MICRO PROJECT REPORT

on
Prepare a Report on Electric Vehicles
SUBMITTED BY : Nishikant Parwate

ENROLLMENT NO:- 2200910320

Roll No: 33 (EJ6I)

GUIDED BY: R. B. Sathe Sir

ODD-23-24

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

ACADEMIC SESSION 2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAKOLI
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
SAKOLI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICE AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report titled submitted Prepare a Report
Electric vehicle by Nishikant Parwate of VI semester towards the partial
fulfilment of requirement for the award of diploma in electronics and
telecommunication.

DATE:

YEAR: 2023-24

Guided by Prof. A. A. ALI Sir

R. B. Sathe Sir H.O.D
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record of our deep sense of gratitude to

R.B. Sathe Sir lecturer, Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication for her
generous guidance, help and useful suggestions. I express our sincere
gratitude to Prof. A. A. Ali, Head of Dept. of Electronics &
telecommunication, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement
and supervision throughout the course of present work.
I am extremely thankful to Prof. S. P. Lambhade, Principal, for providing me
infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have
been possible.

THANK YOU

Nishikant Parwate
Enrollment No. 2200910320
 INDEX

Abstract …………………………………………………….Page No.1

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1 Introduction 2

2 About electric vehicles 3

3 Mechanical 4

4 About hybrid electric vehicle 5

5 Charging 6

6 Environmental impact of electric & hybrid 7

7 Analysis of the data 8

8 Advantages & Disdvantages 9

9 Application 10

10 Conclusion 11
Abstract
Battery electric vehicle (BEV) is an electric vehicle that utilizes chemical
energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. Electric vehicles use electric
motors instead of, or in addition to, internal combustion engines (ICEs).
Vehicles using both electric motors and ICEs are called hybrid vehicles, and
are usually not considered pure BEVs. The global production of cars in 2011
was 60 million units per year, growing at 3.3% per year. Cars account for 74%
of production of motor vehicles and at present are responsible for about 20%
of all the carbon released into the atmosphere. National governments
implement policies to reduce this source of emissions through taxation and
incentives. One of the incentives is to subsidies electric vehicles (EVs). From a
materials point of view, the major differences between electric and internal
combustion (IC) cars are the replacement of the IC engine with electric motors
that, at present, use neodymium-boron permanent magnets and the
replacement of gasoline or diesel fuel by batteries. It is estimated that the
global production of electric cars either hybrids, plug-in hybrids, or fully EVs-
will exceed 16 million per year in 2021 and will account for 20% of all
vehicles manufactured. EVs, particularly, are seen as the way to decarbonise
road transport. France, Germany and the UK all have target EV sales of around
10% of all car sales by 2020 with the aim of reducing carbon emissions. Is this
a realistically achievable sustainable development on a global scale
Introduction
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for
propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from
extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery or by
converting fuel to electricity using a generator or fuel cells.[1] EVs include
road and rail vehicles, electric boats and underwater vessels, electric aircraft
and electric spacecraft Early electric vehicles first came into existence in the
late 19th century, when the Second Industrial Revolution brought forth
electrification. Using electricity was among the preferred methods for motor
vehicle propulsion as it provides a level of quietness, comfort and ease of
operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline engine cars of the time,
but range anxiety due to the limited energy storage offered by contemporary
battery technologies hindered any mass adoption of private electric vehicles
throughout the 20th century. Internal combustion engines (both gasoline and
diesel engines) were the dominant propulsion mechanisms for cars and trucks
for about 100 years, but electricity-powered locomotion remained
commonplace in other vehicle types, such as overhead line-powered mass
transit vehicles like electric trains, trams, monorails and trolley buses, as well
as various small, low-speed, short-range battery-powered personal vehicles
such as mobility scooters.
About electric vehicles
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for
propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from
extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery or by
converting fuel to electricity using a generator or fuel cells.[1] EVs include
road and rail vehicles, electric boats and underwater vessels, electric aircraft
and electric spacecraft.

Early electric vehicles first came into existence in the late 19th century, when
the Second Industrial Revolution brought forth electrification. Using
electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion as
it provides a level of quietness, comfort and ease of operation that could not
be achieved by the gasoline engine cars of the time, but range anxiety due to
the limited energy storage offered by contemporary battery technologies
hindered any mass adoption of private electric vehicles throughout the 20th
century. Internal combustion engines (both gasoline and diesel engines) were
the dominant propulsion mechanisms for cars and trucks for about 100 years,
but electricity-powered locomotion remained commonplace in other vehicle
types, such as overhead line-powered mass transit vehicles like electric trains,
trams, monorails and trolley buses, as well as various small, low-speed, short-
range battery-powered personal vehicles such as mobility scooters.

Hybrid electric vehicles, where electric motors are used as a supplementary

propulsion to internal combustion engines, became more widespread in the
late 1990s. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, where electric motors can be used
as the predominant propulsion rather than a supplement, did not see any
mass production until the late 2000s, and battery electric cars did not become
practical options for the consumer market until the 2010s
Mechanical
Electric motors are mechanically very simple. Electric motors often achieve 90%
energy conversion efficiency over the full range of speeds and power output
and can be precisely controlled. They can also be combined with regenerative
braking systems that have the ability to convert movement energy back into
stored electricity. This can be used to reduce the wear on brake systems. (and
consequent brake pad dust) and reduce the total energy requirement of a trip.
Regenerative braking is especially effective for start-and-stop city use. They
can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal
combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves.
This removes the need for gearboxes and torque converters. Electric vehicles
provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise and
vibration than internal combustion engines. While this is a desirable attribute,
it has also evoked concern that the absence of the usual sounds of an
approaching vehicle poses a danger to blind. elderly and very young
pedestrians. To mitigate this situation, automakers and individual companies
are developing systems that produce warning sounds when electric vehicles
are moving slowly, up to a speed when normal motion and rotation (road,
suspension, electric motor, etc.) noises become audible
Energy Efficiency
Electric vehicle tank-to-wheels' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than
internal combustion engine vehicles. Energy is not consumed while the
vehicle is stationary, unlike internal combustion engines which consume fuel
while idling. However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of electric
vehicles, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient
gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on
fossil fuels. It is worth noting that well-to-wheel efficiency of an electric
vehicle has far less to do with the vehicle itself and more to do with the
method of electricity production. A particular electric vehicle would instantly
become twice as efficient if electricity production were switched from fossil
fuel to a wind or tidal primary source of energy. Thus when "well-to-wheels"
is cited, one should keep in mind that the discussion is no longer about the
vehicle, but rather about the entire energy supply infrastructure in the case of
fossil fuels this should also include energy spent on exploration, mining,
refining, and distribution.
About hybrid electric vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered)
powertrain with some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include
hybrid electric cars such as the Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a
production Extended Range Plug-In Electric Vehicle. Mopeds, electric bicycles, and
even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered
both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles.
Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles.
In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at
the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a hub motor, a
roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission
element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured
models are of this type. See Motorized bicycles, Mopeds and for more
information. In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the
pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor
giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power
from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required
because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available,
because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing.
Hybrid fuel (dual mode)
Ford Escape Hybrid the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to
run on E85(ethanol). In addition to vehicles that use two or more different
devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy
sources or input types ("fuels") using the same engine to be hybrids, although to
avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms,
these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles: Some electric
trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and overhead
electrical power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In principle, this
could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid
trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced.
Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank ethanol,
or methanol, or biobutanol. typically gasoline and Bi-fuel vehicle: Liquified
petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from petroleum or diesel and
cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an (LPG or
NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems
feeding one engine. While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications,
the increased range and flexibility where (LPG or NG) infrastructure is incomplete
may be a significant incentive to purchase. Some vehicles have been modified to
use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on autogas
(LPG) and diesels modified to run on waste vegetable oil that has not been
processed into biodiesel. Power-assist mechanisms for bicycles and other human-
powered vehicles are also included (see Motorized bicycle).
Charging
Grid capacity: If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid
electricity it would increase the demand for generation and transmission, and
consequent emissions. However, overall energy consumption and emissions
would diminish because of the higher efficiency of electric vehicles over the entire
cycle. Stabilization of the grid: Since electric vehicles can be plugged into the
electric grid when not in use, there is a potential for battery powered vehicles to
even out the demand for electricity by feeding electricity into the grid from their
batteries during peak use periods (such as mid-afternoon air conditioning use)
while doing most of their charging at night, when there is unused generating
capacity. This vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection has the potential to reduce the
need for new power plants, as long as vehicle owners do not mind their batteries
being drained during the day by the power company prior to needing to use their
vehicle for a return-commute home in the evening. Furthermore, our current
electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing shares of variable-
output power sources such as windmills and PV solar panels. This variability could
be addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged, or
possibly even discharged. Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery
charging stations, much like gas/petrol stations today. Clearly these will require
enormous storage and charging potentials, which could be manipulated to vary
the rate of charging, and to output power during shortage periods, much as diesel
generators are used for short periods to stabilize some national grids. Heating of
electric vehicles: In cold climates, considerable energy is needed to heat the
interior of a vehicle and to defrost the windows. With internal combustion
engines, this heat already exists as waste combustion heat diverted from the
engine cooling circuit. This process offsets the greenhouse gases external costs. If
this is done with battery electric vehicles, the interior heating requires extra
energy from the vehicles batteries.
 Although some heat could be harvested from the motor(s) and battery, their
greater efficiency means there is not as much waste heat available as from a
combustion engine. However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid,
battery electric vehicles can be preheated, or cooled, with little or no need for
battery energy, especially for short trips. Newer designs are focused on using
super-insulated cabins which can heat the vehicle using the body heat of the
passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a driver delivers
only about 100 W of heating power. A reversible AC-system, cooling the cabin
during summer and heating it during winter, seems to be the most practical and
promising way of solving the thermal management of the EV. Ricardo Arboix
introduced (2008) a new concept based on the principle of combining the
thermal-management of the EV-battery with the thermal-management of the
cabin using a reversible AC-system. This is done by adding a third heat-exchanger,
thermally connected with the battery-core, to the traditional heat pump/air
conditioning system used in previous EV- models like the GM EVI and Toyota
RAV4 EV. The concept has proven to bring several benefits, such as prolonging the
life-span of the battery as well as improving the performance and overall
Environmental impact of electric & hybrid
Due to efficiency of electric engines as compared to combustion engines, even
when the electricity used to charge electric vehicles comes from a CO₂-
emitting source, such as a coal- or gas- fired powered plant, the net CO,
production from an electric car is typically one-half to one-third of that from a
comparable combustion vehicle. Electric vehicles release almost no air
pollutants at the place where they are operated. In addition, it is generally
easier to build pollution-control systems into centralised power stations than
retrofit enormous numbers of cars, Electric vehicles typically have less noise
pollution than an internal combustion engine vehicle, whether it is at rest or
in motion. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe CO, or pollutants such as NOX,
NMHC, CO and PM at the point of use. Electric motors don't require oxygen,
unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful for submarines. While
electric and hybrid cars have reduced tailpipe carbon emissions, the energy
they consume is sometimes produced by means that have environmental
impacts. For example, the majority of electricity produced in the United States
comes from fossil fuels (coal and natural gas), so use of an electric vehicle in
the United States would not be completely carbon neutral. Electric and hybrid
cars can help decrease energy use and pollution, with local no pollution at all
being generated by electric vehicles, and may someday use only renewable
resources, but the choice that would have the lowest negative environmental
impact would be a lifestyle change in favour of walking, biking. use of public
transit or telecommuting. Governments may invest in research and
development of electric cars with the intention of reducing the impact on the
environment, where they could instead develop pedestrian-friendly
communities or electric mass transit.
Environmental impact of hybrid car battery
Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an
issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today
most hybrid car batteries are one of two types: 1) Nickel metal hydride, or

2) Lithium ion; both are regarded as more environmentally friendly than lead-
based batteries which constitute the bulk of petro car starter batteries today.
There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others.
Lithium ion is the least toxic of the three mentioned above.

The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries
the type currently used in hybrids are much lower than batteries like lead acid
or nickel cadmium. However, nickel-based batteries are known carcinogens,
and have been shown to cause a variety of teratogenic effects. The Lithium-ion
battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in hybrid electric
vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development. In addition to its smaller size
and lighter weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver performance that helps to
protect the environment with features such as improved charge efficiency
without memory effect. The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they
have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and can
produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel-metal hydride battery
cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well. The
batteries also produce higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher
efficiency (avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent
durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to
the life of the vehicle. Additionally, use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the
overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30%
better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO2
emissions helping to prevent global warming.
Raw materials increasing costs
There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the
manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the rare earth element dysprosium
is required to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery
systems in hybrid propulsion systems. Neodymium is another rare earth
metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in
permanent magnet electric motors. Nearly all the rare earth elements in the
world come from China, and many analysts believe that an overall increase in
Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012. In
addition, export quotas on Chinese rare earth elements have resulted in an
unknown amount of supply. A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced
Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia
are currently under development; however, the barriers to entry are high and
require years to go online.
Analysis of the data
More no. of males compared to females has opted for the survey. A large no. of
people have their profession as job More of the two-wheeler owners were
interested in buying/converting their vehicles into Electric/Hybrid vehicles
Most of the people (male) prefer their own vehicles for daily travelling and the
distance travelled by them daily falls in between 40-80 km. Most of the people
have their daily travelling in the city as well as on the highway (mixed) or only
in the city. A major section of female students has shown much interest to get
more details about Electric/Hybrid vehicles technologies. Most of the two-
wheeler owners expect the price of their electric vehicle (two-wheeler) should
be in between 30000 to 60000 INR. Most of the Sedan owners expect the price
of their electric vehicle to be around 60000 to 100000 INR. It is assumed with
this price they are interested in converting their existing car into Hybrid
Vehicles. It was found that The present cost of electric vehicles which is too
high The insufficient range on a single charge The lack of information about
the technology before I would make a purchase Where the main cause of
concern and were preventing people from buying an Electric Vehicle. Majority
of the people would like to know more about Electric Vehicles from News
Paper Ads and Live Demo Vehicles. Almost all of the people would prefer to
charge their vehicles at home and from public charging stations. Which is a
cause of concern as development of such infrastructure is still in nascent stage.
Though it was found that majority of the people daily travel around 80km,
however still most of the people would expect an Electric Vehicle to travel
around 80 to 150 km on single charge. The current Reva can cover 100 km
(max.) when fully charged.
Majority of two-wheeler owners and hatchback owners are willing to pay
around 5000 to 10000 and 20000 to 50000 INR respectively for the
replacement of batteries once exhausted, which is a positive response from
consumers. An Electric Vehicle's batteries have to be replaced with in 4-5 yrs
(Min.) regularly which cost around 20000 to 50000 depending on quality of
the battery. Speed the Electric Vehicle is not a concern with people for buying
an Electric Vehicle. Even government subsidies are not a concern with people
for buying an Electric Vehicle. It is found that most of the people are ready to
pay a onetime premium amount as an additional development or
manufacturing cost of infrastructure. It depends on the type of vehicles own
by people for e.g. two wheeler owners expect to pay a premium amount of
2000 to 5000INR.
Advantages

1 Lower running costs.

2 Low maintenance costs.

3 Tax and financial benefits.

4 Better performance.

5 Zero tailpipe emissions.

6 Easy to drive and quiet.

7 Convenience of charging at home.

8 No fuel, no emissions.

Disdvantages
1 Charging time 7 Infrastructure

2 Charging station 8 High initial costs

3 Battery degradation 9 Electric battery

4 Environmental impact 10 Pricey to buy

5 Slow charging 11 Battery range

6 Limited driving range 12 Insurance

Conclusion
The responses for the questionnaire proved to be crucial for the conclusion of our
research as the results were positive and where matching with what was
predicted by us. The perception of people towards EVs is still unsatisfactory as a
major section of our society is still unaware of various Alternative Technologies
used in Automobiles. The current EVs don't meet the consumer's expectations to
a larger extent. The Government Initiatives taken for the promotion of EVs is still
in developing stage and is up to papers, though various agencies have been
formed and various plans have been brought by them but still its implementation
is not yet done. The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with
current vehicles on road, so a change in consumer's behavior is important. They
should gradually become more conscious about the use of cleaner technologies.
Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric/Hybrid vehicles but
still there are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer's
expectations such as REVOLVO KIT.Marketing of such products will really play an
important role as a stepping foot towards GREENER ENVIRONMET.Various
companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part of their
corporate social responsibilities.Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is
GREEN.