×9.81×π(0.05)4

I1 o
hL 128μQL
= 4
2 ρgπD′

c =
5.1685×10−3 L

D′ = 0.05946 m
2
=
128×0.01×7×10−4 ×L
900×9.81×π×D′
4
EG al
D′ = 59.46 mm
N rr

10. Answer: (15 N/m2)

e

P1 V2 P V2 Solution:
+ 2g1 + z1 = ρg2 + 2g2 + z2 + hL
ρg
B = 2t = 2 mm ⇒ t = 1 mm = 10−3 m
ef

P1 = P2 , V1 = V2
kg ∂p kN
μ = 5 × 10−2 ms, ∂x = −15 m3
L = hL
R

1 − ∂p
L=
32μνL umax = 2μ ( ) t2
ρgD2 ∂x

1
ρgD2 = 32μV = 2×5×10−2 (15) × (103 )(10−3 )2

gD2 = 32νV umax = 0.15

m
s
2 −3 2.925
gD = 32 × 1.95 × 10 × 2 2 m
D V = 3 umax = 3 × 0.15 = 0.1 s
3
D = 0.0186 Q
= A × V = 2t × 0.1 = 2 × 10−3 × 0.1
width
D = 0.26498 m
Q m3
D = 264.98 mm = 2 × 10−4
width s

− ∂p N
τ=( ) t = +15 × 103 × 10−3 = 15 m2
∂x
11. Answer: (𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐠 ≃ 𝐕) Equation (1) & Equation (2)
Solution: Vavg ≃ V (at 0.6 depth from free surface)
1
V y 7
= (y )
V0 0
12. Answer: ((𝐢) 0.0707 m/s; (𝐢𝐢) 3.46 × 10-3 m; (𝐢𝐢𝐢)
211.061 W)
Solution:
m3 18 m3
Q = 18 hr = 3600 = 5 × 10−3 s

L = 100 m, h = 5 m
dQ = V(dy × 1)

0 de
D = 0.3 m
d
Q= ∫0 Vdy kg
ρ = 0.8 × 1000 = 860 m3
1
d y 7 m2

I1 o
=∫0 V0 (y ) dy ν = 0.135 × 10−4
0 s
1
5×10−3
=
V0 [y]7
1
y70
1
7
+1
+1
|d0
c (i) V = A =
Q

4Q
π
4
(0.3)2
= 0.0707

(ii) Re = πνD = π×0.135×10−4 ×0.3

4×5×10−3
m
s
EG al
8
V0 7 d
= ×y × 7 |
1
8 0
y70 Re = 157.19 < 2300 (laminar flow)
N rr

8
64 64
7 V y7
=8 01 |d0 F= = = 0.0407
Re 1571.9
y70 2
FLQ2 0.0407×100×(5×10−3 )
e

8 hL = 12.1D5 =
7 V0 d7 12.1×(0.3)5
Q=8 1
ef

y70 hL = 3.46 × 10−3 m

Q 7 V0 d7
1 (iii) PP = ρgQH
Vavg = A = 8 ______ (1) [∵ A = d × 1]
R

1
y70 = 860 × 9.81 × 5 × 10−3 × (5 + 3.46 ×
10−3 )
Velocity at 0.6 depth of free surface
= 211.061W
Means 0.4 depth from stream bed
1
V y 7
= (y ) 13. Answer: (𝛂 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓)
V0 0

At y = 0.4d Solution:
2 r
1 1 1 V = r2 ∫0 0 u rdr
0.4d 7 V0 (0.4)7 d7 0
V = V0 ( ) = 1
y0
y70 r 2
u = um [1 − 0.4 (r ) ]
1 0
V0 (0.8773)d7
V= 1 ______ (2) 2um r0 0.4r3
y70
V= ∫0 [r − ] dr
r20 r20
 ro
2um r2 r4
V= [ 2 − 0.4 × 4r2 ]
r20 0 0

2um r20
V= [ 2 − 0.1 × r02 ]
r20

V = 0.8um
R
2 ∫0 u3 rdr
α= R2 V3
3
Q1 + Q 2 = Q
2 r r 2
=r2 V3 ∫0 0 u3m (1 − 0.4 (r ) ) dr cc m3
0 0 Q1 = 1 = 1 × 10−6
s s
3
2u3m r r 2 m3
=r2 V3 ∫0 0 r (1 − 0.4 (r ) ) dr

0 de
0
Q = 2.45 × 10−5
0 s

2u3 r r6 r 2 Q 2 = Q − Q1
= r2 Vm3 ∫0 0 r (1 − (0.4)3 r6 − 3 × 0.4 (r ) + 3 ×
0 0 0
m3
r 4 Q2 = 2.35 × 10−5

I1 o
2
0.4 (r ) ) dr s
0

2u3 r r7 r3
0
2
3(0.4) × r4 ] dr
r5
c
= r2 Vm3 ∫0 0 [r − (0.4)3 r6 − 3 × 0.4 × r2 +
0 0 15. Answer: [(i) Re = 132.498; (ii) 5.65 kW]
Solution:
EG al
0

2u3 r2 (0.4)3 2 1.2 2 3 m3

m
= r2 ×V 0
3[2 −
r0 − r + 6 × (0.4)2 × r02 ] Q = 0.03 ,
0 8 4 0 s
N rr

hL ΔP
V = 0.8um Energy gradient = = 0.02
L ρgL
2×0.272
α= kg kg
e

(0.8)3 ρ = 960 m3 , μ = 0.98 ms

α = 1.0625 ΔP 32μV
ef

= ρgD2
ρgL

0.03
32×0.98×(π 2 )
14. Answer: (𝐐𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟑 ⁄𝐬) D
R

4
0.02 = 960×9.81×D2
Solution:
D = 0.2824 m
Re = 4000 in D = 12 mm = 0.012 m pipe
4Qρ 4(0.03)×960
4Q (i) Re = πμD = π×0.98×0.2824
Re = πνD
4×Q Re = 132.498
4000 = π×6.5×10−7 ×0.012
(ii) PP = ΔPQ
m 3
Q = 2.45 × 10−5 s = ρgL(0.02) × 0.03
= 960 × 9.81 × 1000 × (0.02) × 0.03
PP = 5650.65 W = 5.65 kW
16. Answer: (𝛃 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏) 4ρQ
Re = πμD = 644.57 (< 2300 laminar flow)
Solution: 128μQL
(i) ΔP =
2 R πD4
V = Vavg = ∫ ur dr
R2 0
128×0.08×5.4×10−3 ×150
r n
ΔP = π×(0.12)4
u = U (1 − R)
N
ΔP = 12732.395 m2
2 R r n
V = Vavg = ∫ U r (1 − R) dr
R2 0 kN
ΔP = 12.7324 m2
2U R r n
V = Vavg = ∫ r (1 − R) dr
R2 0 −dP R
(ii) τw = ( dx ) × 2
2U R2 R2
V= [ − n+2]

0 de
R2 n+1 ΔP D
τw = ×4
L
2U
V = (n+1)(n+2) ____ (1) 12732.395 0.12
τw = ×
150 4
R
2 ∫0 u2 rdr

I1 o
β= τw = 2.546 m2
N
R2 V2

r 2n

2U2
2
β = V2 R2 ∫0 U 2 (1 − R)

=V2 R2 [−
R

rR
c
(1 − R)
r 2n+1
rdr

R2
+ 2n+2 (1 −
(iii) V(Average) = A =
Q 5.4×10−3
π
4
(0.12)2

m
= 0.4775
m
s
EG al
2n+1 Vmax = 2Vavg = 0.955 s
R
r 2n+2 2U2 R2 R2
) ] = V2 R2 [2n+1 − 2n+2]
R
0
N rr

18. Answer: [(𝐢) 𝐟 =

2U2 1 𝐦
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟔; (𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟔 𝐬 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝛕𝐰 =
V2 (2n+1)(2n+2)
e

𝐍
Putting V value from equation (1) 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐯) 𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦]
ef

2U2 (n+1)2 (n+2)2 (n+1)2 (n+2)2 Solution:

β = 4U2 (2n+1)(2n+2) = 2(2n+1)(2n+2)
4Q 4×0.036
Re = πνD = π×10−6 ×0.1
∵ n = 0.20
R

(0.2+1)2 (0.2+2)2
Re = 458366.236 > 4000 (Turbulent flow)
β = 2(2×0.2+1)(2×0.2+2)
0.221
(i) f = 0.0032 + (458366.236)0.237
β = 1.0371
f = 0.01326

𝐤𝐍 τ f ρV2 f
17. Answer: [(i) 𝚫𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝟐 (ii) τw = (ii) V ∗ = √ ρw = √8 = V√8
ρ
N m
2.546 m2 (iii) Vmax = 2Vavg = 0.955 s ]
f
V ∗ = V√8 (here f = friction factor)
Solution:
Ns N kg Q 0.036 m
μ = 0.08 m2, ρg = 8829 m3, ρ = 900 m3 V = A = π(0.1)2 = 4.584 s
4

m3
Q = 5.4 × 10−3 , D = 0.12 m, L = 150 m 0.01326 m
s V ∗ = 4.584√ = 0.1866
8 s
 f Power required to pump the oil
(iii) τw = 8 ρV 2
0.01326 PP = ρgQH
τw = × 1000 × (4.584)2
8
PP = 9820 × 0.02 × 540.8524
N
τw = 34.829 m2
PP = 106223.41W
11.6ν 11.6×10−6
(iv) δ′ = = = 6.2165 × 10−5 m PP = 106.223kW
V∗ 0.1866

19. Answer: (𝐏𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝐤𝐖) 20. Answer: [(𝐢)𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 <

𝐍 𝐍
Solution: 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎; (𝐢𝐢) 𝟐. 𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝟑 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐯) 𝐏𝐏 =

0 de
𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟕𝐖 ]

Solution:
kg Ns
ρ = 850 m3 , μ = 0.023poise = 0.0023 m2 ,

I1 o
D = 50 mm = 0.05 m, L = 400 m, Q=

N
c
ρg = 9820 m3, ν = 20stokes = 20 ×
m
10−4 s
2
L
0.18 s = 0.18 × 10

4ρQ
−3 m
3

4×850×0.18×10−3
EG al
(i) Re = πμD = = 1693.96 <
π×0.0023×0.05
D = 0.24 m, L = 10km = 10 × 103 m, Q= 2300 (laminar flow)
l m3
20 s = 0.02
N rr

ΔP 128μQ 128×0.0023×0.18×10−3
s (ii) = =
L πD4 π×(0.05)4
1
Gradient ⇒ 250 ΔP N
= 2.6988 m3
e

L
1
h = 250 × 10 × 103 F
(iii) τw = 8 ρV 2
ef

h = 40 m
64 64
F = Re = 1693.96 = 0.03778
FLQ2
hL = 12.1D5
R

Q 0.18×10−3 m
4Q 4×0.02
V=A= π
(0.05)2
= 0.09167 s
Re = πνD = π×20×10−4 ×0.24 = 53.052 (laminar 4

0.03778
flow < 2300) τw = × 850 × (0.09167)2 =
8
64 N
For laminar flow F = = 1.2064 0.03373 m2
R

(1.2064)×10×103 ×(0.02)2 (iv) Pp = ρgQhL

hL = = 500.8524 m
12.1×(0.24)5
ΔP 2.6988×400
hL = = = 0.1295 m
Applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between ρg 850×9.81
(1) & (2) Pp = 850 × 9.81 × 0.18 × 10−3 ×
P1 V2 P V2 0.1295
+ 2g1 + z1 = 2g2 + 2g2 + z2 + hL
ρg
PP = 0.19437W
P1 −P2
( ) = h + hL = 40 + 500.8524 =
ρg
540.8524 m
 𝟒𝟗
21. Answer: [(𝐚) ; (𝐛) 𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟕]
𝟔𝟎

Solution:
1
r 7
u = Umax (1 − )
R
2 R
(a) Mean velocity V = R2 ∫0 urdr
1
2 R r 7
V= ∫ Umax (1 − ) rdr m
R2 0 R U = 0.3 s , Y = 8 mm = 8 × 10−3 m
1
2Umax R r 7 kg kg
V= ∫0 (1 − ) rdr μ = 0.92 ms , ρ = 1320 m3
R2 R

0 de
1 R y y y
7 r +1 8 u = [(Y) + P (Y) (1 − Y)] U
2Umax rR(1−R) 7R R r 7
V= [ 1 − ∫0 (1 − R) dr]
R2 +1 8
7 1 − ∂P y2
0 where P = 2μ ( )U

I1 o
∂x
2Umax −7 7 7
V= [ 8 R2 × 0 + 8 R × 15 R] Here plate is inclined and velocity of plate
R

V=
2Umax
R2
c49
× 120 R2
and fluid are in different direction.
dP∗
− dx =
(P1 +ρgz1 )−(P2 +ρgz2 )
EG al
V 49 L
= 60
Umax
(183−40)×103 +1320×9.81×1
49 2
(b) V = 60 Umax
N rr

N
1
= 71500 m3
r 7
U = Umax (1 − R) −y y y
e

u = [ Y + P (Y) (1 − Y)] U
1
49 r 7
−dP ∗ y2
ef

Umax = Umax (1 − ) 1
P = 2μ ( dx )
60 R
U
1
49 r 7 1 (0.008)2
= (1 − R) P = 2×0.92 × 71.5 × 103 ×
R

60 0.3

r = 0.7577R P = 8.29
−y y y
(i) u = [ Y + 8.29 (Y) (1 − Y)] U ____ (1)
𝐦
22. Answer: [(𝐢) 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝐬 ; (𝐢𝐢) 𝛕 = du −1 1 2y
𝐍 𝐦𝟑
=[ + 8.29 ( − 2 )] U
−𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐐 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ] dy Y Y Y
𝐬
du
Solution: For maximum velocity dy = 0

1 8.29 2 × 8.29 y
− + − =0
Y Y Y2
7.29 2 × 8.29 y
=
Y Y2
7.29Y
=y
2 × 8.29
 Putting in equation (1) du
(ii) τ = μ dy
−3.517 × 10−3
umax = [ 1 1 2y
0.008 τ = μ (− + 8.29 ( − 2 )) U
Y Y Y
3.517 × 10−3
+ 8.29 ( ) (1
0.008 at y = 0.008 m
3.517 × 10−3
− )] (0.3) τ = −320.505 N/m2
0.008
(iii) Ratio of oil flow per meter width
umax = [−0.4396 + 3.644(1 − 0.4396)](0.3)
∫ dQ = ∫ u dy
umax = 0.48 m/s
Y 4Q 4×0.0183

0 de
−y y y Re = πνD = π×0.0186×0.12
Q=∫ [ + 8.29 ( ) (1 − )] U dy
0 Y Y Y
Re = 104.3919
2 2 3 Y
−y y y 16 16
Q=[ + 8.29 ( − 2 )] U F = 4f = 4 × Re = 4 × 104.3919

I1 o
2Y 2Y 3Y 0

−Y Y Y F = 0.613
Q=[
2
+ 8.29 ( − )] U
2 3
m3
c FLQ2
hL = 12.1D5 =
0.613×1.5×103 ×(0.0183)2
12.1×(0.12)5
EG al
Q = 2.116 × 10−3 hL = 1022.857 m
s
Power required Pp = ρgQhL
N rr

23. Answer: [𝐏𝐩 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝐤𝐖] Pp = 910 × 9.81 × 0.0183 × 1022.857

Solution: Pp = 183.626 × 910
e

m2
D = 120 mm = 0.12 m, v = 0.00186 Pp = 167,099.98W
ef

m˙ = 60t of oil per hour Pp = 167.1kW

m˙ 60×103 m3
R

Q= = 3600×910 = 0.0183
ρ s
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 54

Chapter : Turbulent Flow

Topic : Turbulent Flow

1. [MCQ, ] 4. [MCQ, ]
When the fluid particles are in extreme state of A turbulent flow is considered steady when
disarray, their velocity fluctuations are A. the algebraic sum of velocity fluctuation is

0 de
particularly violent and erratic then flow will be zero
called as B. the velocity at a point does not change with
A. Rotational flow time

I1 o
B. Unsteady flow C. temporal mean velocity at a point remains
C. Turbulent flow
D. All of the above
c constant with time
D. the discharge remains constant
EG al
2. [MCQ, ] 5. [MCQ, ]
Turbulence in a flow implies The intensity of turbulence refers to :
N rr

A. random component of velocity A. correlation ′μ′ and ‘V’

e

superimposed on the mean flow B. average kinetic energy of turbulence per unit
B. unsteadiness of flow mass
ef

C. non-uniformity of flow C. root mean square value of turbulent velocity

D. unsteadiness and non-uniformity of flow fluctuations
R

D. the Reynolds stress

3. [MCQ, ]
The shear stress in turbulent flow is: 6. [MCQ, ]
A. Linearly proportional to the velocity gradient Which of the following is responsible for eddy
B. Proportional to the square of the velocity viscosity (or turbulent viscosity) in a turbulent
gradient boundary layer on a flat plate?
C. Dependent on the mean velocity of flow A. Nikuradse stresses
D. Due to the exchange of energy between the B. Reynolds stresses
molecules C. Boussinesq stresses
D. Prandtl stresses
[GATE-2021-ME]
7. [MCQ, ] 10. [MCQ, ]
The nature of velocity profile within the laminar The Prandtl mixing length for turbulent flow
viscous sublayer in a turbulent pipe flow is through pipes is
A. linear A. independent of shear stress
B. parabolic B. a universal constant
C. logarithmic C. zero at the pipe wall
D. exponential D. independent of radial distance from pipe axis
[GATE-2017-XE] [GATE-1996-CE]

0 de
8. [MCQ, ] 11. [MCQ, ]
The instantaneous stream-wise velocity of a Flow in a pipe can be expected to be turbulent

I1 o
turbulent flow is given as flows: when the Reynolds number based on mean
u(x, y, z, t) = u̅(x, y, z) + u′ (x, y, z, t). velocity and pipe diameter is

c
The time-average of the fluctuating velocity
u′ (x, y, z, t)
A. = 0
C. > 3000
B. < 2000
D. > 100
EG al
u′ [GATE-1996-CE]
A. 2
̅
u 12. [MCQ, ]
N rr

B. − 2
Prandtl’s mixing length in turbulent flow
C. zero
e

̅
u
signifies
D. 2 A. The average distance perpendicular to the
ef

[GATE-2016-ME]
mean flow covered by the mixing particles.
9. [MCQ, ] B. The ratio of mean free path to characteristic
R

Consider the turbulent flow of a fluid through a length of the flow field.
circular pipe of diameter, D. Identify the correct C. The wavelength corresponding to the lowest
pair of statements. frequency present in the flow field.
I. The fluid is well-mixed D. The magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy.
II. The fluid is unmixed [GATE-1994-ME]
III. ReD < 2300
IV. ReD > 2300
A. I, III B. II, IV
C. II, III D. I, IV
[GATE-2014-ME]
13. [MCQ, ] 15. [MCQ, ]
The stresses that arises due to fluctuations in the In the case of turbulent flow of a fluid through a
velocity components in a turbulent flow are
circular tube (as compared to the case of laminar
A. Euler stresses
B. Limit stresses flow at the same flow rate) the maximum
C. Reynolds stresses velocity is ______ shear stress at the wall is
D. Principal stresses _____, and the pressure drop across a given
[GATE-1992-CE]
length is ____ The correct words for the blanks
14. [MCQ, ]
are, respectively:

0 de
Eddy viscosity means that it is
A. higher, higher, higher
A. a physical property of the fluid
B. higher, lower, lower
B. same as the kinematic viscosity
C. lower, higher, higher

I1 o
C. always associated with laminar flow
D. lower, higher, lower

of flow
c
D. an apparent viscosity due to turbulent nature
[GATE-1987-ME]
EG al
[GATE-1990-CE]
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (C) 9. (D)

2. (A) 10. (C)

3. (B) 11. (C)

4. (C) 12. (A)

5. (C) 13. (C)

6. (B) 14. (D)

7. (A) 15. (C)

0 de
8. (C)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (C) ⇒ Isotropic + Anisotropic
When the fluid particles are in extreme state of ⇓ ⇓
disarray their velocity fluctuations are Kinetic energy Eddy Viscosity
particularly violent and erratic then flow will be Of turbulent fluctuation
called as turbulent flow. 7. Answer: (A)

2. Answer: (A) Due to very small thickness of laminar sublayer.

Turbulence in a flow implies– The nature of velocity profile within the laminar

0 de
sublayer can be assumed as linear.
 random component of velocity
superimposed on the mean flow. 8. Answer: (C)

I1 o
 flow of layers of fluids with different According to Reynold’s decomposition principle
velocities over one another. u(x, y, z, t) = u̅(x, y, z) + u′ (x, y, z, t)
 c
Frictional forces at the confining solid walls. u̅′ = 0
EG al
3. Answer: (B) 9. Answer: (D)
Shear stress in turbulent flow due to Prandtl is For Turbulent flow of a fluid through a circular
N rr

du 2 pipe, the fluid is well-mixed & Re > 4000

τ̅ = ρl2 (dy ) , where l → mixing length.
10. Answer: (C)
e

4. Answer: (C)
Prandtl mixing length (L) = 0.4y
Turbulent flow is always unsteady. Turbulence is
ef

At pipe wall y = 0
on inherently unsteady process since it involves
L = 0.4 × 0
rapid variation of the thermo fluid properties.
R

L=0
Turbulent flow can be strong when temporal
11. Answer: (C)
mean velocity at a point remain constant with
Re > 3000
time.
12. Answer: (A)
5. Answer: (C)
The average distance perpendicular to the mean
Turbulence Intensity (It )
flow covered by the mixing particles.
√̅̅̅̅
μ′
2

It = 13. Answer: (C)

u̅
Turbulent stresses are known as Reynolds
6. Answer: (B)
stresses
Reynolds stress
14. Answer: (D) 15. Answer: (C)
τ = τl + τt
du̅ du̅
τ = μ( )+ η( )
dy dy
Where η is eddy viscosity.
Eddy viscosity is an apparent viscosity due to
turbulent nature of flow.

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 55

Chapter : Turbulent Flow

Topic : Hydrodynamically Smooth & Rough surfaces

1. [MCQ, ] 3. [NAT, ]
Given that the frictional coefficient for the flow Oil of SG = 1.2 is flowing in a smooth galvanized
through a smooth tube is given by f = 0.003 + steel pipe line, 10 cm of diameter and 100 m

0 de
0.0725 R−0.3
e , where R e = Reynolds number.
The length of tube is 3 m and viscosity is 6.83 ×
10−4 Ns/m2 flows through a 25 mm of tube
long. Kinematic viscosity of oil is 3.5 × 10−3 m2 /
s and oil is flowing at a rate of 1 m3 /min.
Take friction factor F = 0.187 R−0.20

I1 o
e

diameter at the rate of 0.95 L/S. If density of Then the pressure loss in the pipe is _____ kPa

c
water is 1000 kg/m3 and specific gravity of
mercury is 13.57, then the pressure drop in mm
(round off to two decimal places).
EG al
of mercury is 4. [MCQ, ]
A. 32.4 A smooth pipe of diameter 80 mm and 800 m
N rr

B. 29.12 long carries water at the rate of 0.480 m3 /min.

C. 25.64 Take kinematic viscosity of water as
e

D. 37.2 0.015 stokes and the value of coefficient of

ef

0.0791
friction ‘f’ is given by the relation f = (Re)1/4. The
2. [NAT, ]
center line velocity (in m/s) with the help of
R

Air flows through a rectangular duct of 10 cm × u U∗ y

= 5.75 log10 + 5.55
25 cm cross-section and 10 m length at 5 m/s. U∗ 𝜈
The density and kinematic viscosity of air are A. 2.46 B. 1.62
1.2 kg/m3 and 10−5 m2 /s respectively. The C. 1.19 D. 1.88
pressure drop along the duct (in Pa) is _____
(round off to one decimal place). 5. [MCQ, ]
Assume the following correlations for Darcy- In an experiment of water flowing through a
Weisbach friction factor (f) smooth pipe of 30 cm diameter, the pressure
64
f = R for Laminar flow loss measured was 1000 N/m2 over a length of
e
10 m at 2 m/s velocity. The loss increased to
0.316
f= for Turbulent flow 3500 N/m2 when the flow velocity was 4 m/s.
R0.25
e
 The pressure loss (in N/m2 ) over a 25 m length option, ‘1’ represents velocity profile and
duct of 15 cm × 10 cm rectangular cross- ‘2’ represents shear stress profile.
section when 0.5 m3 /s of air flows through it. Choose the correct option that closely
Assume νair = 16 × 10−6 m2 /s; νwater = 1 × represents the turbulent flow condition.
10−6 m2 /s. Take f = CRm
e ; ρair = 1.2 kg/m
3

A. 2042 B. 1986
C. 2486 D. 1778

0 de
6. [NAT, ]
Water at 30°C and atmospheric pressure flows
through a smooth pipe of 5 cm diameter. The

I1 o
flow is fully developed and is at a rate of
[GATE-2020-XE]
c
2 lit/sec. Assume ρ = 1000 kg/m 3

797 × 10−6 kg/ms, then the wall shear stress is

and μ =

9. [NAT, ]
EG al
2
____ N/m (round off to two decimal places). A rough pipe of 0.5 m diameter, 300 m length
Take f = 0.3164/R0.25
e and roughness height of 0.25 mm, carries water
N rr

(kinematic viscosity = 0.9 × 10−6 m2 /s) with

7. [MCQ, ]
e

velocity of 3 m/s. Friction factor (f) for laminar

−6 2
The Flow of water (v = 10 m /s) in a 64
flow is given by F = Re, and for turbulent flow it
ef

commercial pipe, having equivalent roughness

1 R
is given by = 2 log 10 ( k ) + 1.74, where,
k s = 0.12 mm, yields an average shear stress at √F
R

the pipe boundary = 600 Pa. Re = Reynolds number, R = radius of pipe,

Ks k = roughness height and g = 9.81 m/s 2 . The
The value of is _____. (δ = thickness of laminar
δ
head loss (in m, up to three decimal places) in
sub layer)
the pipe due to friction is ______ (round off to
A. 2 B. √2
one decimal place).
C. 6 D. 8
[GATE-2018-CE]
10. [MCQ, ]
8. [MCQ, ]
Consider steady flow of an incompressible fluid
Figures given below show the velocity and shear
through two long and straight pipes of diameters
stress profiles for the flow in a duct. In each
d1 and d2 arranged in series. Both pipes are of
 equal length and the flow is turbulent in both
pipes. The friction factor for turbulent flow
though pipes is of the form, F = K(Re)−n where
K and n are known positive constants and Re is
the Reynolds number. Neglecting minor losses,
the ratio of the frictional pressure drop in pipe 1
ΔP
to that in pipe 2, (ΔP1 ) is given by
2

(5−n) 5

0 de
d d
A. (d2 ) B. (d2 )
1 1 [GATE-2014-XE]
d (3−n) d (5+n)
C. (d2 ) D. (d2 )
1 1
13. [NAT, ]

I1 o
[GATE-2017-ME]
The Darcy friction factor f for a smooth pipe is

11. [MCQ, ] c
The velocity profile in turbulent flow through a
given by f = 64/Re for laminar flow and by f =
0.3/Re0.25 for turbulent flow, where Re is the
EG al
u y 1/7
Reynolds number based on the diameter. For
pipe is approximated as = (R ) , where
umax fully developed flow of a fluid of density
N rr

umax is the maximum velocity, R is the radius 1000 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.001 Pa.s
and y is the distance measured normal to the through a smooth pipe of diameter 10 mm with
e

pipe wall towards the centerline. If uav denotes a velocity of 1 m/s, determine the Darcy friction
ef

uav
the average velocity, the ratio u is factor __________.
max

2 1 [GATE-2013-XE]
A. B.
R

15 5
1 49
C.3 D. 60
14. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2015-XE]
The flow of water (mass density = 1000 kg/m3
and kinematic viscosity = 10−6 m2 /s) in a
12. [MCQ, ]
commercial pipe, having equivalent roughness
Which one of the following velocity profiles
k s as 0.12 mm, yields an average shear stress at
typically represents a fully developed
the pipe boundary= 600 N/m2 . The value of
incompressible, turbulent flow in a pipe?
k s /δ′ (δ′ being the thickness of laminar sub-
layer) for the pipe is
 A. 0.25 B. 0.50 16. [MCQ, ]
C. 6.0 D. 8.0 The parameters which determine the friction
[GATE-2008-CE] factors for turbulent flow in a rough pipe are:
15. [MCQ, ] A. Froude number and relative roughness
The friction factor for a turbulent flow in smooth B. Froude number and Mach number
pipes varies C. Reynolds number and relative roughness.
A. inversely as Reynolds number D. Mach number and relative roughness
B. directly as Reynolds number [GATE-1988-ME]

0 de
C. as square of Reynolds number
D. inversely as 1/4th power of Reynolds number
[GATE-1991-CE]

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key

1. (D) 9. (4.5 to 4.7)

2. (19.8 to 20.5) 10. (A)

3. (51.75 to 52.97) 11. (D)

4. (D) 12. (C)

5. (C) 13. (0.03)

6. (2.25 to 2.75) 14. (D)

7. (D) 15. (D)

0 de
8. (A) 16. (C)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (D) fLV 2 fρLV 2
ΔP = ρghf = ρg. =
π 2gDh 2Dh
Q = D2 . V
4 0.0193 × 1.2 × 10 × 52
π ∴ ΔP =
0.95 × 10−3 = (0.025)2 × V 2 × 0.143
4
⇒ V = 1.936 m/s ΔP = 20.26 Pa

Reynolds number = R e =
ρVD 3. Answer: (51.75 to 52.97)
μ
Q = A. Vavg
1000 × 1.936 × 0.025
=

0 de
6.83 × 10−4 1 π
= (0.1)2 . Vavg
60 4
⇒ R e = 70863
⇒ Vavg = 2.12 m/s
Coefficient of friction
Vavg D

I1 o
f = 0.003 + 0.0725 R−0.3
e Re =
ν
= 0.003 + 0.0725(70863)−0.3
f = 0.0055 c
Head lost due to friction hf
=
2.12 × 0.1 × 1.2 × 103
3.5 × 10−3
= 7.27 × 104
EG al
4flV 2 4 × 0.0055 × 3 × (1.936)2 ∴ Friction factor f = 0.184 R−0.20
e
= =
2gD 2 × 9.81 × 0.025 = 0.184 (7.27 × 104 )−0.20
N rr

⇒ hf = 0.504 m of water = 0.0196

Pressure drop 2
e

fLVavg
head loss hf =
0.504 × 1000 2gd
ef

= = 37.14 mm of mercury
13.57 ΔP
but hf =
ρg
2. Answer: (19.8 to 20.5)
R

2
ΔP fLVavg
For rectangular duct, the calculations are based ∴ =
ρg 2gd
on hydraulic diameter 2
FLVavg .ρ
4A 4 × 0.1 × 0.25 ⇒ ΔP =
Dh = = = 0.143 m 2d
P 2(0.1 + 0.25)
0.0196 × 100 × (2.12)2 × 1.2 × 103
Reynolds number =
2 × 0.1
UDh 5 × 0.143 ΔP = 52.85 kPa
Re = = = 71500
v 10−5
∴ It is turbulent flow (R e > 2000) 4. Answer: (D)

Given for turbulent flow Kinematic viscosity, ν = 0.015 = 0.015 × 10−4

0.316 0.316 Mean velocity

f = 0.25 = = 0.0193
Re (71500)0.25
 Q 0.008 5. Answer: (C)
V= =π = 1.591 m/s
area (0.08)2 2 × 0.3
8
Re1 = = 6 × 105
∴ Reynolds number, 10−6
4 × 0.3
V × d 1.591 × 0.08 Re2 = = 12 × 105
Re = = 10−6
ν 0.15 × 10−4
ρfLV 2
= 8.485 × 104 ΔP =
2D
Now the value of ‘f’ is given by 2D × ΔP
⇒f=
0.0791 0.0791 ρ × L × V2
f= 1/4
= = 0.004636
Re (8.485 × 104 )1/4 1000 × 2 × 0.3
∴ f1 = = 0.015
1000 × 10 × 22

0 de
Wall shearing stress, τ0 is given by equation as
3500 × 2 × 0.3
fρV 2 1000 f2 = = 0.013
τ0 = = 0.004636 × × 1.5912 1000 × 10 × 42
2 2
Given f = CRm
e

I1 o
= 5.866 N/m2
f1 R e1 m
Centre − line velocity, umax for smooth pipe is =( )
given by equation as
u
= 5.75 log10
u0 y
c
+ 5.55 … (i)
f2 R e2

⇒ (2)m =
0.013
0.015
= 0.8666
EG al
uo ν
⇒ m = −0.206
Where uo is shear velocity and
f1 = 0.015 = C. (6 × 105 )−0.206
N rr

τo 5.866 ⇒ C = 0.232
=√ =√ = 0.0765 m/s
ρ 1000 ∴ f = 0.232 R−0.206
e

The velocity will be maximum when For air flow

ef

d 0.08 Duct area A = 15 × 10 × 10−4 = 0.015 m2

y= = = 0.04 m
2 2 P = 2 × (15 + 10) × 10−2 = 0.5 m
R

Hence at y = 0.04 m, u = umax , substituting 4 × 0.015

Dh = = 0.12 m
these values in (i), we get 0.5
0.5
umax 0.0765 × 0.04 And, V = 0.015 = 33.33 m/s
= 5.75 log10 + 5.55
0.0765 0.015 × 10−4
VDh 33.33 × 0.12
= 5.75 log10 2040 + 5.55 Re = = = 24.9975 × 104
νair 16 × 10−6
= 5.75 × 3.309 + 5.55 Friction factor
= 19.03 + 5.55 = 24.58
f = 0.232 × (24.9975 × 104 )−0.206
umax = 0.0765 × 24.58 = 1.88 m/s
f = 0.0179
 The pressure loss over 25 m length of the air τ0
V∗ = √
duct is ρ
ρfLV 2
ΔP = 600
2D =√
1.2 × 0.0179 × 25 × (33.33)2 1000
=
2 × 0.12 V ∗ = 0.775 m/s
ΔP = 2485.6 N/m2 11.6×v
Thickness of laminar sub layer δ = V∗
6. Answer: (2.25 to 2.75)
11.6 × 10−6
−3 ∴ δ=
Q 2 × 10
Vavg = = 0.775
πR 2 π × (0.025)2

0 de
δ = 0.015 mm
= 1.0186 m/s Ks 0.12
The required ratio = = 0.015 = 8
Vavg D ρVavg D δ
Re = =
ν μ 8. Answer: (A)

I1 o
1000 × 1.0186 × 0.05 Velocity distribution in Turbulent Flow is
∴ Re =
796 × 10−6
R e = 6.39 × 104
Given f = 0.3164/R0.25
c logarithmic and linear shear stress distribution
τmin = 0 at center
EG al
e
τmax at wall
= 0.3164/(R0.25
e )
9. Answer: (4.5 to 4.7)
4 )0.25
N rr

= 0.3164/(6.39 × 10
FLV 2
f = 0.0199 hL =
2gD
e

−dP
Pressure gradient = ( dx ) ρVD VD
Re = =
μ ν
ef

2
fρVavg
= 3 × 0.5
2D Re =
0.9 × 10−6
0.0199 × 1000 × (1.0186)2
R

= Re = 1.667 × 106
2 × 0.05
= 206.47 N/m3 Flow is Turbulent flow
1 R
Wall shear stress = 2 log10 ( ) + 1.74
√F k
−dP r
= τw = ( ). 1 0.25
dx 2 = 2 log10 ( ) + 1.74
√F 0.00025
0.025
= (206.47) × 1
2 = 7.74
τw = 2.581 N/m2 √F

7. Answer: (D) F = 0.0167

Shear velocity
 FLV 2 ρgkLQ2
hL = ΔP =
2gD 4PQ n
12.1D5 (πμD)
0.0167 × 300 × 32
hL = For a given fluid, discharge & length
2 × 9.81 × 0.5
hL = 4.594 m 1
ΔP ∝
D5−n
10. Answer: (A)
ΔP1 D2 5−n
=( )
ΔP2 D1
11. Answer: (D)
u y 1/7
=( ) … → (1)

0 de
umax R
y 1/7
L1 = L2 = L u = ( ) umax
R
According to the definition of average velocity
Q1 = Q 2 = Q

I1 o
ṁavg = ṁact
For horizontal uniform diameter pipe On solving we will get

hL =
ΔP
ρg
c 2
R

V = 2 ∫ urdr
R
0
EG al
ΔP = ρghL
We know that
We know that r+y=R
r=R−y
N rr

FLQ2
hL = dr d
12.105 = (R − y)
dy dy
FLQ2
e

ΔP = ρg ( ) ⇒ dr = −dy
12.1D5 0
ef

2
ρgFLQ2 V = 2 ∫ u(R − y)(−dy)
ΔP = R
12.1D5 R
F = kRe−n 0
R

2
k V = − 2 ∫ u(R − y) dy
F= R
Ren R
0 1
k
ρg (Ren ) LQ2 2 y 7
ΔP = V = − 2 ∫ [( ) umax ] (R − y)dy
12.1D5 R R
R
2
ρgkLQ … . (∵ from eq(1))
ΔP = ( )
12.1D5 Ren
0 1
2umax y 7
We know that V=− ∫ ( ) (R − y)dy
R2 R
4PQ R
Re =
πμD
 0 8 0.3
2umax R 1 y7 F=
V=− ∫ ( 1 y − 1 ) dy
7 10
R2 R7 R7
R F = 0.03
0 8
2umax 6 1 y 7
V=− 2
∫ (R7 y 7 − 1 ) dy
R R7 14. Answer: (D)
R
0 P = 1000 kg/m3
0 6 8 15
2umax Ry y 7 7 7
ν = 10−6 m2 /s
V=− ∫[ 8 − ]
R2 15 1
R R 7
7 k s = 0.12 mm
7 R
6 8 15 0 τw = 600 N/m2
2umax 7R y 7y
7 7 7

0 de
V=− 2
[ − 1] kS
R 8 15R7 =?
R δ′
2umax 7R2 7R2 Thickness of Laminar sublayer
V=− [− + ]

I1 o
R2 8 15 11.6ν
(δ′ ) =
−105 + 56 V∗
V = −2 umax [

V=
49
u
60 max
120
c ]
δ′ =
11.6ν

√ρ
τw
EG al
V 49 (11.6 × 10−6 )
= δ′ =
umax 60 600
√
N rr

1000
12. Answer: (C)
δ′ = 1.497 × 10−5 m
Velocity profile for a fully developed
e

ks 0.12 × 10−3
incompressible, turbulent flow in a pipe is =
δ′ 1.497 × 10−5
ef

logarithmic. kS
= 8.013
13. Answer: (0.03) δ′
R

ρVD
Re =
μ 15. Answer: (D)
1000 × 1 × 10 × 10−3
Re = For Turbulent flow through smooth pipe
0.001
Re = 10000 0.3164
F= 1 (4000 ≤ Re ≤ 105 )
Turbulent Flow
Re 4

0.3
F=
(Re)0.25 16. Answer: (C)
0.3
F= Reynolds number and relative roughness.
(10000)0.25
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 ESE/CSE/IFS

Chapter : Turbulent Flow

1. A pipeline carrying water has surface roughness of 1 kS 2.51

[Hint ∶ = −2 log [ + ]]
average height 1.165 mm. If the shear stress √f 3.7 D Re√f
developed is 3.6 N/m2 , what is the nature of the
[ESE CE : 06 Marks : 2011]
pipe surface?
6. A rough pipe of diameter 0.1 m carries water at
[ESE CE : 4 Marks : 2017]

0 de
2. The velocity of flow in a badly corroded 8.0 cm
pipe is found to increase 30% as a Pitot tube is
moved from a point 1.0 cm from the wall to
20°C at the rate of 50 L/S. If the average height
of the roughness projections on the pipe surface is
0.15 mm, determine the

I1 o
(i) friction
2.0 cm from the wall. Assuming pipe to be a rough
pipe, estimate the height of roughness elements. (ii) shear stress at the pipe surface

c [ESE CE : 8 Marks : 2017] (iii) shear velocity

(iv) maximum velocity
EG al
3. The wind velocities were measured above a
smooth plane ground surface at 2 m and 4 m Take for water at 20o C, ν = Kinematic viscosity =
heights as 2 and 2.3 m/s respectively. Compute 1 × 10−6 m2 /s, ρ = Mass density = 1000 kg/m3 .
N rr

the shear velocity. Assume Karman's constant as [ESE ME : 4+2+2+4 = 12 Marks : 2009]
0.40 and kinematic viscosity of air as 0.145 centi
e

7. The velocity distribution in rough turbulent zone is

stoke. What is the velocity at 8 m above the
expressed by
ground surface? Calculate the probably laminar
ef

u y
sublayer thickness. = 5.75 log10 + 8.5
vx Ks
[CSE CE : 15 Marks : 2013]
R

Where u is axial velocity Vx = shear velocity =

4. If it is possible to describe a turbulent flow by the
equation
u = 5 + 0.5 sin t, then, calculate:
2 1/2
(i) u̅′ and (ii) (u̅′ )
[ESE ME : 05 Marks : 2013]
5. Water flows at a velocity of 1 ms−1 in a 150 mm
dia new ductile iron pipe. Estimate the head loss
over 500 m using Darcy-Weisbach formula for the
given k s = 0.26 mm. Assume viscosity = 1.00 ×
10−6 m2 s−1
τ
0
√ ρ ; τ0 = bed shear stress, ρ is the density of fluid,
y is radial distance measured from the pipe wall
and K s is the equivalent sand grain roughness.
Axial velocities at 25 mm and 75 mm across the
radius from the inner wall of 150 mm diameter
pipe conveying water at 15o C were 0.815 m/sec
and 0.96 m/sec, respectively. Calculate the
effective roughness size, the hydraulic gradient
and the discharge.
[CSE CE : 20 Marks : 2002]
 Answer Key
1. (Hydrodynamically rough) 6. [(𝐢) 𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕; (𝐢𝐢) 𝛕𝐰 =
𝐍 𝐦
2. (29.73 mm) 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝐬 ; (𝐢𝐯) 𝐮
̅ 𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
3. (𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦) 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝐦/𝐬]
4. [(i) 0; (ii) 0.35355] 7. (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬)
5. (𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝐦)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (Hydrodynamically rough) From equation (1)

Solution: u̅1 y1
∗
= 2.5 ln ( ) + 8.5
V k
k = 1.165 mm = 1.165 × 10−3 m 0.01
5.776 = 2.5 ln ( ) + 8.5
τw = 3.6 N/m2 , k
0.01
μ = 1 centipoise (at 20o C) k=
0.33635
μ
∴ 𝜈 = 10−6 m2 /s (ν = ρ) k = 0.02973 m

0 de
k = 29.73 mm
τw
∗
V =√
ρ
3. Answer: (𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦)

I1 o
3.6
V∗ = √ = 0.06 m/s Solution:
1000
k
Value of δ′ = 11.6 ν
k V∗
c ′
[∵ δ =
11.6 ν
V∗
]
y1 = 2m, u̅1 = 2 m/s
y2 = 4m, v̅2 = 2.3 m/s
EG al
1.165 × 10−3 × 0.06 k = 0.4, ν = 0.145 centi stoke = 0.145 ×
= = 6.02586
11.6 × 10−6 10−6 m2 /s
N rr

k ̅
u
∵ ′>6 = 2.5 ln y + c
δ V∗
e

Hence, the nature of pipe surface is ̅

u
= 2.5 ln y1 + c
V∗
Hydrodynamically rough.
ef

2
= 2.5 ln 2 + c ______(1)
V∗

2. Answer: (29.73 mm) Similarly

R

Solution: 2.3
= 2.5 ln 4 + c ______ (2)
V∗
Turbulent flow (in case of Rough pipe)
Subtracting [Eq (2) – Eq (1)]
̅
u y
= 2.5 ln ( ) + 8.5 ______ (1) 0.3
V∗ K = 2.5 ln 4 − 2.5 ln 2
V∗
u̅1 , u̅2 = 1.3 u̅1 , y1 = 1 cm = 0.01 m, 2.3 4
= 2.5 ln (2)
y2 = 2 cm = 0.02 m V∗

u̅2 − u̅1 y2 V ∗ = 0.1731 m/s

= 2.5 ln ( )
V∗ y1 Putting in equation (1)
0.3u̅1 0.02 2
∗
= 2.5 ln ( ) = 2.5 ln 2 + c
V 0.01 0.1731

u̅1 c = 9.8211
= 5.776
V∗
 ̅
u
= 2.5 ln y + 9.8811 5. Answer: (𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝐦)
V∗
Solution:
At y = 8m
fLV2
̅
u hL = (f = friction factor)
= 2.5 ln 8 + 9.8811 2gD
0.1731
VD 1 × 0.15
u̅ = 2.6103 m/s Re = = = 15 × 104
ν 10−6
11.6ν
Thickness of laminar sub layer δ′ = 1 ks 2.51
V∗
= −2 log [ + ]
11.6×0.145×10−6 √f 3.7 D Re√f
δ′ = 0.1731
1 0.26 × 10−3 2.51
δ′ = 9.717 × 10−6 m = −2 log [ + ]
√f 3.7 × 0.15 15 × 104 √f

0 de
From trial & error
4. Answer: [(i) 0; (ii) 0.35355] f = 0.0238
Solution:

I1 o
0.0238 × 500 × (1)2
Comparing u = 5 + 0.5 sint with hL = = 4.0435 m
2 × 9.81 × 0.15
u = u̅ + u′ (t)
u̅ = 5
c 6. Answer:[(𝐢) 𝐅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕; (𝐢𝐢) 𝛕𝐰 =
EG al
𝐍 𝐦
(i) u′ (t) = 0.5 sint 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟗𝟑 𝐦𝟐 ; (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝐬 ; (𝐢𝐯) 𝐮
̅ 𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
1 T
u̅′ = T ∫0 u′ (t)dt 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝐦/𝐬]
N rr

1 2π Solution:
= 2π ∫0 0.5 sin t dt
e

L m3
D = 0.1 m, Q = 50 s = 0.05
=0 s
ef

2 1/2 k = 0.15 mm = 0.15 × 10−3 mm

(ii) (u̅′ )
ν = 10−6 m2 /s, ρ = 1000 kg/m3
′2 2
u = 0.25 sin t
R

Q 0.05
(1−cos 2t) V=π =π = 6.366 m/s
= 0.25 D2 × (0.1)2
2 4 4
2 1 T 0.25(1−cos 2t)
u̅′ = ∫ dt VD 6.366 × 0.1
T 0 2 Re = = = 6.366 × 105
ν 10−6
0.25 π
= 2×π ∫0 (1 − cos 2t) dt
(i) For Rough pipe
2 1 sin 2t π 1 R
u̅′ = 8π [t − ] = 2 log ( ) + 1.74
2 0
√F k
1
= 8π [π] 1 0.05
= 2 log ( ) + 1.74
2 1 √F 0.15 × 10−3
u̅′ = 8
F = 0.0217
1/2 1
′2 ′2
(u̅ ) = √u̅ = √8 = 0.35355 F 0.0217×103 ×6.3662
(ii) τw = 8 ρV 2 = 8
 τw = 109.93 N/m2 y 4.882 y 5.75
log10 (k2 ) − log10 (k1 ) = 1.2835
s s
τ 109.93
(iii) V ∗ = √ ρw = √ = 0.332 m/s y 4.882
( 2)
103 ks
log10 { y 5.75
} = 1.2835
( 1)
(iv) For Rough pipe ks

u̅ y y4.882
2 s k5.75
= 2.5 ln ( ) + 8.5 × k4.882 = 19.2088
y5.75
1 s
V∗ K
For maximum velocity y = R 5246.7943 × k 0.868
s = 19.2088

u̅max R k s = 1.55989 × 10−3 m

= 2.5 ln ( ) + 8.5
V∗ k k s = 1.55989 mm

0 de
u̅max 0.05 For rough pipes
= 2.5 ln ( ) + 8.5
0.332 0.15 × 10−3
V R
u̅max = 7.6436 m/s = 2.5 ln (k ) + 4.75
Vx s

I1 o
8
Vx √ 0.075
F
= 2.5 ln (1.55989×10−3 ) + 4.75
7. Answer: (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝟑 /𝐬) Vx

Solution:
y1 = 0.025 m, u1 = 0.815 m/s
c 8
√ = 14.432
F
EG al
F = 0.0384
y2 = 0.075 m, u2 = 0.96 m/s
Putting K s value to get Vx in eq (1)
N rr

150
R= mm = 0.075 m
2 0.815 0.025
u1 y1
= 5.75 log10 (1.5598×10−3 ) + 8.5
Vx
= 5.75 log10 K + 8.5 ___ (1)
e

Vx s
Vx = 0.0528 m/s
u2 y
= 5.75 log10 K2 + 8.5 ___ (2)
ef

Vx s 8 8
V = √F × Vx = √0.0384 × 0.0528
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2)
V = 0.7621 m/s
R

y
u1 5.75 log10 1 +8.5
ks
= y
u2 5.75 log10 2 +8.5 hL FV2 0.0384×(0.7621)2
ks = 2gD = = 7.58 × 10−3 m
L 2×9.81×0.15
y
0.815 5.75 log10 1 +8.5
ks π π
= y Q = 4 D2 × V = 4 (0.15)2 × 0.7621 =
0.96 5.75 log10 2 +8.5
ks
0.01347 m3 /s
y2 y1
0.849(5.75 log10 k + 8.5) = 5.75 log10 k +
s s
8.5
y y
4.882 log10 k2 + 7.2165 = 5.75 log10 k1 + 8.5
s s
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 56

Chapter : Boundary Layer Theory

Topic : Velocity Distribution & Displacement Thickness

1. [NAT, ] A. The dimensionless velocity profile is

u y y 2
The velocity profile inside the boundary layer for = 2( ) − ( ) .
U∞ δ δ
u 3
flow over a flat plate is given as = (2 η −

0 de
U∞ B. The dimensionless velocity profile is
1 y y 3
η3 ), where η = δ, U∞ is the free stream u y
= 1.5 (δ) − 0.5 (δ) .
2 U∞
velocity and δ is the local boundary layer

I1 o
C. If δ = 6 mm, then the displacement
thickness. If δ = 4 mm, then the displacement thickness is 2.22 mm to 2.28 mm.

decimal place)
c
thickness is _____ mm. (round off to one D. If δ = 6 mm, then the
thickness is 3.15 mm to 3.18 mm.
displacement
EG al
2. [NAT, ] 4. [NAT, ]
The velocity profile inside the boundary layer for The streamwise velocity component of a steady,
N rr

u y incompressible, laminar, flat plate boundary

flow over a flat plate is given as = 2 (δ) −
U∞ layer of bounder layer thickness δ is
e

y 2 approximated by the simplelinear expression,

(δ) , where U∞ is the free stream velocity and δ
u = Uy/δ for y < δ, and u = U for y > δ as
ef

is the boundary layer thickness (δ = 6 mm). shown in figure. This displacement thickness is
The displacement thickness will be _____ mm _____ δ (round off to nearest integer).
R

(round off to nearest integer).

3. [MSQ, ]
The velocity distribution in a laminar boundary
layer on a flat plate is given by:
u y
= a + bη + cη2 + dη3 , where η = & a, b,
U∞ δ

c, d are constants. U∞ is the free-stream velocity 5. [NAT, ]

and δ is the boundary layer thickness. Which one The velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary
u y 1/7
or more of the following statement(s) is/are layer is given by U = (δ) . The displacement
∞
δ
CORRECT ? thickness δ∗ = a, the value of a is _____ (round
off to nearest integer).
6. [MCQ, ] 9. [MCQ, ]
The velocity profile is approximated by a pubic
The velocity profile inside the boundary layer for
u 3 y 2 1 y 3
parabola = 2 (δ) − 2 (δ) , the flow over a flat plate is given as
U∞
u πy
displacement thickness is _____ = sin( 2 δ) , where U∞ is the free stream
U∞
7
A. δ velocity and δ is the local boundary layer
8
5
B. δ thickness. If δ∗ is the local displacement
8
3 δ∗
C. δ thickness, the value of is
8 δ
11
D. δ 2
8 A.

0 de
π
7. [NAT, ] 2
B. 1 −
The displacement thickness for a laminar π
u πy 2
boundary layer is modelled by U∞
= sin (2δ) is C. 1 + π

I1 o
_____ 𝛿. (round off to three decimal places). D. 0

8. [MCQ, ]
c
The velocity profile in an incompressible,
10. [NAT, ]
[GATE-2017-ME]
EG al
A steady laminar boundary layer is formed over
laminar boundary layer is shown in the figure
a flat plate as shown in the figure. The free
below. U is the free-stream velocity u(y) is the
N rr

stream velocity of the fluid is U0 . The velocity

stream-wise velocity component. The area of
profile at the inlet a-b is uniform, while that at a
the black shaded region in the figure below
e

downstream location c-d is given by u =

represents the
ef

y y 2
U0 [2 (δ) − (δ) ]
R

The ratio of the mass flow rate, ṁbd leaving

A. boundary layer thickness through the horizontal section b-d to that
B. momentum thickness entering through the vertical section a-b is
C. displacement thickness ________.
D. shape factor [GATE-2016-ME]
[GATE-2018-AE]
Statement for Q-11 & Q-12:
The hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat plate
is shown in the figure below. The velocity in the x-
direction is approximated as u = a + by + cy 2 ,
where a, b and c are constants. U is the free stream
velocity δ is the boundary-layer thickness at any
point x on the plane.
component of velocity parallel to the wall, y is
the normal distance from the plate and η = y/δ.
If the volume flow rate across the top surface of
the control volume (CV) is Q = pUδ per unit
width (perpendicular to the x − y plane) of the
plate, the value of p (rounded off to 2 decimal
places) is _____

0 de
11. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
The dimensionless velocity profile is [GATE-2019-XE]

A.

B.
u
U

u
y
= 2 (δ) − (δ)

y
= 2 (δ) + (δ)
y 2

y 2
c 14. [NAT, ]
Consider an incompressible flow over a flat plate
EG al
U with the following approximation to the velocity
u y y 2 profile:
C. = 1.5 (δ) − 0.5 (δ)
U
N rr

y
u y y 2 u(y) for y ≤ δ
D. = 1.5 (δ) + 0.5 (δ) = {δ
U U 1 for y > δ
e

[GATE-2012-XE] Where δ is the boundary layer thickness and U

12. [MCQ, ]
ef

the free-stream speed. The normalized

The displacement thickness (in mm) when δ = momentum thickness (θ/δ) for this profile is
6 mm, is ______ (in three decimal places).
R

A. 2.25 [GATE-2017-AE]
B. 2 15. [MCQ, ]
C. −2 Let δ, δ1 and δ2 denote respectively the
D. −2.25 boundary-layer thickness, displacement
[GATE-2012-XE] thickness and the momentum thickness for
13. [NAT, ] laminar boundary layer flow of an
An incompressible fluid flows past a flat plate as incompressible fluid over a flat plate. The correct
shown in the figure below with a uniform inlet relation among these quantities is.
velocity profile u = U and a parabolic exit A. δ < δ1 < δ2
velocity profile u = U(2η − η2 ), where u is the B. δ > δ1 > δ2
 C. δ > δ1 < δ2 17. [MCQ, ]
D. δ < δ1 > δ2 The most acceptable boundary conditions are
[GATE-2013-XE] A. at y = 0, u = 0; at y = δ, u = U∞ ; at y = 0,
16. [MCQ, ] du
=0
dy
Consider a steady two dimensional zero-
B. at y = 0, u = U∞ ; at y = δ,u = U∞ ; at y =
pressure gradient laminar flow of air over a flat du
0,dy = 0
plate as shown below. The free stream
C. at y = 0, u = 0; at y = δ, u = U∞ ; at y =
conditions are U∞ = 100 ms −1 , ρ∞ =
du
1.2 kg m−3 , p∞ = 1 atm and μ∞ = 1.8 × δ,dy = 0

0 de
10−5 kg m−1 s−1 . The ratio of displacement D. Aty = 0, u = U∞ ; at y = δ, u = U∞ ; at y =
thickness to momentum thickness of the du
δ, dy = 0

I1 o
boundary layer at a distance of 2 m from the
[GATE-2010-XE]
leading edge is
c 18. [MCQ, ]
Expressions for P, Q and R are
EG al
A. P = Q; Q = 0; R = 0
B. P = U∞ ; Q = 0; R = 0
N rr

A. 7.53 π
C. P = 0; Q = ; R = U∞
2δ
B. 2.59 π
D. P = U∞ ; Q = 2δ ; R = 0
e

C. 2.91
[GATE-2010-XE]
ef

D. 0.39
Common Data for Questions 19 & 20:
[GATE-2011-AE]
Consider a steady incompressible flow through a
R

Common Data for Questions 17 & 18:

channel as shown below.
The boundary layer formation over a flat plate is
shown in the figure below. The variation of
horizontal velocity (u) with y at any x along the
plate in the boundary layer is approximated as: u =
P sin(Qv) + R

The velocity profile is uniform with a value of u0 at

the inlet section A. The velocity profile at section B
downstream is
 y
Vm δ, 0≤y≤δ [GATE-2010-XE]
u = { Vm , δ≤y≤H−δ Common Data for Questions 22 & 23:
H−y
Vm δ , H−δ≤y≤H A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is
19. [MCQ, ] placed along a gas stream flowing at U = 10 m/s.
Vm
The ratio is The thickness of the boundary layer at section r-s is
u0
1 10 mm, the breadth of the plate is 1 m (into the
A. δ
1−2( )
H paper) and the density of the gas, ρ = 1.0 kg/m3 .
B. 1 Assume that the boundary layer is thin, two-
1
C. dimensional, and have a linear velocity distribution,

0 de
δ
1−( )
H

1 u = U (y/δ), at the section r-s, where y is the height

D. 1 + (δ/H)
from plate.
[GATE-2007-ME]

I1 o
20. [MCQ, ]

The ratio
PA −PB
1
2
ρu20 c(where PA and PB are the
EG al
pressure at section A and B respectively and ρ is
the density of the fluid) is
N rr

1
A. 2 −1
[1−2( )]
δ 22. [MCQ, ]
H

1 The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section

e

B. δ 2
−1
[1−( )]
H q-r is
ef

1
C. 2δ 2
−1 A. 0
[1−( )]
H

1
B. 0.05
R

D. δ 2
[1+( )]
H
C. 0.10

[GATE-2007-ME] D. 0.15

21. [MCQ, ] [GATE-2006-ME]

In the context of boundary layers, which one of 23. [MCQ, ]

the following statement is FALSE? The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate,

A. It is a frictional layer, close to the body between p-s, is

B. It is a region where the fluid flows is A. 0.67

irrotational B. 0.33

C. It is a region across which the pressure C. 0.17

gradient is negligible D. Zero

D. It is a diffusion layer of Vorticity [GATE-2006-ME]

24. [MCQ, ]
Boundary layer is a thin fluid region close to the
surface of a body where
A. viscous forces are negligible
B. velocity is uniform
C. inertial forces can be neglected
D. viscous forces cannot be neglected.
[GATE-1996-CE]
C. Converge
D. Are normal to the flow direction
[GATE-1992-CE]
26. [MCQ, ]
The predominant forces acting on an element of
fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a
uniform parallel stream are:
A. Viscous and pressure forces
B. Viscous and inertia force

0 de
25. [MCQ, ] C. Viscous and body forces
Stream lines inside a boundary layer over a flat D. Inertia and pressure forces

I1 o
plate [GATE-1990-ME]
A. Are parallel
B. Diverge c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (1.4 to 1.6) 14. (0.165 to 0.168)

2. (2 to 2) 15. (B)

3. (B, C) 16. (9/7)

4. (0.5 to 0.5) 17. (C)

5. (8 to 8) 18. (D)

6. (B) 19. (C)

7. (0.361 to 0.367) 20. (B)

0 de
8. (C) 21. (B)

9. (B) 22. (B)

10. (0.32 to 0.34) 23. (C)

I1 o
11. (A) 24. (D)

12. (B)
13. (0.32 to 0.34)
c 25. (B)
26. (B)
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (1.4 to 1.6) δ
=δ−δ+
δ 3
∗
u
δ = ∫ (1 − ) dy δ
U =
0 3
u 3 1
Given U = (2 η − 2 η3 ) 6
= δ∗ = = 2 mm
1 3
dη = dy
δ
At y = 0, η = 0 & When y = δ, η = 1 3. Answer: (B, C)
1
3 1 u
δ∗ = δ ∫ (1 − η + η3 ) dη = f(η)

0 de
2 2 U
0
1 At y = 0
∗
3η2 1 4
δ = δ [η − + η ] η = 0; u = 0
4 2 0

I1 o
3 ∴ f(n) = 0
δ∗ = δ
5 ∂2 u
Given δ = 4 mm
3
δ∗ = × 4 = 1.5 mm
8
c ∂y 2
=0

f ′′ (η) = 0
EG al
At y = δ
2. Answer: (2 to 2)
η=1
N rr

u y y 2
= 2( ) − ( )
U∞ δ δ u=U
δ f(n) = 1
e

∗
u
δ = ∫ (1 − ) dy ∂u
U =0
ef

0 ∂y

u y y 2 f′(n) = 0
= 2( ) − ( )
U δ δ ∂2 u
R

δ =0
y y 2 ∂y 2
δ∗ = ∫ {1 − [2 ( ) − ( ) ]} dy
δ δ f′′(n) = 0
0
δ f(n) = a + bη + cη3 + dη3
y y 2
= ∫ {1 − 2 ( ) + ( ) } dy f ′ (η) = b + 2cη + 3dη2
δ δ
0 f ′′ (η) = 2c + 6dη
δ
2y 2 y3 At η = 0
= [y − + 2]
2δ 38 0
f(η) = 0
2 3
δ δ ⇒a=0
=δ− + 2
δ 38
f ′′ (η) = 0
⇒c=0 3
δ∗ = δ
At η = 1 8
3
f(η) = 1 = ×6
8
⇒a+b+c+d =1 δ∗ = 2.25 mm
⇒b+d=1 ___ (1)
f ′ (η) = 0 4. Answer: (0.5 to 0.5)
Uy
⇒ b + 2c + 3d = 0 u= , if y < δ
δ
⇒ b + 3d = 0 _____ (2)
u = U, if y > δ
Solving eq (1) + eq (2) ∞

0 de
u
b+d=1 δ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
U
0
b + 3d = 0
∞
– 2d = 1 y

I1 o
= ∫ (1 − ) dy
δ
1 0
d= −

∴b=
3
2
2
c y2
= (y − )|
2δ 0
δ
EG al
u δ2 02
= a + bη + cη2 + dη3 = (δ − ) − (0 − )
U 2δ 2δ
N rr

= bη + dη3 δ
δ∗ =
3 1 2
= η − η3
e

2 2
u 3 y 1 y 3 5. Answer: (8 to 8)
= ( )− ( )
ef

U∞ 2 δ 2 δ δ
u
δ δ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
u U∞
δ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) dy 0
R

U δ
0 1
y 7
u 3 y 1 y 3 = ∫ (1 − ( ) ) dy
= ( )− ( ) δ
U 2 δ 2 δ 0
δ
1 1
dη = dy 7 y8 7
δ = [y − ( ) ]
8 δ
At y = 0, η = 0 0
1
y= δ&η=1 7 1 7
1
= [δ − (δ8 × ) ]
8 8
3 1
δ∗ = δ ∫ (1 − η + η3 ) dη
2 2 7
0 =δ− δ
8
1
3 1 δ δ
δ∗ = δ [η − η2 + η4 ] δ∗ = =
4 2 0 8 a
 ⇒a=8 10. Answer: (0.32 to 0.34)
6. Answer: (B) ṁt δ∗
δ
=
ṁin δ
∗
u
δ = ∫ (1 − ) dy δ
U∞ (δ∗ = )
0 3
δ
3 y 2 1 y 3 ṁt δ/3
δ∗ = ∫ [1 − ( ( ) − ( ) )] dy =
2 δ 2 δ ṁin δ
0
= 0.33
3δ 1
= [δ − { − δ}]
23 8
5 11. Answer: (A)

0 de
δ∗ = δ
8 u = a + by + cy 2
At y = 0 u = 0
7. Answer: (0.361 to 0.367)
du

I1 o
δ At y = δ =0
u dy
δ∗ = ∫ (1 − ) dy

δ
0
U∞

πy
c At y = δ u = U∞
u
U∞
= 2η − η2
EG al
= ∫ [1 − sin ( )] dy
2δ y
0 Where η =
δ
2δ πy δ
N rr

= [y + cos { }]
π 2δ 0
12. Answer: (B)
2δ
e

= (δ + 0) − (0 + ) u y y 2
π
= 2( ) − ( )
U∞ δ δ
ef

δ∗ = 0.3648
δ 6
δ∗ = =
8. Answer: (C) 3 3
R

= 2 mm
ṁt = ρwδ∗ U∞
Displacement thickness
13. Answer: (0.32 to 0.34)
δ
9. Answer: B ṁr = ρw ( ) U
3
u πy Qr 1
For U = sin ( 2 δ) = u Uδ
∞ w 3
2 ṁr = ρwδ∗ U
δ∗ = (1 − ) δ (follow the notes) δ
u
π ∗
δ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
δ∗ 2 o U
= (1 − ) 0.32 to 0.34
δ π
14. Answer: (0.165 to 0.168) 19. Answer: (C)
For linear velocity Distribution
u y
= (Linear)
U δ
δ
θ=
6
θ 1
= = 0.1667
δ 6
Applying continuity equation between A & B
ṁA = ṁB
15. Answer: (B)
ṁA = ṁI + ṁII + ṁIII
δ → Boundary Layer Thickness

0 de
ρ(wH)U0 = ρ[w(δ − δ∗ )]Vm
δ∗ → Displacement Thickness
+ ρ[w(H − 2δ)]Vm
θ → Momentum Thickness
+ ρ[w(δ − δ∗ )]Vm

I1 o
δ
HU0 = (δ − ) Vm + (H − 2δ)Vm
16. Answer: (9/7) 2
Assuming ⇒ Parabolic
1.2 × 100 × 2
c δ
+ (δ − ) Vm
2
EG al
Rex = HU0 = (H − δ)Vm
1.8 × 10−5
δ∗ 9 Vm H
= =
N rr

θ 7 U0 H − δ
Dividing Numerator and denominator by H
e

17. Answer: (C) Vm 1

=
U0 1 − (δ/H)
At x = 0 δ = 0
ef

At y = 0 u = 0 20. Answer: (B)

At y = δ u ≅ U∞
du Applying Bernoulli’s equation between A & B
R

At y ≥ δ =0
dy for centerline streamline
18. Answer: (D)
PA VA2 PB VB2
+ + zA = + + zB
u = p sin(qy) + R ρg 2g ρg 2g
u π
= sin ( η) PA U02 PB Vm
2
U∞ 2 + = +
πy ρg 2g ρg 2g
u = U∞ Sin ( )
2δ 2
PA − PB Vm − U02
P = U∞ =
π ρ 2
Q=
2δ PA − PB
R=O
2
= Vm − U02
1/2ρ
PA − PB U02
= − U02
1/2ρ (1 − 8/H)2
 PA − PB 1 25. Answer: (B)
= U02 [ − 1]
1/2ρ (1 − δ/H)2
Diverge
PA − PB 1
2 = (1 − δ/H)2 − 1
1/2ρU0
26. Answer: (B)
Viscous and inertia force
21. Answer: (B)

0 de
22. Answer: (B)
U = 10 m/s

I1 o
δ = 10 mm = 10−2 m
w= 1m
ρ = 1.0 kg/m3
u y
c
EG al
= (Linear Velocity Profile)
U δ
ṁT = ρ(wδ)U = ρ(wδ/2)U
N rr

10−2
=1×1× × 10
2
e

= 0.05 kg/s
ef

23. Answer: (C)

Skin Friction drag force (FD,S ) = ρ(wθ)U 2
R

= ρ(w δ/6)U 2
10−2
FD,S = 1 × 1 × × 102
6
= 0.1666 N

24. Answer: (D)

Viscous forces cannot be neglected.
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 57

Chapter : Boundary Layer Theory

Topic : Wall Shear Stress in terms of Boundary Layer Thickness
ρU2
1. [MSQ, ] C. The shear stress τ0 = 0.34275 .
√Rex
The shear stress distribution in a laminar ρU2
D. The shear stress τ0 = 0.6375 .
y √Rex
boundary layer is given by τ = τ0 [1 − δ]. Which
3. [MSQ, ]

0 de
one or more of the following statement(s) is/are
Water is flowing steadily over a smooth flat plate
CORRECT?
with a velocity of 2 m/sec. The length of the
u
A. The dimensionless velocity profile is =

I1 o
U plate is 30 cm. Assume parabolic velocity
y 1 y 2
2 (δ − 2 (δ) ). profile. Kinematic viscosity of water ν = 1.02 ×
c
B. The dimensionless velocity profile is
u
U
=
10−6 m2 /sec. Which one or more of the
following statement(s) is /are CORRECT?
EG al
3 y 1 y 2 A. At x = 0.1 m from the leading edge of the
((δ) − 2 (δ) ).
2
plate, the thickness of the boundary layer is
N rr

C. The momentum thickness of the given 1.21 mm to 1.27 mm.

2
boundary layer is 15 δ. B. At x = 0.1 m from the leading edge of the
e

plate, the thickness of the boundary layer is

D. The momentum thickness of the given
ef

39 1.31 mm to 1.37 mm.

boundary layer is 180 δ.
C. At x = 0.1 m from the leading edge of the
R

2. [MSQ, ] plate, the rate of growth of the boundary

The velocity distribution in a laminar boundary layer is, 5.16 × 10−3 m/m to 5.21 ×
u y
layer on a flat plate is given as: U
= 2 (δ) − 10−3 m/m.
y 3 y 4 D. At x = 0.1 m from the leading edge of the
2 (δ) + (δ) . Which one or more of the
plate, the rate of growth of the boundary
following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
layer is, 6.16 × 10−3 m/m to 6.21 ×
A. The expression for boundary layer thickness
10−3 m/m.
5.835x
is δ = .
√Rex

B. The expression for boundary layer thickness 4. [NAT, ]

4.315x
is δ = . The boundary layer thickness at a distance of
√Rex
1.0 m from the leading edge of a fiat plate kept
 over zero angle of incidence to the flow direction
is 1.0 mm. Velocity outside boundary layer is
25 m/sec. The boundary layer thickness at 4 m
from the leading edge is ______ m(round off to
nearest integer). Assume the boundary layer is
entirely laminar.
A. Use an appropriate control volume to
determine the rate of mass influx into the
boundary layer up to x.
B. Obtain the momentum thickness into the
boundary layer up to x.
[GATE-1993-ME]

5. [MCQ, ] 7. [NAT, ]

For laminar flow over a flat plate, the thickness Velocity distribution in a boundary layer is given

0 de
u πy
of the boundary layer at a distance from the by = sin ( 2 δ) , where u is the velocity at
U∞

leading edge is found to be 5 mm. The thickness vertical coordinate y, U∞ is the free stream
of the boundary layer at a downstream section,

I1 o
velocity and δ is the boundary layer thickness.
which is at twice the distance of the previous The values of U∞ and δ are 0.3 m/s and 1.0 m,

A. 10 mm
c
section from the leading edge, will be __ ∂u
respectively. The velocity gradient (∂y) (in s −1,
EG al
round off to two decimal places) at y = 0, is
B. 5√2 mm
___________
C. 5/√2 mm
N rr

[GATE-2020-CE]
D. 2.5 mm
8. [MCQ, ]
e

6. [MCQ, ] A laminar hydrodynamic boundary layer over a

ef

The velocity profile across a boundary layer on a smooth flat plate is shown in the figure. The
flat plate may be approximated as linear shear stress at the wall is denoted by τw . Which
R

V0 y one of the following conditions is correct?

Vx (x, y) =
δ(x)

Where V0 is the velocity far away and δ(x) is the

boundary layer thickness at a distance x from
the leading edge, as shown below.

A. Pressure is varying along ′x′ and (τw )x1 >

(τw )x2
 B. Pressure is constant along ′x′ and (τw )x > 11. [NAT, ]
(τw )x1
The velocity profile of an incompressible laminar
C. Pressure is constant along ′x ′ and (τw )x1 >
(τw )x2 boundary layer over a flat plate developing
D. Pressure is varying along ′x′ and (τw )x2 > u(y) 3y
under constant pressure is given by = 2δ −
(τw )x1 U∞

[GATE-2020: XE]
9. [MCQ, ]
For steady laminar flow at zero incidence over a
flat plate, the component of velocity parallel to
1 y 3
( ) . The freestream velocity U∞ = 10 m/s
2 δ
and the dynamic viscosity of the fluid μ = 1.8 ×
10−5 kg/ms. At a stream wise station where the
boundary layer thickness δ = 5 mm, the wall

0 de
the plate in the boundary layer is given by
2
shear stress is _____× 10−3 Pa
u(y) = a + by + cy , where y is the distance
[GATE-2015-AE]
measured normal to the flat plate. If μ is the
12. [NAT, ]

I1 o
coefficient of dynamic viscosity, U is the velocity
Consider laminar flow of water over a flat plate

c
parallel to the wall at the edge of the boundary
layer and δ is the boundary layer thickness, the
of length 1m. If the boundary layer thickness at
a distance of 0.25 m from the leading edge of
EG al
wall shear stress is given by
the plate is 8 mm, the boundary layer thickness
A. μU/δ
(in mm), at a distance of 0.75 m, is _____
N rr

B. 2μU/δ
[GATE-2014-ME]
U 2
C. 2μ ( δ )
13. [MCQ, ]
e

D. 3μU/δ Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of width

ef

[GATE-2019-XE] w. At Section 1-1, the velocity profile is uniform

10. [NAT, ] as shown in the figure. The x-direction velocity
R

The viscous laminar flow of air over a flat plate u y y 2

profile at Section 2-2 is given by U = 2 δ − (δ) ,
results in the formation of a boundary layer. The
where δ is the boundary layer thickness.
boundary layer thickness at the end of the plate
of length L is δL . When the plate length is
increased to twice its original length the
percentage change in laminar boundary layer
thickness at the end of the plate (with respect to
The volume flow rate through Section 2-2 is
δL ) is _______ (correct to two decimal places)
given by.
[GATE-2018-ME] 1 1
A. 2 Uwδ B. 3 Uwδ
2
C. Uwδ D. Uwδ
3
 [GATE-2014-XE] density of 1.23 kg/m3 , then wall shear stress at
14. [MCQ, ] x = 1 m, is
An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate A. 2.36 × 102 N/m2
with zero pressure gradient. The boundary layer B. 43.6 × 10−3 N/m2
thickness is 1 mm at a location where the C. 4.36 × 10−3 N/m2
Reynolds number is 1000. If the velocity of the D. 2.18 × 10−3 N/m2

fluid alone is increased by a factor of 4, then the [GATE-2004-ME]

boundary layer thickness at the same location, in 17. [MCQ, ]

mm will be Velocity distribution in a boundary layer flow

0 de
u
A. 4 over a plate is given by (u ) = 1.5η. Where, η
m
B. 2 =y/δ: y is the distance measured normal to the

I1 o
C. 0.5 plate: δ is the boundary layer thickness; and um
D. 0.25

15. [MCQ, ]
c [GATE-2012-ME]
is the maximum velocity at y = δ. If the shear
stress τ acting on the plate is given by
EG al
τ = K (μum )/δ, where, μ is the dynamic
The thickness of the laminar boundary layer on viscosity of the fluid, K takes the value of
a flat plate at a point A is 2 cm and at a point B,
N rr

A. 0
1 m downstream of A, is 3 cm. What is the B. 1
e

distance of A from the leading Edge? C. 1.5

A. 0.50 m
ef

D. none of the above

B. 0.80 m [GATE-2002-CE]
C. 1.00 m 18. [MCQ, ]
R

D. 1.25 m If δ1 is the thickness of laminar boundary layer

[GATE-2006-CE] at a distance x1 from the leading edge of the flat
16. [MCQ, ] plate, the thickness δ2 at x2 = 2x1 is equal to
For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and A. 2δ1
boundary layer thickness (δ) can be expressed B. 4δ1
respectively, as 1/2
C. δ2
U 3y 1 y 3 4.64 x
= 2 δ − 2 (δ) ; δ = D. √2 δ1
U∞ √Rex

If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has [GATE-1992-CE]

Kinematic viscosity of 1.5 × 10−5 m2 /s and

 Answer Key
1. (A, C) 10. (41.30 to 41.50)
2. (A, C) 11. (53.9 to 54.1)
3. (A, D) 12. (13.5 to 14.2)
4. (2 to 2) 13. (D)
5. (B) 14. (C)
1
6. [(A) ma = 2 ρWδV0 , (B) θ = δ/6] 15. (B)

7. (0.45 to 0.49) 16. (C)

0 de
8. (C) 17. (C)

9. (B) 18. (D)

I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A, C) dδ 1 2
τ0 = ρU ∫ f(η)(1 − f(η)dη
y du dx 0
τ = τ0 (1 − ) = μ
δ dy But,
τ0 y2 1
Hence u= (δ y − )
μδ 2 ∫ f(η)(1 − f(η)dη
0
At y = δ, u = U and hence
1
τ0 2 δ2 τ0 δ = ∫ (2η − 2η3 + η4 )(1 − 2η − 2η3 + η4 )dη
U= (δ − ) = 0
μδ 2 2μ
1
u τ0 y2 2μ = ∫ (2η − 4η2 − 2η3 + 9η4 − 4η5 + 4η6
= (δ y − ) ×

0 de
0
U μδ 2 τ0 δ
− 4η7 − η8 )dη)
y 1 y 2
= 2( − ( ) ) = 37/135
δ 2 δ
37 dδ
Momentum thickness Therefore, τ0 = 135 ρU 2 dx (1)

I1 o
δ
u u From the boundary conditions for a laminar
θ = ∫ (1 − ) dy
U
0
U

Substituting
cu
= (2η − η2 )
boundary layer

τ0 = μ (
∂u
) =
uU df(η)
[ ]
EG al
U ∂y y=0 δ dη η=0
1
Since f(η) = 2η − 2η2 + η4
θ = δ ∫(2η − η2 ) × (1 − 2η + η2 )dη
df(η)
N rr

0
[ ] = [2 − 4η + 4η3 ]η=0 = 2
1 dη η=0
θ = δ ∫(2η − 5η2 + 4η3 − η4 )dη
e

∴ τ0 = 2μU/δ (2)
0
1 Equating the two expressions for τ0 .
ef

5 4η4 η5 2
θ = δ [η2 − η3 + − ] = δ 2μU 37 dδ
3 4 5 0 15 = ρU 2
δ 315 dx
630 μ
R

δ dδ = dx
2. Answer: (A, C) 37 ρU
By Karman momentum integral equation On integration,
630 μ
∂ δ
u u δ2 /2 = x + constant
2 37 ρU
τ0 = ρU (∫ (1 − ) dy)
∂x 0 U U Since at x = 0, δ = 0, constant = 0
Put y⁄δ = η, dy = δ dη and the limits of η are 1260 μ x2
2
0 and 1. ∴ δ = x = 34.05
37 ρU (ρUx/μ)
u δ 5.835
= f(η) = 2η − 2η3 + η4 = where Rex = pU x/μ
U x √Rex
Substituting, Shear stress: Substituting the value of δ in the
second expression for τ0 .
 2μU 2μU
τ0 = = √(ρUx/μ)
δ 5.835x 5. Answer: (B)
μ1/2 U 3/2 ρ1/2
= 0.3428 Laminar flow over a flat plate-
x1/2
Thickness of the boundary layer at distance from
ρU 2 μ 1/2
∴ τ0 = 0.6855 ( ) the leading edge is found to be 5 mm.
2 ρUx
δ ∝ √x [∵ δ1 = 5 mm]
3. Answer: (A, D) δ1 x1 x1
=√ =√
For parabolic velocity profile δ2 x2 2x1

5.48x δ1 1
δ= = ⇒ δ2 = δ1 √2
δ2 √2

0 de
√Rex
δ2 = 5√2 mm
U∞ x 2 × 0.1
Rex = = = 1.96 × 105
ν 1.02 × 10−6 𝟏

I1 o
6. Answer: [(A) 𝐦𝐚 = 𝟐 𝛒𝐖𝛅𝐕𝟎 , (𝐁) 𝛉 = 𝛅/𝟔]
5.48 × 0.1
δ= = 1.2378 × 10−3 m A) Vx =
V0 y
105
√1.96 ×

= 1.2378 mm
c δ
For Linear velocity profile
δ
EG al
δ∗ = (Follow the notes)
dδ d 5.48x√ν 2
| = ( )
dx x=0.1 m dx √U∞ x ṁa = ρw(δ − δ∗ )V0
N rr

δ
ṁa = ρw (δ − ) V0
√ν d 2
= (5.48√x)
√U∞ dx 1
e

ṁa = ρwδV0
2
5.48 √ν d B) For Linear velocity profile
ef

= (√x)
√U∞ dx δ
θ = (Follow the notes)
6
5.48√1.02 × 10−6 1
R

= ×
√2 2√0.1 7. Answer: (0.45 to 0.49)
= 6.1878 × 10−3 m/m ∂u μU∞
τw = μ | =k
∂y y=0 δ
∂u π U∞
4. Answer: (2 to 2) | =
∂y y=0 2 δ
δ1 x1 ∂u π 0.3
= √ | = ×
𝛿2 x2 ∂y y=0 2 1
= 0.15π
1 1 = 0.4712
=√
δ2 4

δ2 = 2m
8. Answer: (C) 11. Answer: (53.9 to 54.1)
3 μU∞
τw =
2 δ
3 1.8 × 10−5 × 10
=
2 5 × 10−3
= 54 × 10−3 Pa

12. Answer: (13.5 to 14.2)

For Laminar Boundary Layer
For smooth flat plate δ ∝ √x
∂P

0 de
=0 δ2 x2
∂x =√
δ1 x1
We know that as x increases τwx decreases
0.75

I1 o
δ2 = √ δ
9. Answer: (B) 0.25 1
du
τ=μ
dy
τ = μ(b + 2cy)
c δ2 = √3 × 8 mm
δ2 = 13.856 mm
EG al
At y = δτ = τw
13. Answer: (D)
τw = μb
ṁr = ρwδ∗ U
N rr

u = a + by + cy 2
1
Apply Bc & b ṁr = ρwδU
u 3
e

= 2η − η2 1
U q̇ r = wδU
μU 3
ef

τw = K ṁa = ρw(δ − δ∗ )U
δ
δ
q̇ a = w (δ − ) U
3
R

10. Answer: (41.30 to 41.50)

2
For Laminar Boundary Layer q̇ a = wδU
3
δ ∝ √x
δ2 x2
=√
δ1 x1 14. Answer: (C)
Reynolds number is less than 5 × 105 , which
δ2L 2L means we are having Laminar Boundary layer
=√
δL L x
δ∝
δ2L √Rex
= 1.4142
δL x
δ∝
(δ2L − δL ) ρU x
× 100 = 41.42% √ μ∞
δL
 1 ρU∞ x
δ∝ 3√ μ
√U∞ τw = μU∞
2 × 4.64x
δ2 U∞ 1
=√ 3 ρU 3 μ
δ1 U∞ 2 τw = √ ∞
2 × 4.64 x
δ2 1
= τw
δ1 2
1 3 1.23 × 23 × 1.5 × 10−5 × 1.23
δ2 = × 10−3 m = √
2 2 × 4.64 1
δ2 = 0.5 mm
τw = 4.3558 × 10−3 N/m2

0 de
15. Answer: (B)
17. Answer: (C)
u
= 1.5η
um

I1 o
u y
= 1.5
um δ

c u = um (1.5 )
du 1.5
y
δ
EG al
= um ( )
dy δ
δ ∝ √x du 1.5
| = um ( )
N rr

δ2 x2 dy y→0 δ
=√
δ1 x1 du
τw = μ |
e

dy y→0
z x+1
=√ 1.5
ef

2 x τw = μum → (1)
δ
u
9 x+1 Given in the question τw = kμ δm → (2)
=
4 x
R

Comparing equation (1) & equation (2) we get

On solving x = 0.80 m
k = 1.5

16. Answer: (C)

18. Answer: (D)
u 3 y 1 y 3
= ( )− ( ) δ ∝ √x
U∞ 2 δ 2 δ
3 y 1 y 3 δ2 x2
u = U∞ [ ( ) − ( ) ] =√
2 δ 2 δ δ1 x1
du 3 1
| = U∞ [ ( )] δ2
dy y→0 2 δ = √2
δ1
3
τw = μU∞ δ2 = √2 δ1
2δ
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 58

Chapter : Boundary Layer Theory

Topic : Local Skin Friction Drag Coefficient

A. 1/4
1. [NAT, ]
B. 4
A flat plate 0.3 m long and 2 m wide is placed
C. 8
along a 1.2 m/s flow of water at 15°C. Assume

0 de
D. 2
the boundary layer on each face is laminar and
u y
the velocity profile is linear (U = δ) for which 4. [MCQ, ]

I1 o
δ 3.46 Oil flows over the top of the flat plate with a
=
x √Rex free-stream velocity of 20 m/s. If the plate is 2m

3
c
If the viscosity of water as 1.1 × 10−6 Pa. s and
density 1000 kg/m , then the Drag force on the
long and 1m wide, it is a combination of Laminar
and turbulent boundary layer. Take ρoil =
EG al
plate is _____ N (rounded off to one decimal 890 Kg/m3 and μoil = 3.40 × 10−3 N S/m2 .
place). Assume, drag coefficient for Laminar – turbulent
N rr

boundary layers is
2. [NAT, ]
e

0.455 1700
CDf = (log10 ReL )2.58
− ReL
A roughened thin board 300 mm wide and
ef

Drag force in laminar boundary layer is

240 mm long moves at 3 m/s through water.
0.644 b ρU2 L
Each boundary layer is 75 mm thick at the rear (FDf )Lam =
√(Rex )cr
R

u y 1/4 The friction drag on the place due to turbulent

end of the board and = (δ) , then the
U
boundary layer is (in N). Take (Rex )cr = 5(105 )
coefficient of drag is _____ (rounded off to three
A. 992
decimal places)
B. 868

3. [MCQ, ] C. 972

Air flows along a flat plat with uniform velocity D. 1020

at inlet. If the plate length is increased by a

5. [MCQ, ]
factor of two and the free stream velocity is
A thin flat plate 0.5 m × 0.7 m in size settles in
increased by a factor of two, then the drag force
a large tank of water with a terminal velocity of
will change by a factor of ______
0.12 m/s.
 1.328
CD = for Laminar boundary layer is incompressible. A cable is attached to the
√ Re L
plate. The force required to lift the plate is (in N).
Where R e L = plate Reynolds number
−3 2
Take ρgl = 1260 kg/m3 ; and νgl = 1.19 ×
Assume μ = 10 N − s/m and ρ = 1000 Kg/
10−3 m2 /s. Assume it is a laminar boundary
m3 .
0.664 ρAU2
The submerged weight of the plate is (in KN) layer with FD f =
√ReL

0 de
A. 0.0115

I1 o
B. 0.0118
C. 0.0231
D. 0.0376
c A. 410
B. 512
EG al
C. 444
6. [MCQ, ]
D. 468
N rr

A 3 m wide and 8 m long plate moves at a

velocity of 4 m/s parallel to its length through a
8. [NAT, ]
e

stationary air of density 1.22 kg/m3 and

viscosity of 1.8 × 10−5 Ns/m2 . The ratio of drag For the velocity profile for Laminar boundary
ef

force on one side of plate assuming laminar flow layer

u 3 y 1 y 3
R

boundary layer to turbulent flow boundary layer = ( )− ( )

U 2 δ 2 δ
is μU
and assume shear stress τ0 = 0.323 √R ex .
x
A. 0.53
B. 1.25 The drag force varies between the limits 0 to L,
C. 1.03 the coefficient of drag CD =
K
then the value
√ReL
D. 0.22
of K is _______ (round off to two decimal
places).
7. [MCQ, ]
A 50 kg plate is submerged fully upto the
surface of the glycerin at a constant speed of
20 m/s. Consider the flow is steady and glycerin
9. [MCQ, ] 12. [NAT, ]
For a steady laminar incompressible boundary The skin friction coefficient for a turbulent pipe
τw
layer flow over a sharp-edged flat plate at zero flow is defined as, Cf = 1 , where τw is the
ρV2
2
incidence,
wall shear stress and V is the average flow
A. the edge of the boundary layer is a
velocity. The value of Cf is empirically given by
streamline 0.25
2
the relation: Cf = 0.065 (Re) , where Re is
B. the edge of the boundary layer is pathline
C. the skin friction coefficient decreases as the the Reynolds number. If the average flow

distance from the leading-edge increases velocity is 10 m/s, diameter of the pipe is

0 de
D. the skin friction coefficient remains constant 250 mm, kinematic viscosity of the fluid is

all along the plate. 0.25 × 10−6 m2 /s, and density of the fluid is

I1 o
[GATE-2019-XE] 700 kg/m3 , the skin friction drag induced by the
flow over 1 m length of the pipe, in N, is ______
10. [NAT, ] c
A smooth flat plate is in a parallel flow stream. 13. [NAT, ]
[GATE-2018-XE]
EG al
The ratio of the drag over the upstream half of Air (ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity, υ =
the plate to that over the entire plate is______ 2 × 10−5 m2 /s) with a velocity of 2 m/s flows
N rr

Assume the average skin friction coefficient is over the top surface of a flat plate of length
proportional to (Rex )−1/2. (fill in the blank)
e

2.5 m. If the average value of friction coefficient

[GATE-1994-CE] 1.328
is Cf = , the total drag force (in N) per unit
ef

√ReL

width of the plate is ______

11. [NAT, ]
R

[GATE-2015-ME]
On a flat plate, transition from laminar to
14. [MCQ, ]
turbulent boundary layer occurred at a critical
Consider an incompressible laminar boundary
Reynolds number (Recr ). The empirical relation
layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned
for the laminar and turbulent boundary layer
δlam
with the direction of an incoming uniform free
thickness are given by = 5.48Re−0.5
x and
x stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the
δturb
= 0.37Re−0.2
x , respectively. The ratio of front half of the plate to the drag force on the
x

laminar to turbulent boundary layer thickness, at rear half, then

the location of transition, is 0.3. The value of A. F < 1⁄2 B. F = 1⁄2
Recr is_______ C. F = 1 D. F > 1

[GATE-2019-XE] [GATE-2007-ME]
 Answer Key
1. (0.8 to 1.0) 8. (1.265 to 1.301)
2. (0.0080 to 0.0086) 9. (C)
3. (B) 10. (0.707)
4. (C) 11. (440000 to 442000)
5. (C) 12. (37.752)
6. (D) 13. (0.0158 to 0.0162)
7. (C) 14. (D)

0 de
I1 o
c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (0.8 to 1.0) Now, the drag on both faces of the plate is
u y 0.3
Given velocity profile U = δ → (1)
D = (∫ τ. dx) × 2
δ 3.46 0
and = 0.3
x √Rex 1
3.46x ∴ D = (∫ 0.398 x −2 dx) × 2
⇒δ= 0
√Rex 0.3
x 0.5
3.46x = [0.398 [ ] ]×2
δ= 0.5 0
Ux
√ D = 0.871 N
ν

0 de
ν
⇒ δ = 3.46√x. √ → (2) 2. Answer: (0.0080 to 0.0086)
U
From eq (1) Drag on both sides of the plate = Fd
y δ
u = .U u u 2

I1 o
δ Fd = 2ρbU 2 ∫ { − ( ) } dy
Substitute eq (2) in eq (1) U U
0

u=
Uy U
√
3.46 νx
c δ
y 4 y 2
1

= 2ρbU 2 ∫ {( ) − ( ) } dy
0
δ δ
1
EG al
Differentiating with respect to y 4 2
= 2ρbU 2 [ δ − δ]
5 5
du U U
∴ = √ 4
N rr

dy 3.46 νx Fd = ρbU 2 δ
15
du Given 𝑏 = 0.30 𝑚; 𝑈 = 3 𝑚/𝑠;𝛿 = 0.075 𝑚
It is know that τ = μ. dy
e

4
μ ∴ Fd = × 1000 × 0.3 × 32 × 0.075
ν= 15
ρ
ef

Fd = 54 N
⇒ μ = ν. ρ
But Fd on both sides of the plate
U U U2
R

∴ τ = μ. √ → (3) Fd = 2 [cd ρA ]
3.476 νx 2
Given ν = 1.1 × 10−6 m2 /s Fd 54
⇒ cd = =
ρ = 1000 kg/m3 ρAU 2 1000 × 0.30 × 2.4 × 32
U = 1.2 m/s ⇒ cd = 0.0083
μ = v. ρ = 1.1 × 10−6 × 103
= 1.1 × 10−3 Pa. s 3. Answer: (B)
Substitute above values in eq (3) CD 2
FD = ρU∞ A
2
1.2 1.2 1 1.328 3
τ = 1.1 × 10−3 . ( )√ (x −1/2 ) = × 2 (b.
× ρU∞ 2
L) ∝ U∞ . √L
3.46 1.1 × 10−6 2 U∞ L
√ μ
τ = 0.398 x −1/2
 3
The turbulent boundary layer contributes the
F D2 U∞2 2 L2 1/2
=( ) ( ) friction drag is
F D1 U∞ 1 L1
3 1 (FDf )tur = 1004 − 31.9 = 972 N
= 22 . 22 = 4
5. Answer: (C)
4. Answer: (C) 1
Drag force FD = × ρ × CD × A × V 2
2
1 1.328
= 2 × 1000 × × 1000 × 0.5 × 0.7 ×
√ Re L
(0.12)2
1.328
= 2520 × 1000×0.12×0.17
√
10−3

0 de
FD = 0.0115 KN
Boundary layer will form on both sides of plate
so total drag = FT = 2 × FD = 0.0234 KN

I1 o
Under equilibrium condition (when plate is
setting with terminal velocity) drag force is equal
(Rex )cr =

5(105 ) =
ρ0 Ux
μ0 c
(890 )(20)xcr
3.40(10−3 )
to submerged weight of the plate = 0.0231 kN
EG al
6. Answer: (D)
⇒ xcr = 0.0955 m u∝ = 4 m/s
Also, at the end of the plate, ρ = 1.22 kg/m3
N rr

ρ0 UL (890 )(20)2 μ = 1.8 × 10−5 N − s/m2

ReL = = = 1.047(107 )
μ0 3.40(10−3 ) Assuming laminar flow boundary layer,
Drag coefficient for Laminar – turbulent
e

1.328
boundary layers is C̅f =
√ReL
ef

0.455 1700
CDf = (log10 ReL )2.58
− R ρu∞ × L
eL ReL =
0.455 1700 μ
= [log10 1.047(107 )]2.58
− 1.047(107 )
1.22 × 4 × 8
R

= 0.002819 = = 2.168 × 106

1.8 × 10−5
The total friction drag on the plate is 1
Drag force, F1 = C̅f × 2 ρAu2
1
(FDf ) = CDf ( ) ρU 2 bL 1.328 1
2
= × × 1.22 × (8 × 3) × 42
1
= 0.002819 (2) × 890 × (20)2 × 1 × 2 √2.168 × 106 2
= 0.211266 N
= 1004 N
Assuming turbulent flow boundary layer,
The portion of this force created by the laminar 0.073 0.073
C̅f = 1/5 =
boundary layer is (ReL ) 6 1/5
(2.168×10 )
−3
0.644 b ρU2 L = 3.94558 × 10
(FDf )Lam =
√(Rex )cr 1
0.664×1×890×(20)2 ×0.0955 F2 = C̅f × Au2∞
= 2
√5(105 )
1
= 31.9 N = 3.94558 × 10−3 × × 1.22 × 8 × 3 × 42
2
= 0.9242 N
 F1 0.211266 L
= = 0.2286 ρU
F2 0.9242 = 0.323μU√ × b ∫ x −1/2 dx
μ
0
L
7. Answer: (C) ρU
= 0.323 μU√ × b ∫ x −1/2 dx
μ
0
1 L
ρU x 2
= 0.323 × 2μU√ ×b[ 1 ]
μ
2 0

ρU
= 0.323 × 2μU√ × b[√L]
μ

0 de
ρUL
= 0.646 μU√ ×b
μ

I1 o
ρUL
∴ FD = 0.646 μU√ ×b
μ

ReL =
UL
=
2×2
νgl 1.19 × 10−3
c
The Reynolds number at x = L = 2 m is

= 3.3613 × 103
Drag co-efficient CD = 1
2
FD
ρAU2
(∴ A = b × L)
EG al
ρUL
2
0.646μU√ ×b
0.664 bρU L μ
FD f = Σ =1
√ReL × ρ × b × L × U2
N rr

2
0.664 × 2 × 1260 × (2)2
=[ ] [2 × 3 μ ρUL
√3.3613(103 ) = 0.646 × 2 × ×√
ρUL μ
e

+ 2(0.01)]
1.292
= 694.97 N =
ef

ρUL
Buoyant force FD = ρ × g × v √ μ
= 1260 × 981 × 2 × 3 × 0.1 1.292 K
CD = =
R

FD = 741.636 N √R eL √R eL
F = 443.834 N = 444N
∴ K = 1.292

8. Answer: (1.265 to 1.301)

9. Answer: (C)
μU
Given τ0 = 0.323 √R ex 0.664
x
L
Cfx = (LBL)
Drag force FD = ∫0 τ0 × b × dx √Rex
L
μU
= ∫ 0.323 √R ex × b × dx 10. Answer: (0.707)
0 x
L FD,S (upto x) ∝ √x
μU ρUx
FD = 0.323 ∫ √ × b × dx FD,S (upto L/2) √L/2
x μ =
0 FD,S (upto L) √L
L
ρU 1 FD,S (upto L/2) 1
= 0.323μU√ × b ∫ dx =
μ √x FD,S (upto L) √2
0
 = 0.7071 1
= Cf × × ρV 2 × 2πR
2
1
= 0.0137 × × 700 × 100 × 2 × π × 0.125
2
11. Answer: (440000 to 442000)
⇒ FD = 37.78 N
At x = xcr
δlam,cr
= 5.48 Re−0.5
cr → (a) 13. Answer: (0.0158 to 0.0162)
xcr
U∞ L 2 × 2.5
δturb,cr ReL = =
= 0.37 Re−0.2
cr → (b) ν 2 × 10−5
xcr
= 2.5 × 105
Equation (a) − equation (b)
Reynolds number is less than 5 × 105 , we means
δlam 5.48 Re−0.5
cr we are having Laminar Boundary layer

0 de
( ) =
δturb cr 0.37 Re−0.2 cr 1 2
5.48 FD,S (up to L) = ρAL U∞ CD,S(up to L)
0.3 = 2
0.37 Re0.3
cr 1
FD,S (up to L) = × 1.2 × (1 × 2.5) × 22

I1 o
5.48 2
Re0.3
cr = 1.328
0.3 × 0.37
×( )
Recr = 441426.7

12. Answer: (37.752)

c √2.5 × 105
FD,S (up to L) = 0.015936 N
EG al
V = 10 m/s 14. Answer: (D)
1
D= m
N rr

4
ν = 0.25 × 10−6 m2 /s
ρ = 700 kg/m3
e

zw
Cf = 1
ρV 2
ef

2
V → Average flow velocity
du FD,S (up to x) ∝ √x
zw = μ. ( )|
R

dy y=0
1
2 0.25 FD,SI ∝ √ → (1)
2
Cf = 0.065 ( )
Re
ρVD VD FD,SI + FD,SII ∝ √L → (2)
Re = = Equation (1) ÷ Equation (2)
μ ν
10 × 1/4 FD,SI 1
⇒ Re = =
1/4 × 10−6 FD,SI + FD,SII √2
⇒ Re = 107 FD,SI /FD,SII 1
=
2 0.25 FD,SI /FD,SII + 1 √2
Cf = 0.065. ( 7 ) F 1
10
=
1 2 F + 1 √2
zw = Cf × ρV
2 On solving F = 2.414
⇒ Cf = 0.00137 F>1
FD = zw × (2πR × 1)
Fluid Mechanics by NEGI10 NTPP & PYQs - 59

Chapter : Boundary Layer Theory

Topic : Prandtl's Boundary Layer Equations & Boundary Layer
Separation

1. [MCQ, ] kinematic viscosity of air is 1.5 × 10−5 m2 ⁄s

A flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed and density is 1.23 kg⁄m2 )

0 de
along a free stream of fluid flow. Local Reynolds A. 1.80 mm
number at 3 cm from the leading edge is 105 . B. 1.80 cm
What is the thickness of the boundary layer? C. 10.3 cm

I1 o
A. 0.47 mm D. 10.3 mm
B. 0.35 mm
C. 0.23 mm c 4. [MSQ, ]
A flat plate 15 cm wide and 45 cm long placed
EG al
D. 0.12 mm
longitudinally in a stream of oil having relative
2. [MCQ, ] density 0.925 & a stream of oil having relative
N rr

If δ1 and δ2 are the laminar boundary layer density 0.925 & kinematic viscosity 0.9 stokes,
thicknesses at a point M distant x from the flowing with a free stream velocity of 6 m/s.
e

leading edge when the Reynolds number of the Which one or more of the following statement(s)
ef

flow are 100 and 484, respectively, then the is/are CORRECT?
δ A. At the trailing edge, thickness of the
ratio δ1 will be
R

2
boundary layer is 1.2 cm to 1.4 cm.
A. 2.2
B. At the trailing edge, thickness of the
B. 4.84
boundary layer is 0.016 m to 0.019 m.
C. 23.43
C. At the trailing edge, the shear-stress will be
D. 45.45
71.86 N⁄m2 to 74.86 N⁄m2 .
3. [MCQ, ] D. At the trailing edge, the shear-stress will be
Air at standard conditions flows over a flat plate. 61.86 N⁄m2 to 65.86 N⁄m2 .
The free stream speed is 3 m/s. What is the
5. [MCQ, ]
thickness of boundary layer at a distance of 1 m
Air at 20°C and 1 atm flows at 20 m/s past the
from the leading edge of the flat plate? (Take the
flat plate as shown in figure.
 7. [MCQ, ]
If the velocity distribution in a Laminar boundary
u πy
layer over a flat plate is given by U = sin ( 2 δ).
∞

The free stream velocity is 0.5 m/s and ρair =

1.1 kg/m3 , kinematic viscosity is 0.2 ×
10−6 m2 /s. Then the mass flow rate that enters
the boundary layer at a distance of 20 cm is (in
A pitot stagnation tube, placed 2 mm from the
5x
kg/s). Assume Blasius solution δ =
wall develops a manometric head h = 16 mm √Rex

0 de
of Meriam red oil of . G = 0.827 . The dynamic A. 0.000495
viscosity of air is 1.825 × 10−5 kg/m. s. B. 0.000662

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Assume Blasius velocity profile and take η = C. 0.000269
2.42, then the downstream position of the pitot D. 0.000529

c
tube from the leading edge of the flat plate in
(cm) and . Local velocity at pitot inlet (in m/s)
8. [MCQ, ]
EG al
For a fluid flow over a flat pipe with zero
are respectively.
pressure gradient, the boundary layer thickness
A. 90.8; 14.7
N rr

δ
( ) is proportional to
x
B. 106; 16.5
C. 88; 15 A. √Rex
e

1
D. 101; 14.7 B.
√Rex
ef

6. [NAT, ] C. Rex

1
Assuming the velocity distribution in the D.
R

Rex

u 2y y 2
boundary layer is = − (δ) . A flat plate
U δ
9. [MCQ, ]
having a length of 1.20 m is placed in a water of
With increase in flow velocity of fluid the
velocity 0.20 m/s and μwater = 0.001 Ns/m2 .
boundary layer thickness will:
Then the thickness of the boundary layer at
A. decrease
0.8 m from the leading edge is _____ mm
B. increase
(round off to nearest integer)
C. does not change
(Assume Blasius solution).
D. first increase then decrease
10. [NAT, ]
Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of
length L = 1m. The boundary layer thickness at
the end of the plate is δw for water, and δa for
air for the same free stream velocity. If the
kinematic viscosities of water and air are 1 ×
10−6 m2 /s and 1.6 × 10−5 m2 /s, respectively,
δw
the numerical value of the ratio, is _______.
δa
13. [MCQ, ]
Which one of the following is true at the point of
separation of a boundary layer?
A. Transition occurs from laminar to turbulent
flow
B. The flow relaminarizes from turbulent
regime
C. The shear strees vanishes
D. The relation between stress and rate of

0 de
[GATE-2016-XE]
strain ceases to be linear.
11. [MCQ, ]
[GATE-2015-XE]
If ‘x’ is the distance measured from the leading

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14. [MCQ, ]
edge of a flat plate, then laminar boundary layer
Separation is said to occur at a wall when _____
thickness varies as
A. 1/x
c at the wall becomes zero.
A. internal energy
EG al
B. x 4/5
B. pressure
C. x 2
C. shear stress
N rr

D. x1/2
D. density
[GATE-2002-ME]
e

[GATE-2012-MT]
12. [MCQ, ]
15. [MCQ, ]
ef

Which one of the following statements is NOT

Which one among the following boundary layer
true?
flows is the LEAST susceptible to flow
R

A. Compared to a laminar boundary layer, a

turbulent boundary layer is more desirable separation?
on a wing operating at large angle of attack A. turbulent boundary layer in a favorable
B. The skin friction drag for a turbulent pressure gradient
boundary layer is larger than that for a B. laminar boundary layer in a favorable
laminar boundary layer
pressure gradient
C. The location of transition from laminar to
C. turbulent boundary layer in an adverse
turbulent boundary layer depends only on
pressure gradient
the operating Reynolds number
D. A separated flow does not necessarily lead to D. laminary boundary layer in an adverse
a turbulent boundary layer pressure gradient
[GATE-2017-AE] [GATE-2009-XE]
16. [MCQ, ] D. the boundary layer thickness reducing to
In a 2-D boundary layers flow, x and y are the zero
stream wise and wall-normal coordinates, [GATE-2002-ME]
respectively. If u denotes the velocity along the 18. [MCQ, ]
x direction, which one of the following The necessary and sufficient condition which
represents the condition at the point of flow brings about separation of boundary layer is
dP
separation? >0
dx
∂u
A. =0 A. True
∂x

0 de
∂u B. False
B. =0
∂y

∂2 u
C. =0
∂x2 19. [MCQ, ]

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∂2 u
D. =0 Flow separation is likely to occur when the
∂y2

17. [MCQ, ]
c [GATE-2009-XE] pressure gradient is
A. positive
EG al
Flow separation in flow past a solid object is B. zero

caused by C. negative
N rr

A. a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure D. negative and only when equal to-0.332

B. a negative pressure gradient

e

C. positive pressure gradient

ef
R
 Answer Key
1. (A) 11. (D)
2. (A) 12. (C)
3. (A) 13. (C)
4. (A, D) 14. (C)
5. (A) 15. (A)
6. (10 to 10) 16. (B)
7. (A) 17. (C)

0 de
8. (B) 18. (False)
9. (A) 19. (A)
10. (0.2158)

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c
EG al
N rre
ef
R
 Solutions
1. Answer: (A) Re|TL < Re|critical
Since the Reynolds number is less than 5 × 105 , ∴ From Blasius results
the boundary layer is laminar. The thickness of ∴ Boundary Layer thickness
the laminar boundary layer may be given by the 5×x
δTL =
Blasius’ equation i.e. √ReTL
5x 5 × 3 × 10 5 × 0.45
δ= = =
√Rex √105 √3 × 104
⇒ δ = 0.47 mm δTL = 1.29 cm ≅ 1.3 cm
0.664 ρU 2
τTL = ×

0 de
2. Answer: (A) √ReTL 2
For laminar boundary layer 0.664 925 × 36
×
Blasius results √3 × 104 2
τTL = 63.83 N⁄m2

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δ 5
=
x √Rex

δ∝
1
√Rex
c 5. Answer: (A)
The manometer can be used to estimate the
EG al
δ1 √Rex2 484 local velocity u at the pitot inlet
Now, = = √100 = 2.2
δ2 √Rex1
∴ ΔPmano = (P0 − P∞ )
N rr

= (ρoil − ρair )ghmano

3. Answer: (A)
Reynold’s number, = (0.827 × 1000 − 1.2) × 9.81 × 0.016
e

ρU∞ x U∞ x ΔPmano = 129.61 Pa

Rex = =
μ ν If the stagnation pressure and the static
ef

3×1
⇒ Rex = = 2 × 105
2 × 10−5 pressure at a point are known then the velocity
Since, Rex < 5 × 105
at that point is
R

⇒ Boundary layer over flat plate with laminar

flow, so applying Blasius equation, ρair u2
P0 − P∞ =
δ 5 2
∴ =
x √Rex 2ΔP
⇒u=√
δ 5 ρair
⇒ =
1000 √2 × 105
⇒ δ = 11.18 m = 1.118 cm 2 × 129.61
u=√
1.2
4. Answer: (A, D)
→ u = 14.7 m/s
VL 6 × 0.45
Re|at trailing edge = = ∴ upitot inlet = 14.7 m/s
ν 0.9 × 10−4
4
= 3 × 10
 Given it is a Blasius velocity profile Substitute δ value in Eq (1)
2 × 1.1 × 0.5 × 0.00141
U ∴ ṁx =
∴ η = y. √ 3.141
νx
= 0.000495 kg/s
U
2.42 = y. √ 8. Answer: (B)
νx
5x
2
δ(x) = for laminar boundary layer
U y √Rex
⇒ x = ( )( ) δ(x) 1
ν 2.42 i.e. ∝
x √Rex
20 0.002 2
=( ) ( )
1.52 × 10−5 2.42

0 de
9. Answer: (A)
μ
ν= From Blasius, boundary layer thickness is given
ρ
by-
1.825 5x 5x
ν= × 10−5

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1.2 δ= =
√Rex √ρVx
ν = 1.52 × 10−5 m2 /s μ

⇒ x = 0.908 m = 90.8 cm c δ∝
1
√V
EG al
6. Answer: (10 to 10)
ρUx 10. Answer: (0.2158)
Reynolds number = μ ρU∞ x
N rr

Rex =
1000 × 0.2 × 0.8 μ
=
0.001 U∞ x
Rex =
e

= 160000 ν
Thickness of the boundary layer 4.39 × 12.2
ef

=
x 1.34 × 10−5
δ=5 Rex = 3.99 × 106
√R e
R

5 × 0.8 δ = 0.215 mm
δ=
√160000
11. Answer: (D)
⇒ δ = 0.01 m = 10 mm
5.0x
δ≅
√Rex
7. Answer: (A)
δ δ (According to Blasius, for laminar Boundary
πy layer)
ṁx = ∫ ρudy = ρu∞ ∫ sin ( ) dy
2δ x
0 0 δ∝
2ρU∞ δ √Rex
= ________ (1) x
π δ∝
ρu∞ x
5 × 0.2 √ μ
δ= = 0.00141 m
0.5×0.2
√ −6
0.2×10
 μx δ ∝ x1/2
δ∝√
ρu∞
12. Answer: (C) 16. Answer: (B)
∂u
=0
13. Answer: (C) ∂y
The shear stress vanishes
17. Answer: (C)
14. Answer: (C) Positive pressure gradient
Shear stress
18. Answer: (False)

0 de
15. Answer: (A) False
Turbulent boundary layer in a favorable
pressure gradient. 19. Answer: (A)
Positive

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c
EG al
N rre
ef
R