Introduction to Probability and Statistics 3rd Edition Mendenhall Solutions Manual

Introduction to Probability and

Statistics 3rd Edition Mendenhall
Solutions Manual
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Introduction to Probability and Statistics 3rd Edition Mendenhall Solutions Manual

Chapter 2: Describing Data with Numerical Measures

2.1 a The dotplot shown below plots the five measurements along the horizontal axis. Since there are two
“1”s, the corresponding dots are placed one above the other. The approximate centre of the data
appears to be around 1.

Dotplot

0 1 2 3 4 5
median mean
mode

b The mean is the sum of the measurements divided by the number of measurements, or
 xi 0  5  1  1  3 10
x   2
n 5 5
To calculate the median, the observations are first ranked from smallest to largest: 0, 1, 1, 3, 5. Then
since n = 5, the position of the median is 0.5(n + 1) = 3, and the median is the third ranked
measurement, or m = 1. The mode is the measurement occurring most frequently, or mode = 1.
c The three measures in part b are located on the dotplot. Since the median and mode are to the left of
the mean, we conclude that the measurements are skewed to the right.

2.2 a The mean is

 xi 3  2   5 32
x   4
n 8 8
b To calculate the median, the observations are first ranked from smallest to largest: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6.
Since n = 8 is even, the position of the median is 0.5(n + 1) = 4.5, and the median is the average of the
fourth and fifth measurements, or m = (4 + 4)/2 = 4.

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Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Accompany Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 3CE

c Since the mean and the median are equal, we conclude that the measurements are symmetric. The
dotplot shown below confirms this conclusion.

Dotplot

2 3 4 5 6

 xi 58
2.3 a x   5.8
n 10
b The ranked observations are 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 10. Since n  10, the median is halfway between
the fifth and sixth ordered observations, or m = (5 + 6)/2 = 5.5.
c There are two measurements, 5 and 6, which both occur twice. Since this is the highest frequency of
occurrence for the data set, we say that the set is bimodal with modes at 5 and 6.

 xi 10823
2.4 a x   1082.3
n 10
 xi 11025
b x   1102.5
n 10
c The average premium cost in different provinces is not as important to the consumer as the average
cost for a variety of consumers in his or her geographical area.

2.5 a Although there may be a few households who own more than one DVD player, the majority should
own either 0 or 1. The distribution should be slightly skewed to the right.
b Since most households will have only one DVD player, we guess that the mode is 1.
c The mean is
 xi 1  0   1 27
x    1.08
n 25 25
To calculate the median, the observations are first ranked from smallest to largest: There are six 0s,
thirteen 1s, four 2s, and two 3s. Then since n = 25, the position of the median is 0.5(n + 1) = 13,
which is the thirteenth ranked measurement, or m = 1. The mode is the measurement occurring most
frequently, or mode = 1.

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 Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Accompany Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 3CE

d The relative frequency histogram is shown below, with the three measures superimposed. Notice that
the mean falls slightly to the right of the median and mode, indicating that the measurements are
slightly skewed to the right.

10/25
Relative frequency

5/25

0
0 1 2 3 VCRs
median mean
mode

2.6 a The stem and leaf plot below was generated by MINITAB. It is skewed to the right.

Stem and Leaf Plot: Wealth

Stem and leaf of Wealth N = 20
Leaf Unit = 1.0

5 1 78888
(8) 2 00001234
7 2 66
5 3 23
3 3
3 4
3 4 9
2 5 2
1 5 6

b The mean is
 xi 536.4
x   26.82
n 20
To calculate the median, notice that the observations are already ranked from smallest to largest. Then
since n = 20, the position of the median is 0.5(n + 1) = 10.5, the average of the tenth and eleventh
ranked measurements or m = (21.5 + 22)/2 = 21.75.
c Since the mean is strongly affected by outliers, the median would be a better measure of centre for
this data set.

2.7 It is obvious that any one family cannot have 2.5 children, since the number of children per family is a
quantitative discrete variable. The researcher is referring to the average number of children per family
calculated for all families in the United States during the 1930s. The average does not necessarily have to
be integer-valued.

2.8 a This is similar to previous exercises. The mean is

 xi 0.99  1.92   0.66 12.55
x    0.896
n 14 14
b To calculate the median, rank the observations from smallest to largest. The position of the median is
0.5(n + 1) = 7.5, and the median is the average of the 7th and 8th ranked measurement or
m = (0.67 + 0.69)/2 = 0.68.
c Since the mean is slightly larger than the median, the distribution is slightly skewed to the right.

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