THE

INFORM ATION
AGE
 INFORMATION
AGE

❖ Computer Age, DigitalAge, New Media Age

❖ a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift
from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
through industrialization, to an economy based on information
technology.
 Pre- Industrial
IndustrialAge
Age

InformationAge ElectronicAge
About 2.5 million years before
writing was developed, technology
began with the earliest hominids
who used stone tools, which they
may have used to start fires, hunt,
and bury their dead.
 The oldest known
are more than
44,000 years old,
found in both the
Franco-Cantabrian
region in western
Cave Paintings (3500BC)
Europe

Clay Tablets (2400BC)

The Industrial Age is a period of human
history that encompasses the changes in
economic and social organization that
began around 1760 in Great Britain and later
in other countries, characterized chiefly by
the replacement of hand tools with power-
driven machines such as the power loom and
the steam engine, and by the concentration
of industry in large establishments.
 POWER LOOM
A power loom is a
mechanized loom, and
was one of the key
developments in the
industrialization of
weaving during the early
Industrial Revolution. The
first power loom was
designed in 1786 by
Edmund Cartwright and
first built that same year.
 The 1st typewriter was invented by Christopher
Latham Sholes was an American inventor who
invented the QWERTY keyboard, and, along with
Samuel W. Soule, Carlos Glidden.

Typewriter (1874)

Telephone (1876)
 Telegraph- communications
system in which information is
transmitted overa
wire through a series of electrical
current pulses. Developed in the
1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse.
On May 24, 1844, the first message,
“What hath God wrought?” was
The American Recording Electro-Magnetic sent.
Telegraph invented in 1837.

Punchcards /IBM
cards was invented by
Herman Hollerith in the
late 1800’s
 The babbage engine was invented by Charles
Babbage. Babbage began designing in 1822 with what
he called the difference engine, made to compute
Mechanical calculator values of polynomial functions. Difference Engine, an
was invented by early calculating machine, verging on being the first
Blaise Pascal in 1642 computer invented in 1847-1849.
 The electronic age began when
electronic equipment and large
technologies, including
computers came intouse.

The invention of the transistor

ushered in the electronic age.
People harnessed the power of
transistors that led to the
transistor radio, electronic
circuits, and the early
computers. In this age, long
distance communicationbecame
more efficient.

1st programmable digital computer-
is the 'Colossus‘ created by Tommy
Flowers evolved as an unintended by-
product of the Allied intelligence-
gathering process during the Second
World War.
Electromechanical computer
Mark-I is the first electro-
1st electronic digital computer was the mechanical computer developed
Atanasoff-Berry Computer, built
by Howard Aiken in 1937.
between 1937 and 1942 at Iowa State
College
Transistor- is a device that regulates
current or voltage flow and acts as a
switch or gate for electronic signals. In
1947: John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain, with support from colleague
William Shockley

Transistor Radios which semiconductor devices,
Televisions (1941)
Transistor radio is a radio receiver in
primarily transistors and
semiconductor diodes, are used
for the amplification, frequency
conversion, and detection of
signals. Transistor radios are still
popular for news, talk radio,
weather, live sporting events, and
emergency alert applications. The
Texas instruments made the first
transistor radio named Regency TR-
1.
The first television was invented on
September 7, 1927 by Philo T.
Farnsworth
UNIVAC commercial
1st computer game-
computer
spacewar

microprocessor
Integrated circuit( IC )- Jack Kilby began his The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
career at Texas Instruments in 1958, where Automatic Computer I) was the first
he went on to invent arguably the most general-purpose electronic digital
important invention of the 20th century: computer design for business application
the integrated circuit, also known as the produced in the United States. It was
microchip. designed principally by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly, the inventors of the
ENIAC.

Space war was developed in February

Microprocessor-Federico Faggin, Marcian 14,1962 by Steve Russell in collaboration
(Ted) Hoff, Stanley Mazor, and Masatoshi with Martin Graetz, Wayne Wiitanen, Bob
Shima—for a Japanese calculator Saunders, Steve Piner
manufacturer Busicom
 The Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
was the first wide-area packet-
switched network with distributed
control and one of the first networks
to implement the TCP/IP protocol
suite. ... The ARPANET was
established by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of
the United States Department of
Defense
Floppydisk was invented by IBM
engineers led by Alan Shugart

1st video game MagnavoxOdyssey-

developed by Ralph
Baer, Bill Harrison, and
Bill Rusch at Sanders
Associates in the mid-
Apple1 computer to late 1968 and
demonstrated in the
market May 24 1972
The Altair 8800, produced by Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
(MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts was
the first micro computer
Atari originally called Syzygy Co. was
created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted
Dabney and learned that that
SYZYGY Co. was already in use in
California, and in 1972 they changed
it to ATARI and became a pioneer in
arcade games, home video game
consoles and home computers. Atari
came from a Japanese word ataru-
to hit a target.
Apple Macintosh
Laser printer
THE INFORMATION AGE 1990s to 2000s

People advanced the use of

microelectronics with the
invention of personal computers,
mobile devices, and wearable
technology. Moreover, voice,
image, sound and data are
digitalized. We are now living in
the information age.
 PORTABLE COMPUTERS-
laptops(1980), smartphones,
tablets(1993) – use as a medium for
communication, can store and
spread information efficiently.

Wordpress (2003)
Skype (2003)
The Internet paved the
way for faster
communication and the
creation of thesocial
network.
https://www.projectaware.org/news/united-biodiversity-together-against-
plastic-pollution
Biodiversity

Variety
BIODIVERSITY- refers SOCIETY- A society is a
to the variety of life on group of individuals
Earth at all its levels, involved in persistent
from genes to social interaction, or a
ecosystems, and can large social group
encompass the sharing the same spatial
evolutionary, ecological, or social territory
and cultural processes
that sustain life
BIODIVERSITY IS THE VARIETY OF LIFE
ON EARTH AND THE ESSENTIAL
INTERDEPENDENCE OF ALL LIVING
THINGS.

•Scientists have identified more

than 1.4 million species. Tens of
millions -- remain unknown
(www.thecatalogueoflife.org)
Importance of Biodiversity
It supports healthy ecosystems.
It is an essential part of the solution to climate
change
.It is good for the economy.
It is an integral part of culture and identity.
It provides raw materials likelumber, food,
medicine etc.

Source: Shaw, Julie. “Why is biodiv ersity important?”. Nov. 15,2018. https://www.conservation.org.
What do we get from
biodiversity?

Oxygen
Food
Clean Water
Medicine
Aesthetics
Ideas
There are 3 Types of Biodiversity

1. Species diversity

https://www.qsstudy.com/geology/species-
diversity
2. Genetic diversity- refers to the variations
among the genetic resources of the
organisms.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKG89O05K5A
3. Ecological Diversity-

Source: What is biodiversity?- Definition, Types and Importance. https://byjus.com

1. Tropical rainforest- rainforests that occur in areas of tropical
rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all
months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm –
and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen
rainforest
2. Temperate forest- A temperate forest is a forest found
between the tropical and boreal/taiga regions, located in the
temperate zone. It is the second largest biome on the
planet, covering 25% of the world's forest area, only behind
the boreal forest, which covers about 33%.
3. Coniferous/Taiga/Boreal/Snow forest- meaning Northern
forest because it is located in the northern hemisphere that
covers 17% of the earths land.
4. Tropical grassland/ Savannah- are found to the north and
south of tropical rainforest biomes(natural community).
Plants and animals have to adapt to the long dry periods.
5. Temperate grasslands are areas of open grassy plains that
are sparsely populated with trees seen in Argentina, Australia
and North America.
6. Mediterranean is characterized by hot and dry summers,
while winters tend to be cool and moist.
7. Desert- arid land with usually sparse vegetation especially :
such land having a very warm climate and receiving less than
25 centimeters.
8. Tundra - is a type of biome where the tree growth is
hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.
9. A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust,
generally with steep sides that show significant exposed
bedrock.
ECOSYSTEM- a
geographic area where
plants, animals, and other
organisms, as well as
weather and landscape,
work together to form a
bubble of life. Ecosystems
contain biotic or living,
parts, as well as abiotic
factors, or nonliving parts.
Biotic factors include plants,
animals, and other
organisms
Within an ecosystem there can
be many HABITATS- a place in which a
particular species of organism lives.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat
e.g. Coral reef
eg Arctic Canada is the
habitat of the polar bear.
 eg species of fish like Pike (Esox lucius) are
found
in freshwater lakes and ponds.
Threats to biodiversity

Habitat destruction
Pollution
Species Introductions
Global Climate Change
Exploitation
THE GREATEST THREAT
 List of Extinct Animals of the
Philippines
1. Elephas sp.-common name Stegodon Mindanensis
2. Elephas maximus
3. Stegodon luzonensis
4. Panthera tigris sp.
5. Rhinoceros philippinensis
6. Sus cebifrons cebifrons-wild boar
7. Bubalus cebuensis-dwarf buffalo
8. Megalochelys sondaari-Luzon Giant Tortoise
9. Bubalus sondaari
10. Cuon alpinus-dhole
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of
_extinct_animals_of_the_Philippines
 Extinction
refers to the termination of a species caused
by habitat destruction, introduction of non-
native species, over-exploitation, pollution
or even climate change.
 ENDANGERED VS
THREATENED

/Threatened: population low but extinction less imminent or

going to the brink of extinction
Endangered: not so low that extinction imminent or already at
the brink of extinction.
BIODIVERSITY
 RATES OF DEFORESTATION
1981-1990:
• 0.9%/year
• 53,000 sq. mi./year
• 21,000 sq. mi. in
South America(Amz)
= area of NC

• By 1988, +/- 10% of

theAmazon had been
cut down

• Due to isolation of
fragments and in
forest/clearing
boundaries = 16%
affected by deforestation
http://www.rainforestweb.org/
 References

• https://www.projectaware.org/news/united-biodiversity-together-
against-plastic-pollution
• http://www.rainforestweb.org/
• https://www.extinctanimals.org/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_Phili
ppines
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKG89O05K5A
• Shaw, Julie. “Why is biodiversity important?”. Nov.15,2018.
https://www.conservation.org.
• https://www.qsstudy.com/geology/species-diversity
• What is biodiversity?- Definition, Types and Importance.
https://byjus.com
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Climate Change,
Global Warming,
and Ozone
Depletion
 How Might the Earth’s Climate
Change in the Future?
• Concept: Considerable scientific
evidence indicates that emissions of
greenhouse gases into the earth’s
atmosphere from human activities will
lead to significant climate change
during this century. 57 degrees
Fahrenheit (13.9 degrees Celsius)
is the average global temp.
 Past Climate Changes
• Glacial and interglacial periods
• Global cooling and global warming
• Measurement of past temperature
changes
– Rocks and fossils
– Ice cores from glaciers
– Tree rings
– Historical measurements since 1861
Fig. 15-17, p. 383
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (over past 900,000 years AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (over past 130 years

TEMPERATURE CHANGE (over past 22,000 years TEMPERATURE CHANGE (over past 1,000 years

Stepped Art
Fig. 15-16, p. 383
 The Greenhouse Effect
• Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Natural greenhouse gases
– Water vapor (H2O)
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Methane (CH4)
– Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
 Evidence to Support Global
Warming (1)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
• 2007 IPCC report
• Rise in average global surface
temperature
• 10 warmest years on record since
1970
 Evidence to Support Global
Warming (2)
• Annual greenhouse gas emissions up
70% between 1970 and 2008
• Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns,
hurricanes
• Sea level rise in this century 4–8
inches
Fig. 15-18, p. 384
Fig. 15-18, p. 384
Sept. 1979 Sept. 2008

Russia Russia
* *
North North
pole Greenland pole Greenland

Alaska (U.S.) Alaska (U.S.)

Canada Canada

Fig. 15-19, p. 385

 CO2 Is the Major Culprit
• 1850: 285 ppm
• 2009: 388 ppm
• Over 450 ppm is tipping point
• 350 ppm as intermediate goal
Science Focus: Scientific Consensus about
Future Global Temperature Changes?
• Temperature as a function of
greenhouse gases
• Mathematical models
• Model data and assumptions
• Predictions and model reliability
• Recent warming due to human
activities
 Sun

Troposphere

Cooling
from
increase
Aerosols Greenhouse CO2 emissions from Heat and Heat and
gases Warming CO2 removal land clearing, CO2 removal CO2 emissions
from by plants and fires, and decay
decrease soil organisms

Ice and snow cover

Shallow ocean

Land and soil biota

Long-term
Natural and human emissions storage

Deep ocean

Fig. 15-A, p. 386

 What Role for Oceans in
Climate Change?
• Absorb CO2
• CO2 solubility( the ability to be
dissolved in water) decreases with
increasing temperature
• Upper ocean getting warmer
 What Are Some Possible Effects of a
Projected Climate Change?
• Concept: The projected change in
the earth’s climate during this century
could have severe and long-lasting
consequences, including increased
drought and flooding, rising sea
levels, and shifts in locations of
agriculture and wildlife habitats.
Potential Severe Consequences
• Rapid projected temperature increase
• 2 Cº inevitable
• 4 Cº possible
• Effects will last for at least 1,000
years
Fig. 15-20, p. 389
 Harmful Effects of Global
Warming (1)
• Excessive heat
• Drought
• Ice and snow melt
• Rising sea levels
• Extreme weather
 Harmful Effects of Global
Warming (2)
• Threat to biodiversity
• Food production may decline
• Change location of agricultural crops
• Threats to human health
 What Can We Do to Slow
Projected Climate Change?
• Concept: To slow the rate of
projected climate change, we can
increase energy efficiency, sharply
reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
rely more on renewable energy
resources, and slow population
growth.
 Options to Deal with Climate
Change
• Two approaches:
1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas
emissions
2. Develop strategies to reduce its
harmful effects
• Mix both approaches
• Governments beginning to act
 Solutions
Slowing Climate Change
Prevention Cleanup
Cut fossil fuel Remove CO2 from
use (especially smokestack and
coal) vehicle emissions

Shift from coal Store (sequester)

to natural gas CO2 by planting
Improve energy trees
efficiency Sequester CO2 in
soil by using no-
Shift to till cultivation and
renewable taking cropland
energy resources out of production
Transfer energy Sequester CO2
efficiency and deep
renewable energy underground
technologies to (with no leaks
developing allowed)
countries
Reduce Sequester CO2 in
deforestation the deep ocean
(with no leaks
Use more allowed)
sustainable
agriculture and Repair leaky
forestry natural gas
Limit urban pipelines and
sprawl facilities
Reduce poverty Use animal feeds
that reduce CH4
Slow population emissions from
growth cows (belching)
Fig. 15-23, p. 393
Reducing the Threat of Climate
Change (1)
• Improve energy efficiency to reduce
fossil fuel use
• Shift from coal to natural gas
• Improve energy efficiency
• Shift to renewable energy sources
Reducing the Threat of Climate
Change (2)
• Transfer appropriate technology to
developing countries
• Reduce deforestation
• Sustainable agriculture and forestry
• Reduce poverty
• Slow population growth
Reducing the Threat of Climate
Change (3)
• Decrease CO2 emissions
• Sequester CO2
– Plant trees
– Agriculture
– Underground
– Deep ocean
• Repair leaking natural gas lines
• Reduce methane emissions from
animals
 Science Focus: Is Capturing and
Storing CO2 the Answer? (1)
• Global tree planting
• Restore wetlands
• Plant fast-growing perennials like
potato, sweet potato, chives.
Avocado, pepper mint, ginger,
broccoli, black pepper pineapple etc.
 Science Focus: Is Capturing and
Storing CO2 the Answer? (2)
• Preserve natural forests
• Seed oceans with iron to promote
growth of phytoplankton
• Sequester carbon dioxide
underground and under the ocean
floor
 Tanker delivers
Oil rig CO2 from plant Coal power Tree plantation
to rig plant

CO2 is pumped
down from rig for Abandoned
disposal in deep oil field
ocean or under Switchgrass Crop field
seafloor sediments
CO2 is pumped
underground

Spent oil or
natural gas Spent coal
reservoir bed cavern

Deep, saltwater-filled cavern

= CO2 pumping

= CO2 deposit

Fig. 15-C, p. 394

Government Roles in Reducing the
Threat of Climate Change (1)
• Regulate carbon dioxide and
methane as pollutants
• Carbon taxes
• Cap total CO2 emissions
• Subsidize energy-efficient
technologies
• Technology transfers
Government Roles in Reducing the
Threat of Climate Change (2)
• International climate negotiations
• Kyoto Protocol-was adopted in 1997 to decrease
the consumption of greenhouse gases
• Act locally
– Costa Rica
– U.S. states
– Large corporations
– Colleges and universities
Fig. 15-24, p. 396
 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the
Stratosphere and What Can We Do about It?

• Concept: Widespread use of certain

chemicals has reduced ozone levels in the
stratosphere and allowed more harmful
ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s
surface.
• Concept: To reverse ozone depletion, we
need to stop producing ozone-depleting
chemicals and adhere to the international
treaties that ban such chemicals.
 Human Impact on
the Ozone Layer
• Location and purpose of the ozone
layer
– Blocks UV-A and UV-B
• Seasonal and long-term depletion of
ozone
• Threat to humans, animals, plants
• Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Individuals Matter: Banning of
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Chemists Rowland and Molina –
– Nobel Prize in 1995
• Called for ban
– Remain in atmosphere
– Rise into stratosphere
– Break down into atoms that accelerate
ozone depletion
– Stay in stratosphere for long periods
• Defended research against big industry
 Former Uses of CFCs
• Coolants in air conditioners and
refrigerators
• Propellants in aerosol cans
• Cleaning solutions for electronic parts
• Fumigants
• Bubbles in plastic packing foam
Fig. 15-27, p. 398
 Reversing Ozone Depletion
• Stop producing ozone-depleting
chemicals
• Slow recovery
• Montreal Protocol
• Copenhagen Protocol
• International cooperation