Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2023
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A Review on Electric Vehicle and its Charging
Ashika Preethi S #1,
1 2,3
Assistant Professor,
Shree Venkateshwara Hi-tech
Engineering College,
Gobichetiipalayam Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract:- The world has come to rely heavily on
electric vehicles (E-vehicles) as a solution to the terrible
environmental effects of burning fossil fuels, as modern
vehicles contribute significantly to pollution. Even the
scarcity of natural resources and the recent increase in
petrol prices inspire people to consider electric vehicles
as a fantastic option for transportation that has no
negative environmental impact. The current state of the
industry demands green electricity, and the adoption of
e-vehicles provides a significant push to reduce
pollution. It is a well-known fact that e-vehicles have a
vast market potential. As such, effective advertising and
marketing strategies are needed to increase market
share by raising awareness of the advantages of e-
vehicles and inspiring consumers to make their
purchase decisions. It's important to understand the
buyer's perspective and expectations. The purpose of
this essay is to investigate the intentions behind the
adoption of e-vehicles.
In India, the country with the second-largest street
network in the world, traveling by road is an essential
form of transportation. In India, 90% of passengers and
64.4% of all goods transportation use roads occasionally
due to sluggish improvements in infrastructure and high
street connectivity. The growing demand for
automobiles accounts for the automobile industry's
boom in India. While motors have made life more
convenient, their main drawback is that they produce a
variety of pollutants. Fugitive fuel and source emissions
are among the pollutants released by motors; the
quantity of emissions varies depending on the type of
car, maintenance, and other factors. The most common
pollutants found in gas and gas-powered motors are
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, whereas the most
common and predictable pollutants found in diesel-
powered vehicles are particulates and oxides of
nitrogen.
A solution to this enormous issue of reducing
pollution is the e-vehicle. All across the world, electric
motors are booming. Electric vehicles provide the fuel
economy, zero carbon dioxide emissions, and
environmental adoption that are necessary for the
current state of affairs. It's a challenging endeavor to
meet customer expectations and provide the specified
product in a developing nation like India while keeping
in mind that the nice first-class product wants to be
made available. It is important to take into account both
the available inventory and the anticipated demand.
From the same vantage point, the researcher has made
an effort to investigate the assessment of electrical
vehicles taking particular dimensions into account.
IJISRT23NOV1909 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
Chinnasamy P#2 ,Srimathi P #3
UG Student,
Department of EEE,
Shree Venkateshwara Hi-tech Engineering College,
Gobichetiipalayam,Tamil Nadu, India
I. INTRODUCTION
Given the relatively limited reserves of crude oil, the
development of alternative power sources is imperative.
The fact that burning crude oil has a negative
environmental impact, including significant carbon
emissions and other hazardous gas emissions, has made this
transition even more crucial. Internal combustion engines
power the majority of motors today, but automakers are
considering the use of alternative energy sources that emit
fewer emissions. It appears that electrical strength is the
most useful power carrier.
Because of the depletion of fossil gas reserves and the
harm that their use causes to the environment, it is
necessary to consider renewable power sources. Among the
technologies used to provide energy are wave power,
hydrogen power, wind generators, solar power plants, and
hydrogen power. There are many ways to produce energy,
and as long as it is done sustainably, interest in electric
vehicles will only grow. Even though their initial costs are
higher, electric cars have many advantages over traditional
motors with internal combustion engines, such as lower
protection costs and the ability to power for less money per
kilometer.
Recently, almost all of the major automakers
announced that they would be producing fewer diesel and
fuel-powered motors and putting more of an emphasis on
hybrid and all-electric vehicles instead. However, before
those motors are built and put on the market, battery
charging stations should be installed, and opportunity
charging strategies should be realized. Wi-fi charging is one
of those methods for electric vehicle batteries. With this
technique, charging motors is simple and doesn't require a
cable to be connected to the car. You can also increase the
variety of motors by charging them while the car is parked,
stopped at a red light, or stored. Because there may not be
any physical contact or stressed connections, WPT
structures have many benefits, including high reliability,
high protection, low maintenance costs, and long carrier
lives. These advantages make it advantageous for the
spread of various products, including cell phones,
biomedical implants, space exploration, textiles, and navy
applications, as well as electric vehicles.
To make this charging process simpler, a wi-fi charger
for electric cars is a good idea. This supply should be able
to connect via electromagnetic induction. In order to
prevent overloading the electrical grid, it should also be a
charger that is friendly to the grid. Around a century ago,
Nikola Tesla proposed inductive power transfer (IPT)—
which works without a magnetic center—as a means of
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distributing wireless mains energy over long distances.
Since then, clinical devices have been strengthened by low-
power, closely coupled wireless charging; additionally,
industrial goods for wi-fi charging of portable devices
through charging mats or pads are now available. There are
two categories for wireless inductive strength transfer
systems: quick-variety, usually centered around five, and
medium-to long-variety, centered around the personal-
proximity network. This work is known to be on a
midrange wifi switch. The entire basis of this investigation
is matched resonance frequency inductive coupling.
The resonance frequency matching, coil quality factor,
hyperlink efficiency, and impedance matching are the
primary components of an environmentally friendly
wireless power switch. Moreover, the WPT system is
especially suitable for medium- to long-range distance
attention due to the non-radiative magnetic coupling's
ability to lower strength consumption.
Fig. 1: Components of EV design
The battery of an automobile can receive power from
its various digital components via a DC-DC converter,
which reduces the voltage from the battery percentage to a
lower voltage, typically between 5 and 20 volts.
IV. EV CONFIGURATION
Because they lack the cumbersome mechanical
components required to power a traditional car, EVs are
incredibly flexible. The motor is the only real moving
component in an electric vehicle. The motor can draw its
desired power from a wide variety of sources. If connected
by electrical wires, the motor and the power supply can be
installed in various automotive components. Furthermore,
as was already mentioned, EVs can operate solely on
electricity or in combination with both an ICE and an EM.
Numerous configurations based on the type of vehicle have
been made possible by the flexibility of ECs.
The energy supply, the propulsion subsystem, and the
auxiliary subsystem are the three subsystems that modern
EVs are thought to consist of. The electricity supply, the
charging system, the power control device, and the garage
device are all parts of the energy supply. The propulsion
IJISRT23NOV1909 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. ELECTRIC VEHICLES - EMISSION-FREE
FUTURE
After the electricity industry, transportation is the
second largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Reducing the
industry's impact on climate change and addressing this
issue are top priorities for international governments,
business associations, and researchers.The global market
for electric vehicles has grown significantly over the last
ten years due to increased consumer demand for motors
with ultra-low emissions that use the industry's
advancements. Although the global COVID-19 pandemic
caused some disruptions to the automotive industry, the
growth in electric vehicle revenue has not decreased.
III. MAIN COMPONENTS OF EV
The structure of an electric vehicle is fairly
straightforward. The propulsion parts are the essential
elements. The garage's main strength is the battery. The
purpose of the battery charger is to price the battery by
converting mains power. In order to power the motor, the
DC battery voltage is inverted into a switched-mode sign
using a power digital inverter.
device is made up of EM, strength converters, controllers,
transmissions, and wheels. An auxiliary energy supply, a
temperature control system, and a strength guidance unit
make up the auxiliary subsystem.
V. TYPES OF EV
There exist four varieties of electric automobiles.
They are listed below.
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): Completely fueled by
force. Greener than plug-in hybrids and hybrids, these
are.
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV): Chemical energy
is the source of electric strength. Take hydrogen FCEV,
for instance.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Electric vehicle hybrids
(HEVs): Both the battery-powered motor powertrain
and the internal combustion (usually gasoline) engine
are utilized by the car. When the battery is dead, the
gasoline engine is used for both charging and pressure.
These automobiles are not as efficient as plug-in hybrids
or fully electric vehicles.
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 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): uses a
battery that is charged from an external socket and an
internal combustion engine (they have a plug). In this
way, electricity can be used to charge the car's battery
rather than the engine. Less efficient than BEVs, but
greener than HEVs, are PHEVs.
VI. EV CHARGING STATIONS
Current EV charging stations typically require a cable
to be used to physically connect the car to the station.
Depending on the charging fee and the vehicle's battery
capacity, the charging system can take anywhere from 30
minutes to several hours. Current EV charging stations may
have special charging needs, such as CHAdeMO, CCS, or
Tesla Supercharger, which call for particular types of cables
and adapters in order to work.
However, there is no longer a need for an actual
physical cable connection between the vehicle and the
charging station thanks to Internet of Things-based fully
wi-fi EV charging. Rather, floor-mounted wi-fi charging
plates or pads are used, and to start the charging process,
the car is parked directly over the pad. Through
communication with the vehicle's onboard laptop, an
Internet of Things-enabled charging station initiates and
monitors the charging system automatically. To optimize
the charging process, real-time monitoring and adjustments
are made to the charging fee and battery status.
Though there are a number of businesses and research
organizations working on the generation, wireless EV
charging is still in its infancy. The convenience of not
needing to plug in, the ability to charge automatically, and
the removal of the need for charging cables are some
advantages of wireless charging. All things considered,
current EV charging stations and IoT-based wi-fi charging
are both crucial components of the evolving EV
environment, giving drivers choices for charging their
vehicles at home and while traveling.
VII. EV ENERGY STORAGE AND CHARGING
A. Batteries
The electric vehicle's main source of strength is its
battery. Actually, the electric vehicle's fulfillment is
determined by the battery. Significant progress has recently
been made in the development of batteries. The new
electric vehicle technology now uses the battery in addition
to Li-ion. The possibility of battery instability has been
investigated in numerous reports. The LiFePO4 type seems
to be the best because it is intrinsically safe and has a strong
chemical bond. Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2, LiCoO2, and
LiMn2O4 are examples of other Li-ions that can also have
thermal and overcharge issues.
Lead-acid batteries continue to be the market leader
for low-cost solutions. Applications for the battery have
been seen in neighborhood city air, golf carts, electric
wheelchairs, and micro-vehicles. NiCd battery use has also
been discontinued by RoHS as of late.Every study suggests
that batteries be charged quickly. A crystal structure that
enables 100 times faster charging than a conventional Li-
IJISRT23NOV1909
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
ion battery was proposed by MIT. An additional option is to
employ an extremely-capacitor.
B. Ultra-capacitor
A capacitor is essentially a static part. The additives do
not undergo any chemical reactions. It charges and
discharges at incredibly quick speeds. The energy storage is
limited, though. The lead-acid battery's power garage
density is less than 20% of this one. Even if the anticipated
extremely-capacitor density will increase over the next few
years, this technology's overall solution for primary energy
storage is still a project. The temperature range and cycle
variety are superb.
 Improving Battery Technologies
It has been said that the search for better EV batteries is
similar to a new gold rush. One of the main areas of study
for the industry is developing battery technologies that will
give EVs a longer range, faster charging times, and
improved overall performance, dependability, and safety. In
the last few years, researchers and automakers have
proposed a number of intriguing features aimed at helping
the electric vehicle (EV) industry satisfy consumer
concerns and meet market demands. Although there are still
a lot of obstacles to overcome, it is imperative to use the
transportation zone to move toward a submit-carbon model.
 A Fast-Charging Hybrid EV Battery
The charging time of EVs is one of the main problems
that presently prevents EV technologies from being widely
adopted by consumers. Even though EV charging times
have decreased from the several hours they previously
required, state-of-the-art commercially available models
still fall short of ICE motors in this regard.
An innovation in battery technology that could change
the game and greatly boost consumer adoption of electric
vehicles is the ability to charge a battery in a lot less time
than it takes to refuel an internal combustion engine (ICE)
vehicle.
A Swiss start-up called Morand has found a way to
gradually generate batteries, cutting the time it takes to
charge an electric vehicle to about 72 seconds. The
organization's current EV battery is a hybrid device that
combines ultracapacitor and conventional battery
technologies.
VIII. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The rapid rise in electrical vehicles (EVs) in recent
years has increased demand for convenient and eco-friendly
charging infrastructure. Conventional plug-in charging
techniques present challenges with regard to user comfort,
potential safety risks, and wear and tear on physical
connections. In response to these challenging
circumstances, inductive strength coils used in wireless
charging structures have emerged as a promising solution.
Nevertheless, there are a number of issues that need to be
resolved when combining Internet of Things (IoT)
capabilities with wireless EV charging structures that use
inductive power coils.
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To build a wireless charging apparatus that enables
wireless charging of the car.
 To determine the ideal separation between the coils of
the transmitter and receiver in order to minimize energy
loss.
 To use an RFID card or tag for customer authentication.
 to offer cloud connectivity, real-time tracking, green
charging, information evaluation, and distant
management.
IX. FUTURE SCOPE
In the world of electrical vehicles (EVs), a lot has
happened in 2022, and the EV market is expected to grow
even more in 2023. Technology in the area is advancing
rapidly, and 2023 is predicted to be one of the best years yet
for the adoption of electric vehicles—despite supply chain
interruptions that could put producers under
pressure.Keeping this in mind, let's examine some of the
major developments we anticipate for the EV industry in
2023.
A. EV batteries to enhance
The last ten years have seen significant advancements in
battery technology, with increased demand leading to an
85% cost reduction in batteries—a development that made
it possible for the EV market to grow. Furthermore, it
doesn't end there. Formula E is one company leading the
way in innovation; it has been working hard to prepare a
battery for its third-generation car, which it plans to launch
in 2023.
During the 'Racing in the direction of EV' panel at
Sustainability LIVE 2022, its Chief of Staff, Hannah
Brown, said, "The FIA and a bunch of engineers are up at
Williams [Advanced Engineering] right now setting the
brand new battery through its paces." This battery is going
to accomplish something that no battery has ever done
before: it will produce 600kW of power both inside and
outside of that factor, as well as generate significant
amounts of power within the race.
Furthermore, new car models that will be available in
the upcoming year will range from 350 to 500 miles for a
single price. That should be sufficient to get you from
London to Glasgow! a distance that will help treat range
anxiety to a greater extent.
B. Competitive advantage for EV
One of the best things about electric vehicles (EVs)
besides their environmental friendliness is that they are far
less expensive to walk than their internal combustion
engine (ICE) counterparts. It is still possible to operate an
EV for significantly less money than an ICE car, even with
concerns about power price increases and the availability of
loose charging points and one-day home charging options
in the UK.
The price of fossil fuels is predicted to rise in response
to the announcement that the Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) intends to significantly cut
back on the production of crude oil in the upcoming year.
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Even with high fuel costs, we have a competitive
advantage.
C. Increase demand for charging infrastructure
The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has
led to a need for effective and practical charging
infrastructure. In addition to requiring physical connections,
posing risks for capability protection, and having limited
scalability, traditional stressed charging systems have
limitations. A viable solution is a wi-fi EV charging system
that uses inductive energy coils and is primarily based on
the Internet of Things. Using the ideas of inductive strength
transfer (IPT) and the capabilities of the Internet of Things
(IoT), this offers a unique method for wireless EV charging.
The power delivery unit, the charging station, and the
electric vehicle (EV) make up the three main parts of the
suggested device. The electricity delivery unit is
responsible for converting grid-supplied AC power into a
high-frequency AC signal, making it the primary power
source. The charging station's integrated electrical coils
then carry this signal for transmission.
The charging station is equipped with a variety of
receiving coils that may be made to effectively capture the
electricity that is being transmitted. These coils are
arranged so that they are ideally aligned and provide the EV
with a strong strength transfer. In order to facilitate smooth
verbal communication and manipulation between the EV,
charging station, and energy supply unit, the charging
station also incorporates Internet of Things capabilities. The
transmitted energy is received by the EV, which has a
receiving coil. A voltage regulator and rectifier are then
used to convert the energy into DC. The EV's Internet of
Things capability allows for real-time monitoring of the
charging system, providing data on the popularity of
charging, the condition of the battery, and the amount of
electricity used. Top of the line charging methods, load
balancing, and call for reaction are made possible by real-
time record tracking and evaluation, ensuring
environmentally friendly use of power resources and
reducing grid stress.
Effective and convenient charging infrastructure will
be more and more necessary as interest in electric vehicles
(EVs) continues to grow. Utilizing QR codes for payment
and storing transactional data entirely on the cloud offers a
viable solution for handling those difficult circumstances.
The project aims to design and build an EV charging station
that stores all transaction data in the cloud and accepts
payment via QR codes. Users may be able to easily pay for
charging using their smartphones and do away with the
need for physical payment methods by utilizing QR codes.
A high degree of security and performance will be offered
by the cloud-based, fully transactional records storage
device, allowing for a smooth integration with intelligent
town infrastructure. The viability of using QR codes for
pricing and cloud-based transactional statistics storage in
EV charging structures has been confirmed by earlier
research.
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Nonetheless, further study and development might be
required to maximize the practicality and effectiveness of
such structures. This challenge intends to advance the
generation of EV charging by creating and implementing a
cutting-edge gadget that incorporates the most recent
advancements in cloud computing and IoT technologies. If
this task is completed successfully, it should provide a
foundation for future EV charging systems that are safer,
more environmentally friendly, and more user-friendly.
The fear of losing the infrastructure for charging EVs
has been a major obstacle to people switching to them.
Nonetheless, there might be a more concerted effort to
electrify the UK through initiatives like Shell Recharge,
which recently announced a collaboration with ABB, the
long-standing company that has been working nonstop to
build new infrastructure.
Furthermore, in order to promote EV adoption
throughout the kingdom, the UK government has promised
to invest £20 million in EV charging infrastructure next
year. Using this approach, there will be more charging
forecourts, more funding to build domestic and on-road
charging stations, and more businesses offering charging
centers. Though there is still a long way to go before the
UK is fully electrified, things are moving in the right path.
D. AI-powered vehicle
In the upcoming years, artificial intelligence (AI) is
expected to have a significant role in EV's future. It may
not be the best in the market for self-driving cars, but it will
be utilized to provide diagnostics for our vehicles. Since
EVs have fewer transferring components, AI may be able to
provide an accurate, real-time evaluation of the vehicle that
inspectors can use to test the motors each time they switch
fingers.
AI can provide quick records on issues with the
vehicle before they become a problem or offer a thorough
warning about potential issues, saving time and money at
the repair shop. AI might also be utilized to drive
parametric insurance rules, which let your provider adjust
your rates instantly. Improved insights mean that you only
get paid according to your own driving behavior and not
that of other people.
E. Smart grid technologies
Many people are concerned about how the National
Grid will handle the increased load brought on by charging
EVs in light of the strength charge hikes. Nonetheless,
some very clever actions have been made to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of the grid. Intelligent Octopus
and other similar programs use tariffs to incentivize
charging during periods of low grid demand, which reduces
the amount of power required to keep up with demand.
Bi-directional chargers, also known as vehicle-to-
home (VtH) chargers, are also being made available to
customers so they can use reserve EV batteries to power
their homes during peak hours, which further relieves
pressure on the grid. At night, when electricity consumption
is at its lowest, energy is then diverted back to the EV,
utilizing all of the energy that is currently available.
IJISRT23NOV1909 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
X. CONCLUSION
Electric motors (EVs) have a great deal of potential to
become the transportation of the future while
simultaneously sparing the planet from the impending
disasters brought on by global warming. Compared to
conventional cars, which may be directly dependent on
finite fossil fuel supplies, they represent a feasible option.
This article addresses a wide range of topics related to
electric vehicles, such as their various configurations,
available electricity, charging techniques, and modes of
operation. The key technologies of each phase have been
described, along with their potential.
Electric motors (EVs) have a wide range of
applications in a wide range of industries. It has been noted
that EVs must have a significant capacity to contribute to a
cleaner and purer power system through partnerships with
smart grids and the integration of renewable assets. The
limits of contemporary electric vehicles (EVs) and the
solutions available to address these issues have been
identified. The most recent optimization and management
algorithms had been appropriately added as well. Lastly,
the text's conclusions synthesize its entire content,
providing a comprehensive overview of the EV region as
well as highlighting the areas in need of more study and
research.
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