BASIC OF ELECTRICAL

DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only. It is a two-terminal
electronic component with a positive (anode) and a negative (cathode) terminal. The primary function of a diode is
to control the direction of electric current, acting as a one-way valve for electrical current.

Diodes have various applications in electronic circuits, and they are commonly used for tasks such as rectification
(converting alternating current to direct current), signal demodulation, voltage regulation, and protecting
electronic components from reverse voltage.

There are different types of diodes, each designed for specific purposes. Some common types include:

Rectifier Diodes:
Used for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in power supply circuits.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs):

Emit light when current flows through them, and they are commonly used in lighting applications.

Zener Diodes:
Designed to maintain a constant voltage across their terminals and are often used in voltage regulation circuits.

Schottky Diodes:
Known for their fast switching speed and low forward voltage drop, making them suitable for high-frequency
applications.

Varactor Diodes (Varicap Diodes):

Used for voltage-controlled capacitance and are often employed in tuning circuits in radios and other
communication devices.

Photodiodes: Convert light into an electrical current and are used in various light-sensing applications.
Avalanche Diodes:
Exploit the avalanche breakdown phenomenon and are used in applications such as noise generation and high-
voltage regulation.

The behavior of diodes is governed by their characteristic voltage-current relationship, which typically includes a
forward voltage drop and a reverse breakdown voltage. Understanding the properties of diodes is fundamental in
electronic circuit design and plays a crucial role in building various electronic devices.

RETCTIFER

A bridge rectifier is a type of rectifier circuit used in electronic devices and power supplies to convert alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC). It is called a "bridge" rectifier because it typically consists of four semiconductor
diodes arranged in a bridge configuration.

The primary function of a bridge rectifier is to rectify AC voltage, meaning it converts the input AC signal into a
pulsating DC signal. The advantage of a bridge rectifier over a simpler, single-diode half-wave rectifier is that it
utilizes both halves of the AC waveform, resulting in a more continuous and smoother output.

The basic bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes connected in the shape of a bridge. The AC input is applied
to the two diagonally opposite corners of the bridge, and the DC output is taken from the other two corners. The
configuration allows current to flow through the load in one direction during both halves of the AC cycle,
producing a more consistent DC output.

Bridge rectifiers are commonly used in power supplies for electronic devices, providing a stable DC voltage for the
operation of various components. They are suitable for applications requiring higher efficiency and reduced ripple
in the output compared to half-wave rectifiers.

RESISTANCE
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes or limits the flow of electric
current. It is a passive component, meaning it does not amplify or produce electrical energy but rather controls the
flow of current. Resistors are commonly used in electronic circuits for various purposes, including voltage division,
current limiting, and setting bias points.

The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω), and resistors are typically identified by their resistance value, which is
measured in ohms. The resistance value is usually indicated by colored bands on the resistor body, following a
standardized color-coding system.
Resistors come in various types, shapes, and sizes, each designed for specific applications. Some common types of
resistors include:

Fixed Resistors:
These have a constant, unchangeable resistance value. They come in various shapes, such as axial lead resistors,
radial lead resistors, and surface mount resistors.

Variable Resistors (Potentiometers):

These resistors have an adjustable resistance and are used to tune or adjust the voltage or current in a circuit.
Potentiometers are commonly used in volume controls and tuning circuits.

Wirewound Resistors:
Constructed by winding a wire around an insulating core. They are used in applications requiring high power
handling capabilities.

Film Resistors:
Made by depositing a thin resistive film on an insulating substrate. They are widely used in electronic circuits.

Carbon Composition Resistors: Constructed with a mixture of carbon and insulating material. They are less
common today but were widely used in older electronic devices.

Resistors play a crucial role in controlling and shaping electrical signals within circuits, and their values are chosen
carefully based on the requirements of the circuit design.

TRANSISTOR
Transistor is three terminal device usually we use common base transistor it is mainly used for
switching.

ENCODER
An elevator encoder is a device used in elevator systems to determine the
position and speed of the elevator car. Encoders are sensors that convert
mechanical motion into electrical signals, providing feedback to the elevator
control system. The information obtained from the encoder helps ensure the
precise and safe movement of the elevator.
There are different types of encoders used in elevator systems, but one common
type is the rotary encoder. Rotary encoders convert the rotary motion of an
object (in this case, usually connected to the elevator's moving parts) into
electrical signals that can be interpreted by the elevator's control system.

Here's how an elevator encoder typically works:

Installation: The encoder is installed on the moving parts of the elevator, such as
the motor or the elevator car itself.

Rotary Motion Detection: As the elevator moves, the rotary encoder detects the
rotation of the connected part. This rotation might be converted into pulses or
electrical signals.

Signal Processing: The electrical signals generated by the encoder are processed
by the elevator's control system. The control system uses this information to
determine the current position, speed, and direction of the elevator car.

Feedback Control: The elevator control system uses the feedback from the
encoder to adjust the motor speed and control the elevator's movement
accurately. This feedback loop ensures that the elevator reaches the desired floor
level with precision and safety.

Encoders play a critical role in modern elevator systems, contributing to the

accuracy and reliability of the elevator's operation. The information provided by
the encoder allows the control system to make real-time adjustments, ensuring
that the elevator stops at the correct floors and maintains a smooth and
controlled motion throughout its operation.
Electrical Contactor:

A contactor is an electrical switch designed for high-current applications. It is used

to control electric motors and other high-power loads in industrial and
commercial settings.
Contactors typically consist of a set of contacts that open and close to control the
flow of electrical current. They are controlled by an electromagnetic coil, which,
when energized, pulls the contacts together to establish an electrical connection.
Contactors are often used in motor control circuits. When a control voltage is
applied to the contactor coil, it closes the contacts, allowing current to flow to the
motor. When the control voltage is removed, the contacts open, disconnecting
the motor from the power source.

Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch that consists of an electromagnetic coil

and a set of contacts. Like contactors, relays are used to control electrical circuits
remotely.
Relays are commonly used for various applications, including automation, control
systems, and protection circuits. They allow low-power devices (like sensors or
control circuits) to control higher-power devices (such as motors or heaters)
without directly handling the high currents.
When the relay coil is energized, it creates a magnetic field that attracts the relay
contacts, closing the switch and completing the circuit. When the coil is de-
energized, the contacts return to their normally open or normally closed position,
depending on the relay type.
In summary, both contactors and relays are essential components in electrical and
control systems, providing a means to control high-power devices using lower-
power control signals. Contactors are often used for heavy-duty applications like
motor control, while relays find application in a wide range of control and
automation scenarios.