PE 261

QALITATIVE TECHNIQUES

PROJECT PROPOSAL
PROJECT TOPIC –
STUDY OF RISE IN DEMAND OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
SUBMITTED TO- PROF. GIRISH KUMAR SIR
SUBMITTED BY-
AGRIM SRIVASTVA & SAWAN KAPOOR
2K20/AE/08 2K20/AE/60

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 CONTENT

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3.
2. ABSTRACT 4.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW 5.
4. WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE 7.
5. TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES 8.
6. WHY WE NEED ELECTRIC VEHICLES 10.
7. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL MOBILITY 11.
8. ELECTRIC CAR MARKET IN 2019 14.
9. ELECTRIC CAR MARKET IN 2020 16.
10. GROWTH OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN 17.
2021
11. TOP SELLING ELECTRIC VEHICLES 19.
12. FACTORS DRIVING THIS GROWTH 20.
13. ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT BY 2030 22.
14. IMPACT OF GROWTH OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY 26.
ON ENERGY DEMANDS
15. IMPACT OF GROWTH OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY 28.
ON ENCIRONMENT
16. FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA 30.
17. CONCLUSION 34.
18. REFERENCES 35.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Girish Kumar Sir, for his
valuable guidance and support in completing our project. We would also like to
express my gratitude towards the university DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY for giving us this great opportunity to do a project on “STUDY OF
RISE IN DEMAND OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES”. Without all this support this project
would not have been completed.

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 ABSTRACT
In this report we are going to see and discuss the need of electrical vehicles
and recent breakthroughs in electric mobility around the world. We will be
analyzing changes in Electric Vehicle market and see how quickly the Electric
Vehicle market is growing and developing.
Firstly, in this report we will be seeing what are Electric Vehicles, what are
different types of Electric vehicles, why we need Electric Vehicles and why
suddenly we required Electric Vehicles.
Then report will be showing the sales of Electric Vehicles in different regions of
the world for different years- 2019, 2020 and 2021. We will be seeing which
country has the highest number of Electric Vehicles, which country has the
fastest growing market for Electric Vehicles and which countries are
developing their market for the same. We will also see which Electric Vehicles
are the most selling ones.
In the report we are also going to see how the demand of Electric Vehicles will
rise by 2030 and how different types of vehicles- cars, two-wheelers, light-duty
vehicles, buses, trucks will grow in electric mobility market. The report
addresses important areas of interest such as electric vehicle (EV) and charging
infrastructure adoption, energy use, CO2 emissions, and battery demand by
combining historical information with estimates through 2030.
In the end of the report we will see what is the future of Electric Vehicle
market in India, what are the steps taken by Government of India to achieve
electrical mobility, problems coming in the way, how far can India’s Electric
market go and what will be the India’s position in 2030.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE OF THE AUTHOR FINDINGS
PAPER
Electric Dr. David Block The results for the U.S. show that the
Vehicle Sales Mr. John cumulative sales of electric vehicles
and Future Harrison through 2013 is 167,600 vehicles with 96,700
Projections sold in 2013 or that 58% of total vehicles were
sold in 2013. Depending upon the escalation
rate selected, the 10-year future U.S.
cumulative
sales (2023) are predicted to be from 1.8 to
7.3 million vehicles.
Electric Jennifer The study, published today, forecasts that
Vehicle Sales MacDonald sales of electric vehicles will hit 41
by 2040 million by 2040, representing 35% of new light
duty vehicle sales. This would be almost 90
times the equivalent figure for 2015,
when EV sales are estimated to have been
462,000, some 60% up from 2014.
Forecasting Song Ding, Accurate predictions of EVs sales and stock
the sales and Ruojin Li are crucial to deploying charging
stock of infrastructures, improving industrial policies,
electric and providing credible references of the
vehicles using renewable sources demand in the
a novel self- transportation system. To this end, a new self-
adaptive adaptive optimized grey model is proposed in
optimized order to get the same.
grey model
Cost Gert Berckmans, The goal of this paper is to predict the cost of
Projection of Maarten a battery pack in 2030 when considering two
State of the Messagie, Jelle aspects: firstly a decade of research will
Art Lithium- Smekens, ensure an improvement in material sciences
Ion Batteries Noshin Omar, altering a battery’s chemical composition.
for Electric Lieselot Secondly by considering the price erosion due
Vehicles Up Vanhaverbeke to the production cost optimization, by
to 2030 and Joeri Van maturing of the market and by evolving
Mierlo towards to a mass-manufacturing situation.

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Adoption of Elena Higueras- The objective of this study is twofold: first, to
electric Castillo, Alberto determine the variables that predict the
vehicles: Guillénb, Luis- purchase of an electric vehicle from the
Which factors Javier Herrera implementation of an algorithm based on
are really &Francisco computational intelligence; second, to
important? Liébana- contrast these results with two panels of
Cabanillas experts in consumer behavior and the
automobile sector.
The client Malladi Surya Research in the field of Client perception of
perception of Sai Krishna, Electric
electric Rama Abhishek Vehicles is gradually picking up energy yet is
vehicles and Rokkam and as yet one of the most ignored segments in
its impact Abhishek India because
on sales Venkteshwar of the multifaceted nature in its calculation.
This article targets analyzing "The Client
perception of
Electric Vehicles and its impact on sales.
Impact of Rahul In this paper various areas related to the
Electric Waghchaure, electric vehicle are studies. The power
Vehicles on Pramod generation scenario of India is studied to have
Electricity Kothmire an idea about the power generation sector
Power and to know the available power and peak
Demand in load that can be taken by the power
India generation sector.

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 WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE?
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that employs one or more electric motors to
drive using electricity from external sources via a collector system, or
autonomously from a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels or converted
to electricity by fuel cells). Road and rail cars, surface and undersea vehicles,
electric airplanes, and electric spacecraft are all examples of electric vehicles.

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 TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

1. EXTENDED RANGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A range extender is an auxiliary power device that extends the driving
range of an Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV). Most of the range
extenders are small internal combustion engines that power an electric
generator, which provides power to the electric batteries and motor.
When the EREV's small range extender motor is running, CO2 is
produced, but not when the EREV is running on electric power. An EREV
emits much less CO2 over its lifespan than an ICE vehicle. The BMW i3
Extended Range is an example of an EREV.

2. PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) or Plug-In Hybrid is a vehicle that
runs on both an electric motor and a gas engine. Its electric motor is
powered by batteries that are recharged by connecting to a power
source (a wall socket or EV charger). The gas-powered motor can power
the drivetrain in tandem with the electric motor or independently.
Extensive scientific research has proven that powertrains combining a
gas engine with an electric motor (or, in many cases, two or three
electric motors) achieve significantly higher fuel efficiency. The PHEV
burns less fuel, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions. An example
of a PHEV is the Kia Niro Plug-In Hybrid.

3. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a hybrid vehicle that combines an
internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric propulsion system
(hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The electric powertrain's presence is meant
to improve fuel economy and performance. The Toyota Prius Hybrid is
the best example of HEV efficiency, with the best gas mileage (between
50 and 60 mph) of any automobile with an internal combustion engine.

4. FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) uses compressed hydrogen and
oxygen from the air to generate electricity to power the motor. The

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majority of Fuel Cell Vehicles are categorised as ZEVs, or Zero Emission
Vehicles, because they only release water and heat.

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 WHY WE NEED ELECTRIC VEHICLES?

As we all know that reserves of fossil fuels are depleting very quickly day by
day. Effects of which can be seen in increasing prices of fuels. Fossil fuels are a
major part of our daily life as they play a huge role in transportation of goods
and services all over the world. It is due to fossil fuels only that we are able to
live our lives easily. But due to the depletion of these resources there is a
growing need to find an alternative to these. One such way is use of electrical
vehicles.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY
Oil and its products were the primary source of energy for the transportation
sector in the 2010s. Oil and its products provided 92 percent of the energy
used in the transportation sector, a decrease of only 2% since 1973. As a result
of the vast number of advances occurring all over the world, the need for
transportation has expanded significantly, resulting in an increase in CO2
emissions. Today, the transportation industry is one of the major contributors
to air pollution, accounting for about 35-40% of worldwide energy-related
direct CO2 emissions.
As CO2 levels and pollution levels continued to rise, a demand for an
alternative solution and fuel arose. The decade of the 2010s was a watershed
moment for the introduction of electric cars (EVs) and the development of a
potential future market for them.
Electrification is a crucial technological technique for reducing air pollution in
densely populated places, as well as a viable option for countries seeking to
diversify their energy sources and minimise greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
When combined with a low-carbon energy sector, electric vehicles have zero
tailpipe emissions, are more efficient than internal combustion engine (ICE)
vehicles, and have a huge potential for reducing GHG emissions.
First electric vehicles hit the commercial market in first half of the decade,
since then sales of electric vehicles have increased manifolds in last five years.
With top selling cars being from symptomatic companies like Tesla as well as
renowned car manufactures like Nissan and Renault. In 2010 only 17,000 EVs
were on road and majorly only in China, Japan, Norway, UK and US. Yet by
2019 about 7.5 million EVs were on road.

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Now EVs have become a commonplace in many cities around the world.
Electrification of transport has occurred in many modes like personal cars, taxi,
car-sharing, ride-handling, municipal fleets, urban buses, two/three-wheelers
and rapidly in commercial and freight vehicle segments.
Now governments all around the globe have introduced numerous policies to
support and structure the budding EV industry. These include methods for
lowering adoption obstacles and promoting the installation of the necessary
charging infrastructure. Many governments' first policy focus was on early
adoption difficulties, such as the greater upfront cost of electric vehicles
compared to conventional vehicles, the availability of charging infrastructure,
range anxiety, and a lack of public education about the technology. During the
initial period, incentives for EV purchases and market development initiatives
such as constructing publicly accessible chargers and procurement programs
for public vehicle fleets were essential techniques to overcome constraints.
Differentiated vehicle taxes based on environmental performance exists in a
number of nations, offering an EV support mechanism that tends to encourage
EV adoption.

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Despite enormous sales growth over the previous decade, electric passenger
cars still account for only a small percentage of all vehicles on the road (less
than 1%).

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 ELECTRIC CAR MARKET IN 2019
The global sales of electric passenger cars increased at a rapid speed in 2019,
with sales reaching to 7.5 million units, 40% higher than in 2018. The pace of
sale was quite less than in previous years, going below 50% for the first time in
last decade.
Nearly half (47%) of the sale of EVs was in China with approx. sales of around
3.5 million EVs. It was followed by Europe with sale of 1.7 million EVs (25% of
global sales) and US with 1.5 million (roughly 20% of the sales).
Global electric car sales surpassed the 2 million mark in 2019 (2.1 million), just
two years after having crossed the 1 million mark in 2017. Worldwide market
share of EVs reached 2.6% in 2019, an all time high in the last decade.

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REASONS FOR THE TRENDS IN 2019
1. Car market contracts- there was an overall decrease in sales of total
passenger vehicles in 2019 in many key countries like China and India.
2. Cuts in purchase subsidies- there was a gradual decrease in purchase
subsidies and tax reductions which were offered earlier in 2010s.
3. Consumer expectations of further technology improvements and new EV
models

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 ELECTRIC CAR MARKET IN 2020
Electric vehicles (EVs) have shown prospects of growth in 2020, despite a fall in
passenger car sales. In 2020, global EV sales climbed by 39% year over year to
3.1 million units, while the total passenger car market fell by 14%.
Last year, electric car sales soared to a new high of 4.6 percent of the new
vehicle market. China and Europe still remained the leaders in sale of EVs with
approx. 1.3 million EVs being sold in China and Europe respectively.

Despite difficult circumstances and the pandemic's negative impact on the

automotive industry, electric vehicles made significant progress in several
worldwide markets in 2020. According to figures from trade tracker EV-
Volumes, plug-in electric vehicles accounted for 4.2% of global light vehicle
sales last year, up from 2.5 % in 2019.

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 GROWTH OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET IN 2021
Electric vehicle (EV) deals have flooded, with development in every one of the
three top auto business sectors: China, the US, and Europe. Deals expanded by
160% in the principal half of 2021 from a year sooner, to 2.6 million units,
addressing 26% of new deals in the worldwide car market.
China stayed the world's top EV market, with 1.1 million vehicles sold in the
main half, representing 12% of deals. In the US, EVs have been less famous.
Just 250,000 units were sold, representing 3% of deals.
Investigation from IDTechEx has estimate that deals of electric vehicles are on
target to outperform 5,000,000 units this year – counting just traveler vehicles.
"On the off chance that they do, it will mean an amazing development pace of
~86% CAGR starting around 2011," the report peruses.
In such manner, the EV market is exhibiting its vigorous nature as,
notwithstanding the disturbance brought about by Covid-19, the market had
the option to develop. Political affectations have upheld this. For example, in
the US, President Joe Biden set out a $174m obligation to help electric vehicle
take-up, from energizing framework to garnish the government tax break, and
his proposed new objective of arriving at half charge by 2030.
Market infiltration, be that as it may, has been for the most part restricted to
the China, North American, and European business sectors, with Japan, Asia
Pacific, and the remainder of the world fundamentally slacking in deals of EV.
Last year, Japanese vehicles represented under 5% of battery-electric vehicles
sold around the world, as per EV-volumes.com. This is because of boundless
suspicions of electric vehicles' likely productivity and ecological prevalence
thought about over half and half vehicles. This hesitance could end up being a
toxic substance goblet and lead the country's auto area to experience a similar
destiny as the country's purchaser gadgets firms, which have to a great extent
blurred into immateriality due to their inability to remain in front of market
patterns. There should be a more deliberate exertion in these business sectors
to introduce the imperative framework to consider more noteworthy EV use.

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 MOST SELLING ELECTRIC VEHICLES

All of the top-10 selling Electric Vehicles in 2021 are BEV, it has happened for
the first time all the global top sellers are BEVs. Tesla Model S remains the top
selling EV across all the regions and its Model Y gaining popularity in
US/Canada region. GM-Wuling mini BEV is the second most selling EV with
large popularity in China. New launches like BYD Han and VW ID.4 are also very
popular.

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 FACTORS DRIVING THIS GROWTH
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the market, the long-term picture
for electric vehicles is bright. These reasons account for the large shift in
predicted volume of BEVs and PHEVs by 2030. Prior to the appearance of
COVID-19, all of these elements underwent significant changes in direction
over the previous year, and the pandemic has since modified them even more.

1. Shifting customer attitudes

Consumer demand will drive EV expansion, however there are various reasons
why consumers haven't switched from ICE vehicles to equivalent EVs yet. EVs,
on the other hand, are becoming a more practical and viable option as the
barriers to adoption are swiftly removed.

There were some noteworthy shifts in consumer perceptions toward EVs from
2018 to 2020. With the exception of China (+ two percentage points), where
EV subsidies have been reduced, concerns about the cost/price premium have
decreased in every country.
Driving range has remained the top issue in Germany and has risen to the top
in France, but it is currently cited by fewer buyers in both two regions.
Consumers elsewhere have made the absence of charging infrastructure their

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top priority, indicating that they are beginning to see electric vehicles as a
viable choice and are evaluating the practicalities of ownership.
We expect some hurdles to be fully erased during the next few years. The
driving range of EVs is already comparable to that of ICE vehicles; the price has
already reached parity, when subsidies and total cost of ownership are taken
into account; and the number of models available is growing. We expect
personal experiences will transcend worries as EV sales continue to expand
and customers see more of them on the road or travel in EVs owned by family
or friends. The development of mass-transit choices, as well as the predicted
expansion of commercial EVs (such as vans, vehicles, and lorries), should add
to the sense of security (such as electric buses).

2. Policy and legislation

As evidenced by Norway's accomplishments, fluctuating sales in the
Netherlands, and the changing fortunes of the Chinese EV market, government
involvement continues to play a significant role in pushing EV sales. States that
promote an electric transition not only profit economically, but the positive
environmental impact has made widespread adoption of EVs a vital step
toward attaining climate-change targets, such as those set forth in the 2015
Paris Agreement. Several rules and regulations are assisting in the expansion of
electric vehicle adoption.

3. Fuel economy and emission targets

According to a recent Deloitte report, half of automobile manufacturers will
face penalty payments as a result of the phasing-in of new European CO2
emission goals, which will be completely enforced in 2021 and will result in
severe fines. Based on previous emission levels, they'll owe a total of $0.5
billion in 2020 and $3.7 billion in 2021, potentially costing the industry $39
billion. OEM strategy is being shaped by government intervention: to avoid
fines and reputational damage, OEMs are looking for ways to cut emissions
through enhanced electrification.

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 ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT BY 2030
There are two scenarios that help in calculating the outlook of road transport
electrification.
STATED POLICIES SCENARIO
The Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) is the central scenario of the IEA Energy
Technology Perspectives (IEA, forthcoming) and the World Energy Outlook
(IEA,
2019a) reports. The goal of this scenario is to show the possible repercussions
of current and proposed policy measures. It considers the rules and regulations
put in place by governments around the world, as well as the predicted
consequences of government and corporate aims and plans.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO
The Sustainable Development Scenario features in the IEA Energy Technology
Perspectives and the World Energy Outlook publications. The Sustainable
Development Scenario is built on three pillars. These include ensuring universal
energy access for all by 2030, achieving significant reductions in air pollution
emissions, and meeting global climate targets in accordance with the Paris
Agreement.

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ELECTRIC VEHICLES
According to stated policy scenario, the global EV stock will rise from around 8
million in 2019 to 50 million by 2025 and close to 140 million vehicles by 2030,
resembling an average annual growth rate of 30%. EVs are predicted to
account for around 7% of the global vehicle fleet by 2030, thanks to this steady
increase in market share. EV sales will reach around 14 million in 2025 and 25
million in 2030, accounting for 10% and 16% of all road vehicle sales,
respectively.
The worldwide EV stock reaches over 80 million vehicles in 2025, and 245
million vehicles in 2030, according to the Sustainable Development Scenario.

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TWO/THREE- WHEELERS
According to the Stated Policies Scenario, the worldwide electric two/three-
wheeler fleet will grow from over 300 million in 2019 to 400 million in 2030,
accounting for roughly 40% of the total two/three-wheeler stock. In 2030,
sales will have reached about 45 million units, accounting for about 60% of
global sales. The global electric two/three-wheeler stock reaches almost 490
million units (nearly half of the stock) in the Sustainable Development
Scenario, with sales reaching 55 million units (an 80 percent sales share).

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES
The LDV stock grows from 7.5 million cars in 2019 to over 50 million by 2025 in
the Stated Policies Scenario, accounting for 3% of the entire LDV fleet. By 2030,
the LDV stock will have grown to 135 million vehicles (120 million automobiles
and 15 million LCVs), accounting for 8% of the entire LDV fleet. According to
the Sustainable Development Scenario, an additional 100 million electric LDVs
will be circulating worldwide by 2030, resulting in a total of over 240 million
electric LDVs on the road (of which around 200 million cars), equating to a 14%
stock share.

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BUSES
In the Stated Policies Scenario, the global electric bus fleet grows from 600,000
in 2020 to 1.6 million in 2025 and 3.6 million in 2030, reaching 5% and 10%
stock shares, respectively. The deployment of electric buses accelerates in the
Sustainable Development Scenario, reaching over 5.5 million in 2030,
accounting for over 15% of the stock, especially in urban buses.

MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS

In the Stated Policies Scenario, the electric truck fleet reaches 1.8 million in
2030, and 3.9 million in the Sustainable Development Scenario, accounting for
1% and 3% of total truck stock, respectively. Over the projection period, the
share of global sales of electric trucks climbs from zero in 2020 to 3% (10
percent in the Sustainable Development Scenario).

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 IMPACT OF GROWTH OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY ON
ENERGY DEMANDS
According to the Stated Policies Scenario, EVs would consume roughly 550
TWh of electricity in 2030, with LDVs accounting for about 70% of total EV
power demand, followed by two/three-wheelers, which will account for only
15% of total EV electricity consumption in 2030, down from around 60% in
2019. In 2030, buses will account for 13% of global EV power demand, while
trucks will account for 4%.
According to the Sustainable Policies Scenario, EVs in use around the world will
consume about 1000 TWh of electricity by 2030. LDVs account for three-
quarters of all electric vehicle demand, followed by two- and three-wheelers
(10%), buses (9%), and trucks (9%). (5 percent ).

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27
 IMPACT OF GROWTH OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY ON
ENVIRONMENT
The significant advantage of electric vehicles is the commitment that they can
make towards further developing air quality in towns and urban communities.
With no tailpipe, unadulterated electric vehicles produce no carbon dioxide
discharges when driving. This diminishes air contamination extensively.
Set forth plainly, electric vehicles give us cleaner roads making our towns and
urban communities a superior spot to be for people on foot and cyclists. In
longer than a year, only one electric vehicle on the streets can save a normal
1.5 million grams of CO2. That is what could be compared to four return
departures from London to Barcelona.

Electric vehicles and UK's Net Zero objective

As indicated by the Mayor of London, street transport represents around half
of the capital's air contamination. It's no big surprise that the UK government
and neighborhood chambers need to speed up the quantity of electric vehicles
on the streets. The UK government has set an objective that the offer of
petroleum and diesel vehicles will be prohibited by 2040. The public authority
is likewise hoping to decrease fossil fuel byproducts to zero by 2050, and
electric vehicles will assume a major part in that.
In addition, EVs can likewise assist with commotion contamination, particularly
in urban areas where velocities are by and large low. As electric vehicles are far
calmer than customary vehicles, driving electric establishes a more serene
climate for us every one of us.

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29
 FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA
India stands to benefit greatly from widespread use of e-mobility.
Manufacturing of e-vehicles and their associated components is predicted to
boost the percentage of manufacturing in India's GDP to 25% by 2022 under
the Make In India programme. On the economic front, widespread adoption of
electric vehicles is expected to save $60 billion in oil imports by 2030 – now,
imports account for 82 percent of India's oil requirement. Electricity as a fuel
might drop to as low as Rs 1.1/km, saving an electric vehicle owner up to Rs
20,000 for every 5,000 kilometres driven. Finally, electrification will aid in the
reduction of automotive emissions, which are a major contributor to air
pollution and generate an annual GDP loss of about 3%, according to reports.

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INDIAN GOVERNMENT’S STEPS TO ACHIEVE TOTAL ELECTRICAL MOBILITY
The National E-mobility Programme of India aims to boost the whole e-
mobility ecosystem, which includes electric vehicle manufacturers, charging
infrastructure developers, fleet operators, and service providers, among
others. The government has stated that it is studying charging infrastructure
and policy framework in order to achieve a target of 30% electric vehicles in
India.
The Go Electric Campaign is an effort aimed at lowering our country's reliance
on imports in the coming years, as well as a significant step toward a cleaner,
greener future. The campaign aims to raise awareness across India and is likely
to increase electric vehicle makers' trust.
To make the transition to an electric future easier, the government has
implemented special policy measures such as lowering the GST on electric
vehicles to 5%, compared to 28 percent for combustion engines, and providing
loan forgiveness for electric vehicle purchases. Additionally, the Union cabinet
has proposed a customs duty exemption on certain EV parts, such as the
electric drive assembly, onboard charger, e-compressor, and a charging gun, to
reduce costs. To date, nearly a dozen states have adopted or proposed policies
on electric vehicles, with Delhi being the most recent.
PROBLEMS ON THE ROAD
The infrastructure for e-mobility charging is a source of worry. In India, where
the number of automobiles on the road is rapidly increasing, there are over
1000 charging stations for electric vehicles. The proportions are unreasonable,
and the consumer's fears are completely legitimate. Nobody wants to be
stranded in the middle of the road while awaiting the installation of a charging
station. Furthermore, an EV's battery charging system can take several hours
to charge, which can be a concern.
Breaking free from old habits and establishing new consumer behaviour is
never easy. Users are frequently concerned about the speed and range of
electric vehicles.
In India, basic battery cell production is completely unavailable, putting India at
risk of widening its trade deficit. Most manufacturers rely on batteries
imported from Japan, China, Korea, and Europe at the time. As a result, the

31
Indian market need encouragement for indigenous innovations that are
strategic and economically beneficial to India, such as aluminium fuel cells.
HOW FAR CAN INDIA’S ELECTRIC FUTURE GO?
Automobile manufacturers from all over the world are keeping a close eye on
the Indian market. With Tesla, the world's largest electric vehicle
manufacturer, entering the Indian electric car market, it's fair to say that India
has a fresh lease on life as an electric vehicle hub. However, the pandemic has
significantly hampered India's growth rate.
Given the market's volatility and lack of long-term demand, it's critical to
estimate how long India will take to transition to electric vehicles. However,
industry executives are optimistic that the shift will occur soon, citing factors
such as the growing number of industry incumbents and startups making rapid
and significant breakthroughs in the EV market, as well as growing demand
and user interest and institutional interest.

In the Stated Policies Scenario, EV market share across all modes (including
two/three-wheelers) in India is above 30% in 2030. In India, EV deployment is
mostly achieved through the electrification of two/three-wheelers, which
account for about half of all vehicle sales, as stated in FAME II. In 2030, the rate
of electrification of buses and LDVs is lower, with a sales share of less than
15%.

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According to the Sustainable Development Scenario, EV sales in India will
increase to about 50% in 2030 across all road vehicle modes (30% excluding
two- and three-wheelers). By 2030, about 60% of all two- and three-wheelers
sold, as well as roughly 30% of LDVs and buses, will be electric.

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 CONCLUSION

• Electric vehicles are one of the best solutions to reduce over

dependence on oil to power transportation sector.
• EVs are the answers to reduce total CO2 emissions coming from
transportation sector.
• Since the launch of commercial electric vehicles in early 2010s sales of
the EVs have increased a lot.
• From 2019 to 2021 there has been more than five times increase in sales
of EVs.
• One of the reasons for the growth in sales of EVs is many government
policies that promote sale of EVs by lessening the taxes on EVs.
• Another reason is shift of consumer attitude towards reducing the use
fossil fuels.
• With forecasting techniques used it has been concluded that sales of EVs
will rise to over 140 million vehicles by 2030 with an average annual
growth rate of 30%.
• By 2030 there will be sales of around 400-500 million electric two/three
wheelers, 135 million electric light-duty vehicles, 3.9 million electric
buses and 3.6 electric heavy-duty vehicles.
• In India also there is a large growth in sales of EVs with around 2,00,000
EVs being sold by 2020.
• Indian government is also providing many facilities like National E-
mobility Programme and Go Electric Campaign and has also reduced GST
on EVS to promote their sales.
• By 2030, there will be 50% rise in sales of EVs with major increase
occurring in sales of two/three-wheelers.

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 REFERENCES
1. Global EV Outlook, 2021
2. Global EV Outlook, 2020
3. EV-Volumes
4. Deloitte analysis: Automotive planning solutions, IHS Markit, EV-volumes
5. IEA, Global EV Outlook 2019, May 2019
6. Deloitte Global Automotive Consumer Survey 2020
7. U. S. Department of Energy. EV Everywhere: Grand Challenge Blueprint
(January 31, 2013), published by Argonne National Laboratory.
8. Rama Abhishek Rokkam, Malladi Surya Sai Krishna & Abhishek
Venkteshwar, The Client perception of electric vehicles, International
Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, 2020;2(2):179-
183.
9. European Automobile Manufacturers Association, Employment trend in
the EU auto industry, June 2019.
10. ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association) (2020).
11. CAAM (China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (2020).
12. EAFO (European Alternative Fuels Observatory) (2020).
13. EV-Volumes (2020), EV Data Center, Marklines (2020).
14. OICA (Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs Automobiles)
(2020).

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