1: A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when

the input quantity being measured changes.

&

2:Thermocouple

Thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensors because they
are relatively inexpensive yet accurate sensors that can operate over a wide range
of temperatures. A thermocouple is created when two dissimilar metals touch and
the contact point produces a small open-circuit voltage as a function of
temperature..

3: Vibration Sensors

Accelerometers are transducers for measuring the dynamic acceleration of a

physical device. The most common accelerometer measures acceleration only
along a single axis. This type is often used to measure mechanical vibration levels.
The second type is the triaxle accelerometer. This accelerometer is used to
determine the type of vibration or the direction of acceleration.

4:Stepper Motors

Stepper motor is a device that produce rotation though equal angles called as
steps, for each digital pulse supplied to its input.

Phase Number of independent windings on the stator

Step angle Angle through which the rotor rotates from one switching change for
the stator

Holding torque Maximum torque that can applied to a powered motor without
moving it from its rest position and causing spindle rotation.

5: BRUSHLESS RC MOTORS

The modern brushless motor is more efficient and longer lasting than its
predecessor. The BIG difference is that the electromagnets are stationary and the
permanent magnets rotate.

6:receiver

The receiver has two antennas coming out of it. One is quite short and the other
longer with an amplifier for greater signal clarity. For optimum RF link performance,
mount the antennas for best possible signal reception for the aircraft in all possible
attitudes and positions
Q1b: Difference between Pneumatic and Hydraulic Control
Comparison
Q2a: what’s the purpose of Electric Speed Control ESC
While we can refer to the receiver as the Brains of your RC
plane, the ESC would be the Heart. ESC's designed for RC
airplanes usually contain a few safety features. If the power
coming from the battery is insufficient to continue running
the electric motor, the ESC will reduce or cut off power to
the motor while allowing continued use of ailerons, rudder
and elevator function. This allows the pilot to retain control
of the airplane to glide or fly on low power to safety. As you
probably know, an electronic speed controller (or ESC)
controls how fast your airplane's motor spins. It serves the
same purpose as the throttle servo of a glow powered
airplane. It's an interface between the airplane's radio
receiver and the power plant. An ESC will have three sets
of wires. One lead will plug into your airplane's main
battery. The second lead will have a standard servo wire
that plugs into the throttle channel of your receiver. And
finally, the third set of wires actually power the motor.
Q2b: There are many type for simple fix wing aircraft what
are they
Q3a: Explain in details the major type of RC aircraft batteries

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Q3b: Explain the Fixed wing RC aircraft electrical system in
details
Sensors

a sensor is an object whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment, and
then provide a corresponding output. A sensor is a type of transducer; sensors may provide
various types of output, but typically use electrical or optical signals.

Thermistor

A thermistor is a piece of semiconductor made from metal oxides that are pressed into a
small bead, disk, wafer, or other shape and sintered at high temperatures. you can pass a
current through a thermistor to read the voltage across the thermistor and determine its
temperature.

Strain Gage

A strain gage is a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to the compression
and tension forces it is experiencing. Strain measurements typically involve very small
variations in resistance, quantities on the order of milli-strain.

Signal Conditioning

Most analog signals require some form of preparation before they can be digitized. Signal
conditioning is the manipulation of a signal in a way that prepares it for the next stage of
processing.

Mechanical switches (Relay)

Relay - A relay is an electrically operated switch. Electrically operated switches in which

changing the current in one circuit switches a current on or off in another circuit.NO –
normally open , NC – normally closed .Output from controller is small so it is often used
with transistor. Relays are inductances . Free – wheeling or fly back diode.

Hydraulic Accumulators

Pressure reservoirs = Accumulators

Serve three purposes:

damping of pressure and volumetric flow rate oscillations,

supplying the flow rate at variable demand,

Hydro-pneumatic spring.
What’s the difference between thermocouple and resistance
temperature detector

Thermocouple

-relatively inexpensive
-accurate sensors
-can operate over a wide range of temperatures.
-created when two dissimilar metals touch and the contact
point produces a small open-circuit voltage as a function of
temperature

RisistenceTemperature Detector (RTD)

-device made of coils or films of metal (usually platinum)

-When heated, the resistance of the metal increases; when
cooled, the resistance decreases.
-Passing current through an RTD generates a voltage across
the RTD. By measuring this voltage
-The relationship between resistance and temperature is
relatively linear.
-RTDs have a resistance of 100 Ω at 0 °C and can measure
temperatures up to 850 °C.
Different Types of Actuator
1-Electro-hydraulic Actuators Electrohydraulic actuators
combine the low infrastructure costs and simplicity of an
electrical power supply with the mechanical failsafe
capability and high operating speed of hydraulic or fluid-
powered actuation systems.

They're a modular combination of a hydraulic actuator, a

power unit supplying electric power to a hydraulic pump
and motor, and a dedicated electric or electromechanical
control system to control the actuator functions.

2-Electro-hydrostatic Actuators

Electro-hydrostatic actuators combine design elements

from electric and electrohydraulic actuators. These
systems convert electrical power into localized hydraulic
power for flight control. They typically include their own
hydraulic pump, eliminating the need for separate pumps
and tubing. This results in a simpler system architecture
that improves reliability and safety
3- Electro-mechanical Actuators
A growing interest in sustainable, energy-efficient
technology in recent decades has encouraged the shift
from traditional hydraulic systems to electromechanical
actuators. These systems convert electricity to
mechanical force, offering the strength of an aircraft
hydraulic actuator with more precise movement and
motion control. They feature simple designs and
computerized control systems for enhanced control,
reliability, and improved fuel efficiency.
In general, electromechanical actuators offer several benefits,

including: Compact: They have a smaller footprint than their hydraulic

and pneumatic counterparts, so they require little space.

Precise: Electromechanical actuators can be more easily controlled for

better performance.

Energy-efficient: Electromechanical actuators use less energy than

pneumatic or hydraulic actuators.

Low maintenance: The design simplicity of electromechanical actuators

makes them easier and cheaper to maintain.

Lightweight: With few components and light parts, electromechanical

systems are lighter than other types of actuators, reducing the load on
the aircraft and improving fuel efficiency.
There are many classifications for UAV explaine that ?
For aircraft electrical drive system there are many types verify
them and then explain one of them ?
1-DC motor
When current passes through the coil, the resulting forces
acting on its sides at right angles to the field cause forces to
act on those sides to give a rotation.
For the rotation to continue, when the coil passes through the
vertical position the current direction through the coil has to
be reversed.

2-BRUSHLESS RC MOTORS

The arrival of the computer and high-power transistors has

led to the development of the brushless RC motor. The
modern brushless motor is more efficient and longer lasting
than its predecessor. The BIG difference is that the
electromagnets are stationary and the permanent magnets
rotate.

3-AC motor in Modern Aircraft

Single phase squirrel cage induction motor

Its consists of a squirrel cage rotor, this being copper or

aluminum bars that fit into slots in end rings to form a
complete circuit.
Its consists of a stator having set of windings.
Alternating current is passed through stator windings an
alternating magnetic field is produced.
As a result EMF are induced in conductors in the magnetic
field.
Initially when rotor is stationery net torque is zero.

Motor is not self starting.

4-Stepper Motors in Aircrafts

Stepper motor is a device that produce rotation though equal

angles called as steps, for each digital pulse supplied to its
input.

Phase

Number of independent windings on the stator, example a

three phase motor.

Step angle

Angle through which the rotor rotates from one switching

change for the stator.

Holding torque

Maximum torque that can applied to a powered motor

without moving it from its rest position and causing spindle
rotation.