Experiment #04: Introduction to relay and its application

(Controlling of 220v using 5v relay)

Objectives:
 Introduction to switches and relay.
 Application of Relays and how it works?
 Controlling of 220V load using 5v relay.

Apparatus used:
Tinkercad site software
Breadboard
Relays
Arduino Uno R3
Light lamp
Photoresistor
Resistor
Power supply
LDR

Theoretical background:

Switch:
An electrical switch is any device used to control the flow of electrons in a circuit. Switches are
essentially binary devices: they are either completely on (“closed”) or completely off (“open”).
Following figure show different switches:

Relay:

Relays performs two function one is the primary protection, while other acts as a switch device
in most of the control processes or equipment. All the relays respond to one or more electrical
quantities like voltage or current such that they open or close the contacts or circuits. A relay is a
switching device as it works to isolate or change the state of an electric circuit from one state to
another.
Figure shows simply Relay diagram:

working diagram OF Relay

Different Types of Relays:

Depending on the operating principle and structural features Relays are of different types which
are given below:
.
Electromagnetic Relays:
These relays are constructed with electrical, mechanical and magnetic components, and have
operating coil and mechanical contacts. Therefore, when the coil gets activated by a supply
system, these mechanical contacts gets opened or closed. The type of supply can be AC or DC.
 Figure of Electromagnetic Relays:

2: . Solid State Relays

Solid State uses solid state components to perform the switching operation without moving any
parts. SSR’s provide complete electrical isolation between their input and output contacts with its
output acting like a conventional electrical switch in that it has very high, almost infinite
resistance when nonconducting (open), and a very low resistance when conducting (closed). 
Since the control energy required is much lower compared with the output power to be
controlled by this relay that results the power gain higher when compared to the electromagnetic
relays. These are of different types: reed relay coupled SSR, transformer coupled SSR, photo-
coupled SSR, and so on. The below figure shows a photo coupled SSR where the control signal
is applied by LED and it is detected by a photo-sensitive semiconductor device.

Solid state Relay DC input Circuit diagram

Solid state Relay DC output Circuit diagram

Hybrid Relay:
 This type of Relay is a combination of both the static-relay and a mechanical-relay in parallel,
marrying the low voltage-drop of a relay to the high reliability of silicon devices. These relays
are composed of electromagnetic relays and electronic components. Usually, the input part
contains the electronic circuitry that performs rectification and the other control functions, and
the output part include electromagnetic relay.
 Thermal Relay:
A relay that opens or closes contacts with a bending mechanism as a result of the difference in
the expansion coefficients of a bimetal, which is heated by the current. The thermal
relay switches a magnetic contactor to protect a motor from overload.
These relays are based on the effects of heat, which means the rise in the ambient temperature
from the limit, directs the contacts to switch from one position to other. These are mainly used in
motor protection and consist of bimetallic elements like temperature sensors as well as control
elements. Thermal overload relays are the best examples of these relays.
 Construction of Relays:
The relay operates both electrically and mechanically. It consists electromagnetic and sets of
contacts which perform the operation of the switching. The construction of relay is mainly
classified into four groups.
a) Contacts:
The contacts are the most important part of the relay that affects the reliability. The good contact
gives limited contact resistance and reduced contact wear. The selection of the contact material
depends upon the several factors like nature of the current to be interrupted, the magnitude of the
current to be interrupted, frequency and voltage of operation.
b) Bearing:
The bearing may be a single ball, multi-ball, pivot-ball and jewel bearing. The single ball bearing
is used for high sensitivity and low friction. The multi-ball bearing provides low friction and
greater resistance to shock.

c) Electromechanical design:
The electromechanical design includes the design of the magnetic circuit and the mechanical
attachment of core, yoke and armature. The reluctance of the magnetic path is kept minimum for
making the circuit more efficient. The electromagnet is made up of soft iron, and the coil current
is usually restricted to 5A and the coil voltage to 220V.
d) Terminations and Housing:
The assembly of an armature with the magnet and the base is made with the help of spring. The
spring is insulated from the armature by molded blocks which provide dimensional stability. The
fixed contacts are usually spot welded on the terminal link.
 Overview:
Digital output from a microcontroller is typically a low-amperage signal. For example, when you
set a pin HIGH, the voltage coming on that pin is typically +3.3V or +5V, and the amperage that
it can source is around 10 milliamps. This is fine if you’re controlling an LED, whose required
amperage is tiny. However, most devices you’d want to control need more current than that to
operate. You need a component in between your microcontroller and the device that can be
controlled with this small voltage and amperage. Relays and transistors are most often used for
this purpose.
Procedure:

1. So First what you'll need is to bring out all of your materials and lay them out like this. After
we bring out all the required materials what we'll need to do is connect the wires.
2. After that, what we'll wire is the LDR sensor. We'll have to connect power and ground
throughout the breadboard and then connect the LDR to ground, power (with a 1000 Ohm
resistor) and connect it to the Arduino with pins A0-A5.

3. Next what we need to do is connect the lightbulb, power source, relay and Arduino. The relay
is important in this circuit because it uses a lower voltage in order to control higher voltage
circuits. We connect the power from the power source to the lightbulb, and the ground goes to
the relay on terminal 12. The lightbulb gets its power from the power source because the
Arduino's 5V is too weak to power it. The ground from the Arduino then goes to terminal 8, with
the lightbulb remaining terminal being connected to terminal 6 of the relay. Finally, a digital pin
from the Arduino (with no ~ in front of it) will connect to terminal 5. Now we move onto the
code.

4. Now once the wiring is done, we have to begin coding. What we need to do is dene the pins
that we connected the LDR and relay to. We use pinMode and select the pin number, and then
chose input or output. For the LDR we would put pinMode (A1, INPUT) because the LDR is
used to show how much light is there. For the relay, we would put pinMode (2, OUTPUT)
because the output allows the power to be sent to the lightbulb. We also use the
Serial.begin(9600) to start the serial monitor, which is used with the LDR. (The pin numbers
change based on which ones you connected the LDR and relay to ).

5. The void loop is the nal piece of code used to keep the program working. The first thing to do
is use Serial.println (analogRead (A1)); to print the LDR data to the serial monitor. Then what
we do is add an if statement. The if statement can be used to turn on the light, and an else
statement can be used to turn on the light.
Code:
void setup()
{
pinMode(A3, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(analogRead(A3));
if (analogRead(A3) < 500)
{
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
}
delay(50);
}
The Above code is telling us that if the LDR produces numbers above 500 (which would
mean there's a lack of light) the light will turn on, and if the number in the serial monitor is
below 500 (which is an adequate amount of light) the light will turn on.