Jed Nathan Daya

AUCTION
18 November 2023
Saturday, 2:00 PM

PREVIEW
Saturday to Friday
11 - 17 November 2023
9:00 AM - 7:00 PM

VENUE
G/F Eurovilla 1
Rufino corner Legazpi Streets,
Legazpi Village, Makati City,
Metro Manila, Philippines

CONTACT
www.leon-gallery.com
info@leon-gallery.com
+632 8856-27-81

IV LEÓN GALLERY
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
The Bibliophiles and Explorers Auction 2023

viii - ix Foreword
1 - 326 Lots 1 - 280
327 - 335 Index
336 Terms & Conditions

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 V
DIRECTOR MANAGEMENT AND INVENTORY

Jaime L. Ponce de Leon Jane Daria

Ferdinand De Leon
CURATORS
Ginalyn Dimaculangan
Jorge Majarro
Magdalina Juntilla
Alfredo Roca
Reymar Jurado
Dan Grafil Moran
CONSULTANT
Geller Nabong
Lisa Guerrero Nakpil
Nyza Mae Neri
Rouel T. Sanchez
DESIGN AND LAYOUT
Celina Sta. Ana
Julia Katrina Balistoy
Louise Sarmiento
Aldrene Harold Carillo
Sophia Ashleighn Timajo
Jefferson Ricario
Janice Timanuno
Angela Tiausas

GALLERY SUPPORT TEAM

WRITERS
Roberto Benjamin Buñol
Jed Nathan Daya
Nestorio Capino, Jr.
Adrian Maranan
Robert Gotinga
Reynaldo Lisondra
GRAPHIC ARTS
Jayson Lopez
Ilya Katrin Irasusta
Laurence Lopez
Felicer Napeñas
Janus Menguito
John Gabriel Yu
Julius Menguito

CREATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY
Generoso Olaco

Jed Nathan Daya Myla Oribiana

Jonathan Ramos
Manuel Sintos

Published by León Gallery

G/F Eurovilla 1 Rufino corner Legazpi Street, Legazpi Village,
Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines

This catalogue is published to accompany the auction by León Gallery entitled

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A
 N D E X P L O R E R S AU C T I O N 2 0 2 3

All rights reserved. No part of this catalogue may be reproduced

or reprinted without the express written consent of León Gallery.

While all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy of details in this publication,
León Gallery does not, under any circumstances, accept full responsibility for errors,
omissions and representations expressed or implied. Details of items are for reference only.
It is the due diligence of the consignor / buyer to check all details pertaining to the item.

León Gallery.
The Bibliophiles a nd Explorers Auction 2023 / Leon Gallery. –
Makati City : León Gallery, 2023. 360 pages ; 29.7 cm x 21 cm

1. Art auctions – Philippines – Catalogs. 2. The Bibliophiles a nd Explorers Auction –

Art collections – Catalogs. 3. Art industries and trade – Philippines – Catalogs. I. Title.

708.9599 N8605.P5 P020200012

© 2023 León Gallery Fine Art & Antiques www.leon-gallery.com

 L OT 0 0

Artist Name (0000 - 0000)

title
A Message
From a
Daughter
by Isabel Cristina Legarda
A popular quote by Cicero can be found all over the internet:
a home without books is like a body without a soul. My father
would have been the first to correct this apocryphal quotation.
He would have researched the origin of the phrase and discovered
an inaccurate paraphrase by Sir John Lubbock in his 1886 essay
On the Love of Reading: “Cicero described a room without books
as a body without a soul.” Among Cicero’s works the original
phrase can be found in his letters to his friend Atticus (Epistolae
ad Atticum IV.8): postea vero quam Tyrannio mihi libros disposuit
mens addita videtur meis aedibus (but later when Tyrranius
arranged the books for me, it seems that a mind was added to
my house).
I grew up surrounded by books, hence in homes with a lot of
soul. In those days in Manila, stores like Fully Booked did not
exist. My dad bought me books from other places when he would
travel for work. I remember a few: Grimm’s Fairy Tales in two
volumes and a slim volume entitled Leyendas de España. From
my mom I got books like Harriet the Spy by Louise Fitzhugh and
Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein. They also bought
me collections of fairy tales, children’s verses, and Bible stories.
Thus they inculcated in me the bibliophilia that afflicted (or
delighted) them both.
My father’s library was a rectangular room, approximately 4m
x 11m, at the top of the stairs in our brick and cement house
in North Greenhills. The wooden door always closed with a
loud noise, as if someone had slammed it. On both sides of the
entrance the walls were lined with glass-covered bookcases filled
with books in Spanish and English. In the center were other
books, magazines, and newspaper clippings on free-standing
shelves and in disorganized piles. At the back, under some
shelves attached to the library’s east wall, a desk had an extended
surface occupying the area beneath the entire length of a long
window in the north wall of the library. There were drawers
along the length of this extended desk and, at the far end of the
window, five rows of drawers perfect in size for storing antique
maps.
Here in this room, oblivious to the cultural riches and treasure
troves of knowledge that surrounded me, I spent part of my
childhood on our first personal computer, a TRS-80 programmed
Isabel with her father and mother
with a game that could ask questions of, and get answers from, an
imaginary woman named Eliza. It was rudimentary compared
to today’s ChatGPT, but fun nevertheless for a curious little
girl. As far as I remember, though, I spent more time reading
in my own room, playing in the garden, and drawing fanciful
maps of our neighborhood (with names like “Crystal Tower”
for the old Virra Mall and “Magic Lake” for the koi-filled pond
near Unimart that no longer exists).
My father’s collection of books and maps was the result of
over 60, perhaps over 70, years of travels, joyous discoveries
in shop corners, and avid curation. Two years after his death
from Covid-19, I returned to his library to excavate, like an
archeologist, the artifacts of his long life.What started out as
a spelunking expedition turned into an almost cartographic
project of discovering my father’s mind and soul, represented
by all the secret wonders in the tiny universe of his library.
There I hoped to come to a better understanding of him. I think
I succeeded.
The love of books has been a vital, lifelong part of my identity
because of my mother and father. I still remember how my
mom opened a volume of poetry by T.S. Eliot in a used book
store in San Antonio, Texas when I was thirteen and read aloud
the first few lines of “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.”
My father could quote lines from Tennyson, Shakespeare, and
Noyes by heart. They raised me with an ardor for language and
its precise and elegant use. They taught me that words could,
and should, be used to combat injustice and do good in the
world. Books for me represent our shared humanity: not only
the thoughts of artists, scientists, and other creatives today,
but also our connection to minds long gone, yet living and
reachable still through their words. Books have life-changing
and world-transforming power, both now and for generations
to come, which might explain why there have always been
weak-minded, cowardly elements in every society who fear
their power enough to try to ban or burn them. It’s my hope
that those who end up carrying home a share of my father’s
book collection will keep his love of knowledge and words
alive and pass on this love to the readers, writers, activists, and
thinkers of this planet’s future.
León Gallery
FINE ART & ANTIQUES

Foreword
Dear Friends and Collectors,

It’s not often that a single collector embodies so many interests
and whose tastes span as many centuries. But Don Benito Justo
Legarda Jr was always far from the usual.
A gentleman of the old school, he would have been very much
at ease with the first ilustrados, whose careers and life works —
from Pedro Paterno to Jose Rizal — he avidly set out to emulate
and thereafter, collect with a passion.
Born in 1926, he passed from this mortal coil just a handful of
years before his 100th birthday in 2020. He was, as Augusto
“Toto” M.R. Gonzalez described, first and foremost a patrician
and a patriot. Beniting, as his close friends called him, was to
the core both a historian and public servant.
Indeed, I am privileged to say that Don Benito’s collection
contains the most unusual and extensive collection of ‘Grail’
books and maps that have the capacity to both intrigue and
delight even the most knowledgeable of collectors. There are
also many selections that will appeal to the newly initiated that
would only serve to whet their appetites for more!
Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Isabel “Tweety” Legarda for her
continuing trust in León Gallery in bringing this trove to light
and finding its way to their new homes.
And to all, I would like to personally invite all of you to come
and see this Aladdin’s Cave of rare wonders for yourselves and
see the world as Don Benito once did.

It’s no wonder that his legendary collection of books, maps, It is always a privilege to connect with you.
and prints have attracted the interest — and moreover, the
extraordinary talents — of two other gentlemen of that world : Yours sincerely,
Jorge Mojarro and Alfredo Roca.

Dr. Mojarro has published more than 50 scholarly articles on the

subjects of the history of the printing press in the Philippines and
Philippine Literature in the Spanish Language (both Colonial Jaime L. Ponce de Leon
and Modern) — areas in which he is a leading scholar —but also Director
on Missionary Linguistics, Transpacific Studies and the Catholic LEÓN GALLERY
Missions in Asia in the early modern period. Additionally, he
has been a research fellow of The Huntington Library (San
Marino, CA) and the Lilly Library (Indiana University). He is
currently a researcher at CSIC (Spanish Council of Scientific
Research, Madrid), at the DIGIPHILIT research group (Digital
Humanities and Philippine Literature) group (funded by the EU,
affiliated with the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid) and
RCCAH (Research Center for Culture, Arts and the Humaties,
UST).

Mr. Alfredo Roca inhabits that exclusive circle of map collectors;

an aficionado who travels the worlds of history and cartography
alike deftly. He brings to this offering, his expert curation of
Don Benito’s vast collection, having sifted tirelessly through
many of his treasures to present only the best of the best.
 Don Benito J. Legarda Jr.

Don Benito, enricled in red, at the first post-war concert in Manila, 1945
beside him to his left is the conductor Herbert Zipper, his mentor.
A Man & His Library
by Jorge Mojarro
Don Benito as a child
Don Benito through the years
A Man And His Library
by J O RG E M O J A R RO

F or those who, like me, place the book on a pedestal, the

idea of living without books is unbearable. We book-
lovers, when we enter a home, cannot help but turn our
eyes immediately to the shelves of the house, looking for some
undiscovered volume with which to enlighten the mind. Those
of us who love books know that they provide knowledge, and
with knowledge comes freedom. This truth about the liberating
power of books calls to mind my visit to Myanmar in 2010.
When I stopped in Singapore, I took the opportunity to go to
Kinokuniya to buy several books on the political situation and
history of Myanmar, not knowing that entering the country
with anti-regime books was forbidden. When a group of young
people offered to serve as my guide in Rangoon, one of the first
things I happened to mention was that I had entered with those
books. I was very lucky. Those young people wanted to know
what was really going on in their country; they wanted to know
how to overthrow the military regime - which is still in place
today. They begged me for the books and arranged to meet me in
a hidden place to receive them. It is no coincidence that 'book'
and 'free' have the same etymological origin in the Romance
languages.

In a world as digitized as ours, so defined by our dependence

on the Internet, books have not fallen into disuse. In fact, more
books are now published on paper than ever before. Their physical
materiality continues to protect them from oblivion in the face
of a technological world that is rapidly changing formats. What
will happen in a few decades with all those PDF documents when
there is no program to open them? Aren't there links and web
pages and online repositories that have disappeared forever? To
bet on the book is to bet on the continuity of a legacy.

Wenceslao Emilio Retana, an author whom I will quote

numerous times throughout this catalog and of whom Legarda
owned the largest number of works I have ever seen -all of them
in this catalog- stated in 1905, in the fifth volume of his Archivo
del Bibliófilo Filipino [Archive of the Philippine Bibliophile]:
"Those old books awakened in me the love of the old book; love
that many do not understand and which is, to my mind, the
most sublime of loves." Those books he is referring to are the
ancient Philippine books produced by the old printing presses
of the religious orders in Manila – printing presses run almost
always by Filipinos, in which the typesetters and artists were
always Filipinos. It is the most sublime of loves, a love that I feel
and that Dr. Legarda felt. I regret not having spoken more with
him about this shared love.

Dr. Legarda's library was legendary. Sometimes, in conversations,

he would mention books he owned, but in general he was very
protective of these treasures of his. He allowed very few people
to go up to the second floor of his house and see those shelves full
of rarities. Perhaps he thought, like Somerset Maugham, that "to
acquire the habit of reading is to build oneself a refuge against
almost all the miseries of life.": that library was his refuge.

Before I go into some details about his library, I would like to

start by admitting that I am not the best person to talk about
him. The first time I saw Dr. Benito Legarda was at an event at
Instituto Cervantes at the end of 2009. After the presentation,
there was a question-and-answer session. Legarda took the
microphone and recited from memory a poem by Cecilio
Apóstol, a Spanish-Filipino poet. When I asked who this
gentleman was, I was told "Legarda, of course!". Since then, I met
him on countless occasions at history conferences, presentations,
cultural events, and PHIMCOS meetings, which he never missed
and in which he used to participate by asking questions of the
experts. Wherever ideas were discussed, wherever culture and
history were talked about, Don Benito was there.
Legarda could not stand stupidity or intellectual dishonesty. He
belonged to an intellectual aristocracy, and he was well aware of
that. Some have interpreted this as arrogance. In my opinion, he
loved knowledge so much, and appreciated rigor and accuracy so
much, that he reacted with unequivocal disapproval against any
attempt to sabotage the truth. He was open to alternate points
of view and new lines of research, but he was adamantly critical
of bad work and lies. According to a well-known anecdote, after
a young historian finished speaking about the Battle of Manila,
Legarda stood up and told her: "I am sorry, but nothing of what
you have said is true. You are completely wrong.” When the
researcher responded with defiance, Legarda simply replied, "I
was there." A tremendous silence fell over the room.
On other occasions, he was given to wit and sarcasm. When I
told him that I was reading little by little the 14 volumes of the
Historia General de Philipinas [General History of the Philippines]
(1788-92) by Father Juan de la Concepción, -a spectacular work
that can be found in this catalog- he looked at me sideways and
answered: "Well, good luck to you!” And he was right, because I
am still working on it. When I spoke about the Boxer Codex at
a conference, which mentions that the people of Zambales ate
raw meat, Legarda commented that Spaniards also eat uncooked
meat today: "The cured ham!"
In the last months of his life, he commented on and shared some
of the cultural history I published in The Manila Times, always in
a complimentary tone, which flattered me. As admirable as his
memory, which recalled facts, persons, dates and passages with
encyclopedic accuracy, was the fact that at such an advanced age,
his thirst for knowledge had not diminished one iota.
It is possible to discern the personality and character of a person
through a library, which is an infallible index of his interests. The
first thing that jumps out on examination of Legarda’s library
is his deep patriotism: the Philippines and the Filipinos were
his favorite subject of intellectual work. It must be emphasized
that his patriotism was positive, and that it was not defined by
a resentful rejection of the Spanish or the American. Legarda
shied away from moral judgments. He was interested in data,
facts, evidence, and past experiences from which the theater
of the human was constructed. A not inconsiderable part of
this unique library is made up of books of the most diverse
typology - guides, reports, memoirs, chronicles, scientific and
social studies - that provide data to understand the Philippines
in the 19th century. One genre of which he has some truly
exceptional volumes is travel literature by Western travelers who
passed through the Philippines and described what they saw.
Another important group of books is comprised of memoirs of
the Philippine revolution, most of them in Spanish. There are
also numerous studies of the Philippine provinces, with their
respective maps.
Overall, his collection of 19th century Filipiniana is the best I
have seen in any personal library, and it seems almost impossible
that a library of similar characteristics will come out to the public
again for many decades. Many of the prints catalogued here are
so rare that sometimes only two or three copies remain in the
world – I have done my best to locate them and describe where
they can be found. The many volumes about Spanish science
on the Philippines – especially about geology and botany – are
proof that the colonial government had no shortage of officials
who wanted the best for the archipelago. Legarda knew this
well, hence he never looked down on the Spaniards. Among the
chronicles, those of Argensola, Murillo Velarde and Gaspar de
San Agustín stand out for their importance and rarity. Among
his collection of periodicals, the 94 issues of La Solidaridad stand
out. Although good fiction often contains better lessons on
human nature than a treatise on psychology, Legarda did not
have a special appreciation for imaginative literature, and most
of his 19th century novels are novels of manners: realistic novels
whereby one can better perceive and understand the Manila
social life of yesteryears.
It has been an arduous and pleasurable task to put together this
catalog. My sincere thanks to León Gallery and Isabel Legarda
for their confidence in me.
I always had the impression, when I was at his side, that Don
Benito Legarda was a wise man. Now, after cataloguing his
library, I am certain that he was.
 Isabel Cristina Legarda
Isabel Cristina Legarda, daughter of Benito J. Legarda,
Jr. and Dra. Angelita G. Legarda, was born at Makati
Medical Center in 1972 and spent her early childhood in
San Juan, Metro Manila. She and her family, including her
maternal grandmother Guadalupe Fores Ganzon, moved
to Bethesda, Maryland in 1981. She attended Stone Ridge
Country Day School of the Sacred Heart through eighth
grade, an experience Isabel regards to this day as one of
the most significant and enriching scholastic experiences
of her life. She subsequently attended Connelly School of
the Holy Child in Potomac, Maryland on a merit scholarship
and then studied English and American literature and
language at Harvard, graduating magna cum laude.
Throughout her childhood and early adulthood, Isabel
devoted her time outside of school to reading, writing,
XVIII LEÓN GALLERY
and ballet (her mother had been a close friend of British
ballerina Margot Fonteyn). In 1996 she married French-
American attorney Eric Thompson. They have two adult
children, Bianca and Jean-Michel. Isabel obtained her
medical degree from New York Medical College in Valhalla,
New York in 2002 and completed anesthesia residency at
Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. After many
years in private practice she joined the anesthesia faculty
at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she has worked
since 2017. She recently obtained a master’s degree in
bioethics from Harvard Medical School and has taught
ethics and literature there and at Tufts University. In the
last couple of years she has rekindled her lifelong love
of writing and has published over 60 poems and several
short fiction pieces in numerous literary journals.
Benito Legarda with son-in-law Eric, daughter Isabel, grandson Jean-Michel, wife Lita, and Noynoy Aquino, c. 2007

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 XIX
 Modern Editions
20th-Century Filipiniana
Although Dr. Legarda made every effort to
obtain the first editions of the works he was
interested in reading and consulting, sometimes
he had no choice but to resort to second editions
and English translations. In other cases, these
modern editions and translations were very
useful in their research work, as they made
it easier to consult and quote paragraphs.
In any case, all the titles are classics — all of
them strictly out of print and very difficult to
find today— that should not be missing in any
Filipiniana library.

1 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 2
1

A Lot of Eight Books

Juan y José Toral Diego Aduarte, OP

a.) El Sitio de Manila: Memorias de un c.) Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de
Voluntario. [The siege of Manila: Memoirs Predicadores en Filipinas, Japón y China
of a volunteer soldier] [History of the Province of the Holy Rosary
Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1942. of Preachers in the Philippines, Japan and
size: 8 3/4” x 6 1/4”
China].
depth: 3/4”
Madrid, CSIC, 1965. 2 vols.
size: 9 3/4” x 6 3/4”
Sinibaldo de Mas depth: 1 1/2”

b.) Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas

[Report on the state of the Philippine Islands]
Manila: Historical Conservation Society, 1963.
Bilingual Spanish / English.
size: 9” x 6”
depth: 1/2”
American Voyages to the Orient
(1690-1865)
d.) An Account of Merchant and Naval Activities
in China, Japan, and the various Pacific Islands
Annapolis: US Naval Institute, 1971
size: 9” x 5 3/4”
depth: 1”

3 LEÓN GALLERY
Paul P. de la Gironière Ferdinand Blumentritt
e.) Twenty years in the Philippines g.) An Attempt at Writing a Philippine
Manila: Burke-Miailhe Publications, 1972
Ethnography
size: 8” x 5 1/2”
Marawi: Mindanao State University, 1980
depth: 1”
size: 9” x 5 3/4”
depth: 1/2”
Gregorio Sancianco y Goson
e.) The Progress of the Philippines P 10,000
Manila: National Historical Institute, 1975 CONDITION REPORT
size: 9 1/4” x 6 1/4” FAIR
depth: 1/2”

Rafael Díaz Arena

f.) Report on the Commerce and Shipping of the
Philippine Islands
Manila: National Historical Institute, 1979
size: 9” x 6”
depth: 1/4”

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 4
2

A Lot of Seven Books

Jean Mallat
a.) The Philippines: History, Geography, c.) Remembering World War II in the Philippines
Customs, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (Vol. 1)
Manila: National Historical Institute, 2007.
of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania size: 9” x 6”
Manila: National Historical Institution, 1983.
depth: 1/4”
size: 9 1/4” x 6”
depth: 1 1/4”
James B. McKenna
Rafael Cerero y Sáenz d.) A Spaniard in the Portuguese Indies: the
b.) Estudio sobre la resistencia y estabilidad de narrative of Martín Fernández de Figueroa
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
los edificios sometidos a huracanes y terremotos size: 8 1/2” x 6”
Madrid: Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes,
depth: 1 1/4”
1992.
size: 12 3/4” x 8 1/2”
depth: 1/2”

5 LEÓN GALLERY
Ferdinand Philippine Marie d’Orleans, Carlos Sanz (ed.)
Duc d’Alençon g.) Primera Historia de China de Bernardino de
e.) Luzon and Mindanao Escalante
Manila: National Historical Commission, 1998. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez, 1958.
size: 9” x 6” size: 7” x 5”
depth: 1/4” depth: 3/4”

Wilhelm Roscher P 8,000

f.) The Spanish Colonial System CONDITION REPORT

FAIR
Cambridge, 1944.
size: 8 3/4” x 5 1/2”
depth: 1/4”

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 6
 From Aparri to Jolo
Books with Maps
About the
Philippine Provinces

7 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 8
3

José María Santo José María Santos (1816-1864) was an expert mining
Informe sobre Las Minas de Cobre de las engineer. The book reports that the mining operations
begun on March 26, 1856, after a certain Venancio Balbas
Rancherias de Mancayan, Suyuk, Bumucun, y
was allowed, through an agreement between him and the
Agbao el el Distrito de Lepanto, isla de Luzon de Igorot chiefs of the area, to explore the Santa Barbara
las Filipinas mine in Magamban, Mancayan. This led to the founding
[Report about the copper mines in the settlements of the Cantabro-Filipina Mining Company the same year.
of Mancayan, Suyuk, Bumucun and Agbao, Balbas’ efforts to exploit the mines were, however, fruitless
and a special commission, led by Jose Maria Santos, was
in the Lepanto district, Luzon island in the
sent to Lepanto in October 1859. This report is the product
Philippines] of his research in the area. Santos found out that these
Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomás, 2nd
mines had been exploited even before the arrival of the
Edition, 1862. (The first edition was published just
the year before, 1862.) Spaniards; and it contained important recommendations
size: 8 1/2” x 6 1/4” for salvaging their future. One of these was to create a
depth: 1/4” well-structured administration to preside over every aspect
of mining operations, from generating funds to employing
P 10,000 labor and selling the ore yielded. Also, recommended
CONDITION REPORT was to introduce machinery and Chinese workers, as a
HARDBOUND way to improve and make more efficient the extraction of
GOOD minerals. Very rare.

9 LEÓN GALLERY
4

This report is a continuation of the previous 1862 edition.

Informe que da a la junta inspectora de la
sociedad minero-metalúrgica Cántabro-Filipina
de Mancayan
[Report provided to the board of inspectors of
mining society Cántabro-Filipina of Mancayan]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1864.
size: 8 1/2” x 6”
The highlights include the demise of Engineer José Maria
Santos — and that in three years the extraction of
minerals had increased thanks to the infrastructure built
and technical improvements. It predicts a great future
for this mineral exploitation. Very rare report, destined to
circulate among few people, and signed by members of
the company’s board of directors.

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 10
5

Maximino Lillo de Gracia

Filipinas. Distrito de Lepanto of all those recorded in the Philippine bibliography.” The
[Philippines. District of Lepanto] study is very complete and is divided into two parts.
Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de The first part deals with geography, meteorology,
Santo Tomás, 1877. transportation, and indigenous peoples — its most
size: 8 1/2” x 6” extensive and exciting part — government, post office,
depth: 1/4”
agriculture, livestock, industry, commerce, education,
forests, and mines. Regarding the Igorots, he comments:
P 15,000
“Among the customs of this race, it remains [...] that when
CONDITION REPORT
a woman gives birth to two twins, the case is considered
HARDBOUND
supernatural, and therefore it is necessary to take the
GOOD
second-born out of the house, either by giving it to a family
SPINE METAL PLATE WITH ENGRAVED "M. LILLO - FILIPINAS DISTRITO DE

LEPANTO" ALREADY LOOSE WITH THE RISK OF BEING DETACHED
Lillo de Gracia was the politico-military commander of
the district of Lepanto. He demonstrates in this work his
deep understanding of this area of the Cordillera. Retana
affirms that “the news related to the Igorrotes are of great
interest” and adds: “This is one of the best monographs
that wants to adopt it, or by strangling it, or by burying it
alive right after its birth”.
The second part traces a detailed descriptive itinerary to
travel to Lepanto from Manila using the existing roads. At
the end of the volume is an extraordinary color sketch of
the territory. Of great value and very rare.

11 LEÓN GALLERY
6

Evaristo Liébana
Apuntes sobre el camino militar emprendido
desde la provincia de Abra a la de Cagayán, The author was a commander of engineers in the Philippines
en la isla de Luzón and states in the first pages that this report is the result
of nine months’ living with other military men among
[Notes about the military journey from
the indigenous people of Cordillera (Apayao area). First,
the Abra province until Cagayan province, a detailed description of the geography, its inhabitants,
in Luzon island] and their customs is presented. Next, a plan is offered to
Madrid: Imprenta del Memorial de Ingenieros, 1881.
reduce them in settlements, and it is recommended that
size: 9 1/4” x 6 1/4”
there be Ilocano immigration, already Christianized so
depth: 1/2”
that the Igorots can acquire a new way of life. It includes
P 20,000 statistical tables about the expedition’s population and
military and indicates the itinerary to be taken to cross
CONDITION REPORT
the Sierra Madre through the north. The folded map of
HARDBOUND

GOOD
northern Luzon is beautiful and spectacular—extremely
THERE IS A MAP OF LUZON IN THE BACK rare and valuable work.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 12
7

Arturo Garin
Archipiélago de Joló. Memoria
[Sulu Archipelago. Report]
Madrid: Sociedad Geográfica, 1881.
size: 5 3/4” x 4 1/4”
depth: 1/4”
P 7,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR
Arturo Garín y Sociats was a naval lieutenant who
participated in the Carlist Wars and was immediately
afterward stationed for some years in the Philippines,
where, in command of a hydrographic commission, he
charted the port of Cataingan (Masbate) in 1890. The
present book was completed on board the schooner
Sirena at Sulu in February 1880. It is a complete study of
the archipelago of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi, which the army had
been besieging to gain control. Garín studies the islands
from the geological, climatic, geographical, population,
commercial, etc. point of view. The chapters dedicated
to the political organization, religion, and ethnography
of its inhabitants are of particular interest. Perhaps
the most interesting is the chapter “Consideraciones”
[considerations], where, concerned about stabilizing
Spanish sovereignty, he advocates the creation of two
military stations in Tawi-Tawi and Cagayan de Jolo, and the
construction of prison colonies to send Spanish criminals
there, in the same way England had done in Australia. He
also advocates not sending colonial officials to the islands,
allowing their inhabitants to continue practicing their
own religion, defending freedom of commerce, etc. The
author was well informed about the history of the Spanish
presence in the archipelago and of the English empire,
which he criticizes strenuously.

13 LEÓN GALLERY
8
Fernando Primo de Rivera
Documentos referentes a la reducción de infieles
e inmigración en las Provincias de Cagayán y la
Isabela
[Documents dealing with the settlement of pagans
and immigration to the Provinces of Cagayan
and Isabela]
Manila: Universidad de Santo Tomás, 1881.
size: 8 1/4” x 5 1/2”
depth: 1/4”
P 20,000
SOFTBOUND
POOR
BINDING IS LOOSE
Fernando Primo de Rivera (1831-1821) came from an
eminent military family. He was the Marquis of Estella
and later played a crucial role in the Biac-na-Bato Pact.
The present imprint belongs to his first period as governor
and captain-general of the islands (1880-1883). The most
important part is the report of the trip he personally
made through the regions of Pampanga, Tarlac, La Union,
Ilocos, Abra, Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Ecija, between
November 20 and December 30, 1880. Primo de Rivera
found the regions visited in a satisfactory condition and
affirmed that any problems were relatively easy to solve.
In the first place, he proposed to promote the reduction
of the ‘infidels’ (or northern tribes) with the help of the
friars since he considered it “humiliating for Spain” that
so many thousands of people were living in the Cordillera
with total freedom and committing crimes with impunity.
He advocated the emigration of Ilocanos to the most
depopulated regions from Cagayan to Isabela so that they
could find means of subsistence. Finally, he supported
the repair of the Abra road between Ilocos and Cagayan
to enhance trade between the regions and facilitate
their military defense. A series of documents (petitions
and decrees) cited in the report are also attached. It is
accompanied by an extraordinary map of the region, the
work of Father Villaverde.
It contains interesting ethnographic information and
denotes diligence and goodwill on the part of Primo
de Rivera. The texts were compiled and printed by the
Dominicans in UST, as they had the most significant
interest in stabilizing the region where they had the largest
number of missionaries. Very rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 14
9

Enrique Abella y Casariego

Rápida descripción, física, geológica y minera de
la Isla de Cebú published several studies on the geology of the provinces
[Quick physical, geological and mining description of the Philippines, among others, on the Nueva Vizcaya
earthquakes (1881) and the Mayon volcano (1885).
of Cebu Island]
Manila: Imprenta y fundición de Manuel Tello, 1886.
size: 10 1/4” x 7” The first part contains much useful information on the
depth: 1” population - there is a table with the number of inhabitants
of each locality of Cebu in 1880 -, on the climate - table of
P 8,000 the temperature and humidity -, on the orography - list
CONDITION REPORT of the altitude at which each locality is located -, and on
HARDBOUND the rivers, coasts and harbors. The second part focuses
FAIR on geology, with special attention to mineral deposits. The
scientific spirit animates the whole work.
The author of this study was born in Manila in 1847, the son
of a Galician official stationed in the Philippines for more The report contains seven plates. The third of these is of
than twenty years. He was a mining engineer and lived exceptional value: a large folded map entitled “Geological
many years in the Philippines. Between 1879 and 1893 he Sketch of the Cebu Island”. Very rare.

15 LEÓN GALLERY
10

Enrique Abella y Casariego its orography, dividing the island into a single mountain
Descripcion física, geológica y minera en bosquejo range, northern mountains, and eastern mountains. He
de la Isla de Panay also studies the hydrography of the isle, distinguishing
[Sketch of a physical, geological, and mining between central, Antique, and eastern regions. It also
deals with the marine currents and the configuration of the
description of the Island of Panay]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y Compa., 1890. coasts. The second part contains a complete geological
size: 10 1/2” X 7” description, dedicating more pages to the island’s mineral
depth: 3/4” wealth, with information about the rocks, earthquakes,
and volcanoes, among many other topics.
P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT It is an extraordinary work with a spectacular map of
SOFTBOUND Panay, much sought after by map collectors. It was
VERY POOR drawn with the help of the prestigious cartographer
BINDING IS COMPLETELY DESTROYED AND COVER IS TORN
Enrique D’Almonte, who represents the relief with shaded
orography and delimited points. It is washed in various
Regarding the author, a “hijo del país” [Creole] born in colors, according to the chromatic key that indicates
Manila, the type of soil on the island. It suggests the orography
hydrography and urban spaces of the island of Panay,
It is a very rigorous work of excellent scientific quality. Its as well as its roads, limits of its districts, and geological
first part contains a general description of Panay and the aspects, with the table of conventional signs occupying
adjacent islands, a study of its climatology, and another of the document’s lower right corner.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 16
11

Adolfo Puya Ruiz

Camarines Sur. Descripción general de esta The author spent two decades in the Philippines, published
provincia de Luzón… several books on Philippine geography and local traditions,
and regularly contributed to newspapers.
[Camarines Sur. General description of the
province of Luzon] This book is not so much a technical or scientific study
Manila: La Oceanía Española, 1887.
but an exposition of its author’s knowledge about the
size: 7” x 5”
depth: 3/4” region. The first part deals with livestock, timber quality,
local products, inhabitants, educational centers, ports, etc.
P 10,000 The second part is a study of each locality in the region,
to which he devotes more or less lines depending on their
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND importance. The book has a somewhat disorganized

VERY GOOD structure, although it is based on previous researches.
The large map of Camarines Sur is of particular interest,
folded at the end of the volume. Rare.

17 LEÓN GALLERY
12
Felipe Canga-Argüelles y Villalba
La isla de la Paragua: estudio
geográfico-político-social
[The island of Palawan: a geographic-politico-
social study]
Madrid: Fortanet, 1888.
size: 8 3/4” X 6 1/4”
depth: 1/2”
P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
FAIR
Its author, of Asturian origin, was born in Granada in
1840. Felipe Canga-Arguelles was the son and grandson
of politicians and writers. He had military training and was
part of the Spanish Navy but left it as a frigate captain to
devote himself to politics. He was secretary of the general
government of the Philippines and governor of the island
of Paragua (Palawan.) A man of culture, he belonged to
the Economic Society of Madrid. He published articles on
Philippine geography, but the present book is his most
important work.
The island of Palawan was called during the Spanish
period “Isla de La Paragua,” and it was a relatively
uncolonized territory where there were only small military
posts for defense against attacks by Moorish pirates, and
towns where Recollect missionaries worked, especially on
the north coast and in the area of Calamianes. The best-
known testimony of the Spanish presence is the fort of
Santa Isabel in Taytay, from the end of the 17th century.
This volume is one of the very few monographs devoted
entirely to the beautiful island of Palawan, and its author
wrote it after finishing his three and a half years as
governor. It gives a lot of curious pieces of information.
First, the island was almost unpopulated, with only 16,000
inhabitants in total. Tribal warfare was unknown, and they
only resorted to force to defend themselves against Moro
piracy. He briefly discusses each ethnic group and gives a
historical summary of their colonization. The government
of Palawan was only created in February 1872 — relatively
late. There were only 1269 inhabitants in Puerta Princesa,
of whom only 68 were Spanish and 54 were Chinese. The
plan he proposed was the emigration to Puerto Princesa
of 100 Spanish families to work the land and create a
prosperous society since the climate was healthy and the
land abundant. The book ends with several appendices
and tables about the most frequent illnesses and the
endowment of the infirmaries. The whole volume is of
great interest. Retana defined this book as “the most
complete about such an important and rich island.” Very
rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 18
19 LEÓN GALLERY
13

Sketchbook of Palawan
1888.
Irreplaceable piece with 13 handmade sketches of the
size: 5 1/2” x 8 3/4”
island of Palawan. Unknown author, but it could be a work
depth: 1/4”
commissioned by Felipe Canga-Argüelles to an artist to
P 20,000 better illustrate the beauty of the island and encourage
people to join his campaign of colonization. Very elegant
CONDITION REPORT
drawings. Unique.
FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 20
14

Proyecto de colonización de la Isla de la Paragua

[Project of colonization of the island of Palawan]
Manila: La Oceanía Española, 1887. government clarified that it was not responsible for the
size: 8 3/4” X 6 1/4” transportation of the settlers. The project was to be unified
depth: 1/2” around an operating company with shareholders. Attached
are tables of budgets to be able to start the foundation
P 5,000 of the company. All the rules to be adhered to by those
CONDITION REPORT joining the project are detailed, in which, in general, tax
HARDBOUND benefits abounded, although it was made clear that the
GOOD
potential of the concession from the mining point of view
was not known. The volume ends with an appendix that
The book by former Palawan Governor Canga-Argüelles
includes the various decrees sanctioning the concession
(see lot # ___) paid off, and the government granted him
and the activities of the colonization project.
on August 20, 1888, a land grant south of Puerto Princesa,
This is an unknown and intriguing chapter in the history
a 100,000-hectare quadrangle, to be economically
of Palawan. The project, however, could hardly materialize
exploited. This volume stresses the beauty and richness
and was quickly abandoned.
of the concession lands, the patriotism of the enterprise,
The final map of the island of Palawan is essential. Only
and the contribution it can make to the development of
a few copies of this publicity and legal booklet must have
the Philippines. The colonizers were free to work without
been printed. Rare.
paying taxes to contract freely, and a steamer was provided
to transport goods from Puerto Princesa and Ulugan. The

21 LEÓN GALLERY
15
Joaquín Rajal y Larre
Exploración del Territorio de Davao (Filipinas)
[Exploration of the territory of Davao (The
Philippines)]
Madrid: Fortanet, 1891.
size: 10” x 6 1/2”
depth: 3 /4”
P 7,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
FAIR
Its author, a military man fond of literature, had been
governor of Nueva Ecija and, from his experience, wrote
a Memoria acerca de la Provincia de Nueva Écija [Report
regarding the Province of Nueva Ecija] (Madrid, 1889). The
present work results from the knowledge acquired after two
years as governor of the district of Davao. It was a previous
experience since this book was already edited in 1884, and
its publication was delayed for unknown reasons.
Most of the book is devoted to narrating the risky
reconnaissance expeditions he led. Some sections of the
book read like an adventure story told in the first person. It
contains abundant information about the geography and
inhabitants of the district: description of natives weddings
he attended, encounters with local datus, attacks from
pagan chiefdoms, etc. The book ends with a curious
Spanish-Malayo-Bisaya-Manobo vocabulary. The author
reckons there were 66,000 inhabitants in the district,
5,000 of whom were Muslims and only 1,900 Christians.
Among the indigenous people, the author distinguishes
between those who led a nomadic life and those who lived
sedentary lives.
It is essential to know the early history of Davao. It is
precious work that deserves to be translated into English.
Very rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 22
16

Julián González Parrado 1882 to take charge of an infantry regiment in Cavite. On

Memoria sobre Mindanao October 22 of the same year, he was appointed political-

[Report on Mindanao] military governor of Sulu. On the 23rd, under the orders of
Manila: Ramírez y Ca, 1894. Brigadier José María Paulín, he participated in the combat
size: 8 1/4” x 6” of the Looc Valley and on November 8 in Boal. In 1884 and
depth: 1/2” 1885, he participated in several battles against the Moro
pirates in Mindanao. He went to Spain in March 1888 and
P 10,000 returned to the Philippines in 1892 to take charge of the
CONDITION REPORT political-military government of Mindanao. He participated
HARDBOUND in numerous military operations in Mindanao in 1894 and
GOOD 1895 until, ill, he had to return to Spain in May 1896.

“The control of Mindanao is an undertaking that demands
time, resources, and perseverance. The complete
domination of Mindanao cannot be obtained as a
consequence of a single campaign, no matter how decisive
it may be, nor is it possible to change in a few months the
social and political conditions of a heterogeneous people
composed of tribes and families of different civilizations
and religions, scattered over an extensive, rugged island,
cut by large and deep rivers, and sparsely populated in
relation to its surface”.
Thus begins the report of Julián González Parrado (1841-
1915), who was then a brigadier general and had a
brilliant military career. He arrived in the Philippines in
The book begins by providing a series of information
concerning geographic data, population, a brief history
of the wars against the Moros in the 19th century, etc..
Gonzalez Parrado proposes a plan of military conquest that
gives rise to a purely military government without officials
or friars in the Muslim areas, assuming the impossibility of
converting them to Christianity. He analyzes the existing
towns the Spanish army forces settled in them and
Basilan, with the names of all the mayors and principals of
the towns, and outlines a strategy of conquest that passes
through the isolation of the Muslim ports. The book’s
second part is a brief plan for the domination of the Lanao
Lagoon. Of great interest is the folded map of Mindanao.
Rare.

23 LEÓN GALLERY
17

Patricio de la Escosura The author died in January 1878, so it is a posthumous work

Memoria sobre Filipinas y Joló redactada
en 1863 y 1864
[Report on the Philippines and Sulu, written un
1863 and 1864]
Madrid: Libreria de los Señores
Simon y Osler, 1882. 2nd ed.
size: 8 1/4” x 5 1/2”
depth: 1 1/4”
P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
VERY POOR
BINDING IS DESTROYED
Patricio de la Escosura was a romantic Spanish writer
and politician who lived in the Philippines between
1862 and 1865. He was sent as the government’s royal
commissioner, a text in which he lists the problems he
tried to deal with during his stay. He wrote a long and
juicy foreword to Francisco Cañamaque’s Recuerdos de
Filipinas [Remembrances from the Philippines] (1877) in
which he announces some of the ideas he develops in this
Report.
that had remained unpublished for eighteen years. Retana
states, “It contains data and observations worthy of being
consulted, and, of all that has been written officially, it is
the work that contains the greatest teachings.” The first
edition of this Report saw the light of day the same year.
It contains a 40-page prologue by Cañamaque in which
he broadly outlines the human and geographical reality of
the Philippine archipelago. Escosura’s analytical work on
the Philippines is divided into nine reports and twenty-two
documents in the appendix section, where he deals with
topics of interest and current affairs. In “Memoria sobre
la enseñanza de la lengua castellana” [Report about
teaching of Castilian language], he denounces that there
are hardly any people who speak Spanish outside Manila
and no place where it is taught. He designs a plan for its
implementation throughout the archipelago. Sets up the
plan of a new, more efficient, and effective organization
for the administration of the Philippines. Proposes the
creation of a school for physicians and surgeons. In the long
“Memoir on Jolo and Borneo,” he advocates an effectual
conquest of Sulu to end piracy and the incorporation of
Borneo as an integral part of the Philippines, as a tributary
territory of the Sultan of Jolo. The whole book is full of
exciting observations.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 24
 Los Ilustrados

Gregorio Sancianco, the First

Filipino economist
It has gone almost unnoticed that in Jose Rizal’s “Sobre
la indolencia de los Filipinos” (1890) [On the indolence of
the Filipino people] — one of his most famous essays —
he explicitly mentions a book that inspired him to write
his ideas: El Progreso de Filipinas [The Progress of the
Philippines] (Madrid, 1881) written by Gregorio Sanciano.

Sancianco (1852-1897) was a Filipino-Chinese from

Malabon. Today, however, we know much more about his
thoughts and his vision for a better and more prosperous
Philippines than about his personal life. He belonged, along
with Pedro Paterno, to the first generation of Filipinos
who moved to Spain in order to complete higher studies,
where he finished Law at the Universidad de Madrid. He
published several articles in some newspapers in Madrid Bust of Gregorio Sancianco

and, indeed, his writing style is both powerful and elegant.

This work, his only book, is outstanding in many senses.
Wenceslao Retana, a Spanish Filipinist well-known for his
harsh criticisms, had to concede in 1906 that “this is one of
the best written and most thoughtful books ever published
by a Filipino. The work belongs to the liberal trend, but it is
essentially technical, carried out without any political bias.
The part that is devoted to the indolence of the Filipinos is
really remarkable.”
El Progreso de Filipinas is, in fact, the very first book of
political economy ever published by a Filipino. The work is
highly pragmatic: Sancianco does not waste time discussing
liberal theories or different models of administration.
He does not even blame the Spanish government for
the deficient administration of the Philippines, alleging
an obvious scarcity of economic resources. Although he
probably wanted, sooner or later, the independence of the
Philippines, he knew — as Rizal did — that some previous
steps should be cautiously taken before trying to achieve
the goal.
First, he claimed that the Philippines should not be
considered as an overseas province, but just a Spanish
province with full rights, therefore Filipinos should have
representation in the Cortes (parlament): “Filipinos are as
much Spanish as the people of Spain,” he wrote.
That was just the beginning: he proposed a total change
in tax collection in the Philippines. He commented on the
last tax reforms implemented in the country and indicated
with numbers and data why those were so inefficient;
straightforwardly identified the income generators of the
Philippine economy; and bared where the taxes should
be applied so that traders, businessmen and landowners
were not burdened and the administration could have the
resources to build the very true basis of the prosperity of
the country — education and infrastructure.
He was also a defender of the free market. He said the
tobacco monopoly should be abolished immediately in
order to liberate farmers from a situation of semi-slavery.
He recommended, too, that customs offices should be also
eliminated since they were an evident source of corruption
and were slowing down the economy, and the unfair taxes
added to the products would be at the end a burden paid
by Filipino customers. He defended more aggressively
the exemption of the tributo, a yearly amount of money

25 LEÓN GALLERY
Young artists in Rome, (first row, L-R) Juan Luna, Pedro Paterno, Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, Miguel Zaragoza; (second row, l-r) Mariano Benlliure, Jose Puerto, Juan Benlliure.
With permission from the Archivo Fundación Mariano Benlliure, Madrid
paid by both natives and Chinese that was a cause of
grievances and disputes since peninsulares were unfairly
not prompted to pay. Sancianco proposed it would be very
practical for all Filipinos to have a personal ID and listed
a detailed number of public services that could serve as a
source of income for the administration of the archipelago.
Summing up, he was proposing a long list of economic
and administrative reforms — many of them could be
implemented even now, I believe — so the administration
could effectively deliver to the people the basic services
they were justly paying through their taxes. The progress
of the country depended on the urgent implementation of
the common-sense reforms he suggested. And although
the several data supporting this claim may be the most
outdated part of this work, the essential liberal idea behind
the book is as real then as now.
The essay on the issue of the supposed indolence of
the Filipinos was added as an appendix. Sancianco
uses abundant excerpts from high authorities, friars
and newspapers — all of them actually Spaniards —
to debunk all the accusations: he claimed the so-called
indolence was an invention of the foreign powers in
Southeast Asia in order to justify authoritarian manners
over the indigenous people. Agriculture was not practiced
as widely as it could be, considering the fertility of the land
not because of idleness, but because of the lack of people,
as in Samar or Leyte. Indigenous people, in Camarines for
example, were still escaping to the mountains not because
of laziness, but because they were still being victimized by
the Moro raids and the local government was not able to
protect them. Applying his liberal ideas to the nineteenth
century society, Sancianco thought that the Filipinos just
needed the incentives that the inept administration was
not providing, in order to bring out their capabilities.
The aforementioned Retana finishes melancholically his
comment stating that “Dr. Sancianco, despite passing
away at a young age, left a legacy that, in my opinion, has
not been fairly honored. He could have been praised, for
sure, had he fought. However, he did not: he was a quiet
spirit, a tranquil talent.” We agree with Retana: I think it is
time to put his name in the place it deserves.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 26
 Los Ilustrados
Isabelo de los Reyes,
an intense life
The figure of the Ilocano Isabelo de los Reyes deserves to
be told in a film. He began his career as a journalist and,
although he practiced literature, politics, ethnography
and history, he was fundamentally a journalist throughout
his life. From the age of 16 when he arrived in Manila,
he wrote for the most important newspapers: Diario de
Manila, El Comercio, La Oceanía Española, etc. In fact, his
first books are compilations of his literary and journalistic
works. He deserves credit for leading the first purely
Filipino newspaper, El Ilocano (1889-1896) launched
under his initiative and with the participation of Filipino
writers mostly. It was published bilingually every 15 days
with parallel columns in Spanish and Ilocano. It was not
printed in Ilocos, but in Sta. Cruz, Manila, and having
most of its subscribers in the northern provinces, it was
printed the day before the mailing boat departed to Ilocos
from Manila. Other important newspapers, impregnated
with nationalist and socialist ideology were Filipinas ante
Europa, El grito del pueblo and La redención del obrero,
all published during the American period. Although he
went on to publish a historical novel in Tagalog in 1905, a
defining aspect of De los Reyes’ writings is the vindication
of the provinces as integral to Philippine culture, especially
his native Ilocos, but also the Bisayas Islands. As a trade
unionist, he was a founder of the Philippine Democratic
Labor Union in 1902; his religiosity prompted him to found
around the same time the Iglesia Independiente Filipina, Photo of Isabelo de los Reyes

which lasts to this day. In his very hectic life, he still had
time to marry three times and have 27 children.
Ilocanadas is a collection of short stories in which the
imaginative element is less important than the folkloric
ingredient, with romantic overtones: the themes of his
stories are marriage, jealousy, female psychology, history -
as in “La Virgen de Antipolo” -, local customs, etc. Despite
the title, only two stories have an Ilocan theme: “Los
adoradores de Cil-Li” [The admirors of Cil-Li], which deals
with the love affairs of four men competing for the heart
of a beautiful Ilocano woman, and the historical story
“La esclavitud ilocana” [The Ilocano slavery], set in pre-
Hispanic Ilocos. All these literary works were printed in the
first newspaper of Iloilo, El Eco de Panay, founded in 1887,
and in the same printing press of the newspaper, the first
one in Panay, saw the light in 1888. It is extraordinarily
rare. The first volume of El Folk-lore Filipino was awarded
a prize at the Philippine Exposition in Madrid in 1887
and is divided into three major chapters and several
appendices. The most valuable part of this book are the
first two chapters, which he devotes to Ilocano culture,
explaining pre-Hispanic beliefs, oral literature, babaylans,
superstitions, belief in elves, religious devotions and Ilocano
customs in weddings, feasts, births, baptisms, and dances,
among the many other topics he touches on. The third
chapter is a study of Filipino women. After some notes on
Filipino words and sayings, two brief chapters are added
in appendix about the folklore of Zambales and Malabon.
It is a work that, in the opinion of the severe Retana,
gave just fame to its author, who had more talent as an
ethnographer and observer of society than as a historian.

27 LEÓN GALLERY
18

Isabelo de los Reyes

b.) Ilocanadas
Iloilo: El Eco de Panay, 1888.
size: 6 3/4” x 4 3/4”
depth: 1/2”

Isabelo de los Reyes

c.) El Folk-lore filipino
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y C., 1889.
size:6 1/4” x 4 3/4”
depth: 3/4”
depth: 1/4”

P 12,000
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T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 28
A Friend of the Filipino People in Bohemia:
Ferdinand Blumentritt
Blumentritt, born in Prague, then part of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, represents intellectual passion. And in
his case, that passion was the Philippines. Probably few
individuals have gone down in history as experts on a
country without ever having visited it. Blumentritt is one
of those rare cases. A modest high school teacher and
very Catholic, his love for the Philippines came to him
through his interest in the Spanish colonies. His friendship
with Rizal was legendary. Rizal found in this bohemian
an interlocutor to his level: critical, sincere, well-meaning,
always animated by the pleasure of knowing. Although
they only met in person once, it was a friendship that was
fireproof. We know that Rizal asked him for a foreword
to his edition of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas. Blumentritt was very critical of this work and
let him know in writing. Rizal, in an exercise of supreme
chivalry, decided to include that foreword in his work. One
of the last letters Rizal wrote before being executed was
precisely to Blumentritt. And it was the Bohemian who
first translated Noli Me Tangere into German. Through the
correspondence between Rizal and Blumentritt we witness
lives that appear to be endowed with sense through
intellectual stimulation, academic work, the pleasure of Fernando Blumentritt

knowing and of climbing towards the truth, little by little,

through countless readings.

19

Lot of Two Books

Fernando Blumentritt
a.) Consideraciones acerca de la actual situación b.) Filipinas: Ataques de Los Holandeses en los
política de Filipinas siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII (Bosquejo Historico)
[Considerations regarding the political situation [Attacks from the Dutch in 16th, 17th and 18th
nowadays in the Philippines] centuries (historical outline)]
Barcelona: Imprenta Ibérica de Francisco Possas, Madrid: Fortanet, 1882
1889. size: 9 3/4” x 6 1/2”
size: 8 3/4” x 6 1/4” depth: 1/4”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

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29 LEÓN GALLERY
a.) Consideraciones acerca de la actual situación política b.) Filipinas: Ataques de Los Holandeses en los siglos XVI,
de Filipinas XVII y XVIII (Bosquejo Historico)

This booklet in ten sections, of which very few copies Despite the title, most of this historical study is devoted to
must have been printed, is one of the most outstanding recounting the numerous battles between the Spanish and
works of political analysis on the Philippines at the end the Dutch in Manila Bay during the first half of the 17th
of 19th century. Blumentritt proves throughout to be an century. Blumentritt proves to be an excellent connoisseur
excellent connoisseur of Spanish politics, of the colonial of the Spanish sources, many of them chronicles printed
administration of the Philippines, and of the entire in Manila, and carries out a synthetic summary with very
Philippine intelligentsia. The Bohemian writer begins by interesting precisions about the movements in Europe and
acknowledging the progress made in the archipelago Southeast Asia of both powers. It was for many years the
thanks to colonization, the benevolence of the missionaries, best summary, it is written with impartiality, although the
and the intelligence of the Filipinos. However, he takes sides Filipinos are mentioned in few occasions. It is a translation
with the Filipinos, many of them his friends — Rizal, Basa, of the German original which was published in Leitmeritz
López Jaena, Del Pilar — inasmuch as their demands were in 1880. Rare.
perfectly legitimate: to be treated equally as Spaniards,
to abolish censorship, and to have representation in the
Cortes, among others. Blumentritt criticized Spanish
stubbornness, chauvinism and incompetence in handling
the affairs of the archipelago. Shortly before he had
praised the novel Noli Me Tangere and that same year
he published in La Solidaridad a magnificent series of
letters criticizing the stubbornness of Spanish conservative
politicians and intellectuals.

In the same printing house saw the light of day the furious
opuscules against the friars of Marcelo del Pilar. An
extremely rare work.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 30
31 LEÓN GALLERY
20

Gregorio Sancianco y Goson

a.) El progreso de Filipinas
[The progress of the Philippines]
Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda de J. M. Pérez, 1881.
size: 8” x 5 1/2”
depth: 3/4”

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 32
 Los Ilustrados

Rizal as a Man of Letters

The way José Rizal is celebrated in the Philippines as
a national hero finds no match in the world. Shrines
and monuments dedicated to his figure are abundant
throughout the archipelago, and his name indicates
often the most prominent street or plaza in town. Rizal is
a subject in the university as it has become a symbol of
Philippine patriotism. Some historians have gained fame
and money becoming eminent “Rizalistas,” and I was not
surprised at all when I got to know that there is even a
small group of religious believers in Mount Banahaw
called Rizalistas, who claim Rizal is the real messiah. Rizal
is the favorite among the national heroes, and the best
word I find to call the relation between Filipinos and Rizal
Photo of José Rizal
is devotion.

Although Rizal was already esteemed as a top intellectual
and writer both in the Philippines and Spain, the making
of Rizal as a national hero was a legitimate and well-
intentioned operation carried out a few decades after
his cruel execution during the American period. And the
problem with having him converted into a national hero
is that it has resulted in some unexpected consequences:
an exaggerated focus in his life: what I have called
“chismography” about Rizal, the oblivion of other world-
class Filipino intellectuals – Sancianco, De Los Reyes,
Kalaw – and a neglect of what it should be most valued:
his writings.
I remember a day in class when I asked my students
what they could say about Rizal, and I was told he was
a babaero (womanizer) and had many many girlfriends.
“That’s why he is our role model!” one said cheerfully. I
remember a student telling me she failed in class because
she forgot the color of the shirt Rizal was wearing when he
was shot. I can recall the faces of disappointment every
time I bring my foreign friends to Rizal’s shrine, a reliquary-
like place where you can find a long list of the professions
Rizal supposedly practiced and the list of the 14 languages
he was supposed to master, but nothing that could help to
understand him.
The state of semi-divinity achieved by his figure carries
other problems: “I will not achieve what he did in 35 years.
He is a genius and he liked to work hard. I admire him,
but I prefer a simple life,” another student told me. Rizal
has been placed on such a high level that some young
Filipinos do not think of him anymore as a human person
whose achievements could inspire.
The lack of understanding of Rizal comes, in my modest
opinion, because Rizal was a writer and suffers the irony
of being a national hero in a country where most people
do not like to read. Sadly, the proliferation of monuments,
shrines, and homages have not been accompanied by a
close scrutiny of his writings, which are most often read
in a very shallow and purely nationalistic way. Apart from
Noli and Fili, the rest of his abundant and rich written
production is almost impossible to find in bookstores,
and if not for the outstanding efforts of another patriot –
Teodoro M. Kalaw – in collecting and editing most of his
precious letters, those would not be easily available today.
The centennial of his birth moved the government in 1961
to publish most of his works in several volumes. However,
the editorial criteria were far from the rigor demanded
today in reliable editions and, most importantly, with
the exception of Noli and Fili, and some other English

33 LEÓN GALLERY
translations, most of the works of Rizal are still only available
in a language most Filipinos do not speak: Spanish. Even
for his masterpiece, the only critically annotated bilingual
edition was published by Vibal Fundation in 2011.
I perfectly understand that renaming a square or placing a
statue in a square is way easier than publishing critical editions,
but I truly believe, given the current circumstances, that the
works of José Rizal truly deserve it. Establishing carefully
the texts, annotating it in order to make more accessible
to all kind of readers, and providing translations to the most
important Filipino languages would be an undeniable exercise
of patriotism that should not be longer delayed. No one can
blame Filipinos for not reading Rizal when, in the first place,
most of his works are not easily available.
It can happen that a Filipino reader does not have the
patience to read his novels, but it could well happen that
this same reader might enjoy reading his private letters or
short articles. Although Filipinos cannot access the stylish
beauty of his Spanish, they could get engaged with his rich
arguments, with superb critical thinking skills, his uncommon
intellectual brightness. Admiring Rizal without understanding
him is a kind of empty nationalism and blind devotion. I do
not find a better way to pay him a tribute than to read his
work and getting to understand his formidable prose and
his compelling ideas. Before being a hero, he was already
a gifted writer, and Rizal, like another writer, wanted to be
read.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 34
21

A Lot of Three Books

José Rizal (1861 - 1896)
a.) El Filibusterismo
Manila: Tipo-Litografia de Chofre y Comp., 1900.
2nd edition
size: 9” x 6”
depth: 3/4”

b.) El Filibusterismo
Barcelona: Imprenta de Henrich y Ca, 1908.
3rd edition
size: 8” x 5 3/4”
depth: 1 1/4”

c.) Noli Me Tangere

Manila: Tipo-Litografia de Chofre y Comp., 1899.
2nd edition
size: 9” x 6”
depth: 1 1/4”

Photo of José Rizal

P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

35 LEÓN GALLERY
Rizal’s literary works do not need to be introduced to
any Filipino or to any avid reader of novels: they are
classics in their own right, have been translated to
several languages and recently entered the pantheon of
the canonical Penguin Classics. But some information
regarding the editions Dr. Legarda was able to acquire
might be necessary. Generally speaking, these editions are
almost as desired by collectors, bibliophiles and lovers of
everything related to Rizal as the first editions, which are
now almost impossible to find. Noli was published in Berlin
in 1887, while Fili was published in Ghent in 1891. Both
novels were financed out of his own pocket, produced in
printing houses and distributed through his own efforts
and those of his friends.
The 1900 edition of El Filibusterismo is the second to be
published, and the first after the execution of its author.
The most relevant change is that it does not contain the
dedication to Gomburza of the first edition.
The third edition is, if possible, even more valuable than
the second, as it is presented by the man who was his
nemesis at first, Wenceslao Retana. The bibliographer
from Madrid was quick to recognize his mistake and this
1908 edition, with its prologue of almost 40 pages and
some explanatory footnotes, is his second tribute to the
author of Calamba. Recall that Retana published the
previous year Vida y escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal, a biography
from which all others have been derived to this day. The
1899 edition of Noli Me Tangere is the second in Spanish
and is an exact copy of the text published in Berlin in the
first edition.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 36
 Los Ilustrados
The Two Passions of Pedro Paterno,
The First Ilustrado:
Literature and the Philippine Homeland
Pedro Paterno fell almost into oblivion as soon as he
passed away in 1910. Some scholars needed to mention
him eventually because of his role during the revolution
or his exchange of letters with Jose Rizal and his family,
but he is not the most palatable individual in Philippine
history. His personality did not help much, to be honest.
He was a bit flamboyant, far from humble and willing all
too often to be surrounded by people of distinction, both
in Spain and the Philippines. His desire to be always at
the top was at times very explicit and provoked merciless
sarcastic comments from Pardo de Tavera. León María
Guerrero called him an “incorrigible snob”, although his
grandfather, the first León Ma Guerrero served with him
at the Malolos Assembly and the Aguinaldo cabinet. Resil
Mojares, only recently, presented a more balanced view of
this figure in his formidable Brains of the Nation (2006).
I am of the opinion, however, that he was an outstanding
individual, and he deserves recognition for his many
achievements.
Pedro Paterno was born in 1857 in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
His roots were both Filipino and Chinese, and the family
prospered thanks to their lighterage business in the port
of Manila. He studied at the Ateneo and was one of the
first Filipinos to have pursued further education in Spain.
He studied philosophy and theology at the Universidad de
Salamanca, the oldest in Spain, and received a doctoral
degree in Civil Law from the Universidad Central de Madrid,
today’s Universidad Complutense. I am not sure, but he
might have been the first Filipino to get a PhD abroad.
The early compromise of the Paternos with the Philippine
cause can be exemplified by his father, who was sent as a
prisoner to the Mariana Islands in 1872, as he was seen to
be a conspirator against Spain.
Paterno, in the meantime, led the life of a distinguished
gentleman, living with great leisure in the very center of
Madrid, in a house where he received the most distinguished
intellectuals of Spain: Emilio Castelar, Ramón de Campoamor
and José Zorrilla, among others He undoubtedly used his
37 LEÓN GALLERY
money wisely to gain influential friendships.
In 1880 he envisioned for the first time the creation of a
“Biblioteca Filipina,” a book series of Philippine authors.
He was the first to realize that literature was a tool that
could help to legitimize the idea of a Philippine nation. He
was the first one to see that complaining about colonial
grievances was not enough to obtain independence. An
intellectual battle had to be made, one asserting the
creativity of the Filipino people, their capacity to create
meritorious literary works, the existence of history prior
to the arrival of the Spaniards and, most importantly, the
consistency of a distinctive Filipino identity. His intellectual
and literary career, no matter the flaws it had, was
motivated by this noble impulse, and not just by the desire
of getting recognition.
Poesías Líricas y Dramáticas (1880) and Sampaguitas
(1881) were books of poetry in the romantic fashion,
and in 1885, he published Ninay, the first modern novel
ever authored by a Filipino. He abandoned literature
temporarily and started to write books on pre-hispanic
Philippines, anthropology and history in a very prolific way.
With the exception of his contemporary, Isabelo de los
Reyes, no one dared to attempt such an important task: to
write about the Philippines, finally, from a purely Philippine
perspective. Scholars have criticized those works for their
lack of methodology or excess of imagination, but those
faults are typical of anthropological and historical works
at that time in Europe as well, with very few exceptions.
His role in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato (1897) was one of
a peacemaker, a neutral middle person between the
revolutionaries and the official government in order to
stop a war. Peacemakers are very much appreciated
today: their goal is to avoid bloodshed, But Philippine
historiography has found the revolutionaries more likable.
Paterno wasn’t a traitor or coward at all: he just believed
revolution was not the right way to achieve the desired
goal.
Lastly, he was briefly imprisoned by the United States
colonial government. Upon his release, he started a
newspaper, wrote a few operas, more histories and short
stories. His engagement in politics, taking part in an
electoral campaign, was stopped by his sudden death.

Paterno could have devoted himself to a lavish and easy

life, to just supervise family businesses, as many others did
at the time. He, instead, chose the intellectual battle in the
years when very few dared to do it, where the mere fact of
writing could lead to detention and execution. And despite
his eccentricities, he always presented himself with pride
as a Filipino, as a person who felt, in his own words, “the
patriotic fire.”

We can safely say that Paterno’s first and last love was
literature, and specifically romantic literature. The first
books of poems, all of them published in Madrid and
generously distributed among members of the capital’s
high society, were a double operation to make himself
known as a cultivated man of letters and, at the same
time, to defend the existence of an autonomous literary
system separated from the Spanish one, publishing his
books in a “Biblioteca Filipina”. As for his poetry, according
to Portia Reyes, “Paterno’s poems brandished grandiose,
metaphorical imagery painting an over-sentimental,
romantic picture of the islands and their people. The
verses celebrated loveliness, family, the indefatigability
of the human spirit and other pleasing universal themes.
...Paterno stressed the simplicity and exquisiteness of the
colony to attract Spanish interest in the islands.” Paterno,
trained like Rizal in readings of authors of Spanish, French Portrait of Don Pedro Paterno

and German Romanticism, wrote poems in a somewhat

old-fashioned style, but in a sincere and confessional tone, Si quieres gozar de un cielo If you want to enjoy a heaven
with numerous references to the Filipino homeland he siempre rico de alegrías, always rich in joys,
missed and praising his idealized Filipino dalaga. resplandeciendo en estrellas shining with stars
como de gozosos días; as of joyful days;
In the last years of her life, already ill and widowed, la tierra henchida de aromas, the earth filled with aromas,
Paterno did not write poetry, but rather short stories about
de murmullos ardorosos with ardent murmurs
love and manners which were part of a bog project titled
como el nupcial lecho alegre like the bridal bed of joy
de dos jóvenes esposos; of two young spouses;
“Aurora Social”. Amor de un día. En el pansol de Kalamba
si quieres siempre gozar, if you always want to rejoice,
[One day’s love. At Calamba’s Pansol] is a tragic love story
gozar hasta el dolor, to enjoy to the point of pain,
between a textile worker from Santa Ana who decided
ven a la hermosa Manila, come to beautiful Manila,
to pass a day with her friends in the medicinal waters of
la patria del amor. the homeland of love.
Pansol, Calamba. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 38
 Los Ilustrados
Imagining the Nation
Paterno felt the need to imagine the Philippine nation
and vindicate it in the metropolis. His historical and
ethnographic essays were an attempt to show to the
Spanish, for the first time from a distinctly Filipino
perspective, the origins of Philippine culture, its evolution
and development over the years, and the present
civilizational state. Paterno presented himself in Madrid as
an expert on the Philippines, but he also tried to define
and extol the Filipino identity, pointing out the reasons for
its high degree of cultural development and comparing it
with the greatest civilizations in history. It is this intention
that animates the various ethnohistorical and his essays on
cultural anthropology that he wrote from 1887 onwards.
His methodology was not very orthodox and many of his
assertions are pure inventions, but Paterno knew well that
in order to justify the nation he needed myth, and he put
all his strength into this creation.
In La antigiua civilización tagalog, Paterno argues that
the cultural development of the archipelago occurred in
three stages; the first, represented by the Aetas -whom
he calls aborigines- constitutes the most primitive phase
and predicts that they are destined to disappear due to
their lack of intermarriage. The second state is formed by
39 LEÓN GALLERY
the Tagalog culture before it was Christianized. The last
phase, the contemporary one, the one with which Paterno
defines himself, is the Christianized Tagalog culture, in
which the ancestral virtues are perfected by Catholicism,
understood as a civilizing agent to reach moral perfection.
In La familia tagalog Paterno chisels some facets of
Philippine culture with unbridled idealism and a display
of erudition: the explanation of Philippine customs is
often compared to the functioning of the similar customs
or social institutions in Ancient Rome, China, Mongolia,
India or Polynesia. Paterno focuses his description of the
family by addressing patriarchy - insofar as the man is the
necessary provider of the family - monogamy, courtship,
marriage, childcare, fidelity, religious ceremonies, family
festivals, the private life of the family at home, adoption of
children, blood compact, kinship, inheritance, adultery and
divorce, which is justified by how sacred their individual
freedom has always been for the Tagalogs.
There is no need to insist on the extraordinary rarity of
both printed works, foundational works of Philippine
intellectual history from a local perspective.
22

a.) La antigua civilización tagalog

Madrid: Tipografía de Manuel G. Hernández, 1887.
size:9 1/4” x 6 1/2”
depth: 9 1/4”

b.) La familia tagalog

Madrid: Imprenta de los sucesores de Cuesta,1892.
size: 7 1/2” x 5”
depth: 1/2”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 40
41 LEÓN GALLERY
23

A Lot of Three Books

Pedro Alejandro Paterno

a.) Sampaguitas
Madrid: Imprenta de F. Cao y D. de Val, 1881, 2nd
edition.
size: 7 1/2” x 5 1/4”

b.) Sampaguitas
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1917, 6th edition.
size: 7 1/4” x 5”

c.) Amor de un día: en el pansol de Kalamba

Manila: La República, 1910.
size: 5 1/4” x 3 3/4”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

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T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 42
 The First Filipino Novel
The first novel published in the Philippines was a
translation from the Greek titled Historia Magistral de los
Santos Anacoretas Barlaam y Josafat (Edifying story of
the hermit saints Barlaam and Iosaphat), the work of the
Dominican friar Baltasar de Santa Cruz. A copy of this rare
work, published in 1692, can be found at the library of the
University of Santo Tomas. This novel was translated into
Tagalog by the Jesuit Antonio de Borja — strictly the first
work of fiction ever published in Tagalog — in 1712, of
which only one known copy is found in the British Library. It
is very likely that this volume was one of the books that the
English stole from the Convent of San Agustín during their
short and destructive stay in Manila. Fortunately, the copy
is in good condition and was edited by Virgilio Almario for
the Ateneo University Press. These two works are of great
importance in the development of the first literary culture
in the Philippines, a culture that was inevitably mediated
by religious orders.

However, the first novel ever written by a Filipino was

Nínay. Costumbres Filipinas (Nínay. Philippine customs)
by Pedro Paterno. It was published in Madrid in 1885. I
was fortunate enough to pick up a copy for just $90 five
years ago, bought from an American bookseller who
probably didn’t know the true value of what he was selling.
My happiness grew when I learnt that a copy of this book
was auctioned at nearly P 2 Million at the León Gallery
Illustrado Trove auction in August 2022.

Certainly, the importance of this novel cannot be

24
Pedro Alejandro Paterno
Ninay. Costumbres Filipinas
Madrid: Fort net, 1885
size: 7” x 4 3/4”
depth: 1 1/4”
P 25,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR
overstated: First of all, it was a romantic novel that
idealized the society and landscape of the Philippines in
an intense way. From a literary point of view, it was a very
well-written work. Of course, some critics may remark that
it was aesthetically out of date; since, by 1885 and thanks
to Balzac, the style in fashion was realism. But we should
not blame Paterno: what references could he have had
then? Paterno was literally speaking, the father of the
first Filipino novel and was giving birth to an entirely new
genre. Second and also of note, the novel had numerous
footnotes, and even a bibliography. This curious insertion
was an originality that was decades ahead of a practice
— placing footnotes — that became extensive in the
postmodern novel since the 1980s and 1990s. However,
Paterno’s intention was not in any way to play with the
horizon of expectations of the reader — am I reading a
novel, an essay or an academic study? — but to clarify

43 LEÓN GALLERY
concepts and customs to the Spanish reader who would denunciation of complicity in a rebellion; like María Clara,
not be familiar with the Philippines. In addition, he wished Nínay sacrifices her lover egged on by her father and goes
to present himself before the peninsular public as an into a convent, believing her lover dead.” The bare plot
expert in Filipino affairs. It could have been a great short- of the Noli is, in fact, reminiscent of Nínay. If only for this
term decision for his literary and political career if the reason, Nínay deserves a fairer place in the pantheon of
novel had had the impact he expected, but it did not. It national literature.
was a literary and strategic error, because having been
written for Spaniards, it lost the opportunity to become the
foundational novel of Philippine literature. In 1907, without
the explanatory explanations, an edition in Tagalog was
published.

The first novel from each country fetches truly astronomical

prices at auction. However, there is an additional issue
that harms Paterno enormously: the accusations that
some Filipino historians — affected by a narrow and
short-sighted sense of nationalism — have been making
him a traitor and portraying him as unpatriotic. None of
these accusations are true, and a review of his biography
— as Resil Mojares has done in his superb Brains of the
Nation (2006) — and of Paterno’s works — which hardly
anyone has read — would be enough to clear his name
in Philippine historiography. Pedro Paterno was the
first person who saw in literature a way to carry out a
redefinition of national identity. His books, despite the
many errors that they might contain, were the first serious
attempt to carry out the science of sociology from a strictly
local point of view.

Philippine intellectual history from a Filipino perspective

begins with Paterno A man of learning and undoubted
talent, his loyalty was never to Spain or the United
States, but to the Philippines, and if he mediated in the
Biak-na-Bató Pact, he did so as a peacemaker to avoid a
bloodbath, ignoring completely that the weight of Spain
on the international scene was already almost nil. He was
damaged in life by his personality: unconcerned about Bust of Don Pedro Paterno

money, which he had in abundance, he sought recognition

and awards, occasionally, too eagerly.

Finally, Nínay was undoubtedly the novel that inspired the

Noli Me Tangere, published just two years later. The only
person who has noted this debt was León María Guerrero
in his biography of Rizal: “The parallel between the two
plots is obvious: Berto is Elías in the Noli; Carlos, Ibarra;
Ninay, Maria Clara; Don Evaristo, Captain Tiago; the ruin
of Carlos, like that of Ibarra, is encompassed by a false

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 44
 19th-Century Travel Guides
Between 1834 and 1865 a curious book was printed in
Manila with a certain periodicity. The title usually included
the words “Guía de forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el
año...” (Guide for foreign visitors in the Philippines Islands
in the year...). Despite the title, the contents little resemble
what we can find today in famous guides such as Lonely
Planet, Wikitravel or any travelog. It just contains an
encyclopedic picture of the country by the indicated year
— tons of data, statistics, calendars, etc., but not too much
of the kind of information that could actually be useful to
a prospective reader.
I used to ignore these guides when doing my bibliographic
research, obsessed as I was with finding literature,
accounts, letters and chronicles. It was a big mistake as
the generous reader will find out. It was a mistake that Dr.
Legarda did not commit.
If we take, for example, the guide for the year 1865, the
book starts reminding the reader what are the festive
days of the calendar — all of them related to Catholic
celebrations — and, additionally, on which days the
believer must go to the Manila Cathedral and pray in
order to earn indulgences. Next, we get what it seemed
to be by then a crucial piece of information: a list of the
birthdays of Queen Isabel 2nd and the Royal Family. On
some of those dates, it was actually mandatory to dress in
a much more formal manner, so better not to forget them.
Next there was a sanctorale, divided by moths: every day
of the year was — and still is in most Catholic countries in
Europe and Latin America — assigned to certain saints and
virgins. For example, April 23 in San Jorge or Saint George,
so since I was child, I get greetings like “Feliz día del santo”
[Happy day of your saint] on that day, and the family even
gives you presents. For example, San José is on March 19,
San Juan is on June 29 and Santa Margarita is on January
18. Needless to say, if your name is something like Harry,
Jennifer or Luzviminda, there is no right to get greetings
45 LEÓN GALLERY
or presents ever in your life. This tradition has been lost in
the Philippines, where the people are so Catholic and very
willing to give presents to their loved ones.
The lunar calendar and the calendar of eclipses comes at
the end of the first chapter.
Second chapter is summary of the history of the Philippines
from Magellan to Legazpi, and a brief explanation of the
political administration of the country and how the leaders
are chosen and two lists, apparently two important
lists, that every traveler should keep in mind: the list of
governors of the Philippines since Legazpi and the list
of Archbishops of Manila since Domingo de Salazar, OP;
and the list of bishops in Nueva Segovia (Northern Luzon),
Nueva Cáceres (Bicol) and Cebú (Visayas and Mindanao).
Also the names of all the important colonial officials in the
Philippines.
Other lists come later: governors and alcaldes in the
provinces and main cities; judges, lawyers, attorneys,
etc; also people in charge of collecting taxes and even
in charge of the accountability of the tobacco for export,
which indicates this was the main source of revenues for
the territory. Those lists are actually never ending, but
it provides an idea of how the whole archipelago was
administered. Needless to say, most of the public servants
were located in Luzon, but also many were in Cebu and
Panay. The amount of people employed by the government
was incredible, especially bin the administrative and
the military sections. The name of all of them and their
respective positions are provided.
There are also information regarding the periodicity of
post services within the Philippines and abroad, with the
fees of stamps and other postal services.
By 1865 there were 1579 students enrolled in the University
of Santo Tomás, 281 in the Real Colegio de San José, and
396 in the Colegio de San Juan de Letrán, There was also
a Nautical School, a Trade School, and an Academy for
drawing and painting with 200 students. Public education
was being implemented, since it was approved by law in
1863.
There were several hospices for the poor and also
hospitals. Most of them were actually run by friars and
nuns, and located in convents and beaterios. There was, to
my surprise, a Junta Central de Vacunas (Central Board for
Vaccines), created in 1806, and also a list of pharmacists.
The most important association for the learned people was
the Sociedad Económica de Filipinas, running from 1781 and
having sections devoted to natural history, arts, agriculture
and trade. I wonder which were the requirements to become
a member. The list of people assigned in the provinces
included engineers and military personnel, but the longest list
belonged to friars: there could be more, nearly one thousand
of them, but by that time, many were Filipinos.
The book finishes with a chapter with some tables explaining
all the weapons the Spanish Army and the Spanish Marine
had in the archipelago, a very useful information to
potential enemies -and potential revolutionaries.
All of these Philippine guides published during the 19th
century are extremely rare for the simple reason that they
were practical books that were discarded once the next
updated volume was published. Very few libraries have
these guides on their shelves, the usefulness of which,
because of the incredible amount of practical and up-to-
date information they contain, was not discarded by Dr.
Legarda in his historical research. Normally the guides
were published at the end of the previous year.
For the collector interested in acquiring them all, the
following is a list of all the guides that were published.
In bold are those included in the library of Don Benito
Legarda.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 46
 ORDER YEAR PRINTING PRESS Despite the different titles, these are two

1st 1834 Imprenta de D. José María Dayot

editions, the second of them updated, of the
same work.
2nd 1839 Imprenta de Santo Tomás

3rd 1840 Imprenta de Santo Tomás

This is a truly useful book, judging by the
4th 1842 Imprenta de D. Miguel Sánchez enormous amount of statistical tables and
5th 1843 Imprenta de D. Miguel Sánchez information it provides. This Manual is probably
6th 1844 Imprenta de D. Miguel Sánchez the best portray of the archipelago. It has
sections dedicated to history, notable events
7th 1845 Imprenta de D. Miguel Sánchez
since 1863 (with information about earthquakes
8th 1846 Imprenta de los Amigos del País
and hurricanes), climate, minerals, fauna,
9th 1847 Colegio de Santo Tomás
customs, agriculture, industry and commerce.
10th 1848 Imprenta de los Amigos del País There are special sections dedicated to the
11th 1849 Imprenta de los Amigos del País most important institutions, such as the Real
12th 1850 Imprenta de los Amigos del País Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País or the

13th 1851 Imprenta de los Amigos del País

Hospital de San Juan de Dios.

14th 1852 Imprenta de los Amigos del País

Of special interest to the curious reader are the
15th 1853 Imprenta de los Amigos del País
numerous informative tables about:
16th 1854 Imprenta de los Amigos del País

17th 1855 Imprenta de los Amigos del País • kilometer distances between the heads of
18th 1856 Imprenta de los Amigos del País the provinces.
19th 1857 Imprenta de los Amigos del País
• population (Manila had 314,000
inhabitants and the entire Philippines had
20th 1858 Imprenta de los Amigos del País
a little more than 5.2 million inhabitants).
21st 1859 Imprenta de los Amigos del País
• languages (we learnt for example that
22nd 1860 Imprenta de los Amigos del País Spanish was just spoken as a first language
23rd 1861 Imprenta de los Amigos del País by nearly 90.000 people)
24th 1862 Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier • prices of basic commodities
25th 1863 Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier
• price tables for tobacco and stamps
• telegraph rates
26th 1864 Establecimiento de los Amigos del País
• prices of products from Spain
27th 1865 Establecimiento de los Amigos del País
• Philippine products exported to Spain
28th 1879 Imprenta de los Amigos del País • ports and tariffs
29th 1884 Establecimiento tipográfico de Ramírez y • colonial government budget.
Giraudier

30th 1885 Establecimiento tipográfico de Ramírez y Other interesting lists are those of civilian and
Giraudier
military doctors, which totaled no more than
31th 1886 Establecimiento tipográfico de Ramírez y
Giraudier forty for all the islands, and that of Manila’s

32th 1888 Imprenta y Lit. de M. Pérez, hijo

neighbors, with an indication of each person
and his address.
33th 1890 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía

34th 1891 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía

It comes with two interesting color maps:
35th 1892 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía the first of them of Manila and its suburbs,
36th 1893 Imprenta de M. Pérez (hijo) the second of them of the entire Philippine
37th 1894 Establecimiento tipográfico de Ramírez y archipelago.
Giraudier

38th 1895 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía Very striking are the last 160 pages, many of
39th 1896 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía them in color, dedicated solely and exclusively
40th 1897 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía to advertisements.

41th 1898 Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Compañía

47 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 48
 19th-Century Guides
To the Philippines

25

A Lot of Seven Books

a.) Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para e.) Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para
el año de 1845 el año de 1865
Manila: Imprenta de D. Miguel Sánchez, 1845. Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del País, 1865.
size: 6 1/4” x 4” size: 6 1/2” x 4 3/4”
depth: 3/4” depth: 1 1/4”

f.) Guía Oficial de Filipinas

b) Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el Manila: Imprenta y Lit. de M. Pérez, hijo, 1888.
año de 1850 Volume 1.
Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais 1851. size: 8” x 5 3/4”
size: 7 1/4” x 4 1/4” depth: 1 1/4”
depth: 3/4”
g.) Guía Oficial de Filipinas para 1897
c.) Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para Manila: Chofré y Comp., 1897.
size: 8 1/4” x 6”
el año de 1851 depth: 2”
Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del País, 1851.
size: 7 1/4” x 4 3/4” P 21,000
depth: 3/4”
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD
d.) Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para
el año de 1856
Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del País, 1856.
size: 7” x 4 1/2”
depth: 3/4”

49 LEÓN GALLERY
 The First Filipino Almanac

26

Almanaque Filipino y Guía de Forasteros para el

año de 1834
Manila: Imprenta de D. José María Dayot, [1833].
size: 5 3/4” x 4 1/4”
depth: 1”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 50
51 LEÓN GALLERY
27

Ramón González Fernández y

Federico Moreno y Jerez
Of special interest to the curious reader are the numerous
i.) Manual del viajero en Filipinas informative tables about:
Manila: Santo Tomás, 1875.
size: 8 1/2” x 6”
depth: 1 3/4” • kilometer distances between the heads of the provinces.
• population (Manila had 314,000 inhabitants and the
Ramón González Fernández entire Philippines had a little more than 5.2 million
j.) Anuario Filipino para 1877 inhabitants).
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Plana y C, • languages (we learnt for example that Spanish was just
1877.
spoken as a first language by nearly 90.000 people)
size: 9” x 6 1/2”
depth: 1 1/2” • prices of basic commodities
• price tables for tobacco and stamps
P 12,000 • telegraph rates
• prices of products from Spain
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD
Despite the different titles, these are two editions, the
second of them updated, of the same work.
This is a truly useful book, judging by the enormous amount
of statistical tables and information it provides. This
Manual is probably the best portray of the archipelago.
It has sections dedicated to history, notable events since
1863 (with information about earthquakes and hurricanes),
climate, minerals, fauna, customs, agriculture, industry
and commerce. There are special sections dedicated to
the most important institutions, such as the Real Sociedad
Económica de Amigos del País or the Hospital de San Juan
de Dios.
• Philippine products exported to Spain
• ports and tariffs
• colonial government budget.
Other interesting lists are those of civilian and military
doctors, which totaled no more than forty for all the islands,
and that of Manila's neighbors, with an indication of each
person and his address.
It comes with two interesting color maps: the first of them
of Manila and its suburbs, the second of them of the entire
Philippine archipelago.
Very striking are the last 160 pages, many of them in color,
dedicated solely and exclusively to advertisements.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 52
 First-hand Accounts of the
Philippine Revolution
Undoubtedly, the favorite event of Philippine nationalist
historiography is the revolution against the Spanish for
independence. Benito Legarda, as a great historian, was
very interested in the period and had the advantage of
accessing the sources in their original language. But there
was also a family matter that must have interested him.
The Spanish Perspective
The loss of the archipelago inevitably led to a discourse of
defeat, to an analysis of the reasons why Spain had ceased
to be an imperial power. Many memoirs of the war were
written, but also many documents aimed at exculpating
the defeat in battle.
53 LEÓN GALLERY
His grandfather, Benito Legarda y Tuasón (1853-1915)
was a member of Emilio Aguinaldo's cabinet and, upon
the arrival of the Americans, collaborated with the new
government, being Resident Commissioner from the
Philippines Islands and founder of the Federal Party.
Fernando Primo de Rivera
Soldiers, friars and politicians alike wrote essays, memoirs
and diaries that are of great interest in reconstructing the
years of the revolution from the perspective of the losing
nation.
28

Fernando Primo de Rivera

Memoria dirigida al senado
[Report adressed to the Senate]
Madrid: Imprenta y Litografía del Depósito de la
Guerra, 1898.

P 9,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

BINDING IS LOOSE

Fernando Primo de Rivera (1831-1921) was a Spanish
military officer who served two terms as Captain General
of the Philippine Islands (1880-83 and 1897-98). He signed
with Emilio Aguinaldo in 1897 the Biak-na-Bato Pact.
Dated in August 1898, it is extremely rare and contains
a map of Central Luzon. It is a complete and detailed
report of his government, from his appointment on
March 22, 1897, until his resignation in October of the
same year, accepted at the beginning of 1898. Primo de
Rivera was accused of incompetence, bad government
and improvisation, and the whole writing is a defense of
his months of government. Especially juicy is the chapter
that narrates the long process of the peace negotiations
in which Pedro Paterno played a prominent role. Very
important to understand the first phases of the revolution
from the political point of view the Governor.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 54
29

Tomás Castellano y Villarroya

La insurrección en Filipinas
[The insurrection in the Philippines]
Madrid: Imprenta de los hijos de M. G. Hernández,
1897.
size: 9 1/4” x 6 1/4”
Speech delivered in parliament in June 1897 by the
P 7,000 conservative Spanish Minister of Overseas, Tomás
Castellano (1850-1906), against the liberal Mr. Romero
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
Robledo, who protested against the seizure of assets
VERY POOR decreed against those who participated in the first
BINDING IS LOOSE Philippine insurrection. Very rare pamphlet.

55 LEÓN GALLERY
30

Victoriano Reinosa
Luchas supremas o nobleza contra infamia:
Historia de la presente guerra con los Estados-
Unidos (Tomo Primero)
[Supreme fights, or nobilty against infamy:
history of the current war against the United
States, volume 1]
Barcelona: La Enciclopedia Democrática, 1898. Vol. 1.
size: 8 3/4” x 6”
depth: 1 1/2”
Most of the book deals with the loss of Cuba, but the
P 6,000 last two chapters - just over 100 pages - deal with the
CONDITION REPORT insurrection against the Spanish until the defeat at
HARDBOUND Manila Bay. Written from a pained patriotic sentiment.
GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 56
31

Para los soldados

[For the soldiers]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y Comp., 1898.
size: 8” x 5 1/4”
depth: 3/4”

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

The subtitle is quite clarifying: “Collection of articles and

poems dedicated to alleviate the sad situation of the
wounded in the campaign”. According to Retana, the list
of authors includes the most prominent authors in the
Philippines at the time. As a book that was intended to be
read by soldiers on the battle front or in hospitals, most of
the print run was lost and very few copies exist. Worldcat
indicates the existence of only two copies.

32

Juan y José Toral

El Sitio de Manila: Memorias de un Voluntario
[The siege of Manila. Memoris of a voluntary
soldier]
Manila: Imprenta Litografía Partier, 1898. 1st edition.
size: 9” x 6 1/4”
depth: 3/4”

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

POOR

SIGNS OF DAMAGE IN THE BOOK SPINE

Written by two brothers, voluntary soldiers, who took part
in the Spanish defeat on August 1898. As the prologues
explains, it was aimed at “reliving today that painful
occasion when unjust foreign greed deprived us of the last
remnants of our overseas empire.” But also it attempts
to point out some public servants who did not behave
with decency in those critical moments. It is written like
a diary that traces the process of the collapse of Spanish
military power at the hands of the U.S. Army from April 14
to August 13, 1898. It contains numerous details about
Filipinos who fought initially on the Spanish side; among
them, Felipe Buencamino: “who has committed a low
and cowardly treason, and the crime of embezzlement
and misappropriation of public funds, since it is assured
that with him sixteen or twenty thousand pesos, which
were given to him for the maintenance and assets of his
volunteers, have disappeared. His political history does
not begin badly: he despises his oaths of honor, betrays
Spain and steals from his soldiers, his own countrymen,
the pampangos.”. Very well written. Rare.
For the second edition.

57 LEÓN GALLERY
33

Federico de Monteverde y Sedano

Campaña de Filipinas: la división Lachambre
1897
[The Philippine campaign: the Lachambre
division, 1897]
Madrid: Librería de Hernando y Compañia, 1898.
size: 9 1/2” x 6 1/4”
depth: 1 3/4”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Its author was an infantry lieutenant colonel who fought
against the first insurrection in Cavite. It provides first-hand
information about what happened in different battlefields,
with fourteen sketches that allow to visualize geographically
what happened. Accompanied by numerous photos and
drawings, the whole book should be understood as a very
elaborate merit report for the author. His superior was
Major General Jose Lachambre, who directed the main
part of the operations in the province of Cavite, which was
in the hands of the insurgents with Aguinaldo at the head.
In February 1897 they took successively, after numerous
combats, Silang, Dasmariñas and other points; in March
the city of Imus, where the rebels had their headquarters;
and until April 1 the positions of San Francisco de Malabón,
Rosario, Noveleta and Cavite. Of extraordinary interest
to know the warlike compasses of the first phases of the
revolution. Extremely curious the folded map indicating
the different military operations in the region of Cavite.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 58
34

Disposiciones de España y de los Estados

VERY POOR
Unidos referentes a la guerra y Declaraciones BINDING IS DESTROYED

de Neutralidad
It is very curious that the royal order of publication of
[Spanish and U.S. War Provisions and
this form is dated July 26, 1898, since Spain would sign
Declarations of Neutrality] its surrender only seventeen days later. It is a collection
Madrid: Tipo-Litografía de Raoul Peant, 1898.
size: 9 1/4” x 6 1/4” of legal provisions in which Spain and the United States
depth: 1/4” acknowledge being at war and agree to behave in
accordance with the precepts of international law.
P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT
It also contains a list of countries that declared neutrality
SOFTBOUND in the conflict with their official declarations.

59 LEÓN GALLERY
35

Victor Concas y Palau

Causa Instruida por la Destrucción de la
Very few copies must have been printed of this report,
Escuadra de Filipinas y Entrega del Arsenal
aimed at convincing the judges that the result of the
de Cavite defeat was not the result of the military’s incompetence,
[Case filed for the destruction of the Philippine but of years of neglect of the military contingent in
fleet and surrender of the Cavite arsenal] the Philippines, the lack of basic materials - including
Madrid: Estab. Tip. Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1899. the soldiers’ food rations - and of having obeyed the
size: 8 3/4” x 6” irresponsible orders of politicians who cared little for the
depth: 1/4”
lives of the soldiers. To prove his assertions, he describes
in detail the state of the infantry and navy before the war
P 6,000
began, insisting on the lack of a military naval port. It is a
CONDITION REPORT
detailed report of the different operations carried out by
SOFTBOUND
the Spanish Navy until the capitulation in August 1898.
VERY POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE
Very interesting. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 60
36

Fr. Ulpiano Herrero y Sampedro, OP

Nuestra prisión…
[Our imprisonment under the Filipino
revolutionaries: Chronicle of 18 months of
captivity of more than 100 friars from Central
of captivity of more than 100 friars from Central Luzon
in charge of administering the souls]. It was published
by the University of Santo Tomás in 1900 and narrates a
critical moment of the revolution: the capture of the friars

Luzon in charge of administering the souls] in Central and Northern Luzon by the revolutionaries. They
Manila: Real Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1900. would become their hostages.
size: 9 1/4” x 6 1/4”
depth: 2” The prologue of the book already makes explicit that his
goal is not to attack the Filipino people or the leaders of the
P 15,000 revolution, but to make public the somewhat extraordinary
CONDITION REPORT events that happened to him. Father Ulpiano makes clear
HARDBOUND and acknowledges that the desire for independence of
FAIR
the Filipinos was a legitimate ambition. What he did not
HAS MAPS IN THE LAST LEAVES
understand was the unnecessary violence used against
the friars and his fear that, with independence, the
Catholic religion would be eradicated by the masons. So,
Father Ulpiano’s account of the he does not speak so much from the point of view of a
Spaniard, but from the point of view of a member of the
Philippine revolution Church. He considers that the role of the friars has not
been only evangelizing the people, but civilizing them. But
One of the most outstanding accounts of the Philippine most importantly, he does not accept any criticism of the
revolution, 900 pages long, was written by a Spanish Filipino people. Father Ulpiano emphasizes that any fault
Dominican friar, Fr. Ulpiano Herrero. The title is that the Filipinos might commit ultimately was a fault of
quite descriptive: Nuestra Prisión en Manos de los Spain and its negligence after more than three centuries
Revolucionarios Filipinos: Crónica de dieciocho meses de of presence.
cautiverio de más de cien religiosos del centro de Luzón
empleados en el ministerio de las almas [Our imprisonment Father Ulpiano was imprisoned in his parish in Orión,
under the Filipino revolutionaries: Chronicle of 18 months Bataan; he surrendered after little resistance in the tower

61 LEÓN GALLERY
of the parish. He later joined another group of Dominican
friars from Bataan to be sent by boat to Cavite. From there,
a group of more than 120 friars would be forced to walk
or be transported by land, passing by Tárlac, Nueva Écija,
Pangasinán, the Lepanto district in the Cordillera and
even Ilocos Norte. During the journey, the friars suffered
physical punishment, public humiliations, continuous
thefts, hunger and thirst. Some of the prisoners, being old
friars, could not resist the harsh treatment and passed
away.
But despite this, throughout the account of Father Ulpiano
the Filipino people are portrayed in a very favorable
manner. Very often, the common people generously
helped the friars by providing food, clothes, shelter and
money along the way. In a few cases, some Filipinos
even risked their lives to relieve the hunger of the friars in
exchange for nothing. He also made distinctions between
good revolutionary leaders, who behaved with humanity
and the bad ones who, with the excuse of the revolution,
entered the houses of people to steal their belongings
mercilessly. He distinguished between well-intentioned
people who associated with the revolutionary cause from
the heart and plain criminals who acted with impunity. He
recorded the names of most of them.
A very interesting feature of the first pages is that the
description of the revolution did not fit in with the typical
“Filipinos against Spanish” narrative, but a civil war. Most
of the soldiers fighting for the Spanish side were actually
Filipinos, but in the provinces, many Spaniards joined the
Philippine cause: family welfare and properties are, in the
end, more important than national loyalties.
The whole account, written exhaustively and with much
detail, shows no resentment and displays much humanity.
The very proof of his true commitment with the Filipino
people is the fact that Father Ulpiano, who arrived in the
Philippines in 1887, did not resign his duties — unlike other
Spanish friars, who went back to Spain — and chose to
remain in the Philippines until his death, which occurred
in 1916.
Father Ulpiano Herrero’s account invites a reconsideration
of the way in which national histories are told. It proposes
a reflection about the right decisions and excesses of the
friars in the archipelago and sheds light on the inside
experiences of the revolution in a truthful style, showing
the greatness and the miseries of human beings obliged
to portray themselves within the maelstrom of history.
Very interesting is the big folded map of Northern Luzon,
which shows the itinerary taken by the friars when they
forced to follow Emilio Aguinaldo, who was escaping the
persecution, until they were left free.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 62
37

Joaquín Durán
Episodios de la Revolución Filipina
[Episodes of the Philippine revolution] crippled in one leg while being a prisoner and returned
Manila: Amigos del País, 1900. to Spain in 1901. Father Durán expresses in the prologue
size: 8 1/2” x 6”
his purpose: “Our main object in tracing these pages has
depth: 1/2”
been only to present to our readers the terrifying dramas
P 10,000 dictated by the horrific muse of the Katipunan and written
with blood in the hearts of the Spanish prisoners. [...] I do
CONDITION REPORT
not want in any way to be branded as passionate or biased
HARDBOUND

FAIR
THERE APPEARS TO BE A WRITTEN DEDICATION IN THE FIRST LEAF
Joaquín Durán was an Augustinian friar who arrived to the
Philippines in 1891. He worked in the parishes of Baliuag,
Barasoain, Jaén and Peñaranda, where he was caught
by the revolutionaries in June 1898. He got permanently
either by the institutions or by the personalities whose acts
are applauded or censured in this book. I naively confess
that everything narrated in these episodes is covered with
incontrovertible truth”. A work of undoubted interest for
the reconstruction of the events of the Philippine revolution
and complements the previously mentioned work of Fr.
Ulpiano Herrero.

63 LEÓN GALLERY
38

José V. Pérez Martinez

Pérdida de la Provincia de la Isabela de Luzón
(Islas Filipinas)
Loss of the Isabel Province in Luzon (Philippine
Islands)
Barcelona: Tip. De Luis Tasso, 1900.
size: 8 1/4” x 5 1/4”

P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

José Vicente Pérez Martínez was the Spanish governor of

the province of Isabela since January 1898 and arrived
in the Philippines shortly after, at the end of March, at
which time he discovered that there was a revolutionary
association “enemy of Castilian sovereignty”, in his own
words. On April 2 he had a meeting with Governor Primo
de Rivera in which he was warned of the dangers that were
looming, especially due to the coming war against the
Americans, who already had part of their navy stationed
in Hong Kong. He marched by boat to Aparri, from where
he went up the Cagayan River to Ilagan, capital of Isabela.
He hardly had time to perform his duties because he was
immediately imprisoned by the revolutionaries and held
captive for 15 months. Most of his report deals with his
period as a prisioner. 37 pages of report plus 10 pages
of appendices. Very rare. of authors includes the most
prominent authors in the Philippines at the time. As a
book that was intended to be read by soldiers on the
battle front or in hospitals, most of the print run was lost
and very few copies exist. Worldcat indicates the existence
of only two copies.

39

José Genova e Iturbe

Los Prisioneros
[The Prisoners]
Madrid: Estab. Tip. De G. Juste, 1900.
size: 7 1/2” x 5 1/4”
depth: 1/4”

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

After the defeat of Spain, nine thousand soldiers had

fought on the Spanish side (both Spaniards and Filipinos),
and Aguinaldo was unwilling to give them freedom
despite the end of the hostilities. This book is a detailed
report of the many actions carried out by the last Spanish
captain, Diego de los Ríos, to liberate all the prisoners. The
prisoners themselves financed the book as a way to thank
him for his services. Very rare

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 64
40

Eladio Zamora
La Corporaciones Religiosas en Filipinas
[Religious corporations in the Philippines]
Valladolid: Imprenta y librería religiosa de Andrés
Martín, 1901.
size: 8 1/2” x 5 1/2”
depth: 1”

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

During the first years of the American occupation, there

was a harsh campaign to discredit the religious orders
that had worked in the country. In this context, several
works were published favoring and against the friars.
Eladio Zamora was an Augustinian friar who worked on the Augustinians, as agents of culture and peace in the
the island of Panay in two periods (1875-93) and (1895- archipelago. He provides numerous pieces of evidence of
98). He died a year and a half after publishing the present how the friars helped the progress of culture, education,
work. It is a passionate defense of the friars, especially industry, and agriculture among the indigenous people.

41

Manuel Sastrón
La insurrección en Filipinas: guerra hispano-
americana en el archipiélago (1896-1899)
The revolt in the Philippines: Spanish-US
war in the archipelago (1896-1899)
Madrid: Imprenta de la Sucesora de M. Minuesa de
los Ríos, 1901.
size: 11” x 8”
depth: 1 3/4”

P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE

Manuel Sastrón was a good connoisseur of the

archipelago, where he lived for many years as governor
of several provinces. He also collaborated with his writings
in several Manila newspapers. The present book is the
second edition, greatly expanded and with numerous
appendices, of his history of the Philippine Revolution.
Although it favors Spain, it contains countless important
data, statistical tables, and transcribed documents. It also
includes four maps with military information.

65 LEÓN GALLERY
42

Severo Gómez Núñez

La Guerra Hispano-Americana: Puerto-Rico
y Filipinas
[The Spanish-American War: Puerto Rico
and the Philippines]
Imprenta del Cuerpo de Artillería, 1902.
size: 7 1/2” x 4 3/4”
depth: 1”

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

The present book is the fifth and last volume of an

ambitious series that narrates the history of Spain’s war
against the United States in its last colonies. This volume
is dedicated to Puerto Rico and the Philippines. However, it
devotes 70% of the book to the Philippines, focusing on the
destruction of the Spanish squadron in Cavite and Manila.
It is considered the best work from a technical point of
view. It contains eight plans and 15 photo engravings.

43

Ricardo Burguete
¡La Guerra!. Filipinas. Memorias de un herido
[The war! Philippines. Memories of a wounded
soldier]
Barcelona: Maucci, 1902.
size: 7 1/4” x 4 3/4”
depth: 1/2”

P 7,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Ricardo Burguete was a Spanish soldier who fought

in fue Cuba (1896-97) and the Philippines (1897-98).
The author describes his journey to the Philippines, his
impressions of the country, and his experiences in fighting
Filipino insurrectionists. The account, written by a young,
impressionable patriot, conveys candid characterizations
of the inhabitants of the country, reflections on the causes
of the insurrection, and a detailed account of the author’s
actions in support of continued Spanish rule. It contains
dozens of drawings depicting the Philippines.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 66
The Nozaleda affair
Bernardino Nozaleda was a Dominican friar born in
Asturias in 1844 who arrived in the Philippines in 1873.
He studied at the University of Santo Tomas, where he
obtained a doctorate in philosophy and a second one
in canon law. He always held positions of responsibility
at the university, the College of San Juan de Letran, or
the Convent of Santo Domingo. Pope Leo XIII appointed
him archbishop of Manila in May 1889, and took office in
February 1891. He advised Governor Polavieja to pardon
Rizal, although his request was denied. With the arrival
of the Americans, new newspapers such as El progreso
or La Democracia began to publish articles against the
friars and against Catholicism, sometimes with personal
attacks. Nozaleda, to counter these criticisms, encouraged
the creation of a daily Catholic newspaper, Libertas
(1899-1914), printed in UST. Finally, pressured by the new
situation, he resigned his bishopric in September 1900 and
returned to Spain at the beginning of 1902.
On December 31, 1903, the conservative president of
Spain, Antonio Maura, appointed Father Nozaleda as
archbishop of Valencia. The liberal newspapers took
advantage of this situation to launch a smear campaign
against the Dominican friar and against the government
67 LEÓN GALLERY
that had appointed him. This campaign was based on
various accusations that revolved around his alleged lack
of patriotism when he was archbishop of Manila. He was
accused of having lost his Spanish citizenship for having
continued as archbishop of Manila after passing to the
dominion of the United States, having maintained secret
dealings with the Americans during the blockade of the
capital, and having negotiated the surrender of the city.
More seriously, he was also accused of having advised the
shooting of Rizal and other pro-independence fighters.
The campaign became a political and media scandal,
provoking numerous rallies and several parliamentary
fights. In response to these accusations, Bernardino
Nozaleda filed a libel and slander suit and published
his pamphlet Defensa Obligada contra acusaciones
gratuitas, in which he attempted to refute one by one
all the accusations. Finally, the president revoked the
appointment, although Father Nozaleda had already
resigned voluntarily.
Dr. Legarda took a keen interest in this matter since his
library had four short books -all very rare- that dealt with
it:
44

A Lot of Four Books

Severino Aznar
a.) El Affaire Nozaleda
[The Nozaleda affair]
Madrid: Librería de Francisco Buendía, 1904.
size: 9 1/2” x 6 1/2”
It is a compilation of three articles originally published
in 1903 in Revista de Aragón under a pseudonym. Aznar
takes Nozaleda’s side and provides some irrefutable
evidence, some of it confidential.
Nicolás Díaz Pérez y Viriato Díaz-
Pérez
Los frailes en Filipinas
[The friars in the Philippines]
Madrid, 1904.
size: 8 1/2” x 5 3/4”
Written in an exalted tone, it accuses the friars of being the
cause of all the problems in the Philippines and of having
prevented its effective colonization. Nozaleda is accused
of being a great friend of money.

Antonio Maura
Fr. Bernardino Nozaleda, OP La cuestión Nozaleda
b.) Defensa Obligada contra acusaciones gratuitas [The Nozaleda issue]
[Mandatory defense against gratuitous Madrid: M. Romero, 1904. 2 copies.
size: 8 3/4” x 6”
accusations] depth: 1/4”
Madrid, 1904.
size: 7 1/4” x 5“
depth: 1/4”
P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

According to Retana, Fr. Evaristo Arias, also a Dominican, HARDBOUND,FAIR

SOFTBOUND, VERY POOR, BINDING IS DESTROYED
helped Nozaleda to write this controversial book.

Compilation of the speeches in the Cortes by President

The defense refutes one by one any claim, which is
Maura in defense of Father Nozaleda. Very few copies
supported with the publication of twenty documents,
must have been printed.
unknown to the public. Very few copies printed.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 68
45

Saturnino Martín Cerezo

El sitio de Baler
[The siege of Baler]
Madrid: Imprenta de Antón Izquierdo, 1911, 2nd ed.
size: 8” x 5 1/2”
depth:1”

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Compilation of the speeches in the Cortes by President

Maura in defense of Father Nozaleda. Very few copies
must have been printed.

69 LEÓN GALLERY
Last Men Standing in Baler
(Los últimos de Filipinas)
On July 1, 1898, an isolated troop of Spanish soldiers led by
Captain De Las Morenas, who was fighting in the province
of El Principe -today Aurora-, decided to take refuge and
protect themselves from the attacks of the insurgent
Filipinos in the church of Baler. What at first was to be a
temporary refuge until the hypothetical arrival of support
became one of the most epic -from the human point of
view- and ironic -from the historical perspective- chapters
of the Spanish Empire. Being permanently besieged for
three hundred and thirty-seven days, the soldiers had to
find ingenious and risky ways to get food. However, the
physical endurance of the soldiers had limits: many died
of beriberi or other diseases, while a few managed to
desert. The captain himself died, which gave command to
Lieutenant Saturnino Martín Cerezo.
Even though the Spaniards were defeated in the Bay of
Manila in August and Spain and the USA signed the Treaty
of Paris in December of the same year, the soldiers remained
locked up in the Church of Baler because they considered that
the news that arrived to them were falsehoods to convince
them and to make them leave. The attempts of siege by the
Philippine side were numerous, and the Spaniards could
resist and repel all the attacks.
Finally, the besieged were sent newspapers informing them
that the sovereignty of the Philippines belonged to the USA.
At first, they did not believe the news. Still, after reading
another news item in the newspaper, they realized that it
could not have been invented by the Filipinos and decided
to surrender on the condition that they would not sign any
surrender. Aguinaldo rewarded bravery and ordered that the
detachment of Spanish soldiers be escorted to Manila and
that they not be treated as prisoners.
A total of 60 people were besieged, including the two
missionaries sent by the Filipinos. Of these, 15 died of beriberi
or dysentery, two from combat wounds, six deserted, and
two were shot by order of Martin Cerezo after being found
guilty of attempted desertion. Among the besieged was the
Franciscan Father Felix Minaya, who wrote the only other
written source about the siege.
This chapter of history is very well known and praised in Spain,
where several films have been produced about it. In Baler,
the Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day is celebrated annually
on June 30, as this is the date when Aguinaldo signed the
decree for the protection of the survivors.
The primary source for reconstructing those days of resistance
was his memoirs, El sitio de Baler, published in Guadalajara
in 1904. This second edition is, however, the definitive one,
as it has been corrected and enlarged. The Spanish empire
ended in Baler; this book is its best testimony.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 70
 Photographs and Drawings
of 1898

71 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 72
The American Perspective
That the Americans had plans to occupy the Philippines is
demonstrated by the fact that before the end of the war a
number of books had already been printed discussing their
new possession of Southeast Asia. Within a few months,
American experts on the Philippines who had spent
only a few months in their islands proliferated, and their
works oscillate between patriotic celebration of the new
conquest and anthropological interest in non-Westernized
ethnic groups culturally.

46

W. Nephew King
The Story of the Spanish-American
War and the Revolt in the Philippines
New York: Peter Fenelon Colier and son, 1901.
size: 11 1/2” x 17 1/4”
depth: 1 1/4”

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE

The author of the book was a lieutenant who fought Of special interest are the numerous photographs of the
on the front lines against the Filipinos. As a person who war, as well as the drawings and illustrations, many of
experienced the war firsthand, his impressions of the war them of great quality.
are very interesting because they offer little known details.

47

Frederic H. Sawyer
The inhabitants of the Philippines
London: Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, 1900.
size: 9” x 6”
depth: 2”

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY POOR

BINDING IS VERY LOOSE AND BACK COVER IS DETACHED

The author was British and spent some years in the

Philippines documenting. His intention was to present the
English-speaking reader with a complete and accurate
description of the entire Philippine archipelago. It is a
personal book, the fruit of his curiosity, and also very
benevolent, as much with Spaniards as with Americans
and Filipinos. It is full of interesting illustrations and
deals with all subjects: history, war, industry, commerce,
agriculture, languages and ethnic groups, political
organization, Manilan society, etc.

73 LEÓN GALLERY
48

Marrion Wilcox (ed.)

Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1900.
size: 11 1/2” x 17 1/4”
depth: 1 1/4”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Marrion Wilcox (1858-1926) was an American Hispanist

who worked as an instructor at Yale University. He also
wrote A Short History of the War with Spain (1898). He was
never in the Philippines, but was able to document himself
extensively to write a well-documented history of the war.
Extensively illustrated and containing numerous maps.
Approximately twenty-six full-page colored illustrations
and over a thousand black-and-white illustrations and
photographs. The bulk of the book is composed of
wartime correspondence, almost all written by military
personnel who actively participated in the war. It should
be remembered that when the book was published,
Aguinaldo had not yet surrendered and the war was not
over.

49

Joseph Wheeler & José de Olivares

Our Islands and Their people
As seen with Camera and Pencil
New York: N. D. Thompson, 1899. 2 vols.
size: 16” x 11 3/4”
depth: 1 1/2”

P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE

It is a book that celebrates the conquest of the new

territory and tries to present it in the best possible way to
the American public. The most valuable part of the book
is its numerous photographs. It includes also Hawaii, also
most of the book deals with the Philippines.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 74
50

Revista de Filipinas
[Magazine of the Philippines]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier,
1876. Vol. 1.
size: 11” x 8”
depth: 1 1/4”

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

COVER IS POOR BUT ALL PAGES ARE IN FAIR CONDITION, SOME FOXING

75 LEÓN GALLERY
 Journalism for a Nation
Newspapers and Periodicals
Revista de Filipinas is quite simply a pioneering work in the
history of journalism in the Philippines. For one, it proved
the existence in Manila of a community of intellectuals
interested in the educational and scientific progress of the
archipelago. The Revista was the first cultural magazine
in the Philippines, in keeping with others published in
Europe at the same time. It was founded in July 1875 by
the Galician José Felipe del Pan, a colonial official who was
behind the founding and direction of several periodicals.
This particular one published numerous articles on the
Philippines’ climate, geology, and flora and presented
for the first time, several manuscripts on the history of
the Philippines. It also published translations of scientific
articles on the Philippines that had been published abroad.
Clearly, it was instrumental in disseminating knowledge
about the geography and peoples of the Philippines, and
many of its studies are focused on specific provinces. The
most educated people in science and literature in the
Philippines collaborated in this journal.
For these multitide of reasons, the Revista de Filipinas is
one of the most beloved and sought-after works by Filipino
bibliophiles. It was motivated more by a sincere desire to
disseminate knowledge and improve the intellectual life of
the archipelago than to obtain economic benefits, which
is probably why it was forced to close in November 1877.
It depended almost entirely on subscriptions, a large part
of them coming from the provincial capitals, but it was not
enough for the economic support of such a praiseworthy
enterprise. Significant works were also published under the
journal in separate volumes, such as John Bowring’s book
of travels, Tomás de Comyn’s report on the Philippines, or
Father Francisco Moreno’s early history of the Philippines.
Volume 1 runs from July 1875 to June 1876 and was
printed at the legendary Imprenta de Ramirez y
Giraudier. It contains articles on history, biographies
of illustrious personages, political studies and on the
colonial administration, articles on volcanology, numerous
ethnographic studies and on the customs of the different
ethnic peoples of the archipelago, articles on agriculture,
industry, commerce, hygiene and medicine — with
emphasis on ideas that would contribute to the social
and economic progress of the Philippines — as well as
bibliographical entries and cultural news. It also included
serialized literary novels. It was published, as was the
custom then, in the form of fascicles, which were then
bound following the annual index’s publication. Curiously,
the religious ingredient is entirely absent in its pages. It
was the most serious initiative until then to disseminate
rational knowledge and enlighten the population of the
Philippines. Very important and extremely rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 76
51
Boletín Oficial del Magisterio Filipino
[Official Bulletin of Philippine Teaching]
Manila: Imprenta-Litografía Partier, 1895.
size: 12 1/2” x 9 1/4”
depth: 3/4”
P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
GOOD
This is a very curious publication intended to be read by
elementary education teachers all over the archipelago.
Public education arrived in the Philippines in 1863,
and its empowerment was one of the ambitions of the
“Negociado de Instrucción Pública” [Public Education
Section] of the colonial government. The Boletin was born
in January 1895, and its last issue is dated December
77 LEÓN GALLERY
1896. The Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros [Superior
School of Teachers] published it, but many of the authors
who collaborated in this Boletín were Jesuit fathers. Its
objective was to present the latest advances in primary
education pedagogy and contribute to the advancement
of the Spanish language. Teachers were encouraged to
publish in it their experiences or knowledge to produce
synergies that would benefit the educational system in
general. It had specific sections on legislation, pedagogy,
helpful knowledge, peninsula, abroad, and miscellaneous;
and its contents included travel accounts, poems, musical
pieces, studies on hurricanes, etc. The Boletin is significant
for tracing the history of Philippine education, as it contains
information about the number of existing schools, the
teachers who ran them, the problems they had to face,
etc. It also included job offers for schools where teachers
were lacking. Very rare.
52

Blanco y Negro. Revista Ilustrada

[Black and White. Illustrated Magazine]
Issues 244-295 (1896) This was the most prestigious cultural magazine in Spain
size: 11” x 8” (28 cm x 20 cm) at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.
depth: 2 3/4” It was created in Madrid in 1891. Its success contributed
Issues 296-347 (1897)
to the financing of the monarchist newspaper ABC, which
size: 11” x 8” (28 cm x 20 cm)
is still published today. The publication presented the
novelty of illustrations and enjoyed great prestige for its
P 12,000 articles and literary collaborations, having in its beginnings
print runs close to 20,000 copies. It was the first Spanish
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
periodical to use color and couché paper.
FAIR

THE ISSUES OF THIS JOURNAL ARE ALL BOUND IN THE SAME HARD

BOUND COVER

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 78
79 LEÓN GALLERY
53

Renacimiento Filipino: revista semanal ilustrada

[Philippine Renaissance: Illustrated
Weekly Magazine] magazine “of sciences, arts, literature, industry, commerce
Issues 1-24 (1910)
and agriculture”, although opinion pieces against the
size: 12” x 8 1/2”
depth: 2” American colonial government abounded.

Issues 30, 31, 33, 35-40, 43, 45, It was published bilingually, in Spanish and Tagalog,
47, 50-60, 65, 66, 69-71 (1911) although it sometimes included poems in English by
size: 12” x 7 3/4” Filipino writers. Its first issue came out on July 7, 1910,
depth: 1 1/4”
based at the same address as its predecessor: Gunaw
Issues 74-80, 82-86, 88-92, 95-97, Street, Quiapo. The title letters imitate the baybayin
99, 100, 103-105, 107, 108, 110-120 (1912) style and each cover came with a beautiful illustration
size: 12” x 7 3/4” by the well-known Manila painter Jorge Pineda (1879-
depth: 1 3/4” 1946), although some of them were signed by the young
Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972). Inside, almost all the
11 Issues from 1913
pages contained photos of people of the Philippine elite, the
size: 12” x 7 3/4”
depth: 1” streets of Manila, the most prestigious social clubs, historic
buildings and landscapes of the Philippine province. From
P 30,000 a graphic point of view, it is a publication of extraordinary
visual quality and excellent design. The intellectual elite
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
FAIR
This magazine was the heir of the most important
Philippine newspaper that existed during the first years
of US occupation: El Renacimiento (1901-1910), where
writers and patriots such as Fernando Maria Guerrero
and Teodoro M. Kalaw contributed. The publication of the
column “Aves de presa” Rapiña [Birds of prey] (1908), by the
Lipeño journalist Fidel Reyes, led to its closure. Reyes dared
criticize the real estate dealings of the American colonial
official Dean Worcester, who was Secretary of the Interior
of the U.S Insular Government in the Philippines. Perhaps
to avoid further American censorship, the new publication,
now weekly and in newspaper format, presented itself as a
of the Philippines collaborated in this publication: Claro
M. Recto, Fernando María Guerrero, Fidel Reyes, Teodoro
Kalaw, Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, Fernando Canon, Lope K.
Santos, etc, although on many occasions they published
under pseudonyms.
The nationalist and pro-independence orientation is seen
in the numerous tributes to the heroes of the Philippine
revolution, such as the thirteen martyrs of Cavite, or
specific well-documented biographies, such as that of
Juan Luna. Doctors, lawyers, writers and beauty pageant
winners were presented to the public. Current affairs were
discussed, such as Japanese imperial expansion, Tagalog
spelling, advances in education, successes of Filipinos
abroad, etc. An exceptionally important work; and very
rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 80
81 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 82
54

The Philippine Review. Revista Filipina A monthly bilingual political news magazine that began
1918 (2) publication in January 1916. The pages ran in parallel
1919 (2) columns, on the left in English and the right in Spanish. It
1920 (1)
was founded by the Marinduqueño intellectual Gregorio
size: 10 1/4” x 6 3/4”
depth: 1 1/2” Nieva (1880-1951). In the English section, José Abad
Santos and Conrado Benítez contributed. In contrast,
P 15,000 in the Spanish language team, Rafael Palma, Mariano
Adriático, Arsenio Luz, Epifanio de los Santos, Fernando Ma
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
Guerrero, and Teodoro Kalaw, among others, participated.
GOOD They discussed issues such as the cultural Americanization
WITH ATTACHED NEWSPAPER CLIPPING FROM AMBETH OCAMPO IN THE of the Philippines, women’s empowerment, American
BACK ABOUT PANDACAN policies in the Philippines, Manuel Quezon’s leadership,
Spain’s legacy in the Philippines, socialism, news on
World War I, Philippine trade policy, etc. Although it had
a nationalist profile, criticism of the U.S. government was
more moderate and less frequent. Of exceptional quality
were the opinion articles and literary contributions. Very
rare.

83 LEÓN GALLERY
55

El Correo Sino-Annamita o Correspondencia de

the nomadic mountain communities. It also emphasizes
las Misiones del Sagrado Orden de Predicadores the dangers faced by the missionaries — many of whom
en Formosa, China, Tung-King y Filipinas were beheaded by the Igorots — and the frequent tribal
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás. warfare.
Vol. XXIV (1890)
size: 8 1/4” x 5 3/4”
depth: 1 1/4” Volume XXIV contains two sketches by Father Villaverde
indicating the progress in the construction of the road
Vol. XXVI (1892) to San Nicolás, information about the missions of Father
size: 9” x 6” Malumbres in Malugang and Father Jimeno in Bambang.
depth: 3/4” Volume XXVI contains letters from Fotol (Apayao),
Bambang, and Magogao. Most important is the report of
Vol. XXIX (1895)
size: 8 1/4” x 5 3/4” Father Campa, who narrates his risky journey to the lands
depth: 1” of the Ilongotes by ascending the waters of the Cagayan
River.
P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT
Volume XXVIII contains the report “Igorrotes salvajes de la
HARDBOUND cordillera nordeste de Pangasinan”, [Savage Igorots from
FAIR the Northeast Cordillera of Pangasinan” by Fr. Mariano
Rodriguez and eight letters from the missions of Batanes,
An annual publication of the Province of the Holy Rosary, Babuyanes and Nueva Vizcaya.
which included the Dominican missions in the Philippines,
Vietnam, Taiwan, China, and Japan. It is of crucial The volumes also contain letters about the missions and
importance to know the history of the evangelization the persecutions suffered by the Dominican friars in their
of the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, missions in Asia. A fundamental publication to know the
Batanes, Ifugao, and Kalinga. It provides insights into the history of the Christianization of Northern Luzon, with
missionary methods and the founding of new villages for abundant ethnographic information. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 84
56
La vida industrial en Filipinas
[Industrial life in the Philippines]
Manila: Imprenta de la Revista Mercantil,
1895. Newspaper.
size: 7 3/4” x 5 1/2”
P 16,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
FAIR
Each issue of this newspaper, which came out every fifteen
days, was entirely dedicated to disseminating knowledge
about how to industrially produce numerous products,
such as paper, soap, tobacco, leather manufacturing,
charcoal, cotton, tin cans, fish farms, mills for making
corn flour, cement, industrial pig breeding, metallurgy,
etc. Almost the entire newspaper was the work of a
single author, José Martín y Martínez, a Navy doctor. It
stated on the title page “that it will be devoted to the
85 LEÓN GALLERY
promotion and prosperity of Philippine industry”. Retana
considers it, with his usual severity, “one of the few truly
remarkable newspapers that have seen the light of day
in the Philippines”. The author declared in the first issue:
“Everything seems ready in this fertile territory for the
fulfillment of the difficult, though glorious, mission we
have set ourselves: to revive a powerful industrial life in
the Philippines. The Regional Exposition that has just
been held has highlighted before the eyes of nationals
and foreigners [...] the variety and wealth of elements or
materials that the Philippines possesses to give birth to a
multitude of very valuable industries, still unknown today.
Why? Because of lack of knowledge to carry them out
successfully. The sole purpose of the present publication
is to provide the necessary enlightenment to give life to a
multitude of useful and productive industries to all social
spheres of the Filipino people.” Issues are known from July
1895 to May 1896. Not found in any library, according
worldcat.org. Exceedingly rare.
57

Revista Filipina de Ciencias y Artes It lasted only twelve issues despite its praiseworthy

(Año 1, Numero 2) intentions. The first was on June 15, 1882, and the last was
on June 15, 1883. Its stated purpose was to “fill the void in
[Philippine review of sciences and arts] the Philippine literary field of a periodical work dedicated
Manila. Esteban Balbás, 1882.
size: 9 1/2” x 6 1/2” to propagate scientific and artistic advances, to stimulate
study and culture, and to investigate more and more the
P 3,000 wealth and materials for science and art that this country
contains.” It was directed by Professor Emilio Ramírez
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND
de Arellano. Some issues had lithographic illustrations. It
VERY POOR lacked religious content and had a very liberal criterion for
BINDING IS DESTROYED AND MOST, IF NOT ALL, PAGES ARE TORN the time in the collaborations. Exceedingly rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 86
87 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 88
58
La Solidaridad
Barcelona. Núms 1-94, years 1889-1892.
Plus one leaflet and one supplement.
size: 10 3/4” x 8”
depth: 2”
P 80,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
FAIR
It almost seems unnecessary to write further about this
unique magazine, surely the most influential periodical in the
history of the Philippines, not only because of the quality of
the contributors or the advanced ideas they advocated but
also because it was published at a crucial historical juncture
of the future of the Filipino people.
La Solidaridad was initially an organization of Filipino
intellectuals who aspired to bring about profound reforms
in the Philippine government, address the problems of
their homeland, and achieve a greater degree of political
autonomy. In general terms, they blamed the excessive
power enjoyed by the friars for the backwardness of the
country, they were liberal from the economic, political, and
social points of view, and they did not accuse the Spaniards
of acting in bad faith but of negligence, ignorance and
incompetence in Philippine affairs. This organization was
founded on December 13, 1888, and Galicano Apacible,
cousin of Jose Rizal, was its first president. Other illustrious
members were Graciano Lopez Jaena — who soon distanced
himself from the group — and Mariano Ponce. Although
they defended common objectives, personal differences
prevented their activities from being more productive.
To materialize their political, propagandistic, and
educational aspirations in a joint project, they launched
a biweekly magazine in Barcelona called La Solidaridad.
The Filipino Pablo Rianzares initially financed it. When the
Asociación Hispano-Filipina [Spanish-Philippine Association]
was founded in Madrid that same year, they transferred
La Solidaridad to the Spanish capital (on November 19,
1889). In December, Marcelo del Pilar took over ownership
of the newspaper. One of the paradoxes that the ilustrados
criticized was that Filipinos had freedom of expression in
Spain but not in the Philippines, where there was censorship
because the laws affected the territory, not the people. La
Solidaridad could not be published or distributed in the
Philippines, although they managed to introduce copies into
the archipelago with relative ease. The paper also appealed
to the solidarity of Spanish liberals, who broadly shared the
aspirations of Filipino intellectuals.
89 LEÓN GALLERY
The heart of this journal was Marcelo del Pilar (Plaridel),
its editor, and collaborating in it were Jose Rizal (Laong-
Laan), Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog), Mariano Ponce (Naning)
Jose Panganiban (Jomapa), Pedro Paterno, Isabelo de los
Reyes, Antonio Regidor, Eduardo de Lete, Jose Alejandrino
and Ferdinand Blumentritt. They did not shy away from
polemics against conservative Spanish intellectuals and
reviewed any Philippine, Spanish, or European publications
related to the Philippines. Its pages first saw the light
of day “La indolencia de los Filipinos” [The indolence of
Filipinos], by José Rizal, and the ironic descriptions of Spain
by Antonio Luna, which were published in Madrid in 1891
under the title “Impresiones” [Impressions]
Its objectives were made explicit in the first issue:
“Our aspirations are modest, very modest. Our program,
aside from being simple, is clear: to combat mere reaction,
to stop all retrogressive steps, to extend and adopt liberal
ideas, to defend progress; in a word, to be a propagandist,
above all, of democratic ideas to make these supreme in
all nations here and across the seas. The aims, therefore,
of La Solidaridad are described as to collect and gather
libertarian ideas which are manifested daily in the fields
of politics, science, art, literature, commerce, agriculture,
and industry.
“We shall also discuss all problems relating to the general
interest of the nation and seek solutions to those problems
in a high-level and democratic manner [...]
“Concerning the Philippines, since she needs the most
help, not being represented in the Cortes, we shall pay
particular attention to the defense of her democratic
rights, the accomplishment of which is our patriotic duty.
“That nation of eight million souls should not be the
exclusive preserve of theocracy and traditionalism.”
Its last issue was published on November 15, 1895.
Marcelo del Pilar, who was left penniless, passed away on
July 4, 1896.
Any single copy of La Solidaridad is very rare to find. Dr.
Legarda was fortunate to own the first 94 issues, with a
loose pamphlet and the special supplement. Undoubtedly,
one of the most valuable and appreciated jewels of his
collection.
 Calle Atocha, 43, where the newspaper La Solidaridad was published to give voice to the Filipino community in Spain.

Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce. Historical Marker in Spain

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 90
91 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 92
93 LEÓN GALLERY
Foundational
Filipiniana

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 94
 The First Book Printed in the Philippines
(The Library of Congress Facsimile)

95 LEÓN GALLERY
59
Edwin Wolf 2nd (ed.)
Doctrina Christiana: The First Book Printed in
the Philippines (Library of the Congress facsimile)
Philadelphia: Library of the Congress, 1947
size: 9 3/4” x 7 3/4”
depth: 3/4”
P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
VERY GOOD
If there is one book that symbolizes the birth of the Philippines
as a political community, it is undoubtedly the famous
Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala. It is, no
more and no less, one of the three candidates to be the first
book printed in the Philippines, all of them from 1593: the
others are the Shih Lu of the Dominican Juan Cobo and the
Doctrina Christina en lengua china.
There are a number of curiosities surrounding this book that
make it unique. First, it is the first printed book to use the
native baybayin. It is also the first book in which the Tagalog
language is standardized with the Roman alphabet. Thus, it
was published using two languages — Spanish and Tagalog
–- in one alphabet – Roman – and one syllabary — Baybayin.
Moreover, since the friars at such an early date lacked
printing presses, it was printed through the woodcut method
used in China; that is, each page was carefully carved in
wood, dipped in ink and pressed on paper.
The composition of the Tagalog text is usually attributed
to the Franciscan Fr. Juan de Plasencia, who presented a
Tagalog translation at the 1582 Synod of Manila. Despite
his reputation as a great tagalista, there is no doubt that in
order to present a perfect text he must have had the help of
the parishioners of Laguna, the area where he worked as a
missionary.
It should not surprise us at all that the first book of the
Philippines was of a religious nature, given the power of the
Church in the 16th century: the same was true in Europe
and in the Spanish overseas territories. The Christian
doctrines were small catechisms containing the basic
rudiments of the Catholic faith. In mission territories, the
friars quickly understood that it made no sense, because
it was not very didactic, to provide chapters of the Bible
to communities that had never heard of Jesus Christ. The
present Doctrine contains the Lord’s Prayer, the Hail Mary,
the Creed, the Salve Regina, the Articles of Faith, the Ten
Commandments, the Five Commandments of the Church, etc.
The existence of this Doctrine was considered for many
decades as a myth, since no physical evidence could be
found. Pardo de Tavera in his Noticia sobre la imprenta
y el grabado en Filipinas (Madrid, 1893) heard about its
existence from a Dutch orientalist, but dismissed the clues
offered to him. Retana finally discovered in the Archivo
General de Indias (Seville) documents concerning the
mandatory printing licenses, but nothing more. Finally, a
copy came to light in 1946 and was immediately acquired
by the Library of the Congress, in Washington D.C. No
copy other than this one is known.
This facsimile edition is not only the first, but also the best
and most coveted by collectors of early books, due to the
quality of the reproduction and the extraordinary critical
introduction by the editor, which provides all the historical details
to understand the importance of this foundational book.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 96
 Ecclesiastical Chronicles:
Narratives of Evangelization
The religious orders contemplated in their statutes
the writing of chronicles that provided an account of
their actions in the provinces where they carried out
missions, announced to the educated public and to the
ecclesiastical hierarchies in Spain and Rome the advances
made in the propagation of the faith. These usually long
books extolled the work of the most illustrious members
of each religious corporation, especially if they were
martyrs who could glorify the order with a beatification
or canonization, but also provided plenty of information
regarding the indigenous people, their ancients customs,
their preferences and their resistance to the new religion.

The task of chronicler was, therefore, a responsibility for

which the member of the order with the best aptitude
for study and writing was generally appointed. The result
of his work should have the features of a monument
bequeathed to posterity: a rigorous organization
(generally the chronicles were divided into chronological
periods and geographical regions), an elevated style
far removed from any vulgarity, a profusion of cultured
references — generally taken from the Bible as a reference
for comparison, but also classical authors — and a careful
selection and elaboration of the narrative material. The
religious chronicler was aware of the responsibility of his
work, selected sources, designed his structure and tried to
make an impact on the reader.
The potential readers of these encyclopedic works are
described in the substantial prologue “Sentir” that Murillo
Velarde himself wrote in the first volume of the Chronicas
de Juan Francisco de San Antonio:
Finally the work is useful and profitable for the common
edification of the faithful, for the glory of the Seraphic
Religion, for the singular luster of this Province, for the
encouragement of the religious, who here so gloriously
labor, for the effective exhortation of the fervent of Europe,
for the holy emulation of other religions, for the example
of the laity, for the confusion of the lukewarm, for the
fruitful amusement of the curious, for the useful teaching
of the learned, and for the singular praise of its author
(San Francisco I, 1738, s. p.)
Murillo Velarde himself, in the same sentiment, does not
hesitate to compare the work of the Franciscan chronicler
with that of other historians of the Indies, such as Bernal
Díaz del Castillo or Antonio de Herrera. The Andalusian
Jesuit placed the Philippine chronicles within an orbit
of eminent books that tried to glorify the material and
spiritual conquest, as it was then said, of “the newly
discovered lands”. The authors of the chronicles, therefore,
were aware that they were carrying out their work within a
rich historiographic tradition in which they competed with
illustrious names: the publication of the work aspired to rub
shoulders in renown and fame (for the author and for the
order) with those of the chroniclers of Spanish America and
Europe. The richness of the contents of the ecclesiastical
histories overflowed, therefore, the initial propagandistic
intention of the heroic work of evangelization for which
they were carried out.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the
ecclesiastical chronicle was a very standardized sub-genre
within the chronicles of the Indies and had undergone a
notable evolution. The stories with abundant ethnographic
information and curiosity about the indigenous peoples
had already moved on to a more theologically oriented
chronicle, in which “the idea of the marvelous associated
with the New World is now connected with miracles and
supernatural events with a Christian basis”, and more

97 LEÓN GALLERY
focused on the narration of the exemplary lives of the
missionaries.
For the Philippines alone, the Spanish friars produced
more chroniclers than for the whole territory of Spanish
America: more than 44, which attests for the centrality
of the Philippines within the territorial ambitions of the
Hispanic Monarchy and the religious orders. Most of them
were published in Manila, some in Spain, and many others
remained in manuscript and published some centuries
later. As of today, several chronicles remain unpublished
in the archives, which evidences how much needs to be
known to fully comprehend what happened during the
three centuries of Spanish imperial rule.
Undoubtedly, ecclesiastical chronicles were, from a
material and typographic point of view, the most important
books printed during the Spanish colonial period. All the
books listed here are considered extreme rarities in the
antique book market.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 98
60
Fr. Gaspar de San Agustín, OSA
Conquistas de las Islas Philipinas
Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Ruiz de Murga, 1698.
size: 11 3/4” x 8”
depth: 1 1/2”
P 50,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
GOOD
This history, the first that the Augustinians published about
their activities in the Philippines, has commonly been the
most appreciated of because, unlike other ecclesiastical
chronicles, it pays more attention to civil history —
political and civil affairs as well as gossip — than to the
missionary works of the members of the Augustinian
order. It bases its narration on previous historians,
whether civil or religious, and on abundant information
from the Augustinian archives. Chronologically, it covers
the history of the Philippine archipelago from the arrival
of Legazpi until 1616; Thus, it focuses on the arrival of
the Spaniards, the process of conquest, the attack of the
Chinese pirate Limahong, the foundation of cities and
towns, the dispersion of the friars in the provinces, the
defense of the natives by the missionaries against the
soldiers and encomenderos, the revolts of the Sangleyes,
the establishment of the transpacific galleon trade, the
naval battles against the Dutch in the bay of Manila, etc.
It reads like an early biography of the country, peppered
from time to time with hagiographies of some Augustinian
friars.
This volume contains a valuable allegorical engraving
after the prologue in which the two conquests of the
archipelago are represented: the spiritual — led by the
friars — and the material — carried out by the soldiers.
99 LEÓN GALLERY
The friars are led by St. Augustine, Andres de Urdaneta
and Martín de Rada, while Philip II and Miguel López de
Legazpi lead the soldiers. St. Augustine receives from
heaven the Holy Spirit and deposits it in the Philippine
Islands, whose map is sketched under his feet.
It should be emphasized that Gaspar de San Agustín was
probably the person of greatest intellectual capacity in the
archipelago and a writer of extraordinary talent: apart from
being a chronicler, he wrote numerous poems in Spanish,
such as the Descripción chronologica, y topographica
de el sumptuoso templo de Nuestra Señora la Virgen
Santissima de Guia, nombrada la Hermita (Manila, 1715),
and in Latin: Hieromelissa Rhythmica (Amsterdam, 1702).
He also wrote short plays, a grammar of the Tagalog
language (1703) and numerous religious treatises. Gaspar
de San Agustín was born in Madrid in 1651 and arrived to
the Philippines in 1668, a land he would never abandon
until his death 1621. He was assigned always to parishes
close to Manila, like Parañaque, Pasig, Tondo or Malate.
However, Gaspar does not owe his posterity to his apostolic
tasks, but to this chronicle of the Philippines, considered
“a sovereign and indispensable work” by the renowned
bibliographer Retana. Pardo de Tavera, who already
commented in 1903 how difficult it was to find a copy of
this book, defined it as “the most interesting chronicle that
exists on the Philippines”.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 100
101 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 102
103 LEÓN GALLERY
61

Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio

Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de S.
Gregorio, Papa, el Magno, Doctor de la Iglesia:
De Religiosos descalzos de N.S.P.S. Francisco
en las islas Philipinas, China, Japon (Parte
Segunda).
Sampaloc: Convento de Nuestra Sra. De Loreto, 1741.
Volumes 1 and 3 missing.
size: 12 1/4” x 8 1/2”
depth: 1 1/2” their establishment in the towns of Rizal and Laguna, the
foundation of the Franciscan Province of San Gregorio,
P 20,000 until about 1592. The information it provides is essentially
centered on the apostolic work of the friars who worked
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
GOOD
This is the second of the three volumes of the first Franciscan
chronicle of the Philippines, all published, respectively, in
1738, 1741 and 1744, in the Franciscan printing house
of their convent in Sampaloc. It deals with the arrival of
the fourth barcade of Franciscan missionaries (1580),
in Manila and the surrounding area. Of importance is
the biography of Father Fray Juan de Plasencia, the first
ethnographer who compiled the laws and customs that
governed the Tagalogs and Pampangos. It also contains
news of Fr. Juan Bautista and Fr. Martín de la Ascensión,
who would die a few years later as martyrs of Christianity
in Japan. Both this volume and the two missing volumes
are highly sought after by bibliophiles due to their rarity.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 104
105 LEÓN GALLERY
 Historia de la Provincia de
Philipinas de la Compañía de Jesus.
Segunda parte que comprehende los
progresos de esta Provincia, desde el
año de 1616 hasta el de 1716
Pedro Murillo Velarde

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 106
 Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje
Patroness of Antipolo
by Lorenzo Atlas

107 LEÓN GALLERY

62
Pedro Murillo Velarde
Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de
la Compañía de Jesus. Segunda parte que
comprehende los progresos de esta Provincia,
desde el año de 1616 hasta el de 1716
Manila: Imprenta del Compañía de Jesús, por D.
Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay, 1749.
size: 12" x 8 1/4" (30 cm x 21 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
P 80,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
POOR
Pedro Murillo Velarde is mainly known in the Philippines
as the creator of the wonderful map that bears his
surname and whose original name is "Carta corográfica y
geográfica de Filipinas" (1734). Designed by him, with very
stylish prints on the sides, all of them originally sculpted
in copper by Filipino artists, it is one of the most coveted
maps by collectors from all over the world.
The copy that belonged to Dr. Benito Legarda is truly
extraordinary, not only because of its excellent state of
preservation, despite the delicate paper on which it was
printed, but also because it contains two exceptional
engravings that are often auctioned separately. As early
as 1906, the bibliographer Retana noted how difficult it
was to find a copy with both engravings. The first is a
reproduction in a smaller scale of his well-known map,
sculpted by the Philippine printer Nicolás de la Cruz
Bagay. The second one features Virgen de la Rosa, of
much devotion in the then town of San Pedro Makati,
and Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje, patroness of
Antipolo, a work of Tagalog artist Lorenzo Atlas.
This is the second Jesuit history of the archipelago, after
Labor Evangélica (Madrid, 1663), by Father Francisco
Colín, and covers the years 1616-1716, as the title
indicates. The first and third parts focus on the actions of
the Jesuits in the Philippines, the second part is focused on
the missions of Mindanao and Sulu, while the fourth part
speaks of the vicissitudes of the Society in the Mariana
Islands and the discovery of the Palau Islands. Unlike
other ecclesiastical chronicles, he does not focus only
on missionary activities and devotes much attention to
the decisions of the governors — whom he often judges
harshly— as well as naval battles against piracy and the
Dutch, revolts of the Sangleyes and civil affairs in general.
It is a historiographical masterpiece that deserves to be
fully translated for Filipino readers.
Murillo Velarde has been defined as "undoubtedly one
of the men of the greatest intellectual power and with
the most extensive culture that there has been in the
Philippines". A great number of the books that were printed
in the Philippines during those years bear his approval.
Murillo Velarde was born in the province of Almería in 1696.
After studying grammar, philosophy and history, he entered
the Society of Jesus in Madrid in 1718. He arrived in the
Philippines in 1723 and was assigned from the beginning
to teaching duties, working at the Colegio de San José and
at the University of Manila. He also always enjoyed high
administrative positions within the hierarchy of the Society
of Jesus, and focused on defending the indigenous people.
He was an extraordinarily prolific writer and published
manuals for parish priests, novenas, a canon law course in
Latin, poetry and theater. His erudition was encyclopedic
and he stood out above all as a historian, a task to which
he dedicated his last years. After publishing this Historia in
1749, he traveled to Spain to recruit new missionaries. In
1752, before embarking back to the Philippines, in Sanlúcar
de Barrameda, he committed suicide. That same year his
Geographia Historica (Madrid, 1752) was published in ten
volumes, the eighth volume of which includes an excellent
description of the Philippines.
From the historical, literary and bibliographical points of
view, the present Historia de Murillo Velarde is one of the
most extraordinary works of the entire Spanish colonial
period.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 108
109 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 110
63
Fr. Juan de la Concepción
Historia General de Philipinas
Manila: Imprenta del Seminario Conciliar, 1788.
14 vols.
size: 7 3/4" x 5 3/4"
depth: 1 1/4"
P 100,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR
Little do we know about the man who has written, so
far, the longest history of the Philippines. Fr. Juan de la
Concepción was born in Madrid in 1724, joined the Order
of the Augustinian Recollects in 1740 and arrived in the
Philippines in 1752. He was first assigned as a missionary
in a parish in Iba, Zambales in order to learn the language
of the region. The ecclesiastical positions he was assigned
indicate he was clearly a man with strong inclination for
study and reading. He taught theology in the convent of
Manila and later, was named chronicler of the Recollect
Province. He was also secretary of the Bishop of Nueva
Segovia (Vigan), Fray Juan Ruiz de San Agustín, also a
Recollect, to whom he dedicated his magnum opus. After
his health deteriorated, he retired to the convent of Cavite
111 LEÓN GALLERY
in 1786 where he passed away a few months later. Apart
from his Historia General de Philipinas (General History of
the Philippines), he translated the whole Bible into Spanish
and also wrote a very interesting account of the British
siege of Manila in 1762 whose whereabouts I would like
to know.
His Historia General de Philipinas, whose complete set is
so appreciated by book collectors — and not only in the
Philippines — was published posthumously in 1788 and
1792. The whole work consists of 14 volumes or 6,052
pages (I have discounted 740 pages of indexes). The first
volumes were printed by a Filipino, Agustín de la Rosa y
Balagtas, in the printing press of the seminary, which was
inherited from the Jesuits after they were expelled from the
country. Volumes 6 to 14 were printed in the Franciscan
printing press of Our Lady of Loreto Parish in Sampaloc
by another hardworking Filipino, Balthasar Mariano, a lay
brother. These cover the history of the Philippines from the
circumnavigation of Magellan-Elcano until 1759 during
the government of Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban.
Fr. Concepción’s history is probably a product of
encyclopedic knowledge and love of erudition that was in
fashion in the 18th century. The subtitle of the work says
it all: “Spiritual and territorial conquest of the Spaniards,
their establishment, progress and decadence, including
the empires, kingdoms and provinces of the islands and
continents with which it has had communication and
trade, with universal, geographic and hydrographic news
of natural history, politics, manners and religions.” Simply
told, Fr. Concepción spent most of his life compiling
information and knowledge regarding the Philippines.
One can imagine he was more interested in books and
manuscripts than in actually carrying out the parish duties
he was supposed to do.
In order to build his magnificent history, Fr. Concepción
found resources in every single book of history available,
especially the ones written by members of other religious
orders. However, his chronicle is not a religious one: it is
a civil history. It includes gossip, rebellions, descriptions of
manners and rituals, travels, miracles, earthquakes and
every single event worthy of being immortalized by the
printing press. The agency of the Filipino people during
those years of colonial rule do appear several times.
The pages devoted to the rebellion of Dagohoy and the
resistance of Igorots to Spanish attempts to penetrate
their territory are absolutely delightful.
Retana considers it “the most important historical work
ever published in the Philippines; the most copious source
of news of all those written by the ancient friars [...] It is
highly appreciable, indispensable for the historian, who
finds in those pages plenty of gold of true quality”. Pardo
de Tavera commented that “it is truly useful and has
served as a rich mine from which many modern authors
have copied data and dates without citing the author from
whom they were taken”.
It is a work equally appreciated by map collectors, as it
contains several maps. Namely: map of the Moluccas
Islands and reproduction of Murillo Velarde's map (volume
I), two maps of islands near the Strait of San Bernardino
and a map of Japan (volume II), map of the island of
Formosa (volume III), map of Southeast Asia (volume VI),
maps of Guam and Tinian, in the Mariana Islands (volume
VII), and map of Palau and the Caroline Islands (volume IX).
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 112
113 LEÓN GALLERY
64
Francisco Moreno
Historia de la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana
de Filipinas
Manila: El Oriente, 1877.
size: 7 3/4" x 5 1/4"
depth: 1/2"
P 16,000
CONDITION REPORT
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POOR, COVER AND SPINE
PAGES ARE IN GOOD CONDITION
The first historian born in the Philippines was a secular priest:
Francisco Moreno. The son of a Spanish captain, he was
born in Manila around 1607, since he wrote the introduction
of this Historia at the beginning of 1649, and mentioned he
was 42 years old. He started to study when he was 12 years
old. Without finishing higher studies, he was ordained as a
priest and was linked during his whole life to the cathedral of
Manila, as a member of the cabildo eclesiástico and medio
racionero. He must have passed away after 1664.
His only historical work is this unfairly little-known Historia
de la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de Filipinas, an early
ecclesiastical history of the Philippines written from the point
of view of the secular priesthood, without any particular
preference for any religious order. The manuscript was
transcribed and edited in 1877 by the printing press of
the weekly Philippine journal El Oriente. The book does
not carry any information regarding the original codex ,
whose whereabouts are unknown as of today, or even the
biographical details of the author, unfortunately.
The origin of the book was a royal cedula by Phillip IV, dated
the last day of 1634, ordering to write an account of the events
occurred in the Philippines since the arrival of the Spaniards
so that it could be included in a global ecclesiastical history in
Latin that he had commissioned. The task was not assigned to
anyone and it was finally passed by Governor Alonso Fajardo to
the cabildo eclesiástico in September 1649. Moreno expected
to send the whole manuscript before July 1650. However, we do
not know if the manuscript was ever sent to Spain, since Moreno
kept writing until 1655, adding updates in the last pages.
As it was intended to be rather a report than a history, his work
has an unusual structure: the first part, in twelve chapters, is
devoted to the main events, and is narrative; the second part,
divided into ten chapters, deals with what he believes are
the leading personalities in the establishment of the Catholic
faith in the archipelago. Despite his explicit aim of writing
an objective history, the whole text is highly subjective and is
full of personal remarks and opinions regarding the recorded
events. He also fails to some promises mentioned in the
prologue, as to write about the Filipino martyrs. Curiously, he
mentioned two: Lorenzo Ruiz, who was tortured to death in
Japan, and a certain López from Dilao who was martyred in
Siam and from whom historiography does not provide any
mention.
For the writing of his history, he readily admits his sources,
which he considers the only reliable ones Finally, he adds he
is an authority himself, since he remembers faithfully what
happened during the last thirty-five years of his lifetime.
The position of the author concerning the events is typical
of the ecclesiastical class. Regarding the Spanish presence,
he sides with the Spanish King and the governors, repeating
several times that the primary goal of their presence has
been no other than to convert the natives to Christianism.
However, regarding the natives, he defends their rights and
laments the existence of some abuses. Nevertheless, he
reserves praise mainly for several friars, whose works and
efforts are described in detail. Despite viewing historical facts
of a critical period of the Spanish era from a local perspective,
since he lived in Manila his entire life, Moreno’s Historia has
been so far surprisingly unnoticed source for historians.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 114
65
Casimiro Díaz
Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas
Valladolid: N. Gaviria, 1890.
size: 9 3/4" x 6 3/4"
depth: 1 1/2"
P 14,000
CONDITION REPORT
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Although it carries the name of Casimiro Díaz (1693-1745),
Fr. Díaz was only the editor. The real author was Fr. Gaspar
de San Agustín and it is the second and last part of his
monumental history, Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, whose
first part, described previously, was printed in Madrid in 1698.
Therefore, it has all the virtues of the earlier work, dealing
with the history of the Philippines between 1616 and 1686.
As, an example, the pages devoted to the big earthquake of
Manila in 1745 are memorable:
“A young man, who liked to have too much fun, was having
dinner during that night with a woman, with whom he had
unlawful communication. They did not care about their
salvation. They were caught by the earthquake, which ruined
the whole house, burying those two miserable sinners, who
115 LEÓN GALLERY
with so much embarrassment and surprise had the chance
to ask for mercy to God […].
“One of the important women in Manila was lucky enough
to get out from her house and find a safe place when she felt
the earthquake. But she remembered about her jewelry box
and, defeated by her greed, she came back to her house in
order to take it, but since it is not lawful to look for danger,
it happened what happens when you tempt the Holy Spirit,
and so she died with her house falling over her, providing her
a funeral with her beloved jewels as a punishment for her
greed […].
“That’s how the city of Manila fell to the ground, which had
been admired throughout Asia until that moment, with so
many luxurious buildings and whose beauty was commonly
praised by visitors, who did not find the way to exaggerate
her greatness and used to say that, if the world were a ring,
Manila would be the diamond.”
This book was previously published in chapters in the pages
of Revista Agustiniana. Despite the fact that it is not such an
old book, the number of copies printed was really scarce and
therefore constitutes a bibliographical rarity.
66

Fr. Francisco de Santa Inés, OFM

Cronica de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno
Manila: Litografía de Chofre y Comp., 1892. Vol. 1
(Vol. 2 missing)
size: 8 3/4" x 6 1/4"
depth: 1"

P 10,000
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SOFTBOUND

FAIR

It was published as the second volume of the "Biblioteca
Histórica Filipina", which operated in Manila between
1892 and 1895. Its objective was to rescue from oblivion
manuscript chronicles of the history of the Philippines.
In this case we are dealing with the second of the written
Franciscan chronicles of the Philippines — the first, by Friar
Antonio de la Llave, is still in manuscript today. It was written
by Fr. Francisco de Santa Inés when he was very young — at
the age of 28 — and in barely two years, he finished it in
1678, and it remained in manuscript for unknown reasons.
Father Santa Inés spent a large part of his missionary life in
the town of Liliw.
This early chronicle consists of an interesting preliminary
description of the Philippine Islands, with information
about the different ethnic groups that inhabited them,
the languages, customs, clothing, the indigenous political
organization, etc. The first book talks about the founding
of the Franciscan missions, and their failed attempts to
penetrate China. The second book deals with the expansion
of the missions in Japan and their martyrdoms, and the failed
attempt of Governor Dasmariñas to reach Moluccas. Thus,
the narrative is interrupted in 1593. Juan Francisco de San
Antonio used it often to write his own chronicle. This is the
first of two volumes.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 116
117 LEÓN GALLERY
67
Juan José Delgado
Historia Sacro-Profana de Filipinas
Manila: El Eco de Filipinas, 1892
size: 8 3/4" x 6"
depth: 2"
P 18,000
CONDITION REPORT
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MINT
This is the first volume of the "Biblioteca Histórica Filipina"
and in its first pages you will find information about this
ambitious publishing project, which was truncated early on.
Retana defines it as "one of the most interesting historical
sources that exist in Philippine bibliography". And this is
so because it is not a religious chronicle, but an organized
encyclopedia with abundant information about the social life
of the archipelago in the first half of 18th century. In addition,
it is replete with ethnographic information and on numerous
occasions the author, a Spanish Jesuit priest, takes the side of
the natives. A long introduction is devoted to the geography of
the archipelago, the second part focuses on the introduction
of the missionaries and the city of Manila, the third part is
entitled "rites, customs and usages of the natives", the rest of
the book is entirely devoted to the plants, shrubs, flowers and
trees of the archipelago, with the exception of a few brief last
sections devoted to the fauna. More than a chronicle, it is a
truly exceptional encyclopedic work.
Its author was born in Cadiz around 1690 and arrived in the
Philippines in 1711. He witnessed in 1719 the assassination
of Governor Bustillo Bustamante. He worked most of his life
in the missions of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and Cebu, and it was
this experience that enabled him to acquire his extensive
knowledge of the flora and fauna of the archipelago. For
this reason he came to correspond with renowned European
naturalists. He began writing this work in 1751 and completed
it in June 1754.
It comes with a reduced size facsimile of Murillo Velarde's
map.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 118
Jewels of Missionary
Linguistics in the Philippines
Probablemente una de las facetas más desconocidas de las
actividades de los frailes en el archipiélago filipino durante
los algo más de tres siglos de presencia español es la gran
contribución que hicieron en el conocimiento de las lenguas
del archipiélago. Desde los primeros años de presencia
religiosa, los frailes compusieron numerosas gramáticas
-llamadas “artes” y diccionarios -o vocabularios- para
el aprendizaje de las lenguas. Los frailes necesitaban
un contacto estrecho con los feligreses, a quien no sólo
debían predicar la palabra de Dios, sino confesarlos. Los
misioneros consideraban que todas las lenguas indígenas
eran tan dignas como cualquier lengua europea, en tanto
que todas eran creaciones de Dios. Es bien conocida la cita
del padre Pedro Chirino, jesuita, quien en su Relación de
las Islas Filipinas afirmaba del tagalo: “hallé en ella cuatro
cualidades de las cuatro mejores lenguas del mundo:
119 LEÓN GALLERY
de la hebrea, los misterios y preñeces; de la griega, los
artículos y distinción; del latín, la copia y elegancia; y de
la española, la buena crianza, comedimiento y cortesía”.
La más antigua gramática que se conoce es un manuscrito
acerca de la lengua de los zambales, fechado en 1601.
La primera gramática impresa fue el Arte de la Lengua
Tagala (Bataan, 1610), del dominico Francisco Blancas de
San José. Los frailes produjeron tantas obras lingüísticas
sobre Filipinas que sobre el resto de Hispanoamérica: más
de 220, aproximadamente.
La colección de obras lingüísticas fue reducida en la
biblioteca de don Benito Legarda -conocido políglota-,
pero son tres obras indudable valor.
68

Fr. Juan de Noceda, SJ y

Fr. Pedro de Sanlúcar, SJ
Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala…
[Vocabulary of Tagalog Language]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1860.
size: 12" x 8 1/2"
above — expert Tagalists — this latest edition appears with
depth: 2"
numerous additions and updates by Augustinian friars.
P 15,000
It consists of two parts: the first is the most interesting. It
CONDITION REPORT
is a Tagalog vocabulary where words are not translated
HARDBOUND

GOOD
THERE ARE NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS ON THE BACK PORTION
This volume is the third and final edition of a dictionary
unanimously praised by experts. The first edition was
published in 1754, and the second in 1832. Although the
original edition was by the two Jesuit fathers mentioned
into Spanish, but explained, thus constituting a repository
of indigenous culture. For example, TUMAPAT > to pretend
to be healthy and good; PASARLAC > rattle that makes
reeds for scarecrow; LABON > to cook fish in water and
salt, and then dry it in the sun, so that it does not rot. The
second part is a Spanish-Tagalog dictionary containing
the equivalences.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 120
69

Fr. Diego Bergaño

Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance Bergaño is considered the most expert missionary in the
[Vocabulary of Kapampangan Language] Kapampangan language. He was born in a village in Palencia
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1860. (Spain) in 1690 and arrived in the Philippines in 1718. He
size: 12" x 8 1/2" was immediately assigned to the Augustinian parishes in
depth: 1" Pampanga, especially in Mexico and Bacolor, where he spent
his whole life, except for three years in Manila (1731-34), until
P 12,000 his death in January 1747. In 1729 he published an Arte de
CONDITION REPORT la lengua pampanga (1729), which had a second enlarged
HARDBOUND
edition in 1736, and wrote numerous religious works in
GOOD
Kampampangan, that remained in manuscript.
THERE ARE NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS ON THE BACK PORTION

This is the second and last edition. The first edition was
published in 1732. In the prologue, the author confesses to
having been assisted by a principal from Mexico (Pampanga)
named Don Juan Zúñiga, the best connoisseur of the
language.
Most of the dictionary is composed of the Pampango-Spanish
part, where words are explained in detail, sometimes with
very curious notes. For example, UMAN > to redo what has
been done, mainly to make amends, because it was not well
done; SABUNG > cockfight; PASULU > disguised spike for the
passerby to stick. The Spanish-Pampango part is a succinct
list of equivalences.

121 LEÓN GALLERY

70
Fr. Sebastián de Totanés
Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog para
la administración de los ss. Sacramentos
[Art of Tagalog Language, and Tagalog handbook
for administering the Holy Sacraments]
Binondo: Imprenta de Miguel Sánchez, 1865.
size: 8 3/4" x 5 1/2"
depth: 1"
P 12,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
VERY GOOD
This is the fourth and last edition of this acclaimed Tagalog
grammar. The previous ones were published in 1745, 1796,
and 1850, which are a testimony of the quality of this
grammar. Retana considers it "the best of all those written
for Spaniards to learn the Tagalog language". It takes as its
inspiration the Arte de la Lengua Tagala (1610) by Francisco
Blancas de San José. Totanés, in the prologue, claims to
know at least five previous grammars of Tagalog, and it is
his declared purpose to write a new one that palliates all
the defects he found in the previous ones. He also praises
Tagalog language, considering it is the most important
language of the Philippines.
The volume also contains a bilingual manual so that a priest,
even without knowing the language, could administer the
sacraments by reading the corresponding parts. It is very
curious, for example, the section dedicated to marriage,
where the bride and groom are asked if they have been
married before, or if they have lived in concubinage, which
would condemn them to eternal damnation if they did not
confess to the priest.
Sebastián de Totanés was born in the province of Toledo
in 1688. He arrived in the Philippines in 1717 and served as
parish priest in Sampaloc, Manila, Liliw and Pagsanjan. He
traveled to Spain in 1746 and died two years later.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 122
 Conquista de las Islas
Malucas
Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola

123 LEÓN GALLERY

Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 124
125 LEÓN GALLERY
71

Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola

Conquista de las Islas Malucas
Madrid: Alonso Martín, 1609.
size: 11 3/4" x 8 1/4"
depth: 1 1/4"

P 45,000
CONDITION REPORT

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This book is the first edition of a masterpiece of imperial

historiography, an essential chronicle to know the Spanish
and Portuguese expansion in Southeast Asia, and a classic of
the Spanish literature of the Golden Age. It was even praised
by Miguel de Cervantes. As is well known, the successive
transpacific expeditions carried out by the Spaniards were
aimed at establishing themselves in the Moluccas Islands in
order to trade in spices. All of them failed. The establishment
of the Spaniards in the Philippines did not lead the Spaniards
to abandon their initial objective, so they launched several
expeditions that ended in fiasco. Well known is the one led
by Governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, who was killed by
Chinese oarsmen on the way to the Moluccas. Argensola's
work narrates all these failed attempts, but focuses on the
last successful expedition, that of 1606, in which Governor
Bravo de Acuña managed to get the Spaniards to settle in
Tidore after fighting against the Portuguese and the natives
of Ternate.

The Philippines and its ports are not only mentioned on

numerous occasions. Most of the Spanish troops were
made up of Filipino soldiers, mostly from Pampanga, many
of whom eventually settled in the Moluccas. Southeast Asia
is described in this work is a dynamic area where different
political forces, native and foreigner, were fighting to get the
control of the trade.

The poet Argensola, surpassing in style and language the

baroque writers of his time, documenting himself in the
best Castilian and Portuguese sources, and showing a deep
knowledge of the geopolitical and imperial tensions in Asia,
constructs an extraordinary historical work. So much so, that
in 1706 it was translated into French, in 1708 into English,
and in 170 into German. The work was commissioned by the
president of the Council of the Indies, the Count of Lemos,
and is the only one of its kind to come from the pen of the
Aragonese Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola, who was
known in his lifetime as one of the best poets of his time.

This is a world classic work of historiography auctioned

previously in prestigious houses Sotheby’s and Christie’s.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 126
127 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 128
72
Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga
An Historical View of the Philippine Islands:
Exhibiting their Discovery, Population, Language,
Government, Manners, Customs, Productions,
and Commerce
London: Printed for J. Asperne, Cornhill; and Nonaville
and Fell, New Bond-Street, 1814. 2 vols.
size: 8 3/4" x 5 1/4"
depth: 3/4"
P 25,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
VERY GOOD/MINT
The original work of the Augustinian Father Martínez
de Zúñiga was published in Sampaloc in 1803. Retana
considered it "a highly esteemed historical compendium
because it is stripped of the digressions that abound in the
histories composed by religious". It is, in effect, a civil history of
the archipelago divided into 37 chapters, from the arrival of
Magellan to the end of the English occupation in 1764. Most
of the chapters refer to the period of government of a single
governor. It is thus the first civil history of the archipelago
129 LEÓN GALLERY
written from a modern, synthetic and rigorous perspective.
This is also one of the last imprints from the Franciscan
printing press, which was sold soon after.
The British translator does not hide in the prologue the
imperial spirit that pushed him to translate the work into
English: “The position of these islands, and, indeed, that
of the eastern Archipelago generally, whether considered
in a political or commercial point of view, is sufficiently
important. They form the entrepôt of Europe, India, China,
the immensely extended regions of Spanish America, the
north-western coasts of the new, and north-eastern coasts
of the old world; and in the storms which at present convulse
the political atmosphere of Europe, as well as that of both
the Americas, it is not easy even to conjecture what may be
their fate.
“The productions of these islands are various, and of a value
and importance unquestionably high. In the hands of an
industrious population, and under a fostering government,
there is scarcely any vegetable substance which, by slender
exertion, they may not be made to yield, whilst the choicest
treasures of the mineral kingdom, lodged beneath their
irregular surface, minister largely to the cupidity, and furnish
materials for the more enterprising labors of man.
“Gold is in abundance; iron, steel, copper, lead, pitch and
tar, hemp, cotton, indigo, sugar, cocoa, pepper, betel,
cowries, tortoiseshell, mother of pearl and pearls, hides,
coyar, tobacco, corn and rice excellent and abundant, with
a variety of other productions, contribute to the wants of
commerce; while in this enumeration will be found all the
articles which, with the aid of the finest building timber in
the world, are requisite for the construction and complete
equipment of ships of every description.
“The established intercourse of these islands with Japan
and China offers a ready transit for manufactures; and
although it is understood that the East India Company
furnishes an adequate supply of our woolen staple to the
China market, we may yet fairly expect that British enterprise
will not overlook the advantages which the opening of the
India trade holds out in this quarter; nor will the introduction
of British manufactures into these islands, either with an
ultimate view to the above markets, or to those of Spanish
America, in any material degree interfere with the staple
trade of the Company: there is full scope for adventure in
this new vineyard, and laborers will not be wanting.”
Martínez de Zúñiga was born in Navarra in 1760 and arrived
to the Philippines in 1786, where he lived permanently until
his death in 1818 in Manila. He worked in the parishes of
Batangas, Tambobon, Hagonoy, Calumpit, Pasig and
Parañaque. In 1805 he finished writing Estadismo de las
Islas Filipinas, o mis viajes por este país, a travel book with a
wealth of ethnographic and geographical information about
the Philippines that was only published by Retana in 1893.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 130
73

Fr. Manuel Buzeta y Fr. Felipe Bravo

Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico, de
las Islas Filipinas
Madrid: Imprenta de D. José C. de la Peña, 1850.
2nd vol.
size: 10" x 6 1/2"
depth: 1 1/2"

P 24,000
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BINDING IS LOOSE Manila (Cavite, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas), Nueva

This work, the fruit of the labor of two hardworking Franciscans,
was for many years the most important reference tool for
everything related to the Philippine Islands, especially about
the population, the economy, and the administration. Volume
2 contains the references of all the encyclopedic entries from
D to Z, and comes with numerous statistical tables related to
the population of the provinces of Misamis, Laguna, Leyte,
Ilocos Sur, Mindoro and Iloilo —in 1818— and the table of
kilometer distances between the most important localities,
the distribution of the parish priests of the archbishopric of
Caceres (Bicol) and Nueva Segovia (Cagayan, Isabela, Ilocos,
Pangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya), tables of the tax contribution
by provinces, government budget expenditures in 1847, table
of imported and exported products, and table of entries and
exits of ships from the port, with their corresponding customs
earnings. The amount of information collected is so rich that
it is still an obligatory reference for researchers today, and
it is especially useful for tracing Philippine localities -with
information about the founding of each town- and Philippine
geographical features — rivers, mountains, bays, lakes, etc.
that have changed their names over time.

131 LEÓN GALLERY

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 132
74

Fr. Juan de Paz

Consultas y Resoluciones varias, Theologicas,
Juridicas, Regulares, y Morales
Amberes: Hermanos de Tournes, 1745.
size: 13 3/4" x 8 3/4"
depth: 2"`

P 15,000
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municipal employees, conquests, holy wars, tributes, personal

This is the second and most complete edition of this collection
of legal sentences - all from real cases in the Philippines. With
some fewer cases, the first edition saw the light of day in Seville
in 1687. Its author, who died in 1699, was one of the most
famous moralists of his time and was called "the oracle of the
East". He became rector of the University of Santo Tomas and
official consultant of the Cabildo of the Cathedral of Manila
and of the archbishop, the reason for which he intervened in
the consultations and cases that came to the archbishopric. He
compiled all these cases and their respective resolutions to be
published later. The topics are very varied: slavery, Chinese rites,
services, and gambling. He also touches on economic topics:
loans, debts, last wills, and testaments. It deals with moral
and canonical issues: courtship, marriages and separations,
sins against chastity, and also moral and liturgical issues, such
as the right administration of sacraments. As a curiosity, the
only case written in Latin -probably so that the vulgar would
not understand it- refers to what to do if a friar or priest has
a child. The book is surprisingly very entertaining to read, as
each case can be read almost like a short story. Paz’s Consultas
is considered an essential source to know the social life and
problems of the Filipino people in the 17th century.

133 LEÓN GALLERY

75

Real Cédula de Erección de la Compañía de

Filipinas de 10 de Marzo de 1785.
Madrid: Joachin Ibarra, 1785.
size: 13" x 9"
depth: 3/4"

P 15,000
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VERY GOOD

This 57-page document is the royal charter with which the

enlightened Spanish king, Carlos III, at the initiative of the
high official Francisco Cabarrús, founded the Compañía de
Filipinas in 1785. It is, therefore, a foundational pamphlet
of the modern economic history of the archipelago. This
company was privately owned, but enjoyed privileges
granted by the state, and its objective was to promote direct
trade between the Philippines and Spain.
The royal decree consisted of one hundred very detailed
points outlining its organization and operation. Among
other rules, this royal decree allowed the port of Manila to
be closed to any foreign ship to ensure that the Compañía
would monopolize all trade between Asia and Spain, stopping
Francisco de Goya, La Junta de Filipinas, 1815. Photo: Investigart
in Manila. Its ships did not use the Trans-Pacific route, but
skirted Africa around the Cape of Good Hope. The Company
was founded with an initial capital of 3000 shares of 250
pesos each, and became rich quickly, acquired other trading
companies and specialized in exporting coffee, cotton, indigo,
sugar, tobacco and spices. The company had conflicts with
the merchants who worked with the galleon and went into
decline two decades later, as shown in Goya's painting, La
Junta de Filipinas (1815), which depicts a meeting of the
Company's board of directors, already in decline.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 134
 Books About Books
Who was Retana?
Wenceslao Retana
My love for the study of the Philippines began by reading
the bibliographical works of Wenceslao Retana, a
fundamental figure in Philippine studies. His controversial
personality, his radical conservatism during his youth —
always in favor of the Spanish domination of the Philippines
— makes the reading of his books, especially the early
ones, unwelcome even today despite his undeniable
contributions. It is perhaps for this reason that Retana is
completely unknown outside Filipino circles. The fact that
Dr. Legarda had the largest collection of Retaniana I have
ever seen in a private library indicates that, when it came
to studying his own country, any personal antipathies that
may be aroused would be put aside and his contributions
to knowledge simply valued objectively. But who exactly
was Wenceslao Retana?
For Filipinos, with a curiosity for history, the name Retana
might not ring a bell. However, I consider him to be the
founder of Philippine Studies. Some people might question
this appelation since his contemporaries such as José Felipe
del Pan, TH Pardo de Tavera or Isabelo de los Reyes may
also lay claim to such an achievement. But though some
of them may have accumulated several merits for such an
honor, I believe that the controversial bibliographer from
Madrid is the one.
Retana was sent by his family to the Philippines because
135 LEÓN GALLERY
he fell in love with the daughter of a humble shoemaker
— too low for the expectations of the Retana family.
Considering himself a romantic fiction writer, he believed
— innocently enough — that after two years in the
Philippines, he would have saved enough money to marry
the poor girl. However, he seemed to have forgotten all his
promises as soon as he landed in the port of Manila. After
a few bureaucratic arrangements, he went to his post as
a public servant in Batangas where he stayed for most of
his six-year assignment.
As noted in his memoirs, life in the province was boring. With
few social events and almost no people to have intellectual
exchanges with, he was always depressed. Moreover, he
discovered his salary was too small. Therefore, he killed
time with three activities: flirting with the local women,
contemplating the beauty of the landscape and reading
books about the Philippines. This last activity would make
him the top expert on Philippine issues, an expertise that
was equally recognized by both his friends and enemies in
the Filipino ilustrado class, who allowed him to publish his
pieces in their newspapers.
The first article of his ever published in Manila was the
chronicle of a bullfighting event in which the main
bullfighter was none other than himself! After a small
controversy — the first of many — about bullfighting,
his narrative and critical thinking skills did not escape
the attention of José Felipe del Pan, who invited him to
write articles for the newspaper La Oceanía Española.
His writing activities isolated him even further, as he
had no problem criticizing the corruption of Spanish
officials, their ignorance and the abuses some natives
were suffering. At one point, there was not a single
Spaniard left willing to say hello to him in Batangas.
In the meanwhile, he started to collect books. Some of
them were donated by friars and Filipino friends; others
he purchased himself. He confessed that after six years,
he returned to Spain poorer than when he arrived in
the Philippines. In exchange, however, he brought back
luggage filled mainly with Philippine-printed books. He
also brought home a mestiza wife, who was by then
pregnant with their first son, Álvaro Retana, who would
grew up to become a scandalously popular author writer
of homo-erotic novels. (For that reason, he would become
estranged from his conservative father.)
Once in Spain, Retana started to publish several folletos
(little books) with his own money. His first book was the
ethnographic study El Indio Batangueño or The Batangueño
Native (1888), praised by European anthropologists. One
of his early books, Frailes y clérigos (Friars and clergymen)
was a staunch and aggressive defense of the role of the
Catholic Church in the archipelago. The first modern study
on the worship of anitos also was scientifically relevant.
However, his reputation faded as soon as he started to
publish books criticizing and even insulting some of the
most prominent Filipino intellectuals, among them, Isabelo
de los Reyes, Antonio Luna and Pascual Poblete. He would
later regret this.
Meanwhile, with partial financial support from the
Augustinian order, he launched La Política de España en
Filipinas (The Policies of Spain in the Philippines), which
was a counter-propaganda tool against the ideas of the
Filipino ilustrados, especially the ones belonging to La
Solidaridad. It was here where he published a devastating,
and very unfair, review of Noli Me Tangere — which
again, he would later regret. During those years, Retana
started to publish several annotated catalogues of his
own collection of Filipiniana, catalogues that have been
of incredible help to Filipinistas all over the world until
today. He also published fully annotated editions of some
important sources of Philippine history (the travels of Fr.
Martinez de Zuñiga and the history of Mindanao and Sulu
by Fr. Combés).) Additionally, he started to publish hard-
to-find sources (extremely rare books and manuscripts)
dealing with Philippine history in several volumes: Archivo
del Bibliofilo Filipino (Archive of the Philippine Bibliophile.)
The loss of the Philippine colony by Spain somehow
relegated Retana to the sidelines. The interest for reading
things dealing with the Philippines started to wane in
Spain; his vast knowledge became of no use. With the
new political situation, he had no doubt: he sided with
the Filipinos, who wanted independence from the United
States. Additionally, he became a staunch anti-friar writer.
His contributions El Renacimiento, the newspaper of the
Filipino patriots, were very welcome. During these years,
his production in the Philippines even increased in quantity
and quality. In 1906 he published the three volumes of
his definitive magnum opus: Aparato Bibliográfico de
la Historia General de Filipinas (Bibliographic catalogue
for a general history of the Philippines). No other
bibliography of the Philippines is as insightful and as
sharp as this one. It also includes a complete history
of journalism in the Philippines until 1905 — recently
translated in full and published by Vibal Foundation.
In 1907, Retana's ideas about Rizal had changed so much
that he published one of the most beautiful redemptions:
Vida y escritos del Dr. Rizal (Life and writings of Dr.
Rizal). This book has been the main source of all the
biographies written about José Rizal and was announced
in the Philippines as a monumental historical work.
During the succeeding years, he published a history of
the printing press in the Philippines and a history of the
theater in the Philippines. The accuracy of his research
is such that those works are still often cited by scholars
today. He spent the last years of his life in bad health,
in relative retirement, although publishing from time
to time new articles about the Philippines in academic
journals.
Retana was undoubtedly an agent of the colonial
empire and his knowledge-gathering was aimed
at the conservation of the Philippines for Spain, at
least until 1898. Some of his anti-Filipino writings
during this early period are certainly uncomfortable
to read. But, as Filipino intellectuals acknowledged
at the beginning of 20th century, his writings and
researches were of indisputable quality and his
change towards the Philippine independence cause
made him welcome in the Manila newspapers.
His output about the Philippines can be divided into
three categories:
a.) Editions of sources for Philippine history.
b.) Bibliographic catalogs and studies on the history of
printing in the Philippines.
c.) Thematic monographs on the Philippines, literature or
the Spanish presence in the archipelago.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 136
Editions of sources for the
History of the Philippines

76

Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga

Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas o mis viajes por
este país
[Situation of the Philippine Islands or my travels o mis viajes por este país, a travel book with a wealth of
in this country] ethnographic and geographical information about the
Madrid: Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos, Philippines. This work remained in a manuscript in an
1893. 2 vols.
Augustinian archive until Retana decided to rescue it. The
size: 8 1/4" x 6"
depth: 1 1/2" book should be understood as a study of the situation of
the Philippines at the beginning of the 19th century. It
P 20,000 is full of personal observations, criticisms, and historical
comments.
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY GOOD/MINT
This edition is one of Retana's most important works and
was unanimously praised after publication. Martínez de
Zúñiga was born in Navarra in 1760 and arrived in the
Philippines in 1786, where he lived permanently until he
died in 1818 in Manila. He worked in Batangas, Tambobon,
Hagonoy, Calumpit, Pasig, and Parañaque parishes. In
1803, he published in Sampaloc a Historia de las Islas
Filipinas, which was translated into English in 1814. In
1805, he finished writing Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas,
The first volume contains Retana's critical study of the
work and its author and the first 26 chapters of Estadismo.
The second volume contains the remaining 14 chapters
and several appendices: the notes to the text in Appendix
A. Appendix B is Retana's first bibliography, with more
than 300 annotated titles, which will be extended to 4445
in his last catalog of 1906. Appendices C, D, E, and F are,
respectively, dictionaries of geographical places, animals,
plants, and minerals of the Philippines. Appendix G is an
ethnographic study of the people of the Philippines.
It is an ambitious work of extraordinary value.

137 LEÓN GALLERY

77
Francisco Combés, SJ
Historia de Mindanao y Joló
[History of Mindanao and Sulu]
Madrid: Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos,
1897.
size: 13" x 9" (33 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
P 14,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
FAIR
Father Combés is one of the most prominent Jesuits in the
history of the Philippines. Researchers are lately devoting
many studies to his figure thanks to the many manuscripts
-unknown until recently- on the Philippines that he left
behind and preserved in the USA and Spain. He worked
in the Jesuit missions of Mindanao, Cebu, and Leyte and
was known in his lifetime for his eloquence and erudition.
A controversial episode in his life was the publication of
the Encomio [Praise] (1659), in which he defended Gómez
de Espinosa, who was being attacked by the mendicant
orders for supporting the Indians. He died in December
1665 on the galleon when he was about to reach
Mexico. His Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Joló y sus
adyacentes [History of the Islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and
the adjacents ones] (Madrid, 1667) was his only published
work of importance.
Retana commented, "It is the best book on Mindanao and
Sulu and one of the most notable of those recorded in the
Philippine bibliography." Hence, he edited it with the help of
Jesuit Father Pablo Pastells, an ex-missionary in Mindanaow
who had exchanged correspondence with José Rizal.
Combés' work is divided into eight books: the first one is
centered on the geographical description of the islands,
their natural wealth, their fauna, and their flora. It provides a
great deal of ethnographic information. The remaining seven
books are a history of Mindanao that draws from Jesuit and
civil sources, although it lacks a religious tone. Combés wrote
this work intending to get the civil authorities and the king to
prioritize Mindanao geostrategically with a military presence
and to abandon the Molucca Islands, thus supporting the
Jesuit missions.
Retana's edition contains an extensive and erudite foreword,
numerous footnotes, and several tables with names of
people, ethnic groups, plants, animals, etc. A masterful
edition very desired by Philippinists.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 138
139 LEÓN GALLERY
78

Vicente Alemany
Historia de la vida del Buscón [History of the life of the
Tercera Parte de la Vida del Gran Tacaño
Swindler] (1626) by Francisco de Quevedo, a classic of
[Third part of the life of the great sting] Spanish literature. On this occasion, the adventures of this
New York, 1921.
young hustler are transported to the American Indies and
size: 10" x 6 1/2" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm) the Philippines. The novel is amusing and at the same time
pessimistic, as only the friars are spared from its critical
P 5,000 comments. The original manuscript was written between
1767 and 1768 in the Philippines. The author was for many
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND
GOOD
The book is presented from the title as the third part of
a famous picaresque novel of the Spanish Golden Age,
years a Jesuit missionary in Zamboanga and was expelled
from the Philippines, like the rest of the members of the
Society, in 1768. This volume is an offprint of the Parisian
academic journal Revue Hispanique, where it was first
published. Rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 140
141 LEÓN GALLERY
79

Wenceslao Retana
Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino
[Archive of the Philippine bibliophile]
Madrid: Librería general de Victoriano Suárez,
1895-1905. 5 vols. In his bibliographic studies, Retana noticed that many of
size: 7 1/4" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm) the books were rarities that time could eventually make
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm) disappear, especially the titles published in Manila, as
they were printed on fragile rice paper. With the aim of
Wenceslao Retana preserving for posterity texts of importance to Philippine
history, both printed and manuscript, he conceived a
Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino
project to publish texts under the title Archivo del Bibliófilo
[Archive of the Philippine bibliophile] Filipino. This laudable enterprise published four volumes
Madrid: Librería general de Victoriano Suárez,
in 1895 and 1898, and he tried to relaunch it with a fifth
1905. Only Vol. 5.
size: 7 1/4" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm) volume in 1905, but, having lost the Philippines, it did not
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm) enjoy the interest of the Spanish public.

P 25,000 In these five volumes numerous texts of undoubted interest

CONDITION REPORT
for the history of the Philippines are made accessible to the
SOFTBOUND curious reader, and without this publication they would
FAIR still remain unknown. Some of the texts included are:

Date Título en español Título en inglés Vol.

1583 Domingo de Salazar: Relación de Account of the affairs of the 3

las cosas de las Filipinas Philippine islands

1649 Verdadera relación de la grande True account of the great 1

destruición que por permissión destruction occurred in the city
de nuestro Señor, ha auido en la of Manila, wth God’s permission
Ciudad de Manila

1740 Manuel del Río, OP: Relación de los Account of the events in the 2
sucesos de la misión de Ituy. mission of Ituy

1721 Noticias de lo sucedido en la News about wthat happened in 5

Ciudad de Manila en Octubre de Manila in October 1719 (Killing of
1719. (Asesinato del gobernador Gobernor Bustamante)
Bustamante).

1750 Juan de Arrechedra, SJ: Relación Account of the entry of the Sultan 1
de la entrada del Sultán Rey de of Sulu Mahamad Alimudin, in this
Joló Mahamad Alimudin en esta city of Manila
Ciudad de Manila

1895 José Castaño, OFM: Breve noticia Brief report regarding the origin, 1
acerca del origen, creencias y beliefs and superstitions of the
supersticiones de los antiguos ancient natives of Bicol
indios del Bicol

1905 Felipe G. Calderón (comp.): Documents dealing with the times 5

Documentos relativos a la época of Revolution
de la Revolución.

It is rare to find the complete 5 volumes of this ambitious

work.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 142
80

a.) El Indio Agraviado (Opusculo Politico)

[The Aggrieved Native]
Madrid, 1905. kept pending for a while in my mind until I remembered
size: 7" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm) a key leaflet printed in Sampaloc in 1821: El Indio
Agraviado (The Aggrieved Native). This little book was

b.) Latigazo. Periódico de Manila published anonymously by a Tagalog from Manila

named Leoncio Panguilinan. It was written as a response
[Whiplash. Newspaper of Manila] to another Filipino from the elite who published a book
Madrid, 1905.
size: 7" X 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm) against the newly approved Spanish Constitution, which
granted equal legal status to all the inhabitants of the
P 10,000 archipelago. This text is the first mature formulation
of a Filipino consciousness by a Filipino, establishing
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
FAIR
Offprint from volume 5 of the Archivo del Bibliófilo
Filipino. When did Filipino start seeing themselves as
part of a distinct political community? The question
a clear divide between the natives and the colonizers.
The anonymous author did not only criticize that fellow
countryman who was not happy to see that all Filipinos
had the same legal status. He blamed the Spaniards for
any misbehavior or fault Filipinos might have. It starts like
this:

143 LEÓN GALLERY

“When Filipinos had expected to escape from subjugation,
oppression and slavery after more than two centuries,
given that they had promised loyalty to the wise
Constitution, because of the arbitrariness and despotism
of the Spaniards, now their shackles are more fiercely
clinched and their chains become heavier so that they will
never go out from their political prison. Such is the project
of DMG (the Filipino who wrote against the new Spanish
Constitution), who, being himself a Filipino, looks at them
with hostility, not having committed against him any other
crime than being an indigenous person.”
No other book contains as many straightforwards attacks
as this one:
“If the Filipino is an ignorant, the only one responsible
for this is the Spaniard, who did nothing for them in 250
years.”
Or this one: “If the priest had followed the royal decrees
ordering the Spanish language to be taught to the natives,
they would speak [it] perfectly after so many years of
domination.”
I am sure the colonizers must have felt pain reading these
two other quotes:
“But nothing must be accomplished, since the underlying
idea is that the indio must not achieve anything in life, so
they do not mix with the Spaniards.”
“The natives shouldn’t be [put] out of their misery, so they
won’t compete with the Spaniards in terms of knowledge
and wealth.”
The core ideas of this text are the following:
– Filipinos are inherently equal to Spaniards in anything,
since both are human creations of God
– The backwardness of the Filipino is a consequence of
the Spaniards, who deliberately excluded them from
education and from business
– Filipinos, thanks to the Constitution, are legally equal to
Spaniards. Approved laws must be respected. There is no
reason to discriminate against Filipinos
There is only one known copy of the original 1821 leaflet,
preserved at the National Library of the Philippines. Retana
was the one called the attention regarding the existence
of this outstanding short essay.
Offprint from volume 5 of the Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino.
Latigazo was one of the first newspapers printed in the
Philippines. Retana managed to rescue issues 1, 2, 4, and
6, preserved in the Archivo General de Indias [General
Archive of Indies] in Seville. It was a politically reactionary
newspaper, contrary to the liberal constitution that had
been approved. Its only author was F. V., who signed all
the articles, although we need to find out if he was Spanish
or Filipino.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 144
Bibliographies and studies on
the history of the Philippine
printing press
81

Wenceslao Retana
Bibliografía de Mindanao
[Bibliography of Mindanao]
Madrid, 1894.
size: 6 1/4" x 4 1/4" (16 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Mindanao Studies begin in this slim 72-page volume.

Contains descriptions of 174 books. Very rare.

82

Wenceslao E. Retana
La Imprenta en Filipinas (1593-1810)
[The printing press in the Philippines (1593-1810)]
Madrid: Imprenta de la sucesora de M. Minuesa de
los Ríos, 1899.
size: 11" x 7 3/4" (28 cm x 20 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

VERY POOR

Retana defends for the first time in this work, adducing

evidence that the first printing press in the Philippines was
built locally -not imported from Europe- and that it was the
initiative of the Dominican friar Francisco Blancas de San
José. He also traces the history of the printing presses of
the Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans and hypothesizes
about the existence of an Augustinian printing press in the
years 1613-1621. The historical reflections are followed
by a bibliographical catalog -a total of 541 entries- that
complements and corrects José Toribio Medina's list of
1896. This is a pioneering and meticulous work. It also
comes with a plate with facsimiles of the covers of some of
the oldest books printed in the Philippines.
This work began to be serialized in his conservative
newspaper La política de España en Filipinas [The policies
of Spain in the Philippines] in 1897. Only 206 copies of
this work were printed. Very rare and highly prized by
bibliophiles and book historians.

145 LEÓN GALLERY

83

Wenceslao Retana
Orígenes de la Imprenta Filipina
[Origins of the Philippine printing press]
Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suárez, 1911.
size: 11" x 8 1/4" (28 cm x 21 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

In 1909, the newspaper El Renacimiento [The renaissance]

announced a prize for the best study on the history of
printing in the Philippines. I must confess that the award
was organized by Retana himself, supported by his friends
in Manila, and that he won it with this work. In a sense,
the Origins of Philippine Printing Press is the culmination Photo of Wenceslao Retana

of his studies on printing in the Philippines, as he reviews,

corrects, and perfects, adding new evidence and relying
on references and authorities, everything related to the
early years of printing in the Philippines, from 1593 to
1640. Retana gathers the evidence to demonstrate that at
least two books were printed according to the xylographic
system of the Filipinos around 1593: a Christian doctrine in
Tagalog and a Christian doctrine in Chinese. His intuitions
would be confirmed two decades after his death since
such works appeared in the middle of 20th century: the
first is in the Library of the Congress (Washington), while
the second is kept in the Vatican Library. Retana once
again confirms the birth of European-style Philippine
printing around 1602-1604 and mentions works that may
have existed but of which no copies are known today.
The introduction is, even to this day, the most decisive
contribution to the knowledge of the printing press in its
first decades of operation in Manila. The second part is an
annotated list of rare books of what he calls "Philippine
Incunabula". Books of extreme rarity that Retana studies
from the typographical point of view and exercising his
biting criticism of the contents and their authors. The most
eye-catching part for those unfamiliar with the history of
Philippine books is that this book is accompanied by some
forty facsimiles of covers of the books mentioned earlier, all
printed in the Philippines. To understand the importance
of these books, we should be reminded that in 1640, when
the United States had only one book printed, the printing
presses of Manila had already produced around 60 books:
religious books, grammars, dictionaries, accounts of
events, public announcements and even a long chronicle.
Books were published in Spanish, in Chinese, in Latin, in
Bisaya, in Tagalog and in Ilocano.
Only 200 copies of Orígenes were printed and it is one
most searched books by bibliophiles in the Philippines and
abroad.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 146
Magnum opuses of Retana’s
research on Philippine books
84
Wenceslao Retana
Aparato Bibliográfico de la Historia General de
Filipinas
[Bibliographical Apparatus of General History of
the Philippines]
Madrid: Imprenta de la sucesora de M. Minuesa de
los Ríos, 1906. 3 vols.
size: 12" x 8" (30 cm x 20 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
VERY POOR
BINDING IS COMPLETELY DESTOYED AND LARGE CHUNKS OF THE BOOK
ARE EITHER LOST OR SCATTERED.
COVER PAGE MISSING, AS WELL AS LARGE CHUNKS OF THE TEXT
BINDING IS COMPLETELY DESTROYED AND LARGE CHUNKS OF THE BOOK
ARE EITHER LOST OR SCATTERED.
If the reader of this catalog has had the patience to read a
few dozen entries, he or she might have seen how often I
refer to Retana's opinions. Well, those quotes all come from
this impressive work.
I must admit that I cannot speak about this work except
with enthusiasm. I remember the moment in February
2011 when, after some reasonable haggling, I decided to
get my hands on a copy of the 1964 facsimile edition of
the three imposing volumes of Wenceslao Emilio Retana's
Aparato Bibliográfico para la Historia General de Filipinas
(Bibliographical Apparatus for the General History of the
Philippines). I remember, too, that in my incipient readings
about the Spanish colonial period and its sources, references
to this work were continuous. I concluded — and I was not
wrong — that if I somehow wanted to devote myself, as
a scholar, to historical, linguistic, or literary studies of the
Philippines, I had to have this work at hand. I confess, to this
day, and I am not exaggerating, that Aparato Bibliográfico is
the printed work that has provided me with the most hours
of reading happiness because it taught me in equal parts
to love, appreciate and value old and rare books in all their
breadth, even beyond the interest that their contents might
have; because I learned to distinguish typefaces, ornaments,
prints and illustrators; to feel the pleasure of lightly touching
the delicate filigree stamped on the fragile rice paper of the
early Manileño prints; and because, finally, it provided me
147 LEÓN GALLERY
with the keys and directions to understand the peculiarities
of that strange and complex historical entity that was the
Spanish Philippines —and which forms an essential part of
my research activity.
In reading the Aparato Bibliográfico, I found that immense
pleasure that consists in seeing intellectual curiosity almost
satisfied with the exact reference to the last book, sometimes
the only copy that could satisfy the hunger for knowledge:
books that quote other books that mention other books
that quote other books that quote... A spiral of knowledge
about a fascinating and unique archipelago in the context
of a necessarily tragic meeting of societies and cultures.
The abundance of illustrations, the generous excerpts
— exquisitely selected — the complete transcriptions of
scarce books, and Retana's relentless commentary make
this monumental work a delightful read for anyone who
loves old books or has an interest in the archipelago's not
yet well-known Spanish past. Aparato Bibliográfico has
been receiving, unanimous praise from the very day of its
publication until today.
Thus, reading after reading, consultation after consultation,
I have been able to familiarize myself with the work so that
entire pages remain visually in my memory. There have
been many occasions — in Manila, Antwerp, Princeton,
Chicago, and Madrid — when talking to a fellow Filipinista,
I have offered him the exact reference he was looking for
and where he could find it. And to all of them, when they
asked me in amazement how I could know the existence of
this or that work, I have always answered the same thing:
"You have to read Retana." Thus, it is enough to familiarize
oneself with the Aparato Bibliográfico to boast of erudition
about Philippine matters. It is a must for Filipinistas and
highly advisable for those interested in Philippine affairs or
the history of the ancient book.
The first volume contains an insightful introduction, five
helpful appendixes (authors, languages, toponyms, etc.)
and a list of books dealing with the Philippines from 1521
to 1799. The second volume contains bibliographical
references about books from 1800 to 1886. The third volume
cover the year 1887-1905, but also includes the first history
of Philippine journalism, with bibliographical entries about
Philippines newspapers from 1811 to 1905.
The first 1906 edition is very rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 148
85

Wenceslao Retana
La Censura de Imprenta en Filipinas
[Printing censorship in the Philippines]
Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suárez, 1908.
size: 9" x 6" (23 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Offprint from a research study published in the Spanish

journal Nuestro Tiempo (Our Time), the year before. It
gathers evidence regarding the censorship to print books
in the Philippines from 1820 until 1890. Insights on the
law of censorship and how it was arbitrarily implemented
by the Board of Censorship, whose members found
increasingly difficult to carry out their task. Books from
Spain should be subjected to censorship as well, but most
of them skipped it.

86

Wenceslao Retana
Tablas cronológica y alfabética de imprentas e
impresores de Filipinas (1593-1898)
[Alphabetic and chronological tables of printing
presses and printers in the Philippines (1593-
1898)]
Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suárez, 1908.
size: 6 1/4" x 4 1/4" (16 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

Useful list where the names of all the printers he was able
to identify is given. It should be noted that the vast majority
of the printers were Filipino until the mid-19th century.
Essential to understand how printing presses were sold
and reused by new entrepreneurs, especially during the
last part of 19th century, and the development of new
printing techniques for engraving, like the litography. Rare.

149 LEÓN GALLERY

87

Wenceslao Retana
Fiestas de toros en Filipinas
Madrid, 1896.
size: 7 1/4" x 4 3/4" (18 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

29 PAGES HAS TEXT, HALF OF THE BOOK IS BLANK

Offprint from an article published in a Spanish journal. This

is the first historical study of bullfighting in the Philippines.
Very rare

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 150
Monographs and researches
on the Philippines
88

Wenceslao Retana
a.) El Indio Batangueño
[The Batangueño native]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y C., 1888.
size: 6 1/2" x 4 1/2" (17 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

This small booklet was Retana's first monograph. He

was then 26 years old. It is the fruit of his observations
after four and a half years of living in Batangas as a civil
servant. Although it had appeared before in magazines,
this is his first book publication. It is a curious treatise
on ethnography, where he analyzes the customs of the
natives. He describes the "subli," a local dance, and the
"panguingui," a card game, among other observations. It
received very positive reviews and was even plagiarized by
some of his compatriots. Very rare.

b.) Folletos FIlipinos I - Frailes y Clérigos

[Philippine leaflets I – Friars and clergymen]
Madrid: Librería Amigos del País, 1890.
Madrid: Librería de Fernando Fe, 1891. 2nd edition.
size: 7 1/2" x 4 3/4" (19 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

A brief essay in which he furiously and mercilessly attacks

all those who criticized the friars in the Philippines at the
time. Retana understood then - although he later changed
his mind — that protecting the friars meant protecting
Spanish domination in the Philippines. The work was
very badly received, logically, by the Filipino ilustrados.
Curiously, the book was censored in the Philippines by the
friars. Of the first edition, 1100 copies were printed, and of
the second edition, corrected and enlarged, 3030 copies
were printed. However, today they are very difficult to find.

c.) Folletos FIlipinos - III: Sinapismos (Bromitas y

Critiqulilas)
Philippine Leaflets III – Synapisms (jokes and
little criticisms)
Madrid: Librería de Fernando Fe, 1890.
size: 7 1/4" x 4 3/4" (18 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

A collection of merciless attacks against Antonio Luna

-whom he ridicules for his book on Spain; Isabelo de los

151 LEÓN GALLERY

Reyes — he calls him ignorant, vain and ungrateful;
Pascual Poblete — for being foolish and also vain; and
other Filipino intellectuals. 2000 copies printed. Very rare.

d.) Folletos Filipinos IV - IV: Reformas Y Otros

Excesos
[Philippine Leaflets IV - Reforms and other
excesses]
Madrid: Librería de Fernando Fe, 1890.
size: 7" x 4 3/4" (18 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

It contains two long articles. The first is a critique of

Manuel Becerra and all liberal politicians who, without
knowing the nature of the indigenous Filipino, attempt
to introduce political and administrative reforms in
the Philippines. The second, based on the concept of
"filibusterismo", is a study of the psychology of the Filipino
who desires independence. 2000 copies were printed.
Very rare.

e.) Filipinas. Cosas de allá

[The Philippines. Things from over there]
Madrid: Librería de Fernando Fe, 1893.
size: 6 3/4" x 4 1/2" (17 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

Collection of stories and short novels published in Manila

newspapers.

P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 152
89

Wenceslao Retana
Noticias Histórico-Bibliógraficas de El Teatro en
Filipinas desde sus Origenes hasta 1898
[Historical-Bibliographic News about the Theater
in the Philippijnes from the beginning until 1898]
Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suárez, 1908.
size: 10" x 6 1/2" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

POOR

BOOK IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PAGE CHUNKS

This is the first history of theater in the Philippines. After

researching in the archives, reviewing the chronicles and
reading the books of festivals published during the colonial
period, it traces the history of the theater from the arrival
of the first Spaniards until the end of the 19th century. All
studies about the theater in the Philippines start from this
foundational work, which also analyzes genres specific
to the Philippines, such as the Moro-Moro theater or the
corrido. Important work for understanding the cultural
history of the Philippines. Rare.

90

Wenceslao Retana
De la Evolución de la Literatura Castellana en
Filipinas: Los Poetas
[On the evolution of Castilian Literature in the
Philippines: the Poets]
Librería General de Victoriano Suárez, 1909.
size: 10" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

VERY GOOD

A work of literary criticism in which, after reviewing the

Spanish poetry of Paterno and Rizal, he attacks the
Modernista poetry of Fernando María Guerrero, Pacífico
Victoriano and Jesús Balmori for dealing with escapist and
imaginative themes, instead of fighting through poetry
against American domination. He accuses them of not
being brave and of having a defeatist attitude in their
poetry. Rare to find.

153 LEÓN GALLERY

91

Wenceslao Retana
Rizal: Noticies Biografiques
[Rizal. Biographical notes]
Barcelona: Librería, L’Avenç, 1910.
size: 6" x 4 1/4" (15 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Short biography of Rizal in Catalan language.

Modernismo is a literary movement that took place primarily

during the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth-century
in the Spanish-speaking world, best exemplified by the poetry in
Ruben Darío. In the Philippines, Modernismo lasted until the
1930’s, unlike in the rest of the Spanish-speaking world, where
it was finished before 1920.

92

Wenceslao Retana
Diccionario de Filipinismos
[Dictionary of Filipinisms]
New York, 1921.
size: 10 1/4" x 6 1/2" (26 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

Pioneering compilation of Philippine words that penetrated

in the Spanish language. This research was later continued
by Jaime de Veyra. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 154
93

Wenceslao Retana
a.) Índice de Personas Nobles y Otras de Calidad
que han estado en Filipinas desde 1521 hasta 1898
Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suárez, 1921.
size: 10" x 7 1/4" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

b.) Índice Biográfico de los que asistieron al

descubrimiento de las Islas Filipinas
Madrid: V. H. Sanz Calleja, 1921.
size: 10" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

VERY POOR

HARDBOUND

POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE

155 LEÓN GALLERY

The only researcher who came to compete with Retana in
bibliography matters was the Chilean bibliographer José Toribio
Medina (1852-1930). His research on the book in Manila was
part of a broader project on the history of printing in the Spanish
dominions of America. Thus, he published volumes on printing
in Havana, Lima, Quito, Cartagena de Indias, etc. Between
1896 and 1896, he had a fruitful and friendly relationship with
Retana, from which both benefited.

94

José Toribio Medina

Brevísimo epítome de la Imprenta en Manila
(1593-1810)
[A Brief Epitome of Printing in Manila
(1593-1810)]
Madrid, 1896.
size: 6 3/4" x 4 1/4" (17 cm x 11 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Only 100 copies of this work were printed at the expense of

Wenceslao Retana, of which Dr. Legarda owned two. This
is a list of works printed in Manila, without commentary.
It lists 404 titles in total. It is a preview of the work he
published the same year in Santiago. Extremely rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 156
95

José Toribio Medina

La Imprenta en Manila desde sus Origenes hasta
1810
[Printing in Manila from its Origins to 1810]
Santiago de Chile: Impreso y grabado en casa del
autor, 1896.
size: 9" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

STAINED COVER, PAGES ARE IN GOOD SHAPE

It is dedicated to Retana. Medina maintained that the

Philippine printing press came from the one the Jesuits
had in Macao, a theory that Retana dismantled. In the
historical introduction, he provides numerous important
documents to trace the history of the printing press. In
addition, thanks to his travels in Europe, he visited several
libraries where he saw very rare pieces of Philippine
bibliography. A work of much merit that includes the
description of 420 titles. He corrected the missing books of
this work in 1904. Scarce.

96

José Toribio Medina

Bibliografía española de las Islas Filipinas (1523-
1810)
[Spanish bibliography of the Philippine Islands
(1523-1810)]
Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes, 1897.
size: 9" x 6 1/2" (23 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Excellent catalog with 667 entries of works on the

Philippines printed in Spain and Mexico. Very praised by
bibliophiles. Rare.

157 LEÓN GALLERY

97

José Toribio Medina

La imprenta en Manila desde sus orígenes hasta
1810, adiciones y ampliaciones
[Printing in Manila from its origins to 1810,
additions and enlargements]
Santiago de Chile: Printed and engraved in author’s
house. 1904. 2 copies.
size: 10 3/4" x 7 3/4" (27 cm x 20 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)
size: 8 3/4" x 6 1/2" (22 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY GOOD

ONE ORIGINAL AND ONE FACSIMILE

Medina explains in the introduction that he did not plan

to deal with the Philippine bibliography again. Still, upon
seeing the corrections made by Retana and discovering
new titles, he decided to publish this book with his findings,
in which he corrected some entries of his 1896 study. It
contains 343 entries.

98

Carlos Sanz
Primitivas relaciones de España con Asia y
Oceanía
[Early Spanish relations with Asia and Oceania]
Madrid: Librería general de Victoriano Suárez, 1958.
size: 10 1/2" x 7 1/4" (27 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

This work reconstructs the history of printing in the

Philippines, but already taking into account the three
xylographic prints of 1593 that had recently been
discovered. It includes facsimiles of Philippine-printed
book covers.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 158
 After the Galleons:
Benito Legarda’s Legacy to the Understanding of Philippine
History and the Birth of the Nation
by P RO F. M I C H A E L C H A R L E S T O N “ X I A O ” B R I O N E S C H UA , P H . D. ( C A N D. )
FILIPINO PUBLIC HISTORIAN
I still remember clearly a time when the rise of the Filipino
ilustrados was attributed to the opening of the Suez Canal
in 1869. As travel and trade became easier from Europe,
liberal ideas flowed with them. It was a cornerstone of
grade-school history lessons: these liberal ideas also
brought with them the aspirations to become free,
blossomed into the Propaganda Movement, bore fruit
with the Revolution, and finally gave birth to our nation.
But—and this is a very big “but”—this was all before
the publication of Benito J. Legarda’s monumental book
After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and
Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines,
published by the Ateneo de Manila University Press in
1999. To sum up, as the title implies, the work was mainly
about how the termination of the two-hundred-year-old
Galleon Trade from Manila to Acapulco in 1813 (following
the Mexican War of Independence)and definitively ended
Spain’s monopoly over the Philippine economy. When
Spanish colonizers finally decided to open the various ports
of the islands to foreign trade, their role in the economy
was minimized; the role of foreign trading partners,
especially the British, the Americans and the Chinese,
grew as exportation of abaca and sugar and importation
of textiles increased, enlarging the Philippine economy in
the late Spanish period. In comparison to other parts of
colonial Southeast Asia, the stimulus behind the growth
in trade and output was not the colonial government, but
“incentives deriving from entrepreneurship and capital
imports working through a system of flexible prices and
exchange rates.”
159 LEÓN GALLERY
Perhaps the first thing to note was that Benito J. Legarda,
Jr. was a true-blue economic historian in a country that
continues to lacks this expertise. There have been some
influential works by social scientists on our economic
history; but Philippine economic history was Legarda’s
life’s work. He started with a degree in BS Social Science
from Georgetown University (1948) followed by an M.A.
and Ph.D. Economics from Harvard University (1950, 1955,
respectively). After the Galleons is actually a revision of his
doctoral dissertation, which he expanded into this book
after almost half a century. In the intervening decades, he
published sixty articles, mostly on economics and history,
and worked in various positions in the Central Bank of
the Philippines, the International Monetary Fund, and
the World Bank. Though sometimes technical, his prose
was always readable and understandable to the ordinary
student of history.
Secondly, despite the fact that it was not really about the
galleon trade per se, it had to talk about its context, which
took up almost one-third of the book (almost a hundred
pages). The Jesuit Historian Father Jose S. Arcilla, SJ
noted that before Legarda’s book, “Everyone knew that
the galleon trade was essential to the continued existence
of the Philippines, Spain's farthest colony. Paradoxically,
the literature on the subject is quite limited. Aside from
Schurz's now-classic The Manila Galleon (New York,
1939) and Bauzon's Deficit Government: Mexico and the
Philippine Situado (Tokyo, 1981), hardly anything else
has been written in English.” For many Filipino teachers
and students, After the Galleons, which ironically was
not really about the galleon trade, became the most
accessible source on the subject for many years since its
publication as it was widely distributed by ADMU Press,
to their credit and to the benefit of the Filipinos. In many
ways, it paved the way for younger scholars today who
have the opportunity to research the archives in Spain and
Mexico, to expand Legarda’s chapter on the galleons. We
have more books now devoted to the Galleon Trade, some
scholarly and some even readable public history materials.
Third, the work paved the way for a more nuanced view of
Philippine History, which improved both the understanding
of and pedagogy about the era in question. The
explanation about the Suez Canal and Liberal ideas was
not enough to answer the question, “If we were still under
colonial Spain, why were there rich indios / Filipinos?” As
it turned out, when the Spaniards allowed foreign traders
to use the ports and develop certain industries and
agricultural products, they employed indios and Chinese
mestizos as their middle men, which gave these groups
economic incentives they never enjoyed under the Galleon
Trade. Economic Historian Van Ybiernas once emphasized
that 19th-century economic growth, which Legarda used
economic data to illustrate, engendered the eventual rise
of the Ilustrado, the middle-to-upper class nationalists of
the 19th century. The call to action to assert self-identity,
which led to the birth of the nation, was triggered by the
disconnect between the Ilustrados’ financial success and
the colonizers’ continued treatment of them as third-class
citizens. Their ability to read and travel alerted them to
the stark political differences between Liberal Europe and
colonial Philippines.
Legarda, in his preface, was quick to note that some of
his views originated from a 1912 lecture by Trinidad H.
Pardo de Tavera on Philippine Economic Development.
What he did in his 1955 dissertation was to contextualize
economic data geographically and identify the main
players, both institutional and individual, who made
economic change possible. The work produced in this
dissertation and its subsequent expansion makes the
personal library of Dr. Legarda — composed of many
of the rare books he listed in the After the Galleon’s
bibliography — a vital legacy in itself.
The dissemination to teachers and younger scholars of
this crucial narrative in Philippine history only became
possible in 1999 thanks to the publication of the ADMU
edition. Legarda’s work amplified with economic data
the beginnings of what historians of the “Pantayong
Pananaw” school of thought, especially Zeus Salazar,
were explaining at around the same time: that economic
growth and the education of Ilustrados created a vast
cultural divide between Westernized Filipino Ilustrados
educated in European schools and those that remained
in the spirit of the indigenous culture – a clash manifested
in the divisions that emerged in the Philippine revolution,
in EDSA Dos and EDSA Tres, and even in more recent
history. Legarda’s valuable work helps us understand the
connection between economic change and the political
and cultural history of the country, rendering the value of
his sources – his books – immeasurable.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 160
 Photographs of the Philippine Pavilion from the Exposición commemorative book
published by Spain’s Ministry of Culture and Education.

161 LEÓN GALLERY

 Exposición General de las Islas Filipinas
[General Exhibition of the
Philippine Islands]
(Madrid, 1887)
The idea of organizing such an exposition arose in 1886
to make the products of the Philippines known among
Spaniards to increase their exportation to the peninsula
and stimulate the Filipinos' loyalty to the metropolis. Also,
although this was not made explicit among the purposes,
it was probably the purpose of communicating to the rest
of the world that Spain was still a respectable world power.
The project was quickly approved and was planned in
eight sections and eighty-two groups, including some such
as Geography, Meteorology and terrestrial magnetism,
Orography, Hydrography, Anthropology, Biology,
Geology, Mineralogy, Religions and rites, Agriculture and
horticulture, Printing, Public Education, and Fine Arts,
among others.
It was organized in the Retiro Park in Madrid, and the
Crystal Palace -still existing today- was built expressly
for the event. It was inaugurated on June 30, 1887.
Hundreds of objects, plants and even animales from the
Philippines and the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands,
and Palau were displayed. Several Filipino artists also
participated in painting and sculpture (Juan Luna, Isabelo
Tampinco, Serapio Tolentino). The exhibition caused a
huge controversy due to the display of indigenous people
from Ifugao, an act that the Filipino intellectual resident in
Madrid harshly criticized.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 162
99

Exposicion de Filipinas: Coleccion de Articulos

publicados en El Globo Diario Ilustrado (Politico,
Cientifico y Literario)
[Exhibition of the Philippines: collection of
articles published in El Globo. Illustrated Recollect Father Toribio Minguella, who contributed with
newspaper (political, scientifc and literary)] an excellent article on comparative linguistics in which
Madrid: El Globo, 1887
a contrast was made between Sanskrit and Tagalog. It
size: 8" x 5 1/2" (20 cm x 14 cm)
contains numerous illustrations of the objects shown in
depth: 1/2" (1 cm)
the exhibition and 34 fascinating engravings showing
P 5,000 the Indians exhibited, the exhibition rooms, buildings,
etc. It is an organically organized book in that after some
CONDITION REPORT
general introductory articles, and there follow texts in
HARDBOUND

GOOD
SLIGHT DAMAGE ON THE BINDING BU THE PAGES ARE INTACT
It is a work of great merit for the quality of the
contributors, most of them excellent connoisseurs of
the Philippines for having resided there for a long time,
such as Vidal y Soler -expert in natural sciences- or the
which the reader is introduced, in a well-informed manner,
to the subjects exhibited, such as musical instruments,
indigenous weapons, flora, fauna, customs, languages,
anthropological studies, etc. Although the book's general
tone is celebratory, the texts are rigorous and were written
in a spirit of scientific dissemination. Outstanding printing
quality. Rare.

163 LEÓN GALLERY

100
Antonio Flórez Hernández
Crónica de la exposición de Filipinas
[Chronicle of the Exhibiton of the Philippines]
Madrid: Tipografía de Manuel Ginés Hernández, 1887
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)
P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
FAIR
It is an encomiastic work published to honor the Queen
and the event's organizer: the Minister of Overseas, D.
Víctor Balaguer. The book is written in an uncritical tone of
admiration and enthusiasm for the exposition, emphasizing
with a typically colonial mentality the civilizing advances
achieved by the Filipinos thanks to the Spaniards and the
picturesque exoticism of their customs, especially the ones
from non-Westernized ethnic groups. The book's first half
focuses on the detailed description of the eight sections
and the eighty-two groups. The second half is a collection
of articles. The text entitled "Una ranchería de igorrotes"
[A settlemnet of Igorots] is particularly striking for today's
reader, given that the natives are described as savages,
ignorant and primitive. The rest of the articles describe
Filipinos in favorable terms, albeit with a somewhat
condescending tone. Rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 164
 Scholarly Materials And Sources
Documentary sources for the
history of Spanish Philippines
Most of the titles included in this section are repertories
of sources that, because of their importance for the study
of the history of the Spanish overseas possessions and
Iberian imperialism in the Philippines, are usually found in
university libraries, in the departments of the Hispanists,
and not in private libraries. Dr. Legarda always preferred
to have at home the sources of the topics he was going
to work on in his research, or simply to satisfy his never-
ending curiosity. There are also important studies, such as
that of Medina on the Inquisition, or those of Father Selgas
on Murillo Velarde and on one of the first grammars of the
Tagalog language, which would well deserve the honor of
being translated for the knowledge of the Filipino public.

101

Martín Fernández de Navarrete

Colección de los viajes y descubrimientos que
hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo
XV
[Collection of the voyages and discoveries made
This is the classic collection of sources on the first
transatlantic and transpacific voyages undertaken by the
Spanish: the voyages of Columbus, the first expeditions to
the Caribbean, Central America and the coast of Florida,
the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés, the letters

by sea by the Spaniards since the end of the 15th of Vespucci and the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, etc.
Volume IV contains the first documents about the Spanish
century] expeditions to the Moluccas Islands and the voyage of
Buenos Aires: Guaraná, 1945. 5 vols.
size: 9 1/2" x 6 1/2" (24 cm x 17 cm) Magellan and Elcano, and Volume V contains the sources
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm) of the expeditions of Loaysa and Saavedra, which passed
through the Philippines.
P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT
Martín Fernández de Navarrete (1765-1844) was a Spanish
SOFTBOUND sailor and historian. The first compilation edition was
FAIR published between 1825 and 1837.

165 LEÓN GALLERY

102
Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al
descubrimiento, conquista y organización de las
antiguas posesiones españolas de Ultramar. Islas
Filipinas
[Collection of unpublished documents relating to
the discovery, conquest and organization of the
former Spanish overseas possessions. Philippine
Islands]
Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico Sucesos de
Rivadeneyra, 1898. Vols. 1 & 2 (2 copies)
size: 9 1/4" X 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
POOR
A CHUNK OF THE FRONT COVER IS MISSING
This is a collection of sources related to Legazpi's
expedition: his preparations, testimonies of the navigation,
his stay in Bohol, Panay and Cebu, two letters of relation
of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the testimony of the finding
of the Santo Niño in Cebu, expeditions in the Bisayas,
Mindoro and Mindanao islands, and relations of the
conquest of Manila. Not to be missed.
103
Catálogo general de documentos relativos a las
Islas Filipinas existentes en el Archivo de Indias
de Sevilla
[General catalog of documents relating to the
Philippine Islands in the Archive of the Indies in
Seville]
Barcelona: Barcelona: Compañía General de Tabacos
de Filipinas, 1918-1921. Vols. 1, 2 & 4.
a.) size: 9 3/4" X 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
b.) size: 10" X 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
c.) size: 10" x 7" (26 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm)
P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
GOOD
DIRTY PAGES
From the prologue: "We have decided to publish all the
documents that exist in the Archive of the Indies referring
to the Philippines, starting with the oldest, compiling them
in chronological order and taking care to note, where
appropriate, the circumstance of having already been
published by other compilers and the number or page that
corresponds to it in each volume".
Vol. 1 (1493-1518), Vol. 2 (1519), Vol. 4 (1522-1524).
The original documents are fully transcribed.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 166
104

Fr. Pablo Pastells, SJ, depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

e.) size: 9 3/4" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
and Pedro Torres Lanzas depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
Catálogo de los documentos relativos a las islas f.) size: 10" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
Filipinas existentes en el Archivo de Indias g.) size: 10 1/4" X 7 1/4" (26 cm x 18 cm)
[Catalog of documents relating to the Philippine depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
h.) size: 10" x 7 1/4" (26 cm x 18 cm)
Islands in the Archive of the Indies]
Barcelona: Compañía General de Tabacos de depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)
Filipinas, 1928-1933. Vols. 1, 3, 4 (2 copies), i.) size: 9 1/2" x 7" (24 cm x 18 cm)
5, 7.1, 7.2 & 8. depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
j.) size: 9 1/2" x 7" (24 cm x 18 cm)
a.) size: 9 3/4" x 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm) depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
b.) size: 10" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm) P 10,000
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
CONDITION REPORT
c.) size: 10" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
FAIR
depth: 2" (5 cm)
d.) size: 10" x 7 1/4" (25 cm x 18 cm)

167 LEÓN GALLERY

Each volume of this collection is composed of two
interrelated parts: first, a general history of the Philippines
written from a Spanish perspective that takes as its basis
precisely those same documents; second, the catalog of
the documents on the Philippines in the Archive of the
Indies in Seville. It was an ambitious research enterprise
that only ended with the death of its main promoter,
Father Pastells, a Jesuit missionary in Mindanao who
corresponded with José Rizal.

Vol. 1 (1493-1572), Vol. 3 (1588-1595), Vol. 4 (1595-1602),

Vol. 5 (1602-1608), Vols. 7.1 and 7.2 (1618-1635), Vol. 8
(1636-1644).

Fr. Pablo Pastells

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 168
105

Colección de Autos Acordados de la Real

Audiencia Chancilleria de Filipinas
[Collection of Agreed Orders of the Royal Court
Chancery of the Philippines]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1861-1866.
5 vols
a.) size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm) P 10,000
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
CONDITION REPORT
b.) size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
HARDBOUND
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
GOOD
c.) size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
THERE ARE SIGNS THAT THE BINDING IS BECOMING LOOSE
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
d.) size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm) Transcription of all ordinances for the government of the
e.) size: 8 1/2" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm) Philippines from 1696 to 1860 for the administration of
depth: 3/4" (2 cm) justice. Important collection, and very rare.

169 LEÓN GALLERY

106 107

Recopilación de leyes de los Reinos de las Indias Antonio Álvarez de Abreu

[Compilation of Laws of the Kingdoms of the Extracto historial del expediente que pende en el
Indies] Consejo Real y Supremo de las Indias, a instancia
Madrid: Boix Editor, 1841. Tomos 1, 2, 3 y 4
de la ciudad de Manila y demás de las Islas
a.) size: 12" x 9" (30 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm) Philipinas, sobre la forma en que se ha de hacer
b.) size: 12" x 9" (30 cm x 23 cm)
y continuar el comercio y contratación de los
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
texidos de China en Nueva España...
P 8,000 [Historical extract of the file pending in the Royal
CONDITION REPORT and Supreme Council of the Indies, at the request
HARDBOUND

GOOD
of the city of Manila and others of the Philippine
Islands, on the manner in which the trade and
This is the well-known compilation of laws that governed
contracting of Chinese textiles in New Spain is to
the Spanish overseas territories. The Laws of the Indies
were the legislation enacted by the Spanish monarchs to be carried out and continued]
Madrid: Juan de Ariztia, 1736
regulate the social, civil, political and economic life of the
size: 12" x 8 3/4" (30 cm x 22 cm)
American and Asian territories belonging to the Spanish
depth: 2" (5 cm)
Empire. The compilation was printed on 6 occasions, all
in Madrid: 1681, 1756, 1774, 1791, 1841 and 1889. It is P 5,000
composed of 9 books, 218 titles (which indicate the subject
CONDITION REPORT
matter to which the ordinances and laws contained therein
HARDBOUND
refer) and 6377 laws. This edition in 4 volumes is complete. GOOD

Important list of documents relating to the way in which

the Manila galleon trade was carried out.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 170
 108

José Toribio Medina

El Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en
las Islas Filipinas
[The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition
in the Philippines]
Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana, 1899
size: 7 1/2" x 5 1/2" (19 cm x 14 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Pioneering study on the role of the Inquisition in the

Philippines. Rare.

109

Miguel Selga, SJ
a.) Los Mapas de Filipinas por el P. Pedro Murillo
Velarde, S.J.
[The Maps of the Philippines by Fr. Pedro Murillo
Velarde, S.J.]
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1943.
size: 11 1/2" x 9 1/4" (29 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

b.) Estudio Bibliógrafico del Arte y Reglas de la

Lengua Tagala de Fr. Tomás Ortiz
[Bibliographic Study of the Art and Rules of the
Tagalog Language by Fr. Tomás Ortiz]
Manila: San Juan Press, 1940.
size: 11 1/4" x 7 3/4" (29 cm x 20 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE

It remains to this day the most complete study of Father

Murillo Velarde and his famous map. With facsimile of the
map. Rare.

171 LEÓN GALLERY

110

Teófilo Aparicio López

Misioneros y Colonizadores Agustinos en Filipinas
[Augustinian Missionaries and Colonizers in the
Philippines]
Valladolid: Imprenta Agustiniana, 1965
size: 9 1/2" x 6 3/4" (24 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1" (2.5 cm)

P 1,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

111

Martín Fernández de Navarrete

Historia de Juan Sebastián del Cano
[History of Juan Sebastián Elcano]
Vitoria: Hijos de Manteli, 1872
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4"
depth: 1 1/4"

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY GOOD/MINT

THERE ARE MAPS IN THE BACK

First and well-documented biography of the first person

to circumnavigate the planet. Naturally, references to the
ups and downs of the expedition in the Philippines. Rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 172
112

Records of Fort St. George Manilha

Consultations, 1762-63
Madras: Superintendent, Government Press, 1941-42,
vols. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 10
size: 13" x 8 1/4" (33 cm x 21 cm) each

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR
Manila was occupied between October 1762 and May 1764
by English troops sent from Madras (India) in the context
of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France (Spain
sided with the French). The Spaniards, under the command
of Anda and Salazar, organized the resistance in Bulacan.
It was during this period that the plundering of Philippine
manuscripts and books that are now in the British Library
and in some American university libraries took place.
During this juncture the Tagalogs sided with the Spanish
— the English were heretics — while the Chinese sided
with the English, perhaps seeing that their business could
prosper more with them. It was at this juncture of Spanish
weakness that Diego Silang, supported by the British, tried
to rebel against Spanish rule, without success.
This is a collection of documents (correspondences and
reports) produced by the British during the occupation of
Manila.

173 LEÓN GALLERY

113

Pedro Torres Lanzas

a.) Relación descriptiva de los mapas, planos, etc., b.) Catálogo de Legajos del Archivo General de
de Filipinas existentes en el Archivo General de Indias (Secciones Primera y Segunda)
Sevilla: Álvarez Quintero, 1919
Indias size: 10 3/4" x 7 1/2"
[Relación descriptiva de los mapas, planos, etc., depth: 1 1/4"

de Filipinas existentes en el Archivo General de P 4,000

Indias] CONDITION REPORT
Madrid, 1897
HARDBOUND
size: 7 1/4" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm)
FAIR

Important and rare guide, published at the initiative of Guide to the documents of the Archive of the Indies
belonging to the sections Patronato (royal patronage) and
Wenceslao Retana. Contaduría (accounting)

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 174
 Sources of Colonial Administration and
Trade In The 19th Philippines
Unfortunately, not much is known as to when Dr. Legarda
first began to acquire these books in his legendary library;
but what seems evident is that the thesis he defended at
Harvard in 1955, titled Foreign Trade, Economic Change
and entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-century
Philippines, would have been difficult to complete without
consulting the books, pamphlets, and brochures that
make up this section. What is certain is that he must have
completed this array in the 1990s, when, well advised,
he decided to transform his thesis into the monumental
book After the Galleons (University of Wisconsin Press,
1999), a classic of Philippine historiography.
Dr. Legarda belonged to a generation of empirical
historians whose foundational writings relied on on data to
be found in censuses and statistics. He made great use of
the the reports, studies, memoirs, official decrees, guides,
dictionaries, compilations of letters, parliamentary acts,
official records, budget proposals, tables of expenditures,
etc. Legarda knew that behind all those cold facts
and figures were the real lives of thousands of people.
Although he was very much a man of the 20th century, if
we were to judge his preferences by his books, there is no
175 LEÓN GALLERY
doubt that he showed a taste for the 19th century, that of
liberal ideas, reformist intellectuals, revolutions, modern
state formations, and great narratives.
In Dr. Legarda's research, his two passions, history and
economics, came together. In his classic study After the
Galleons, he tried to answer several questions: How did
the archipelago survive economically once the galleon
trade ended? What were the new sources of financing?
To what extent was the colonial administration losing
money? What reforms were carried out in the colonial
administration? What products entered and left through
the ports?
To answer these questions, Dr. Legarda had to delve
into the list of books listed below, works of the most
diverse kind, which have in common the discovery of
new evidences, data, and information about the colonial
administration and trade in the Philippines. It goes
without saying that most of the titles included in this list,
especially the reports and governmental printed matter,
had very limited printings and constitute bibliographic
rarities.
114

Miguel Rodríguez Berriz

Diccionario de la administración de Filipinas
[Dictionary of Philippine Administration]
Manila: Imprenta Amigos del País / M. Pérez, hijo / J.
Marty, 1887-1895.
Volumes 1-2,3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15.
Appendix to volumes 1 & 2. Only volume 9 missing
size: 6 1/2" x 5" (17 cm x 13 cm) The whole plan had 15 volumes in 8º + 3 volumes of
depth: 2" (5 cm) appendixes and supplementary information + 8 volumes
in 4º, corresponding to the yearly reports up to 1894.
P 5,000 According to Retana, “this is the largest compilation of
CONDITION REPORT
general legislation on the Philippines that has been made
HARDBOUND during the Spanish domination.” Fundamental work for
FAIR the history of the Philippine Law.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 176
 PHO-
TO OF
THE MAP
HERE
177 LEÓN GALLERY
115

José García Morón

Memoria que manifiesta el estado actual y
progreso de las obras que ejecuta la Junta de
Obras del Puerto [de Manila] desde el año 81
hasta fin de 1887
[Report showing the present state and progress of
the works executed by the Board of Works of the
(Manila) Port from the year 1981 to the end of
1887]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipo-Litográfico de Chofré y
Comp., 1888
size: 12 1/2" x 9" (32 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Very rare. It contains seven maps and sketches regarding

the construction of Manila port.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 178
116

A Lot of Fourteen Books e.) Arancel General para el Comercio Esterior de

a.) Joseph de Covarrubias
Filipinas
Máximas sobre recursos de fuerza y protección con el
[General Tariffs for Foreign Trade of the Philippine
método de introducirlos en los tribunales
Islands]
[Rules on recursos de fuerza and protection with the
Manila: Imprenta del Boletín Oficial, 1855
method of introducing them in the Courts]
2 copies
Madrid - Por D Joachin Ibarra, Impresor de Camara
size: 10 1/4" x 7 1/4" (26 cm x 18 cm)
de S.M., 1785
size: 12" x 8 1/4" (30 cm x 21 cm)
f.) Instrucción de la renta de loterías en Filipinas
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
[Rules on the public lotteries in the Philippines]
Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1864
b.) Arancel general para el comercio exterior de las
size: 8" x 5 3/4" (20 cm x 15 cm)
Islas Filipinas
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
[General Tariffs for Foreign Trade of the Philippine
Islands]
g.) Circular para la liquidación definitiva y
Sampaloc, 1831
formalización de los ingresos y pagos del
size: 12" x 8 3/4" (30 cm x 22 cm)
presupuesto de 1864 y 65 y anteriores que con él
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
están enlazados
[Circular for the final liquidation and formalization of
c.) Instrucciones para el Régimen y Gobierno de la
receipts and payments of the budget of 1864 and '65
Fábrica de puros de Binondo
and previous budgets linked to it.]
[Instructions for the Regime and Government of the
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico Amigos del País,
Cigar Factory of Binondo]
1865
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico del Colegio de
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
Santo Tomás, 1849
size: 12 1/2" x 8 1/2" (32 cm x 22 cm)
h.) Instrucción provisional para la organización de
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
las administraciones provinciales de H. P. creadas
por Real Decreto de 13 de Enero de 1865
d.) Comisión Central de Estadística de Filipinas
[Provisional Handbook for the organization of
(Primer Cuaderno)
the provincial administrations of Public Finances
[Central Statistical Commission of the Philippines
created by Royal Decree of January 13, 1865]
(First Part)]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Amigos del
Manila: Imprenta del Boletín Oficial, 1855
País, 1865
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (26 cm x 16 cm)
size: 9" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)

179 LEÓN GALLERY

i.) Islas Filipinas: Resumen de los Presupuestos de
Gastos e Ingresos y Gastos Extraordinarios
[Philippine Islands: Summary of the Budget for
Expenses and Revenues, and Extraordinary Expenses]
Binondo, Manila - Imprenta de Miguel Sanchez y Cª.,
1868
size: 13" x 8 3/4" (33 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
j.) Adelardo López de Ayala
Memoria presentada a las cortes constituyentes por
el Ministro de Ultramar
[Report presented to the Constituent Courts by the
Minister of Overseas Territories]
Madrid - Imprenta de la Biblioteca Universal
Economica, 1869
2 copies
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/2" (23 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
k.) Informe presentado en 18 de Diciembre de 1870
al Excmo. Sr. Gobernador Superior Civil de Filipinas
por la Junta de Reformas económicas, creada al
efecto por la misma Autoridad superior, acerca de
las que son necesarias en el sistema rentístico
[Report presented on December 18, 1870 to His
Excellency the Superior Civil Governor of the
Philippines by the Board of Economic Reforms,
created for this purpose by the same Superior
Authority, on the reforms necessary in the rent
system]
Binondo, Manila - Imprenta de Bruno Gonzalez
Moras, 1871
size: 12" x 8 1/2" (30 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
l.) Reglamento de la Junta Administradora de Obras
Pías, creada por Real Orden de 3 de Noviembre de
1854
[Regulations of the Board of Administrators of Obras
Pías, created by Royal Order of November 3, 1854]
Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1872
size: 12" x 8 1/2" (30 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
m.) José Jimeno Agius
El desestanco del tabaco en las Islas Filipinas
[Report presented to the Constituent Courts by the
Minister of Overseas Territories]
Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de los señores J.
Conde y Cª, 1878
size: 9 1/2" x 6 1/4" (24 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
n.) Reglamento para la organización, régimen y
servicio de la Guardia Civil de las Islas Filipinas
aprobado por Real Orden de 24 de Marzo de 1868
[Regulations for the organization, regime and service
of the Civil Guard of the Philippine Islands approved
by Royal Order of March 24, 1868]
Manila: Imprenta Amigos del País, 1880
size: 8" x 6" (20 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
P 14,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
GOOD
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 180
117
A Lot of Fourteen Books
a.) Carlos Recur
El comercio nacional y el desestanco del tabaco
[National trade and liberalization of tobacco
business]
Madrid: Fortanet, 1881
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
b.) Disposiciones oficiales vigentes, relativas al ramo
de Montes de las Islas Filipinas. Comprende desde el
año 1874 a 1882
[Official provisions in force, relative to the branch of
Forestry of the Philippine Islands. Covers the years
1874 to 1882]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Bota y Ca,
1882
size: 8 1/4" x 6" (21 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
c.) Estadística General del Comercio Exterior de las
Islas Filipinas en el Año de 1882
[General Statistics of the Foreign Trade of the
Philippine Islands in the Year 1882]
Manila: Imprenta y Litografía de Manuel Pérez, hijo,
1884
size: 12" x 8 3/4" (30 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)
d.) Estadística General del Comercio Exterior de las
Islas Filipinas en el Año de 1883
[General Statistics of the Foreign Trade of the
Philippine Islands in the Year 1883]
Manila - Establecimiento Tipografico de Ramirez y
Giraudier, 1884
size: 12 1/4" x 9" (31 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
181 LEÓN GALLERY
e.) Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de
las Islas Filipinas para el periodo de 1 de Enero de
1883 al 30 de Junio de 1884
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of
the Philippine Islands for the period January 1, 1883
to June 30, 1884]
Madrid: El Correo, 1883
size: 12 1/2" x 9" (32 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
f.) Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de
las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1888
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of
the Philippine Islands for the year 1888]
Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico Sucesores de
Rivadeneyra, 1887
size: 12 1/2" x 9" (32 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
g.) Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de
las Islas Filipinas para el Año de 1890
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of
the Philippine Islands for the year 1890]
Madrid: Estab. Tipog. Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1889
size: 12 1/4" x 9" (31 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
h.) Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de
las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1891
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of
the Philippine Islands for the year 1891]
Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico Sucesores de
Rivadeneyra, 1890
size: 9" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
i.) Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
las Islas Filipinas para el Año de 1896-97 m.) José María Pérez Rubio
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of Código Penal de Filipinas y Ley Provisional para la
the Philippine Islands for the year 1888] aplicación de las disposiciones del mismo en las Islas
Madrid: Imprenta de los Hijos de M.G. Hernández, Filipinas
1896 [Penal Code of the Philippines and Provisional Law
size: 12 1/4" x 9" (31 cm x 23 cm) for the Enforcement of the Provisions Thereof in the
depth: 3/4" (2 cm) Philippine Islands]
Binondo: Establecimiento Tipo-Litográfico de M.
j.) Documentos parlamentarios para ser presentados Pérez, 1887
a las Cortes en la Legislatura de 1885: Joló y Borneo size: 9 1/4" x 6 3/4" (23 cm x 17 cm)
[Parliamentary documents to be submitted to the depth: 2" (5 cm)
Cortes in the Legislature of 1885: Jolo and Borneo]
Madrid: Imprenta de Miguel Ginesta, 1886 n.) Miguel A. Espina
size: 12" x 8 1/2" (30 cm x 22 cm) Manual para Cabos y Sargentos del Ejército de
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm) Filipinas
[Manual for Corporals and Sergeants of the
k.) Ejercito de Filipinas: Escalafón General por Philippine Army]
antigüedad en 1 de Enero de 1887 Manila: Imprenta y litografía de M. Pérez, hijo, 1887
[Army of the Philippines: General Rank by Seniority size: 9 1/4" x 6 3/4" (23 cm x 17 cm)
as of January 1, 1887] depth: 2" (5 cm)
Manila - Establecimiento Tipo-Litográfico de Manuel
Pérez, Hijo, 1886
size: 7" x 9 3/4" (18 cm x 25 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)
P 14,000
CONDITION REPORT
l.) Francisco de Cerveró y de Valdés SOFTBOUND / HARDBOUND
Prospecto de los Sorteos de la Real Lotería Filipina SOME ARE POOR / FAIR
que deberán celebrarse en el año económico de BINDING IS LOOSE
1885-86
[Prospectus for the Drawings of the Royal Philippine
Lottery to be held in the fiscal year 1885-86]
Manila: Chofré y Cª, 1885
size: 8 3/4" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 182
118
A Lot of Twelve Books
a.) Proyecto de reglamento interior para aclaración
y mejor cumplimiento de los estatutos de la Real
Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Filipinas
[Project of internal regulations for clarification and
better compliance with the statutes of the Royal
Economic Society of Friends of the Country in the
Philippines]
Manila: Enrique Botas, 1887
size: 7 1/2" x 5 1/4" (19 cm x 13 cm)
b.) Memoria leída por el Secretario D. F. de P.
Rodoreda y aprobada por la Junta Directiva en
sesión del 14 de Marzo de 1889
[Report read by the Secretary Mr. F. de P. Rodoreda
and approved by the Board of Directors in session of
March 14, 1889]
Manila: Imprenta de la “Revista Mercantil”., 1890
size: 9" x 6 1/2" (23 cm x 17 cm)
c.) Código de comercio para las Islas Filipinas y
demás archipiélagos españoles de Oceanía
[Code of Commerce for the Philippine Islands and
other Spanish archipelagos of Oceania]
1888
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
d.) Circular Instrucción de 27 de agosto de 1884 para
la redacción de las cuentas de cédulas personales
[Circular Instruction of August 27, 1884, for the
drafting of accounts of personal identification cards]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre, 1889
size: 12 1/2" x 9" (32 cm x 23 cm)
183 LEÓN GALLERY
e.) Legislación hipotecaria vigente en Filipinas
[Current mortgage legislation in the Philippines]
Madrid: Centro Editorial de Góngora, 1890
size: 6 1/4" x 4 1/4" (16 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
f.) Manuel Walls y Merino
Observaciones al presupuesto de gastos de Filipinas
[Comments on the Philippine expenditure budget]
Madrid: Fernando Fe, 1893
size: 8 1/2" x 5 1/4" (22 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
g.) Francisco Godínez y Esteban
Memoria sobre las disposiciones que deben
adoptarse para regularizar la situación monetaria en
las Islas Filipinas y el giro entre aquellas posesiones
y la península
[Report on the provisions to be adopted to regularize
the monetary situation in the Philippine Islands and
the transfers between those possessions and the
peninsula]
Madrid, 1894
size: 9 1/2" x 6 1/2" (24 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
h.) Legislación sobre el impuesto de cédulas
personales vigente en Filipinas
[Personal income tax legislation in force in the
Philippines]
Manila: La Oceanía Española, 1895
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
i.) Manuel Artigas y Cuerva Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1910
El servicio de aduanas en Filipinas size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
[Custom service in the Philippines] depth: 2 1/2" (6 cm)
Manila: Imprenta de “El Faro Administrativo”, 1895
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/2" (22 cm x 17 cm) P 12,000
depth: 1" (3 cm)
CONDITION REPORT

j.) Ramón Irureta Goyena SOFTBOUND / HARDBOUND

Sistema métrico decimal de pesas y medidas SOME ARE POOR / FAIR

[Decimal metric system of weights and measures] BINDING IS LOOSE

Manila: Tip. Amigos del País, 1893 (1st edition)

size: 6 1/2" x 4 1/4" (17 cm x 11 cm)
Manila: Tipo-litografía de Chofré y Cª, 1896 (2nd
edition, corrected and enlarged)
size: 6 1/2" x 4 1/4" (17 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

k.) Actas de la Comisión de Filipinas

correspondientes al periodo inaugural de sesiones de
la Primera Legislatura Filipina
[Proceedings of the Commission on the Philippines
for the inaugural session of the First Philippine
Legislature]
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1908
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

l.) Actas de la Comisión de Filipinas correspondientes

al segundo periodo de sesiones de la Primera
Legislatura Filipina
[Proceedings of the Commission on the Philippines
for the second session of the First Philippine
Legislature]

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 184
185 LEÓN GALLERY
119

Sebastián Vidal y Soler

a.) Sinopsis de Familias y Géneros de Plantas
Leñosas de Filipinas
[Synopsis of Families and Genera of Woody
Plants of the Philippines]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipo-Litográfico de
Chofré y C., 1883. 411 pages
size: 14 1/2" x 11" (37 cm x 28 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm)
b.) Flora forestal de Filipinas
[Forest flora of the Philippines]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipo-litográfico de Chofré y
Cía, 1883. Unpaged.
size: 8 3/4" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)
P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT
GOOD
These two volumes constitute a monumental work of
Philippine botany and Vidal Soler's most outstanding
research. The first is a scientific classification of all known
plants of the Philippines. It has numerous appendices
relating to the Philippine names of the plants and
correspondences with the classification of Father Blanco.
The second volume is called Atlas and contains 100
outstanding lithographed plates of plants, fruits and
seeds of the Philippines, all of them painted by the Filipino
artist Regino García y Basa (1840-1916), who would also
collaborate with the illustration of Blanco’s Flora de
Filipinas (see below).
It is a work of exceptional beauty and is scientifically
impeccable.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 186
187 LEÓN GALLERY
120

Sebastián Soler y Vidal

Memoria sobre el ramo de Montes en las Islas
Filipinas
[Report on Philippine Forestry]
Madrid: Aribau, 1874
size: 14 1/2" x 11" (37 cm x 28 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm)

P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

Sebastián Vidal y Soler was a Spanish naturalist and

botanist who made outstanding contributions to the
knowledge of the flora of the Philippines. He was born
in Barcelona in 1842 and studied forestry engineering in
Madrid. He arrived in the Philippines in 1871 as a forestry Sebastián Soler y Vidal

inspector and in 1876 was promoted to head of the

Philippine Forest Flora Commission. He was director from
1878 to 1889 of the Botanical Garden of Manila, where
a statue, now gone, was in his honor. He went to Europe
in 1883 to visit herbariums and on his return, he was the
promoter of the Philippine Herbarium, where he collected
8000 species. However, it was destroyed by fire in 1897.
Some specimens, however, survived in Kew (England)
and Madrid. He died of cholera in Manila in 1889. Not
only did he publish several scientific works on the plants
of the Philippines, but he also translated from German
Fedor Jagor's Travels to the Philippines and Semper and
Karsten's studies on the climate of the Philippines.
In this Memoria, its author complains about the lack of
systematic studies, so his work is intended to fill the gap.
The result is divided into five chapters:
1) General presentation of Philippine forests, poor
conservation, need for professional management, and
economic and hydrological importance.
2) Archipelago timber production and export.
3) Utilization of wastelands.
4) Plan for a study of woody vegetation.
5) New organization of the forest service.
It ends with three appendices: a brief description of the
most important woods of the Philippines, some notes on
the island of Mindanao, and a lengthy bibliography on
plant studies in the Philippines and the rest of Asia (China,
Japan, English colonies, etc.).
Pioneering work in the systematic study of Philippine
plants. Rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 188
189 LEÓN GALLERY
121

Taal Volcano: Album of Views of 1911 Eruption

Manila: F. H. Noble, 1911
size: 9" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

One of the most destructive eruptions of the Taal volcano

in living memory took place in the last days of January
1911. Continuous tremors and explosions completely
changed the shape of the volcano and the crater, ash fell
over an area of 2,000 square kilometers, and at least 1100
people perished. The present album is probably the best-
known compilation of images of this calamity, some of
them very shocking.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 190
191 LEÓN GALLERY
122
Casto de Elera, OP
Catálogo sistemático de toda la fauna de Filipinas
conocida hasta el presente, y a la vez el de la
colección zoológica del museo de los PP. dominicos
del Colegio-Universidad de Santo Tomás de
Manila. Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Santo
Tomás, 1895-96. 3 vols
[Systematic catalog of all the fauna of the
Philippines known up to the present, and at the
same time that of the zoological collection of the
museum of the Dominican Fathers of the College-
University of Santo Tomas de Manila]
Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomás,
1895-96. 3 vols.
size: 11" x 8" (28 cm x 20 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
P 9,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
PAGES ARE IN GOOD CONDITION, COVER IS DAMAGED
The title indicates this is a monumental work, a true
encyclopedia of Philippine animals.
About its author, the Dominican Casto de Elera arrived in
the Philippines in 1875. He was a college professor at the
College of San Juan de Letrán and the University of Santo
Tomás. In October 1879, he accompanied the soldiers
carrying out the clearing work to open the road to Cagayan.
In 1880, he fell ill and had to return to Manila. He obtained
a doctorate in philosophy and, from 1881, taught his true
specialty: natural history. According to Ocio y Neira's
catalog of Dominicans, "he began to organize the Natural
History Museum of the university according to modern
scientific criteria, at the same time enriching it with new
acquisitions, sending hunters throughout the provinces in
search of specimens, maintaining correspondence with
specialists from abroad, until he had assembled admirable
and complete collections." Overwork in his passion caused
his health to deteriorate, and he had to be sent to Spain,
but he died soon after, in August 1903.
The first volume is devoted to vertebrates, the second to
articulates, and the last to mollusks. The work draws on
all the information he could obtain: chronicles of friars,
information from missionaries and soldiers, readings
of foreign travelers, etc. In the prologue, he shows his
enthusiasm for the biodiversity of the Philippines. He
expresses his desire to make the fauna of the Philippines
better known to the rest of the world. This colossal work of
identification and categorization was to be completed by
an even more extensive work with plates of illustrations,
but this project never materialized. Since its publication,
this comprehensive work has been an obligatory reference
for all biologists and naturalists who have researched
the fauna of the Philippines. In Retana's words, "a
monumental work that to the most profane person says
that it represents the life of a man."
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 192
123

Manuel Blanco
Flora de Filipinas
[Flora of the Philippines]
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1877-1880, 6 vols.
size: 17 3/4" x 13" (45 cm x 33 cm) each
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
P 18,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND
FIRST PAGES OF EACH VOLUME ARE DAMAGED, COVER IS NOT ORIGINAL
The first edition of this well-known monumental work
about the Philippines' seeds, plants, shrubs, fruits, and
trees saw its first edition in 1837. It was then entitled Flora
de Filipinas. According to the sexual system of Linneo
[Flora of the Philippines, according to the sexual system
of Linnaeus]. It is known that this first edition was written
by Father Blanco in his leisure time, with no intention of
publishing it because in his own words: "it was never my
thought to form a treatise on plants worthy of public light.
A simple curiosity made me write what I found interesting.
The history of the plants of the Philippines is a worthy
undertaking for a professional botanist who deserves the
confidence of the learned". However, such was the fame
it acquired that a royal order from Madrid ordered its
printing. This first edition consists of eight hundred and
eighty-seven pages of text written in Spanish, preceded
by seventy-eight containing an introduction, which can be
considered a small treatise on botany, whose importance
is increased by the botanical nomenclature, arranged
in the form of a dictionary of technical terms used in
the text and a list of the genera studied in the volume.
It describes 903 species and varieties with Latin names,
and thirty-one with native terms only. Linnaeus' system
has many interspersed observations in which he explains
their possible applications in medicine and their practical
usefulness for industry and commerce. Next to the
scientific names appear the vulgar terms Tagalog, Bicol,
Bisayan, Ilocano, and Pampango, and at the foot of each
description are the locality or localities corresponding to
each species. It includes plants existing almost exclusively
on the island of Luzon, particularly in Manila and adjoining
provinces. A second edition, corrected and enlarged, was
published in 1845. Almost in the same style as the first, the
plants included are 1,131 species and varieties.
However, this third edition, although attributed to Blanco
on his own merits, was a collective work in which the

193 LEÓN GALLERY

fathers Celestino Fernández Villar and Andrés Naves,
also botanists, played a primordial role. The first three
volumes, based on the text of the second edition, contain
the definitive work, revised and enlarged by Father
Blanco, translated into Latin, and accompanied by many
plates that have given this edition its just fame. The
great Philippine artist Regino García y Basa drew them
all. The fourth volume contains the botanical studies of
Father Llanos —continuator of Father Blanco— and
Father Ignacio Mercado (1648-1698). The latter was a
mestizo born in Manila, so he must be considered the
first Filipino botanist. The title of his pioneering work is
"Libro de medicinas de esta tierra y declaraciones de las
virtudes de los árboles y plantas que están en estas Islas
Filipinas" (Book of Medicines of this Land and Statements
of the Virtues of the Trees and Plants that are in these
Philippine Islands). The fourth volume also includes
the Novissima Appendix by Fathers Andres Naves and
Celestino Fernandez-Villar, which is an attempt to revise
and critically analyze the species of the first and second
editions of Fr. Blanco's Flora Filipina, adding all the new
botanical research concerning the Philippine archipelago.
Fr. Blanco arrived in the Philippines in April 1805. He
began his botanical work with few means, without feeling
himself a professional in the field and without a teacher
or contact with European scholars who could advise him.
Short of reference books, the most updated information
and reference he had was Linnaeus' Vegetabilium System.
Without herbariums with which to compare his plants and
resolve doubts, and considering that each of the scientific
conclusions noted were the result of his observation, his
Flora is in itself a monument to his zeal and talent since it
was the first work on this subject that saw the light of day
in that land. He died in 1845.
The work of Father Blanco has been the object of
admiration and recognition, and many botanists have paid
homage to the illustrious Augustinian botanist by giving
his surname to new plants discovered. The entire work, of
which 1500 copies were printed with a luxurious red and
gold binding, was conceived as an Augustinian tribute to
the members of his corporation who had contributed the
most to the knowledge of Philippine botany.
An exceptional work from the scientific and typographical
point of view, it is common to find its beautiful plates sold
individually in antiquarian bookstores.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 194
195 LEÓN GALLERY
124
A Lot of Seven Books
a.) Francisco Gutiérrez Creps
Memoria sobre el cultivo, beneficio y comercio del
azúcar
[Report on sugar cultivation, processing and trade]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Miralles,
1878. 79 pages
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
b.) Miguel Selga, SJ
Preliminary report on the weather at Tagaytay
Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1934
size: 11 3/4" x 8 3/4" (30 cm x 22 cm)
c.) Rafael Ginard y Mas
Manual de medicina doméstica, precedido del arte
de conservar la salud, y puesto al alcance de todas
las clases de la sociedad
[Handbook of domestic medicine, preceded by the
art of preserving health, and made available to all
classes of society.]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1858.
823 pages
size: 8 1/2" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 2 1/4" (6 cm)
d.) Rafael García López
Manual para el cultivo y beneficio del tabaco en
Filipinas
[Handbook for the cultivation and processing of
tobacco in the Philippines]
Madrid: Imprenta de C. Moliner y Compañía, 1875
size: 8" x 5 1/2" (20 cm x 14 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
e.) Federico Faura, SJ
El Barómetro Aneroide aplicado a la previsión del
tiempo en el Archipiélago Filipino
[Aneroid Barometer applied to weather forecasting
in the Philippine Archipelago]
Manila, 1886. 13 pages
size: 8 1/4" x 6 1/4" (21 cm x 16 cm)
f.) Informe sobre la numeración de plantas vivas
de morera, cacao, y pimientas existentes en esta
Jurisdicción según las averiguaciones testimoniadas
de los Alcaldes de Naturales
[Report on the number of mulberry, cocoa, and
pepper plants existing in this jurisdiction, according
to the findings testified by the local mayors]
Nueva Cáceres, 1788-89
size: 12 1/4" x 8 1/2" (31 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
g.) Luis Mercader y Sartorio
Memoria sobre las ventajas del tabaco filipino para
el consumo de la península
[Report on the advantages of Philippine tobacco for
consumption in the peninsula]
Madrid: Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1859. 26 pages
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/2" (23 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
P 7,000
CONDITION REPORT
HARDBOUND / SOFTBOUND
GOOD
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 196
125

Miguel Saderra Masó

La Seismología en Filipinas: Datos para el estudio
de terremotos del archipiélago filipino
[Seismology in the Philippines: Data for the study
of earthquakes in the Philippine archipelago]
Manila: Estab. Tipo-Litog. de Ramírez y Cª, 1895
size: 12 1/2" x 8 3/4" (32 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

Father Saderra was a geophysicist and seismologist who

worked at the Manila Observatory and published a history
in 1915. The present title is the most complete history of
earthquakes in the Philippines on record. It is a reference
for information about earthquakes that occurred during
the period of Spanish rule.

197 LEÓN GALLERY

126

A Lot of Five Books

d.) Zoilo Espejo
a.) Clave Telegráfica de Nonito Plandolit y C. de
La agricultura en Filipinas
Manila Islas Filipinas
[Agriculture in the Philippines]
[Telegraphic key of Nonito Plandolit y C, Manila,
Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel G. Hernández, 1881.
Philippine Islands]
30m pages
Manila: Establecimiento-Tipográfico de Ramirez y
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
Giraudier, 1880
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
e.) Zoilo Espejo
Cartilla de Agricultura Filipina
b.) Carlos Recur
[Basics of Philippine agriculture]
El tabaco filipino
Manila: Ramírez y Giraudier, 1870, 2nd edition.
[The Philippine Tobacco]
103 pages
Madrid: Imprenta de Fortanet, 1880. 56 pages
5 1/2" x 4" (14 cm x 10 cm)
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
c.) Observatorio Metereológico del Ateneo Municipal
de Manila P 5,000
[Ateneo de Manila Meteorological Observatory]
CONDITION REPORT
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1873
FAIR
size: 13 1/2" x 9 1/4" (34 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 198
127

José Montero y Vidal

Historia de la piratería malayo-mahometana en
Mindanao, Joló y Borneo
[History of Malayo-Muslim piracy in Mindanao,
Sulu and Borneo]
Madrid: Manuel Tello, 1888. 2 vols.
size: 8 1/2" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm) each
depth: 1" (3 cm)

P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

Recognized by all historians as the most complete history

of the conflicts provoked by Muslim piracy in the lands
of Christianized Filipinos (especially in the Bisayas and
Mindanao), and the political and military efforts of the
Spanish army in the Philippines to deal with the problem.
No other history is so long and well documented, nor is it
so often cited by contemporary historians. Its value is such
that it has been modernly edited in Spain

128

Felipe María de Govantes

Lecciones de geografía descriptiva de Filipinas
[Lessons in descriptive geography of the
Philippines]
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1878
size: 9" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

POOR

DETACHED BACK COVER, AND MAP AT THE LAST PAGE IS TORN IN HALF

A work of divulgation in 56 dialogued lessons. Perhaps the

most interesting is the final map of the Philippines, printed
in 4 inks.

199 LEÓN GALLERY

129

Emilio Bernáldez
Reseña histórica de la guerra al sur de Filipinas
[History of the war in the southern Philippines]
Madrid: Imprenta del Memorial de Ingenieros, 1857
size: 9 1/2" x 6 1/4" (24 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY GOOD

Among the numerous works that the Spaniards published
about Muslim piracy and the conflicts and wars in the Sulu
archipelago, Bernáldez's work stands out for its solidity,
organization and the quality of its prose. Retana describes it
as "masterful" and it earned the author a place in the Spanish
Royal Academy of History. It is divided into three parts:
geographical description, studies of the Philippine army and the
Moro army, and the history of the most notable military events
from the arrival of Magellan to the author's time, which occupy
most of the book. It also includes 6 plates whose originals were
handmade by the author: maps, sketches, plans and drawings.
The author was the grandson of Governor Mariano Fernández
de Folgueras, who was killed in Intramuros in June 1823. He was
assigned in 1846 to the Philippines as an overseas captain and
participated in the capture of the fort of Balangingi —where
he was wounded and decorated— and the assault on the fort
of Sulu. He led several reconnaissance expeditions of southern
Mindanao and proposed the erection of a military fort at Polloc.
He was seriously wounded again in 1852 and returned to Spain,
where he continued his military career. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 200
130

Felipe Govantes
Noticias y geografía de Filipinas
[History and geography of the Philippines]
Binondo: Imprenta de Miguel Sánchez, 1866
size: 8 3/4" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY POOR

BINDING AND PAGES ARE LOOSE

Explicitly didactic (in dialogues) and divulgation work

with basic information about the history (25 lessons) and
geography (30 lessons) of the Philippines. There is a map
of the archipelago at the end.

131

Antonio García del Canto

España en la Oceanía. Estudios históricos sobre
Filipinas; Proyecto de conquista y colonización de
Mindanao; Guía del viajero de Madrid o Cádiz
a Manila por el istmo de Suez y por el cabo de
Buena Esperanza. Con noticias detalladas acerca
de las razas que habitan las islas, sus costumbres,
trajes, dialectos, clima, enfermedades, sistema de
gobierno, y organización del gobierno
[Spain in Oceania. Historical studies on the
Philippines; Project of conquest and colonization
of Mindanao; Traveler's guide from Madrid or
Cadiz to Manila by the isthmus of Suez and the
Cape of Good Hope. With detailed news about
the races inhabiting the islands, their customs,
costumes, dialects, climate, diseases, system of
Most of the work is related to the struggles of the Spanish
government, and organization of government.]
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1878 against the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu. Very detailed
size: 6" X 4 1/2" (15 cm x 11) on events from about 44 to 61. Well known work of 19th
depth: 3/4" (2 cm) century Philippine historiography.

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

201 LEÓN GALLERY

132

Agustín de la Cavada
Historia geográfica, geológica y estadística de
Filipinas
[Geographical, geological and statistical history of
the Philippines]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1876.
2 vols.
size: 9" x 7 1/4" (23 cm x 18 cm) each
depth: 1" (3 cm)

P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD / VERY POOR

This is undoubtedly the most complete work from the
statistical point of view. The first volume is devoted entirely to
the island of Luzon and comes with some plans. The second
volume is devoted to Bisayas and Mindanao. There are a
multitude of lists, tables and charts about the population —
sometimes with breakdown by races—, professions, localities
with date of their foundation, extension of the provinces,
parishes and religious orders, import and export products,
distances, data on livestock and agriculture, etc. The whole
work is a mine of information for researchers.

133

J. Jimeno Agius
Población y comercio de las Islas Filipinas
[Population and trade of the Philippine Islands]
Madrid: El Correo, 1884
size: 9 1/2" x 6" (24 cm x 15 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBINDING

FAIR

The entire book is composed of tables, censuses and

annotated statistics concerning the population census
and the products that were sold and exported from the
Philippines. Useful.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 202
134

M. Cánovas
Noticias históricas, geográficas, estadísticas,
administrativas y militares de las Islas Filipinas
[Historical, geographic, statistical, administrative
and military news of the Philippine Islands]
Madrid: Imprenta y litografía militar del Atlas, 1859
size: 9" x 6" (23 cm x 15 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

POOR

This is a summation of studies of the Philippines made
during his brief stay. It focuses mainly on political,
administrative and military data, with special attention to
the number of troops in the Philippine army and strategic
location of military forts. He includes curious data, such as
that in 1859 there were 21 death sentences (by garrote vil),
8 sentenced to flogging in the public streets, 10 suicides
(which were counted as a crime), 6 adulteries and 42
prison escapes. The last 15 pages are devoted to his
curious journey, as he arrived in Manila via the Cape of
Good Hope but returned by the route of the Suez Canal,
which had just been inaugurated.
Its author was a military man of long career and brother
of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, a fundamental figure of
Spanish politics in the second half of the 19th century.

135

Casimiro de Grau y Figueras

Memoria sobre la población y riqueza de las Islas
Filipinas
[Memoir on the Population and Wealth of the
Philippine Islands]
Barcelona: Imprenta de Ramírez, 1855
size: 9 3/4" X 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

VERY POOR

FRONT AND BACK COVERS ARE TORN

It bore the subtitle "Economic-administrative reforms that

the Spanish government should propose for the prosperity
of those possessions and of the state." Its author drew his
conclusions from the six months he lived in the Philippines
as a deportee. It contains curious population and economic
statistics. In 1906, Retana already described this printed
work as rare.

203 LEÓN GALLERY

136

José Montero y Vidal

El archipiélago filipino y las islas Marianas,
Carolinas, y Palaos
consult. The author acknowledges in the prologue that
[The Philippine Archipelago and the Marianas,
politicians and people of culture in Spain hardly know
Caroline, and Palau islands] anything about the Philippines, a territory he considers the
Madrid: Imprenta y Fundición de M. Tello, 1886
most important of all those Spain possessed overseas. The
size: 8 3/4" x 5 3/4" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm) aim of his book is to be of use to all enlightened people
who have to make political decisions about the territory.
P 9,000 Eighty percent of the book is devoted to the Philippines,
while the rest is devoted to Spain's possessions in
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
GOOD
This is undoubtedly one of the most conscientious, detailed
and documented studies on the Philippines published in
the 19th century. Its author, besides having lived eleven
years in Manila, knew very well the sources he had to
Oceania. The whole work can be read as an encyclopedia
of the Philippines, as it provides much more than the basic
information that an educated person should have about
the archipelago. As in other works of this type, it comes
with abundant statistical tables and charts.
The book is illustrated with two maps of the Philippines.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 204
205 LEÓN GALLERY
137

Emilio Bernáldez
Reseña histórica de la guerra al sur de Filipinas
[History of the war in the southern Philippines]
Madrid: Imprenta del Memorial de Ingenieros, 1857
size: 9 1/2" x 6 1/4" (24 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

VERY GOOD

Among the numerous works that the Spaniards published
about Muslim piracy and the conflicts and wars in the Sulu
archipelago, Bernáldez's work stands out for its solidity,
organization and the quality of its prose. Retana describes
it as "masterful" and it earned the author a place in the
Spanish Royal Academy of History. It is divided into three
parts: geographical description, studies of the Philippine
army and the Moro army, and the history of the most
notable military events from the arrival of Magellan to
the author's time, which occupy most of the book. It also
includes 6 plates whose originals were handmade by the
author: maps, sketches, plans and drawings. The author
was the grandson of Governor Mariano Fernández de
Folgueras, who was killed in Intramuros in June 1823. He
was assigned in 1846 to the Philippines as an overseas
captain and participated in the capture of the fort of
Balangingi —where he was wounded and decorated—
and the assault on the fort of Sulu. He led several
reconnaissance expeditions of southern Mindanao and
proposed the erection of a military fort at Polloc. He was
seriously wounded again in 1852 and returned to Spain,
where he continued his military career. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 206
138
A Lot of Nine Books
a.) Waldo Jiménez de la Romera
España: sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza e
historia. Cuba, Puerto Rico y Fiipinas
[Spain: its monuments and arts, its nature and
history. Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines]
Barcelona: Establecimiento tipográfico – editorial de
Daniel Cortezo y Cª, 1887
size: 9 3/4" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
b.) Francisco Javier de Moya y Jiménez
Las Islas Filipinas en 1882. Estudios históricos,
geográficos, estadísticos y descriptivos
[The Philippine Islands in 1882. Historical,
geographical, statistical and descriptive studies]
Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de
El Correo, 1883
size: 9 3/4" x 6 1/2" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)
c.) Manuel Scheidnagel
Las colonias españolas de Asia. Islas Filipinas
[The Spanish colonies in Asia. The Philippine Islands]
Madrid: Imprenta de los señores Pacheco y Pinto,
1880
size: 10" x 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
207 LEÓN GALLERY
d.) José Cabezas de Herrera
El Marqués de Campo y la sucursal del Banco
Peninsular Ultramarino establecida en Manila
[The Marques de Campo and the branch of the
Overseas Peninsular Bank established in Manila]
Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Diego Valero,
1883
size: 10" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
e.) Francisco de Mas y Otzet
Carriedo y sus obras. Memoria de las obras pías de
los pobres y del agua…
[Carriedo and his works. Memory of the pious works
of the poor and of the water...]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Ramírez y
Giraudier, 1882
size: 11" x 7 1/4" (28 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
f.) José Centeno y García
Memoria geológico-minero de las Islas Filipinas
[Geological-mining report of the Philippine Islands]
Madrid: Imprenta y fundición de Manuel Tello, 1876.
2 copies
size: 10" X 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm) each
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
g.) Cartas de los PP. de la Compañía de Jesús de la i.) Juan Salcedo
Misión de Filipinas Colonias españolas. Proyectos de dominación y
[Letters from the Fathers of the Society of Jesus of colonización de Mindanao y Joló
the Philippines Mission] [Spanish colonies. Projects of domination and
Manila: Imprenta del Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1883 colonization of Mindanao and Sulu]
size: 8 1/4" x 5 1/4" (21 cm x 13 cm) 1891
depth: 1" (3 cm) size: 9" x 6 3/4" (23 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
h.) Francisco Ahuja
Reseña acerca del estado social y económico de las
colonias de España en Asia
[Review of the Social and Economic Situation of
P 10,000
Spain's Colonies in Asia] CONDITION REPORT
Madrid: Imprenta de J. Noguera, 1874 HARDBOUND / SOFTBOUND
size: 9 3/4" x 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm) FAIR
depth: 1" (3 cm)

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 208
139

A Lot of Eight Books

e.) Francisco Martín Sánchez
a.) Manuel Sastrón
Discursos y rectificaciones del Sr. D. Francisco
Colonización de Filipinas: inmigración peninsular
Martín Sánchez... pronunciados en el Congreso
[Colonization of the Philippines: peninsular
de los Diputados... [en] 1895 contra el dictámen
immigration]
del proyecto de ley de régimen de gobierno y
Manila: Tipo-Litografía del Asilo de Huérfanos, 1897
administracion civil en las islas de Cuba y Puerto
size: 9" x 5 3/4" (23 cm x 15 cm)
Rico
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
[Speeches and rectifications of Mr. Francisco Martín
Sánchez... pronounced in the Congress of Deputies...
b.) Ángel Martínez Cuesta
[in] 1895 against the opinion of the draft law on the
Historia de la isla de Negros
regime of government and civil administration in the
[History of the Island of Negros]
islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico]
Madrid, 1974
Madrid: Hijos de J. A. García, 1895
size: 9 3/4" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
size: 9 1/2" X 6 1/2" (24 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (2 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
c.) José Fernández-Rúa
f.) José de Alcázar
1898: Cuba y Filipinas
Historia de los dominios españoles en Oceanía
[1898: Cuba and the Philippines]
[History of Spanish dominions in Oceania]
Madrid: Publicaciones Españolas, 1959
Manila: Imprenta de J. Atayde, 1895
size: 9 3/4" X 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
size: 7 1/4" x 5 1/4" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
d.) Juan García de Torres
El arriendo de los tabacos filipinos
g.) Los Chinos en Filipinas: Males que se exprimentan
[The lease of Philippine tobacco]
actualmente y peligros de esa creciente inmigracion
Madrid: Estab. Tipog. de los señores M. P. Montoya y
Observaciones, Hechos, y Cifras que se encuentran
Compañía, 1881
en articulos que "La Oceania Española" periodico
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

209 LEÓN GALLERY

de Manila ha dedicado al estudio de este Problema
Social
[The Chinese in the Philippines: Present Evils and
Dangers of this growing immigration. Observations,
facts, and figures found in articles that "La Oceania
Española" newspaper of Manila has dedicated to the
study of this Social Problem.]
Manila, 1886
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

h.) Ramón Jordana y Morera

La inmigración china en Filipinas
[Chinese immigration in the Philippines]
Madrid: Tip. De G. Hernández, 1888
size: 9" x 6" (23 cm x 15 cm)

P 8,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND / SOFTBOUND

FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 210
140

Pablo Feced
Filipinas: Esbozos y pinceladas This book is infamous for containing, like no other, a large
number of racist and sarcastic remarks against Filipinos
[Philippines: Sketches and brushstrokes]
Manila: Ramírez y Giraudier, 1888 and Chinese. The articles included were originally included
size: 8 1/2" x 5 1/4" (22 cm x 13 cm) in the Madrid newspaper El Liberal. Needless to say, the
depth: 1" (3 cm) book was very poorly received by Filipinos. Antonio Luna
responded with the publication in Spain of Impresiones
P 5,000 (1891), in which he portrayed the Spaniards with critical
CONDITION REPORT eyes. Rare.
FAIR

211 LEÓN GALLERY

141

José Mariano Moziño

Tratado del Xiquilite y Añil de Guatemala
dedicado a su Real Sociedad Económica
[Treaty on the Guatemalan indigo dedicated to its
Royal Economic Society]
Manila: Sociedad Económica de las Islas Filipinas,
1826
size: 8 1/4" x 6 1/4" (21 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
P 5,000
Mociño was a renowned naturalist and botanist of New
Spain (now Mexico). He was part of the Royal Botanical
Expedition to New Spain (1787-1803), an enlightened
scientific mission to inventory the flora and fauna of the
territory. Mociño published this treatise in Guatemala in
1798. The Manila edition was an initiative of the Economic
Society of the Philippines, which wanted to promote the
cultivation of indigo. The only difference is an endnote:
"Experiencia de un hacendero en Manila" (Experience of a
landowner in Manila).

CONDITION REPORT

FAIR
Only two copies are known (National Libraries of Spain
and the Philippines).

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 212
 19th Century Filipiniana

142

Exposición diriga a las Cortes por la Junta de

Gobierno de la Compañía de Filipinas..., 1821
[Statement addressed to the Cortes by the Board
of Governors of the Philippine Company], 1821
a.) size: 7 1/2" x 5 1/4"
On October 19, 1820, the Spanish Cortes had approved
depth: 1/4"
b.) size: 8 1/4" x 6" the abolition of the Company's privileges five years
depth: 1/2" before the date of the initial agreement. Consequently,
the Filipino shareholders were armed with reasons to
P 5,000 demand just compensation for the economic wrong that
CONDITION REPORT
this cancellation entailed. Only three copies of this print
HARDBOUND / SOFTBOUND are known to exist: National Library of Australia, National
FAIR Library of the Philippines and Lilly Library (Indiana).

213 LEÓN GALLERY

143

Memoria que en cumplimiento de la Real

Circular de 17 de Diciembre de 1832, expedida
por el Ministerio del Fomento General del Reino
acordó dirigirle la Real Sociedad Económica de
Filipinas, en Junta Celebrada el 6 de Diciembre
de 1833. Imprenta de D. José María Dayot, 1833
[Report that in compliance with the Royal
Circular of December 17, 1832, issued by the
Ministry of General Development of the Kingdom
agreed to address the Royal Economic Society of
the Philippines, in a meeting held on December 6,
1833]
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Exceedingly rare.

144

Andrés García Camba

Los diez y seis meses de mando superior de
Filipinas
[Sixteen months of senior command in the
Philippines]
Cádiz: Imprenta de D. Domingo Feros, 1839.
size: 8" x 6" (20 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

García Camba (1793-1861) was a Spanish military

and political figure. He participated in the wars for the
independence of Peru on the Spanish side. From Peru he
traveled directly to the Philippines via the Mariana Islands
and remained there for 10 years (1825-35), during which
time he obtained several military promotions. After a
short stay in Spain, he was appointed Captain General of
the Philippines in December 1836. He arrived in Manila
in August 1837 and remained in his post until December
1838. The book is an account of the actions he took during
his administration: he streamlined the administration of
justice, approved a Regulation against Vagos (wandering
unemployed people), ordered the formation of an
ordinance of good governance, etc. He was very liberal
and sympathized with the enlightened Filipinos. Very rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 214
Gaínza, a tireless Dominican
Father
Father Gaínza is one of those good friars whose name
remains unjustly unknown. He arrived to the Philippines
in 184 and was initially very attached to the University of
Santo Tomás, where he taught humanities, philosophy
and metaphysics. In addition, he received two doctorates
at UST: in philosophy and in law. Being only 26 years old,
he published a Latin grammar for his students. He was
prior to the convent of Santo Domingo and chronicler of
the Dominican order.
In 1849, as a result of the trip he made to better understand
the social reality in central Luzon, Father Gaínza published
a very interesting "Memoria sobre Nueva Vizcaya" (Report
on Nueva Vizcaya), in which he narrated the difficulties the
Dominican missions were going through in the region, which
included, as a curiosity, a table of the number of Christians
beheaded Christians between 1830 and 1847: 289 in total.
However, his concern was not only evangelizing; in several
of the treatises he wrote, he expressed his interest in
improving the living conditions of Filipinos, proposing on
numerous occasions measures that could contribute to
their prosperity. In this sense, he published another report
proposing the cultivation of pepper in Balabac to improve
the local economy. His commitment to the Filipino people
and his extraordinary intellectual abilities led the Royal
Economic Society of Friends of the Country to make him
a full partner and member of the commission for the
215 LEÓN GALLERY
promotion of agriculture in 1854. The acting governor
general of the Philippines appointed him a member of
the Board for Education Reform in Philippine Schools in
1855. It should also not be forgotten Father Gaínza was
a very close friend of Father Peláez until the latter's tragic
death in the 1863 earthquake. He supported him and
advised him on several occasions in which the Filipino felt
aggrieved.
In Naga, in charge of his diocese, he contributed to finishing
the building of the cathedral, the reform of the seminary
and the creation of the school for female teachers. Under
his leadership, many public works were carried out, the
most important of was, perhaps, providing drinking water
to the city. It is this facet of his life perhaps the least
known. He tirelessly traveled through the towns of Bicol,
learned the Bicolano language and encouraged its use,
sending numerous works in this language to the press. He
published more than 30 books in Spanish, Tagalog and
Bicolano.
In addition, the history of the Philippines should remind
him of an important detail that accounts for his undoubted
human quality: he was the only bishop who requested a
pardon for the three condemned priests - Burgos, Gómez
and Zamora - for their alleged involvement in the Cavite
insurrection.
145

Francisco Gaínza
Memoria y Antecendentes sobre las
Expediciones de Balanguingui y Joló
[Memoir and Background on the Balanguingui
and Sulu Expeditions]
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1851
size: 8 1/2" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

According to Pardo de Tavera, this book "is very important

not only for its account but also for the multitude of official
documents relating to the military campaigns of Clavería
and Urbiztondo that it transcribes in full, including among
them agreements between the sultan of Sulu and the the different military expeditions of 1850 and 1851 until
king of France, and the solemn act of incorporation and the victory of General Malcampo, which ended with the
accession to the sovereignty of Queen Isabella II made surrender of the sultanate. Very important source of the
by the aforementioned sultan and his datus". It narrates history of Muslim piracy in the southern Philippines.

146

Francisco Gaínza
Milicia de Jesucristo. Manual de los Hermanos y
Hermanas de la Tercera Orden de la Penitencia
de Santo Domingo
[Jesus Christ’s militia. Handbook of the Brothers
and Sisters of the Third Order of Penance of Saint
Dominic]
Manila: Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1859
size: 8 1/4" x 5 3/4" (21 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

biography of about twenty female saints, and the

The book is dedicated to the Filipino mestizo priest Pedro
Peláez, with whom he would later found the newspaper
El Católico Filipino (1861-62), a friend of Gomburza, and
a denouncer of the grievances suffered by the Filipino
priests against the Spanish friars.
The book contains a history of the Third Order, the
biography of numerous martyrs in the missions of China
and Tunkin (Vietnam). Heavily illustrated with images of
saints and a beautiful print of Our Lady of the Rosary. It
was translated to Tagalog in 1872.
Exceedingly rare, copies are only available at UST and the
National Library of the Philippines.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 216
147

Francisco Díez Angulo

Novenario de elogios y de preces que a obsequio
de María Santísima en el ministerio de su
concepción en gracia, consagra su humilde y
afectuosísimo hijo
[Novena of Praises and Prayers that to the gift of
Mary Most Holy in the ministry of her conception
in grace, consecrates her humble and most
affectionate son]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de los Amigos
del País, 1858.
size: 6 1/4" x 4 1/4" (16 cm x 11 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Philippine reprint of a book first published in 1778.

Very rare.

The First Bank of the

Philippines
The first bank in the Philippines - and the third in Spain -
was founded on August 1, 1851 under the name "Banco
Español Filipino de Isabel II" [Spanish-Philippine Bank of
Isabel II]. In its beginnings, the Ynchausti family was one of
the main shareholders. It had the power to print Philippine
pesos, although this did not immediately put an end to the
multiplicity of currencies then in use in the Philippines. The
fall of the monarchy in Spain and the change of regime
(1868-74) caused the name of this pioneer financial
institution to change to simply "Banco Español-Filipino"
[Spanish-Philippine Bank]. In 1892, the bank moved from
Intramuros to Binondo, a more hectic financial district. The
first branch outside Manila was opened in Iloilo in 1897 to
tap the capital being generated by the sugar industry.
It is one of the longest running and most historically
significant businesses in the archipelago and in Asia, and
today is well known as Bank of the Philippine Islands.
On an annual basis the bank published the report
approved by the shareholders. Needless to say, these
reports are all extremely rare, since they were published
only for the shareholders themselves.

217 LEÓN GALLERY

148

Marqués de la Solana
a.) Estatutos y reglamento del Banco Español-
Filipino de Isabel II
[Statutes and rules of Spanish-Philippine Bank of
Isabel II]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico Amigos del País,
1863
size: 8 1/4" x 6" (21 cm x 15 cm)
b.) Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II
[Spanish-Philippine Bank of Isabel II]
Manila: Imprenta de los Amigos del País, 1853.
size: 8 1/2" x 6" (22 cm x 16 cm)
d.) Memoria leída en la Junta General de
Accionistas del Banco Español Filipino el dia de 3
de Febrero de 1898
[Report read at the General Meeting of
Shareholders of Banco Español Filipino on
February 3, 1898]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipografico de la Vda. de E.
Bota, 1898
size: 8 1/4" x 5 1/2" (21 cm x 14 cm)
P 16,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
c.) Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II FAIR

[Spanish-Philippine Bank of Isabel II]

Manila: Imp. de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1864
size: 8 1/4" x 6" (21 cm x 15 cm)

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 218
149 150

Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Bajo la dirección Emilio García Triviño

de la Compañía de Jesús: Exámenes públicos y
solemne distribución de premios
[Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Under the
Direction of the Society of Jesus: Public
Examinations and Solemn Distribution of Prizes]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1866
size: 8 1/4" x 6 1/2" (21 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
Discurso leído por el Exmo. Sr. Regente de la Real
Audencia de Manila
[Speech read by His Excellency the Regent of the
Royal Court of Manila]
Manila: Imprenta de Ramírez y Giraudier, 1866
size: 8 1/4" x 5 3/4" (21 cm x 15 cm)
P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

P 3,000 HARDBOUND

FAIR
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

219 LEÓN GALLERY

151

Apuntes interesantes sobre las Islas Filipinas

que pueden ser útiles para hacer las reformas
convenientes y productivas para el país y para la
nación
[Interesting notes on the Philippine Islands
that may be useful for making reforms that are
convenient and productive for the country and
the nation]
Madrid: El Pueblo, 1869
size: 7 1/2" x 5 1/4"
depth: 3/4"

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR
Although published anonymously, the author of most
of the articles was Vicente Barrantes (1829-1898), who
lived from 1866 to 1871 in the Philippines working as
secretary of the civil government of Manila. Back in Spain,
he would continue to publish books on the Philippines.
The whole book is a staunch defense of the role of the
friars in the conquest, maintenance and development of
the Philippines. In the face of voices that already criticized
their excessive prominence, Barrantes emphasizes the
progress made among the Filipinos by the missionaries,
thanks to whom there is great social peace.

152

Manuel Azcárraga y Palmero

La libertad de comercio en las Islas Filipinas
[Freedom of trade in the Philippine Islands]
Madrid: Imprenta de José Noguera, 1871
size: 7 3/4" x 5 3/4" (20 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Its author was born in Manila in 1830, began studying

law at UST and finished his studies in Madrid. Upon
returning to the Philippines, he held high positions in the
administration of justice. In 1871 he was appointed mayor
of Cagayan and civil governor of Manila. Since 1876 he
made a political career in Spain. This book, as its author
states, "aims to show that monopoly and restrictions are
the cause of the fact that the wealth of the Philippines has
not developed to the degree that was to be expected from
the special conditions of that territory, that its commerce
has dragged a languid and not at all expansive life until
well into the present century, and therefore free exchange
is the great remedy to be applied to these evils." It is thus
a pioneer work of Philippine economic liberalism and a
precedent of Sancianco’s study.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 220
153

Gabino Pérez Valdés

Situación económica de Filipinas y medios de
mejorarla
[Economic situation of the Philippines and ways
to improve it]
Madrid: Andrés Orejas, 1871.
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4"

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Brief report in which the author proposes tax reform, debt

refinancing and agricultural credit as means to generate
economic prosperity in the archipelago.

154

Vicente Barrantes
Epístola religiosa y social dirigida al eminente
filósofo Fr. Zeferino González, misionero filipino
[A religious and social epistle addressed to the
eminent philosopher Fr. Zeferino Gonzalez,
Philippine missionary]
Badajoz: Imprenta de José Santamaría y Navarro,
1873.
size: 8 1/4" x 5 3/4" (21 cm x 15 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Long poem in classical verses in which he vindicates the

Catholic God. Ceferino González was rector of UST and a
great defender of Thomistic philosophy.

221 LEÓN GALLERY

155

P. Caro
Filipinas ante la razón del indio. Obra compuesta
por el indígena capitán Juan para utilidad de sus
paisanos, y publicada en castellano por el español
P. Caro
[The Philippines before the reason of the Native.
A work composed by the Indian Captain Juan
for the use of his countrymen, and published in
Spanish by the Spaniard P. Caro.]
Madrid: Imprenta de A. Gómez Fuentenebro, 1874.
size: 5 1/2" x 3 3/4" (14 cm x 10 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Casimiro Herrero (1824-1886), who published several
books on the Philippines -always defending the role of
the religious orders-. He was appointed Bishop of Nueva
Caceres in 1880.
The book is passed off as written by a Filipino who
considers that the best thing for the Filipinos is that they
be submissive, loyal to Spain, good Catholics and enemies
of the liberal ideas that were penetrating the Philippines
and polluting people’s minds. Very curious to understand
friar’s strategies to keep a prominent role in Philippine
society. Very rare.

156

Tomás de Comyn
Las Islas Filipinas. Progresos en 70 años
[The Philippine Islands. Progress in 70 years]
Manila: La Oceanía, 1878.
size: 8" x 5 1/2" (20 cm x 14 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

The original edition of this work was published in 1820 in

Madrid under the title "Estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1810"
[State of the Philippine Islands in 1810]. Its author lived
eight years in the Philippines as a factor of the Philippine
Company. It is the first modern study of the administrative,
economic and social situation of the archipelago. It points
out the dysfunctional aspects of the country and proposes
practical solutions. The book was not at all to the liking of
those who benefited from the status quo. José Felipe del
Pan edited it in 1877 and in 1878 published this expanded
and definitive edition. Retana considers it "a book of
extraordinary merit". Rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 222
157

Pío A. de Pazos y Vela-Hidalgo

Joló. Relato Histórico desde su descubrimiento por
los españoles en 1578 a nuestros días
[Sulu. Military-historical narrative since its
discovery by the Spaniards in 1578 to the present
day]
Burgos: Imprenta y estereotipia de Polo, 1879.
size: 8 3/4" x 6 3/4" (22 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

A well-documented and summarized history of the

numerous Spanish attempts to conquer the Sulu
archipelago since the time of Legazpi. Divided into
chapters, the most detailed are those with the years 1851-
74, ending with the conquest of General Malcampo. Its
author was a lieutenant colonel of infantry of the army.
Rare.

158

Descripción del huracán que el día 20 de octubre

de 1882
[Description of the hurricane on October 20,
1882]
Manila. Ramírez y Giraudier, 1882.
size: 5 3/4" x 4 1/4"
depth: 1/4"

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

THE BOOK DOES NOT HAVE TITLE PAGE. PUBLISHER AND DATE ARE

WRITTEN BY PENCIL. THERE ARE NO CITY PUBLICATION MENTIONS.

PENCIL WRITING ALSO SAYS THE BOOK IS "TOMO X"

Collection of articles and information compiled from the

Diario de Manila concerning a destructive hurricane that
took the lives of thousands of people, devastated buildings
and plantations, and sank numerous ships of all sizes.
Includes scientific tables from the Manila Observatory
and a sketch of the path followed by the hurricane. Very
interesting and rare.

223 LEÓN GALLERY

159
Estatutos de la Real Sociedad Económica de
Amigos del País de las Islas Filipinas
[Statutes of the Royal Economic Society of
Friends of the Country of the Philippine Islands]
Manila: Planas y Ca, 1880
size: 8 1/2" x 6"
depth: 1/4"
P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
FAIR
The "Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País"
were clubs that began to proliferate in Spain and its
overseas territories under the initiative of King Charles
III with the purpose of introducing and disseminating
the new ideas and scientific and technical knowledge of
the Enlightenment. It was hoped that the discussion of
enlightened ideas by the most educated elite would have
an impact on the rest of society through new initiatives. In
the Philippines, it was founded by General Basco y Vargas
in 1781. During the early years it promoted the cultivation
of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, pepper and silk, and sought
to disseminate useful knowledge of all kinds, but at the
beginning of the 19th century it fell into decline and
ceased to function in 1809. It was refounded in 1819 and
in 1820 these statutes of the society, which are a reformed
and updated version of the original statutes of 1780, were
published for the first time. It immediately founded a chair
of agriculture and an academy of drawing, founded a
newspaper, awarded prizes to the best farmers, arranged
for the free export of rice, etc., but little by little the initial
enthusiasm waned.
It consisted of seven titles and fifty-five articles. The
first of these stated that the purpose of the society was
"to investigate and promote the means of revitalizing
agriculture, fostering industry and extending commerce
through all the branches that its land, situation and
relations offer to its inhabitants".
This edition of the statutes was the seventh and we have
located copies of it in five libraries. Rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 224
160

Reglamento del Real Colegio de Santa Isabel

[Regulations of the Royal College of Santa Isabel]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Plana y Ca,
1880.
size: 8" x 5 1/2" (20 cm x 14 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

Rules of the educational institution for women founded

in 1632. It was run by the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent
de Paul and until World War II was located in Intramuros.

161

Pedro Murillo Velarde

Historia de la Virgen de la Paz y del buen viaje
que se venera en la Iglesia de Antipolo
[History of the Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
that is venerated in the Church of Antipolo]
Guadalupe: Pequeña imprenta del asilo de huérfanos,
1887.
size: 6" x 4 1/4" (15 cm x 11 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

POOR

We do not know when the first edition was published, 1847, but no copies are known. Of this third edition, only
probably during the lifetime of the famed cartographer three copies are known: National Library of the Philippines,
and historian. A second edition was published in Manila in UST Heritage Library and Archives of UST. Very rare.

162

Reseña histórica de la inauguración del templo de

San Ignacio de Loyola de Manila
[Reseña histórica de la inauguración del templo
de San Ignacio de Loyola de Manila]
Manila: Imprenta y Litografía de M. Pérez, 1890.
size: 10 1/4" x 7 1/4" (26 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 5,000 Collective Jesuit work, with a collection of sermons

preached in those days of celebration and a chronicle of
CONDITION REPORT
the festivities. The most interesting part of this publication
HARDBOUND

FAIR
are the many photos of the interior of the church, destroyed
during World War II.

225 LEÓN GALLERY

163

Estado general de los religiosos y religiosas…

de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno de PP.
Francsicanos Decalzos
[General state of the religious men and women...
of the Province of St. Gregory the Great of
Fathers Franciscans Decalced]
size: 7" x 11 1/2" (18 cm x 29 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Situation of the Franciscan order in the Philippines that

year. Horizontal pages. Very rare.

164

Rafael Walls y Merino

La música popular de Filipinas
[Popular music of the Philippines]
Madrid: Librería de Fernando Fe, 1892.
size: 9 3/4" x 6 1/2" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

Pioneering study of the ethnomusicology of the Philippines.

It describes popular musical genres such as the pasyon,
the kundiman, the curacha, the fandango or the balitao,
among others. The author's purpose was to convince
the person to whom the work was dedicated, Francisco
Asenjo Barbieri, to open a School of Music in Manila. It
contains several music scores, songs in Tagalog and their
corresponding Spanish translation.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 226
The Jesuits Missions In
Mindanao
Guillermo Bennásar was born in 1845 in Satañí (Balearic
Islands). He arrived in the Philippines in 1882 and joined
the mission on the island of Sulu for a few months. He then
moved to the town of Tamontaca, in today’s Cotabato,
where he lived for 16 years. There he dedicated himself
to the evangelization of the local population, belonging
to the Tiruray ethnic group, and to the study of their
language. After the Spanish-American war (1898) and the
consequent Spanish loss of the Philippines, Bennásar left
that territory at the end of 1901 for Spain. He died at sea
in July 1902, during the return voyage.
The two works of this author are highly appreciated by
bibliographers:

165

José Tenorio
Costumbres de los indios tirurayes
[Customs of the Tiruray ethnic group]
Tipografía Amigos del País, 1892
size: 8 3/4" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/2" (3 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND
GOOD

The anonymous translator is Father Bennásar himself. The

native author was one of the first Tiruray who converted to
the Catholic religion and wrote this book of customs at the
request of a Jesuit priest. The customs are a posthumous
publication, as José Tenorio died of drowning at a young
age. It contains abundant ethnographic information
about the customs and beliefs of the Tiruray: divinities,
supernatural beings, religious beliefs, witchcraft, clothing,
weapons, houses, food, marriages, courtships, burials, etc.
Very interesting. According to Retana, "unprecedented
work in the bibliography of Mindanao".de Paul and until
World War II was located in Intramuros.

227 LEÓN GALLERY

166

Guillermo Bennásar
Diccionario tiruray-español
[Dictionary Tiruray-Spanish]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y Comp., 1892
size: 8 1/2" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

It was followed up the following year with the publication

of a Spanish-Tiruray Dictionary. The prologue explains
that the Tiruray lacked many words to express abstract
concepts, but that they hoped to make up for this lack with
the introduction of Christianity. The dictionary notes words
of Arabic and Spanish origin, and also explains numerous
terms that had no translation, such as the names of trees,
plants, fish, and birds.
A few examples of entries:
BALUNUC: tree whose fruit resembles the mango.
MEQUÉS: special and unrestrained screams given by the
tiruray when they are attacked by a murderer or evildoer
to let the neighbors know.
MERREBUGÁN: the horns of the deer when they are still
tender or recently changed.
TEGANTANGUEN: to give blows to a hollow trunk so that
ants or some other bug come out.
Very rare.

167

Jacinto Juanmartí, SJ
Diccionario de la lengua de Maguindanao
[Dictionary of the language of Maguindanao]
Manila: Imprenta de Amigos del País, 1893.
size: 8 3/4" x 5 3/4" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Father Juanmartí was born in a village in Lérida in 1833.

He arrived in the Philippines in 1864 and spent three years
in Manila. In 1867 he was sent to Zamboanga. In 1874
he arrived at the mission of Tamontaca, in the Muslim-
majority region of Cotabato, where he explored the
territory, studied the customs of the people and helped to
rescue Christian captives kidnapped by the Muslims. He
died in Tamontaca in 1897, where he worked closely with
the aforementioned Father Bennásar.
The Maguindanao language is Austronesian, although
it has a notable lexical influence from other languages
such as Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, or Malanao. The
dictionary indicates the foreign etymology of these words.
Maguindanao verbs are also conjugated in the three
verb tenses and in active/passive mode. The first part is
Maguindanao-Spanish, while the second part is Spanish-
Maguindanao. Essential and pioneering work of Mindanao
linguistics. Rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 228
168

Rafael Comenge
Los chinos. Estudio político y social
[The Chinese. Political and social study]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y C., 1894
size: 9" x 6 1/2" (23 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

Essay against the increasing presence of Chinese in the

Philippines.

229 LEÓN GALLERY

169

Ventura Fernández López

La religión de los antiguos indios tagalos
[The religion of the ancient Tagalog]
Madrid: Imprenta de la Viudad de M. Minuesa de los
Ríos, 1894
size: 7" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

It is an attempt to study the origin of the Tagalogs, their

customs and beliefs, mostly based on the chronicles of
Spanish friars. It is not free of prejudice, as was usual in
19th century anthropology.

170

Gabriel Marcel
La Carte des Philippines du Pere Murillo Velarde
[Pere Murillo Velarde's Map of the Philippines]
Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1898
size: 9 3/4" x 6 1/4" (25 cm x 16 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

Gabriel Marcel (1844-1909) was historian and librarian at

the National Library of France, where he was in charge of
the maps and plans section from 1881. The engravings
surrounding the map are printed occupying some pages
completely. Curious and rare.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 230
 Las Bellas Letras
171

Sinibaldo de Mas
Obras literarias
[Literary works]
Madrid: Imprenta y estereotipia de M. Rivadeneyra,
1852
size: 9" x 6" (23 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

A CHUNK OF THE FRONT COVER IS MISSING

Sinibaldo de Mas is most well known for being the very first
person to take photographs in the Philippines (using the
daguerreotype method) and perhaps more importantly for
having published the “Secret Report” in which he opened
the almost heretical idea that Filipinos could decide the
destiny of their own country. This particular book contains
a very wide range of topics, from the "Sistema musical de la
lengua castellana” [Musical system of Spanish language]
and a Spanish translation of Virgil's Aeneid. Of special
interest to the Filipino reader is the last section of reports,
with "Noticia estadística y mercantil de Shanghai" [trade
and statistic report on Shanghai] and "Noticia estadística
y mercantil de Ningpo” [trade and statistic report on
Ningpo], where he proposes with a goldmine of abundant
data, the Philippine products to export to China and those
to import from China, with the respective annual dates of
entry via navigation; all with the objective of improving the
prosperity of the Philippines.

172

Manuel Hazañas y la Rúa

Poesías
[Poems]
Manila: El Oriente, 1878
size: 7 3/4" x 5 1/2" (20 cm x 14 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

A CHUNK OF THE FRONT COVER IS MISSING

We have been only able to locate two copies of this
collection of poetry: at the Hispanic Society in New York,
and at the University of Seville. This tells enough of the
extraordinary rarity of this book. The author was the older
brother of a famous historian and literary critic: Joaquín
Hazañas y la Rúa. Regarding Manuel, he must have been
one of the many educated public servants that Spain sent
to the Philippines for a few years. He wrote articles and
literary works at El Oriente, in whose printing press he
also published a comedy that was performed in Manila
the same year: La lección bien aprendida [The well
learnt lesson].

231 LEÓN GALLERY

173

Miguel Zaragoza
Flores Filipinas. Poesías
[Philippine flowers. Poems]
Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Minuesa, 1864
size: 8 1/2" x 5 1/2" (22 cm x 14 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

A CHUNK OF THE FRONT COVER IS MISSING

Miguel Zaragoza is the first Filipino to publish a literary work
of any kind in Europe., ante-dating by a few years ahead of
Pedro Paterno’s own book of poetry, Sampaguitas (1880)
Born in 1844, Zaragoza was just 20 years old when Flores
Filipinas was published. The book is dedicated to his
girlfriend and the poems are all romantic. Zaragoza went
to Spain to study at the Real Academia de las Bellas Artes
de San Fernando in Madrid. In the words of Dr. Garcia-
Castellón, “Zaragoza was a pioneer among the young
Filipino students who in the peninsula hoped to attain a
higher degree. Perhaps that is why we could also consider
him a precursor, at least avant la lettre, of that movement
called Propaganda, formally initiated in the 1880s by
Pedro Alejandro Paterno, Jose Rizal, Marcelo Hilario del
Pilar, Graciano López Jaena and other Filipino ilustrados
in Madrid and Barcelona, with the objective of demanding
reforms in the colonial administration and claiming for the
Philippines the status of a full-fledged Spanish province. In
its youthful freshness and among the influences of Spanish
neoclassical and late Romantic writers (Espronceda and
Bécquer, of course), it also shows the Cuban imprint: that
is, abundant use of the décima (so dear to the West Indian
literary tradition) and clear echoes of Gertrudis Gómez
de Avellaneda and José María de Heredia. Zaragoza's
poem "Adiós a Manila" clearly emulates the heartbreak
and nostalgia expressed in the sonnet "Al partir," where
Avellaneda says goodbye to her homeland.” Zaragoza did
not persevere in his literary hobbies, but his name is also
listed as one of the fathers of independence as he is one of
the co-drafters of the 1st Philippine Constitution.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 232
174

Francisco Cañamaque
Recuerdos de Filipinas
[Remembrances from the Philippines]
Madrid: Librería de Anllo y Rodríguez, 1877
size: 7 1/4" x 5" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

POOR

ENCASED IN PLASTIC, THE COVER AND THE PAGES OF THE BOOK ARE

VERY FRAGILE AND ARE AT THE RISK OF BEING HE BOOK MAY BE AT RISK

OF FALLING APART OR SEPARATING

Cañamaque’s ‘Remembrances’ are as interesting as

the long prologue by Patricio de la Escosura, a Spanish
politician and writer who lived in the Philippines between
1862 and 1865, who was sent as the government's royal
commissioner, a text in which he lists the problems he
tried to deal with during his stay. Cañamaque's book is
not properly a book of memories, but a detailed study with
lots of personal impressions and experiences about the
Philippine society. Although the book was not written with
malice or ill intent, the book pointed out numerous flaws
and dysfunctionalities of Philippine culture with humor,
and sometimes sarcasm, especially of the indigenous
people, so, logically, it was not well received by the Filipino
population. Probably most shocking to today's reader is
the tone of cultural superiority with which it was written.
The book was answered with another book by another
Spaniard, Francisco de Paula Entrala, Olvidos de Filipinas
[Oblivions from the Philippines] (1881), in which he accused
Cañamaque of knowing nothing about the country and of
having only ignorant prejudices.

233 LEÓN GALLERY

175

Francisco Vila
Escenas Filipinas: Narraciones Originales de
Costumbres de dichas islas
[Philippine scenes: original narrations of customs
of these islands]
Madrid: Fernando Fe, 1882
size: 7 3/4" x 5 1/4" (20 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBINDING

VERY POOR

BINDING IS DESTROYED

Vila was a colonial official who wrote for several
newspapers and who, upon his return to Spain, wanted
to recreate his experiences in the Philippines through
costumbrista literature. Regarding the value of these
narrations, perhaps it is best to quote the prologue of the
work, written by Rafael Ginard de la Rosa, a Filipino: "I can
assure you that as regards the language, the customs, the
painting of the Filipino types, there is in Mr. Vila's book the
accuracy proper to those who speak of what they have
seen. Vila's book has the accuracy of one who speaks of
what he has seen and describes what he has observed on
the ground [...] He does not fantasize or invent anything,
but faithfully reflects many facts and many aspects
of Philippine customs, the knowledge of which is only
acquired after a few years of residence in that singular
country". It contains four stories and ends with a glossary
of Tagalog and Visayan terms.

176

Antonio Vázquez de Aldana

Trastos viejos que un amigo del autor ha recogido
y desempolvado…
[Old junks that a friend of the author has picked
up and dusted off…]
Manila: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Ramírez y
Giraudier, 1883. Vols. II & III
size: 6 1/2" x 4 1/2" (17 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

CASE BINDING ALREADY DETACHED FROM THE SPINE

Vázquez de Aldana was one of the most prolific and
successful fiction writers in Manila in the last third of the
19th century. Many of his stories and novels are set in the
Philippines and portray the typical Filipino with affection.
His popularity was well deserved, for, unlike many of his
contemporaries, his narrations can be read with pleasure
even today. He is an author who deserves modern
translations and current editions. He was also an active
cultural animator, and founded and directed several
periodicals, such as El Oriente, El porvenir del Oriente,
or España en la Oceanía. Between 1883 and 1884 he
decided to compile his fictional works in four volumes under
the modest title Trastos Viejos. Dr. Legarda possessed
volumes II and III, which contain a total of eleven stories,
among them the quirky and very funny "La educación de
Nínay" [The Education of Nínay].

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 234
177

Ximeno Ximénez
Siluetas Filipinas
[Philippine silhouettes]
Madrid: Librería de Robles y Cª. 4ª ed., 1887
size: 7" x 5" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 3,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

FAIR

His real name was Alberto Díaz de la Quintana and all the
editions of this work, according to Retana, from the first to
the fourth, are actually the same edition, in an attempt by its
author to pass himself off as a bestseller taking advantage
of the Philippine Exposition in that year. Its author lived
in Manila for some years, where he collaborated in Diario
de Manila, El Comercio and Manila Alegre. The book
does not have much literary value, although it does have
sociological value for today's reader, as it is composed of
short impressions reflecting different aspects and customs
of the Philippines at that time.

178

Antonio García del Canto

Los piratas de Filipinas. Novela histórica
[The pirates of the Philippines]
Salamanca: Jacinto Hidalgo, 1888.
size: 8 1/4" x 6" (21 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

GOOD

This is a posthumous work by the author of Los misterios

de Filipinas, edited by his widow, who introduces the text
with a heartfelt biography of her husband, who had just
died It is an adventure novel, in the style of Salgari, set
in the Philippines, with the peculiarity that the text is
peppered with footnotes to explain to the Spanish reader
terms, customs or geographical places mentioned.

235 LEÓN GALLERY

179

José Montero y Vidal

Novelas Cortas Monografías Artículos Literarios
Poesías
[Short novels, studies, literary articles, poems]
Madrid: Imprenta y fundición de M. Tello, 1889
size: 7 1/4" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm)
depth: 1" (3 cm)

P 4,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

FAIR

The first edition of this work, under the title Cuentos
Filipinos, was published in Madrid in 1876 and contained
9 stories on Philippine and historical themes, such as "El
pirata Limahong" [Limahong, the pirate] or "La sultana
de Joló" [Sulu’s sultana]. In the second edition (Madrid,
1883), he included a prologue in which he claimed to have
tried to "faithfully portray the customs of the inhabitants
of our oceanic archipelago, interspersed, in passing,
with a multitude of historical, geographical, statistical,
commercial and descriptive data, as well as everything
concerning the political and administrative organization
of the country". This volume is strictly the third edition of
the same volume, although it contains articles, poems and
some more narrations.
Montero y Vidal, a native of the province of Almería —like
Murillo Velarde — lived for many years in the Philippines
and published three important works about its history: El
archipiélago filipino y las islas Marianas, Carolinas y
Palaos. Su historia geográfica y estadística (Madrid,
1886, 2 vols.); Historia general de Filipinas... (Madrid,
1887-1895, 2 vols.), [The Philippine Archipelago and the
Marianas, Carolinas, and Palau Islands: their geographic
and statistic history] and Historia de la piratería malayo-
mahometana en Mindanao, Joló y Borneo (Madrid,
1888) [History of the Malay-Muslim Piracy in Mindanao,
Sulu and Borneo]. An expert on the Philippines, he was a
member of the Real Academia de la Historia, although he
died forgotten in France, because there is no country more
ungrateful to its children than Spain.

180

Angel Estrada
Diezmos de un día
[One-day tithes]
Manila: Filipinas Foundation Inc., 1982
size: 7" x 5" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 1,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFTBOUND

GOOD

One of the last examples of Philippine literature in Spanish.

Poetry.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 236
181

Benito Francia
De caña y nipa. Materiales ligeros.
[From cane and nipa. Light materials]
Manila: Ramírez y Comp., 1893
size: 7" x 5" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

SOFT BOUND

POOR

BOOK SPINE NOT GLUED TO THE BOOK

Benito Francia y Ponce de León was a military doctor

who arrived in the Philippines in January 1877. He spent
most of his time in the infirmary of the newly created
town of Davao (Mindanao). From his early experiences
caring for the populace, he wrote a "Report on malaria",
still in manuscript today. He was promoted and awarded
and returned to Spain in 1880. His second stay in the
Philippines began in October 1881, a difficult period due
to the cholera outbreak. He took part in a battle in Sulu at
the end of 1882 and from 1883 was stationed in Basilan.
In June 1885, he returned to Spain. In 1887, he published
a book in defense of racial intermarriage. He was curator
at the Philippine Exposition in 1887 and shortly after
returned to the Philippines for the third time. In August
1888, he had to deal with a new outbreak of cholera. After
a brief stay in Spain, he returned to the Philippines for
the fourth time as head of the civil administration. He left
the Philippines for good in 1895 after 20 years of service’;
and he still had time to publish a voluminous study on
Mindanao, which saw the light of day in Havana in 1898.

It was during this last period when he collaborated in

Diario de Manila with articles under the pseudonym
Tácito that he later compiled in De caña y nipa, a book
that Retana praised for the quality of its prose. Many of
his articles deal with the problems caused by Chinese
and European immigration in the Philippines, and the
difficulties of an effective colonization that would bring
progress to the islands, and the advantages that, in
his opinion — and contrary to Pablo Feced and other
Spaniards— Chinese immigration brought. In general,
Benito Francia differs from many colonizers of the time for
defending ideas that went against the current, perhaps for
being ideologically liberal. Book is not sufficiently known in
spite of its undoubted merits; a very rare find.

237 LEÓN GALLERY

182

Antonio García del Canto

Misterios de Filipinas
Madrid: Imprenta La Balear, 1858
size: 9 1/2" x 6 1/2" (24 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)

P 5,000
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HARDBOUND

GOOD

Novels of intrigue and suspense became fashionable in

Europe after The Mysteries of Paris (1843) by Eugene
Sue, a work that gained immense popularity and was
copied by many writers all over the continent. García del
Canto, who spent several years in the Philippines until
1851 as a soldier, wrote his own version of the novel, but
set in this country. Retana has praised the originality of the
novel, but perhaps its interest today is mainly sociological.
García del Canto was completely without prejudice and
did not always take the side of his fellow Spaniards. He
describes matter-of-factly the superiority with which
Europeans behaved in Manila as well as the contempt
that the Creoles — or "hijos del país" — felt for the natives.
He also captured the life in the capital city as well as in
the provinces, and the role of the friars and the military
in the colony. The work also contains numerous footnotes
through which he seeks to enlighten the Spanish reader
about the geography and natural characteristics of the
archipelago, as well as Tagalog terms and local customs.
It is the first novel published in Europe with an entirely
Filipino theme and is thus both important and hard to find.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 238
183
Manuel María Rincón
Cháchara. Páginas de la vida manileña
[Chitchat. Pages of the Manila life]
Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofre y Compa., 1897
size: 8" x 5" (20 cm x 14 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)
P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
VERY POOR
THE BOOK IS DIVIDED INTO MANY PAGE CHUNKS
Among the many foreigners who had lived in the
Philippines and learned to love this land was Manuel
María Rincón. He is sadly forgotten today. Born in Seville,
Spain in 1859, Rincón, as did many of his peers who
sought a secure career and a stable source of income,
studied military engineering in Segovia. Two years later
he started to work as a journalist for the newspapers in
Madrid. It was there that he met the well-connected, rising
politician, Víctor Balaguer, who had connections and was
Minister of the Overseas Provinces for a brief period. This
encounter changed the former’s life forever — his patron
secured for him a modest position in the bureaucratic
administration of the Philippines, and Rincón arrived in
Manila in November 1884.
Writing for the daily La Oceanía Española, Rincón drew
the attention of the father of Philippine journalism, José
Felipe del Pan, who noticed the young peninsular’s facility
with words as well as certain praiseworthy characteristics
of his personality that stood out, as he was incorruptible.
As a man of integrity with great literary skills, he was
respected by both Filipinos and Spaniards. As pointed out
by the historian Wenceslao Retana, Rincón was always
called upon to write on controversial news due to his
publisher’s desire to avoid any impending conflicts. He not
only achieved renown for his excellent reputation but also
for his fairness in narrating events without causing undue
harm to anyone.
Eschewing confrontation, the Spanish journalist cultivated
both truth and circumspection and eventually, he decided
to move to the leading periodical Diario de Manila in
order to keep away from a jealous colleague. Thereupon,
his career prospered for he received three successive
promotions within the colonial administration. However, he
was fired from his government post for unknown reasons
in February 1898; a not-so-unfortunate circumstance,
239 LEÓN GALLERY
considering Spain’s eventual loss of the colony within a
few months.
Eventually, he succeeded as a journalist, becoming
not only the director of Diario de Manila, but also the
publisher of two other weekly periodicals: the humorous
and beautifully illustrated Manililla (Little Manila), which
lasted 10 years (1887 to 1896), and the whimsical but
short-lived bullfighting journal La Puya (The Lance, 1885).
As a Diario de Manila reporter between 1886 and
1887, Rincón witnessed one of the memorable Spanish
campaigns in Mindanao against Datu Uto and his
followers. Those vivid articles were later compiled in 1894
under the title Cinco Meses en Mindanao (Five Months
in Mindanao), where he peppered his fine Spanish prose
with Tagalog words.
However, when the Katipunan arose, he chose allegiance
to his mother country. After 1898, however, Rincón opted
to stay in Manila with his family even though he himself felt
displaced. The peninsular writer was one of the persons
behind the 1923 discussions that led to the founding of
the Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española (Philippine
Academy of the Spanish Language).
His most significant production was a series of
autobiographical novels that he wrote between 1923 and
1936, published in totality by the University of Santo Tomas
printing press. With scenarios located in both Spain and
the Philippines, these thick novels probably constitute his
finest literary creations.
During the last years of his life, he was known to have
supported many young Filipino writers and was known also
for his works of charity despite his modest circumstances.
He also spearheaded the commemoration of the death
of the Spanish literary great Miguel de Cervantes with a
yearly mass at the Sto. Domingo Church held every April 23,
which many Filipino Hispanistas used to attend, including
Manuel Rávago and the industrialist and philanthropist
Enrique Zóbel de Ayala.
Regarding his personal background, he married a Filipina.
He had three offspring, all daughters, who married British
citizens in early 20th-century Manila. His granddaughter
married a British aristocrat, whose descendant is Ms.
María Cecilia Walford Hawkins y Borbón, the Duchess of
Ansola.
At the tail-end of World War II, Manuel María Rincón died
tragically in February 1945 while trying to escape from the
bombardment of the refuge where he had sheltered on
Carolina Street, which is today’s Madre Ignacia Street in
Malate. Already infirm, he was too aged to sprint away
even as his daughter Pilar insisted on staying behind
with him. She too died tragically in the holocaust that
consumed all of Manila.
Before 1898, he published two books where he portrayed
Filipino culture in a gracious and empathetic way: one of
those books whas Cháchara. Reading his books, anyone
can sense that he did not write so much as a foreigner,
but as a local insider, who felt considerably at ease within
Manila, its society and its people. Rincón describes with
humor and affection the customs of Filipinos, exemplified
by witty and funny dialogues in which he imitated local
speech and used indigenous terms. The book is enriched
with interesting vignettes that illustrate the social types of
which each chapter speaks. Really funny is the chapter that
compares Madrid with Manila, displaying the similarities
and the apparent contradictions of both cities. A book of
great value from both a literary and sociological point of
view by an author who deserves to be better known: Very
rare.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 240
184

Emilio Salgari
Los Horrores de Filipinas (Tomo 1)
Madrid: Saturnino Calleja, 1909
size: 7 3/4" x 4 3/4" (20 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

P 3,000
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Emilio Salgari was an Italian author of best-selling

adventure novels. A sailor himself, most of his novels are
set in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean. This novel,
originally published in 1897, is first part of the Spanish
translation, in which the Muslims of the Mindanao and
Sulu attack Manila.

185

F. Ferrer y Gutiérrez
Lecturas españolas
Manila: Manila Gráfica, 1924
size: 8" x 5 1/4" (20 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 2,000
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FAIR

An anthology of Spanish literature. Extremely rare. Only

one copy found at the National Library of the Philippines.

241 LEÓN GALLERY

186

Antonio Fernández de Rota y Tournan

El desastre: novela de la pérdida de Filipinas
para España
[The disaster: novel of the loss of the Philippines]
Zaragoza: Tipografía la Académica, 1932
size: 7" x 5 1/4" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm)

P 3,000
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HARDBOUND

VERY POOR

BOOK SPINE IS SEVERELY DAMAGED AND THERE ARE SIGNS OF LOOSE

BINDINGS

Fernández de Rota was a Spanish military man born in

Cuba in 1887. He wrote several historical novels. This is
probably first Spanish fiction dealing with the loss of the
Philippines. The author researched in original sources to
provide credibility to his novel and find inspiration, but the
facts are mostly fictional.

187

Conrado Blanco
Recital. poemas.
Manila: Manila Gráfica, 1938. 2nd edition
size: 8" x 5 1/2" (20 cm x 14 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 1,000
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SOFTBOUND

FAIR

The first edition of this book of poems was published the

year before in Logroño. The author was a prolific author
and run several theaters in Spain.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 242
188

A. Alcalá López
Bajo el cielo filipino (novela histórica)
Barcelona: Editorial Juventud, 1943
size: 6 3/4" x 5" (17 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 3,000
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This novel acquired a certain amount of popularity in

Franco's Spain, which liked to recall imperial nostalgia.
The author was not a professional writer, but an
ophthalmologist and stamp collector, although he was
very fond of history.

189

Paul Rodríguez Verzosa (comp.)

Lecturas amenas para filipinos
[Pleasant readings for Filipinos]
Manila: Cooperative Service, 1950
size: 9" x 6" (23 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 2,000
CONDITION REPORT

HARDBOUND

POOR

BINDING IS LOOSE

This book was published after a big Philippine conference

of Filipino professors of Spanish. This is most accomplished
anthology of Philippine literature in Spanish. It provides
biographical sketches for nearly 40 authors. Only in
Spanish.

243 LEÓN GALLERY

190

Jaime C. de Veyra
Filipinismos en lengua española
[Words from Philippine origin in the Spanish
language]
Manila: Nueva Era Press, 1951
size: 8 1/2" x 5 3/4" (22 cm x 15 cm)

P 3,000
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Jaime de Veyra, a native from Tanauan (Leyte), was a

journalist, politician and prolific Filipino writer in Spanish
and a defender of Spanish language in the Philippines.
This is the second and enlarged edition of a linguistic study
he first published in 1930. His declared goal was, as a
member of Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española, that
those Filipino words were recognized and included in the
official Diccionario de la Lengua Española, published
with updates in Spain.

191

Evangelina Guerrero Zacarías

Kaleidoscopio Espiritual
[Spiritual kaleidoscope]
Quezon City: Imprenta Phoenix, 1959
size: 7" x 5 1/4" (18 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

P 2,000
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Evangelina Guerrero Zacarías belonged to the Guerrero
family from Ermita, which has given so many excellent
people of letters to the country. She was born in Manila in
1904 and was the daughter of Fernando María Guerrero,
the best poet in Spanish in the Philippines and founder
of the anti-American newspaper El Renacimiento. From
a young age, she published poems and short stories in
cultural magazines such as Excelsior, and in newspapers
such as La Opinión and La Vanguardia. In 1936, she won
the prestigious Zóbel Prize for Literature for this collection
of prose poems, Kaleidoscopio Espiritual, a work that
remained unpublished until its posthumous publication in
1959, as she had died in 1949. This very original book of
poetry is a precious sample of the Golden Age of Philippine
literature in Spanish.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 244
 Adelina Gurrea, or The Permanent
Nostalgia of A Negrense Writer
Adelina Gurrea was born on a family farm. Her family had
Spanish roots and owned sugarcane plantations in Negros
Occidental. She grew up speaking Bisaya and Spanish, and
went to Manila to study at St. Scholastica's College, where
she learned English. She finished with a degree in Library
Science and Arts and Letters, and got her first literary prize
at age 15. She then devoted herself to literature and the
language she chose to write in was Spanish. For some
time, she managed the women's section of the Saturday
issues of La Vanguardia, one of the most important
newspapers at the time. In 1920, she established herself in
Spain, although she traveled frequently to the archipelago
she always considered her homeland. This is a very
important fact; despite the fact she developed most of her
literary career in Spain, she always considered herself as
an "unrooted individual," thinking of the Philippines as her
motherland. The very proof of this is the fact most of her
writings revolve around one single topic: the Philippines.
She kept her Philippine nationality until her death.
Her main literary work is Cuentos de Juana. Narraciones
malayas de las Islas Filipinas [Juana's tales. Malay
narrations of the Philippine Islands]. It was first published
in 1943 in Madrid, right after the imposition of Franco's
dictatorship in Spain. In 1951, the book was awarded an
international literary prize by the Unión Latina club of
journalists and writers. In consequence, the second edition
of the book saw light in 1955. It must be mentioned that
245 LEÓN GALLERY
the book carried the drawings of another Filipino from
Cagayan who established himself, like Adelina Gurrea, in
Spain: Luis Lasa. In 1955 a book of poems, A lo largo del
camino (Along the way, 1954) won for Gurrea the Zobel
prize for Philippine Literature in Spanish. In 1967, a few
years before she passed away, she read a speech on José
Rizal.
Cuentos de Juana deals with the intervention of
supernatural entities — tamao, asuang, camá-camá —
gathered from Visayan folklore: it is not only fiction, but
also an attempt to capture and properly portray the
culture and the spirit of the people. Gurrea uses those
fantastic beings to describe the thoughts and the feelings
of the Filipino people. Although the tales somehow idealize
the exuberant beauty of the Philippine nature, it is not a
mere exercise of idealization; there is a fair amount of
social criticism in those fictions, especially dealing with the
hierarchies, the injustices and the role of women in society.
In fact, most short stories come to a fatal end.
Adelina Gurrea is probably one of the best narrators of
20th century Philippines, only unknown for fact that her
works have not been translated yet to English or any
Filipino language. Her collection of short stories have been
published twice in the last years in Spain. All her published
books listed here are first editions and extremely rare to
find.
192

Adelina Gurrea
a.) Cuentos de Juana (Narraciones malayas de las
islas Filipinas)
Madrid: Imprenta de Prensa Española, 1943
size: 6 1/2" x 4 3/4" (17 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

b.) Filipinas: Auto Histórico Satírico

Valladolid: Imprenta Agustina, 1954
size: 6 3/4" x 4 3/4" (17 cm x 12 cm)

c.) Filipinas, heredera privilegiada

Madrid: Imprenta de Prensa Española, 1943
size: Madrid: Publicaciones del Círculo Filipino, 1954

P 6,000
CONDITION REPORT

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FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 246
193

A Lot of Ten Books

a.) La Sainte Bible contenant l’ancien et le noveau
testament
London: Société pour la propagation des
connaissances chrétiennes, 1898
size: 6 1/2" x 4" (17 cm x 10 cm)
depth: 1 3/4" (4 cm)
e.) Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias
Exactas, Fisicas, y Naturales de Madrid (Tomo 14)
Madrid: Imprenta de D. Luis Aguado, 1891-1901
size: 12" x 8 3/4" (30 cm x 22 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)

b.) Alexander Young f.) Constitución de la Monarquía Española

A discourse of the life and character of the Hon.
Nathaniel Bowditch…
Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1838
size: 8 3/4" x 5 1/2" (22 cm x 14 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
c.) Aurelio Martín Alonso
Diez y Seis Años de Regencia…
Barcelona: Viuda de Luis Tasso, 1914
size: 7 1/2" x 5 1/4" (19 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm)
d.) Fernando Fulgosio
Crónica General de España…
Madrid: Rubio, Grilo y Vitturi, 1871
size: 12 1/2" x 9 1/4" (32 cm x 23 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
Madrid: Imprenta Nacional, 1848
size: 4 1/4" x 3" (11 cm x 8 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
g.) Julio Rossignon
Manual de Barnices y Preparación de Charoles segun
los procederes ma2s recientes
Paris: Librería de Rosa y Bouret, 1859
size: 6 1/4" x 4" (16 cm x 10 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
h.) Juan Manzano Manzano
Las "Notas" a las Leyes de Indias, de Manuel Jose de
Ayala
Madrid: C. Bermejo, 1935
size: 8 3/4" x 6 1/2" (22 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

247 LEÓN GALLERY

i.) Islas Filipinas Volume 1, 2, 3 Atlas del Diccionario
Geográfico
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" each (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 3/4" each (2 cm)

j.) D. O.
Apuntes para la Razón General de su Hacienda
Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Minuesa, 1858
size: 10 1/2" x 7 1/4" (27 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 10,000
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T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 248
194

A Lot of 10 Books
a.) Francisco Pi y Margall
e.) Concepción Pajarón Parody
Historia de España en el siglo XIX (tomo VII)
El Gobierno en Filipinas de Don Fernando Manuel de
Barcelona: Miguel Seguí, 1902. 2 volumes
Bustamante y Bustillo (1717-1719)
size: 10 3/4" x 7 3/4" (27 cm x 20 cm)
Escuela de estudios hispano-americanos, 1964
depth: 2 1/4" (6 cm)
size: 9 1/2" x 6 3/4" (24 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
b.) Fernando Soldevilla
Las Cortes de Cádiz
f.) Santiago Montero
Madrid: Imprenta de Ricardo Rojas, 1910
Aportaciones geográficas del Gobernador de
size: 7 1/2" x 4 3/4" (19 cm x 12 cm)
Filipinas Guido Lavezares
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
Madrid: Imprenta del P. De H. De Intendencia e
Intervencion Militares, 1933
c.) Enrique Llovet
size: 9 1/4" x 6 1/4" (23 cm x 16 cm)
Los Últimos de Filipinas
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
Madrid: Pedidos A. Espejo, 1954
size: 6 1/4" x 4 1/4" (16 cm x 11 cm)
g.) Josué Soncuya
Aportaciones geográficas del Gobernador de
d.) Felipe Robles Degano
Filipinas Guido Lavezares
Vida y martirio de San Pedro Bautista
Madrid: Imprenta del P. De H. De Intendencia e
Madrid: Tipografía Moderna, 1927
Intervencion Militares, 1933
size: 7" x 4 1/2" (18 cm x 11 cm)
size: 9 3/4" x 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

249 LEÓN GALLERY

h.) Eduardo G. Gallarza y Joaquín Loriga Taboada
El vuelo Madrid-Manila
Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1927
size: 8 1/4" x 5 1/4" (21 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)

i.) Julia Herraez S. De Escariche

Beneficencia de España en Indias (Avance para su
Estudio)
Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos,
1949
size: 8 1/2" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

j.) El Consejo de las Indias en el siglo XVI

Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1970
size: 9 3/4" x 6 3/4" (25 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)

P 5,000
CONDITION REPORT

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T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 250
195

A Lot of Ten Books

a.) Juan Martí y Canto e.) Xavier Dusmet de Arizcun
Ramillete de Flores Celestiales… Dos grandes aventureros españoles del siglo XVI
Barcelona, 1871 Madrid: Imprenta Hesperia, 1930
size: 4 3/4" x 3 1/4" (12 cm x 8 cm) size: 8 3/4" x 6 1/4" (22 cm x 16 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm) depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

b.) Francis Palgrave f.) Honorato Castro Bonel

The merchant and the friar Nuestros exploradores en América
London: John W. Parker, 1894 Madrid: Imprenta Artística Sáez Hermanos, 1929
size: 7" x 4 1/4" (18 cm x 11 cm) size: 9 1/2" x 6 3/4" (24 cm x 17 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm) depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

c.) Victoriano Reinosa de León g.) Joaquín Pellicena

Luchas Supermas: Nobleza Contra Infamia: Historia
de la presente guerra con los Estados Unidos
Barcelona: La enciclopedia democrática
size: 8 3/4" x 6" (22 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1 1/2" (4 cm)
d.) Ricardo Fernández de la Reguera
Héroes de Filipinas
Barcelona: Planeta, 1963
size: 8 1/4" x 5 1/4" (21 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 2" (5 cm)
España y Filipinas
Barcelona: Tipografía La Académica, 1917
size: 9 3/4" x 7" (25 cm x 18 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)
h.) Wilhelm Bernhardt
Immensee von Theodore Storin (with introduction,
notes, vocabulary, and English exercises)
NY: D.C. Heath & Co., Publishers, 1902
size: 6 3/4" x 4 3/4" (17 cm x 12 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

251 LEÓN GALLERY

i.) L. F. Dubief
Tratado de la Fabricacion de Licores de Todas Clases
sin destilacion con curiosas y nuevas formulas para
bonificar los aguardientes e imitarios de cognac y
para la Fabricacion de Jarabes
Barcelona
size: 7 1/2" x 5" (19 cm x 13 cm)
depth: 1/2" (1.2 cm)

j.) Nicolás de Soraluce y Zubizarreta

Gloria y Gratitud al inmortal autor del Primus me
Circumdedisti Juan Sebastian del Cano
Victoria: Domigo Sar, 1882
size: 8 1/4" x 6" (21 cm x 15 cm)
depth: 1/4" (0.6 cm)

P 3,000
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T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 252
 Travels to the Philippines
This is undoubtedly the most international section of Dr.
Benito Legarda's legendary library and is an irrefutable
demonstration of the breadth of his intellectual curiosity.
Most of these books not only appeal to a Filipino patriot, but
to a person who felt part of the whole human collectivity. If
travel books were one of Mr. Legarda's favorite readings, it
is because in this genre peeks the curiosity for other ways
of life, the yearning to know other cultures and customs,
the will to understand what is different or foreign, to
exercise a mental openness that allows to fit landscapes
and people that defy the known. The traveler who writes is
always a person who, above all, has the will to know what
is different, to capture in writing that which deviates from
the norm, always from a critical eye, and irremediably
limited, to a greater or lesser extent, by the conception
of the world that he learned from the culture where he
was born and educated. Traveling writers describe, think,
253 LEÓN GALLERY
have experiences, take risks, analyze, but ultimately
write for readers, those who share their language, to
whom they must sometimes make the incomprehensible
understandable. They also, of course, lie, exaggerate and
may respond to personal interests in their travels. If we
often say that reading is a form of travel, all the more
reason to say that we travel when we read travel literature.
In this collection we see that Dr. Legarda wanted to know
what the most legendary Western travelers had to say
about the Philippines and its inhabitants. The vast majority
of these books are classics of travel literature that will not
only catch the attention of Filipino bibliophiles, but also of
foreign collectors. Gemelli Careri, George Anson, Le Gentil,
Marryat or de la Gironiere are names that have been
appearing for decades in encyclopedias and their works
constitute world classics of travel literature:
196
Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri
Voyage du tour du monde
[Travel around the world]
Paris: Etienne Ganeau, 1719, 6. Vols.
size: 6 1/2" x 4" (17 cm x 10 cm)
depth: 1 1/4" (3 cm)
P 18,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
FAIR
Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri (1648-1724) was an
Italian jurist and traveler. A native of Calabria, he had
great professional ambitions in the world of jurisprudence
that were frustrated because he lacked aristocratic
blood. Abandoning his professional career, he decided
to embark on a trip around the world in 1693. His first
destinations were Egypt, Constantinople and the Holy
Land. He continued on to Persia and Armenia - then a
great kingdom - until he reached India, from where he was
able to embark for China. There the Jesuits thought he
was a spy working for the Pope. This suspicion made many
things easier for him along the journey, he got to visit the
emperor in Peking and toured the Great Wall of China.
From Macao, Careri sailed to the Philippine Islands and
stayed two months in Manila awaiting the departure of
the galleon. Careri provides much information about the
products that were transported and the profits that the
transpacific trade brought to New Spain. The months of
the voyage were described in all their harshness: furious
storms that caused huge waves, bad food and outbreaks
of diseases on the ship that killed a good part of the crew.
From Mexico it went to Cuba, and from there to Europe via
the fleet of the Indies.
The original edition was published in 6 volumes between
1699 and 1700. It was a commercial success, as it had
6 immediate reeditions in Italian. It was translated into
English in 1704. This is the first French edition. All of
volume 5 deals specifically with the Philippines.
Engraved emblematic frontispiece, engraved portrait of
the author, and 59 engraved plates, including 7 folding.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 254
255 LEÓN GALLERY
197
Sanson d’Abbeville
L'Asie en plusieurs cartes nouvelles, et exactes; &
en divers traittés de geographie, et d'histoire
[Asia in several new and exact maps, and in a
variety of treatises of geography and history]
Paris: Porte du Cioiftre, 1652.
size: 9 3/4" x 7 1/2" (25 cm x 19 cm)
depth: 3/4" (2 cm)
P 50,000
CONDITION REPORT
SOFTBOUND
FAIR
Nicolas Sanson is the most important French cartographer
of the mid-17th century and is considered the founder of
the French school of cartography. He was born in 1600
in Abbeville and was educated by the Jesuits. He studied
history, although his true passion was always geography,
a subject in which he excelled so much that he caught
the attention of Cardinal Richelieu, who asked him to be
the king's tutor. King Louis XIII appointed him "Ordinary
Geographer to the King". Under his protection he produced
his most important cartographic works, among which the
four atlases of the four continents stand out. Dr. Legarda
had the very rare first edition of the volume corresponding
to Asia.
In the texts accompanying the maps, Sanson mentions the
sources from which his work draws: the geographers of
classical antiquity and the Bible, the Arab travelers, the
accounts of the explorers Linschoten and Purchas, as
well as the Dutch cartographers (Mercator and Hondius,
among them). He also drew on Jesuit informants to design
his maps of China and Japan.
The present volume includes maps of all of Asia, the
Anatolian Peninsula and the Black Sea, the Anatolian
Peninsula and Cyprus, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the
Arabian Peninsula, Persia (then part of the Turkish Empire),
the Empire of the Great Mogul, India, Indochina and the
Malay Peninsula, Kingdom of China, Greater Tartary,
Japan, the Philippines, and Marianas, the Moluccas and
Celebes Islands, the Sunda Islands (with Java, Sumatra
and Borneo), and Ceylon and the Maldives. All these maps
are of extraordinary beauty.
As for the map of the Philippines, itself an important chapter
in the history of Philippine cartography, most of the names
indicate that Sanson was based on Portuguese sources:
Camarinha (Camarines) Manilha (Manila), Samballas
(Zambales), Premeiro Surgidero (as the entrance to San
Bernardino Strait) or San Joao (Siargao), although also
Spanish sources (Calamianes, Cabo del Engaño, Moro
Hermoso, Nueva Segovia, Marinduque, etc).
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 256
 Maps & Prints
by Alfredo Roca

257 LEÓN GALLERY

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 258
259 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 260
198

Depart de Chasseurs Tagals

Bernard et Frey (lith)
(Ile Lucon, Philippines) Engraving
c. 1828 - 1837 B&W
Adam (sabateur) Paper
E.B. de la Touanne 33.5 cm x 52 cm
Langlume (lit)
Engraving P 10,000
B&W
Paper CONDITION REPORT
25 cm x 27.5 cm GOOD

Costumes et Cases D’Indiens Tagals,

Pres Manille (Ile Lucon, Philippines)
c. 1828 - 1837
E.B. de la Touanne (sabatier)
Bayot (fig)

261 LEÓN GALLERY

199 200

Un Indio de Manila Salidad de la puerta de Sto. Domingo

Engraving
Colored
(Monumento en memoria de Magallanes)
B. Giraudier (lit)
Paper
J. de Ribelles (dib)
39.5 cm x 30.5 cm
Ramirez y Giraudier
Engraving
P 15,000 Colored
CONDITION REPORT Paper
POOR 30.5 cm x 37.5 cm

P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 262
201

Interior de una casa en Manila (Cayda)

B. Giraudier (lit)
J. de Ribelles (dib)
Giraudier y Ortega
Engraving P 15,000
Colored
Paper CONDITION REPORT
31 cm x 37.5 cm POOR

263 LEÓN GALLERY

202

Colejialas de los beaterios en traje de Iglesia

B. Giraudier (lit)
J. de Ribelles (dib)
Ramirez y Giraudier
Engraving
Colored
Paper
30.5 cm x 37.5 cm

P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 264
203

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Indienne de l'Interieur des Philippines
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

265 LEÓN GALLERY

 204

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Homme de Manille menant son Coq au Combat
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

205

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Dona Potentiana, Femme Metisse de Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 266
206

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Padre Pedro de Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

267 LEÓN GALLERY

207

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Batelier de Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

208

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Rosita jeune Metisse de Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 268
 209

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Portuer Tagal a Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

210

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Femme Tagale a Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

269 LEÓN GALLERY

211

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Femme Tagale a Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

212

Galerie Royale de Costumes

Campagnard Tagal, pies Manille
(Iles Philippines)
Paris
P.C. Comte
Chez Albert
Engraving
Colored
Paper
52.5 cm x 33.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 270
213

Expedicion a Jolo 1876 Bocetos del Cronista del

Diario de Manila
1876
Manila
Baltasar Giraudier This outstanding book is a breathtaking collection of 38
Book tinted lithographed prints consisting of a map of the Sulu
64 Pages area and 17 marine and topographic landscapes plus
Printed 20 portraits of ethnographic representations of Moro
B&W
Sulu life and customs such as their native gravemarkers
Paper
39 cm x 57 cm and housing. Each plate is accompanied with a lengthy
explanation. Altogether, these portray a panorama of the
P 100,000 scenes of the Spanish military expedition led by Governor-
General José Malcampo (1874–1877) against the Sultan of
CONDITION REPORT Sulu and North Borneo Jamalul-Azam (r. 1862–1881), who
VERY POOR was based in Jolo.

271 LEÓN GALLERY

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 272
214

Les Philippines: Historie, Geographie, Moeurs,

Agriculture, Industrie, et Commerce des Colonies CONDITION REPORT

Espagnoles dans L'Oceanie L'Oceanie GOOD

c. 1846
Paris JEAN-BAPTIST MALLAT DE BASSILAN
J. Mallat
Libraire de la Societe de Geographie
Jean-Baptiste MALLAT de Bassilan. Les Philippines histoire,
Book
géographie, moeurs agriculture, industrie et commerce...
18 Pages
Printed Atlas. Paris: Arthus Bertrand, [1836]. Atlas volume only
Colored (without the 2 text vols), 2° (48.5 x 32.5cm). Letterpress title
HB and list of plates leaf. Large folding engraved map, hand-
50 cm x 34 cm coloured in outline, 10 fine hand-coloured lithographic
plates by Bayot on five leaves, seven engraved maps or
P 100,000 plans on 4 leaves, one folding lithographed leaf of music.
(Occasional very light marginal soiling.) Contemporary calf-

273 LEÓN GALLERY

backed marbled boards (spine and extremities rubbed)..
A RARE work, rarely seen at auction. The ethnographical/
historical costume plates by Bayot, printed by Lemercier,
are particularly fine; they consist of a single group portrait
of Villabos, Legaspi and Magellan, 6 ethnographical
portraits and three costume plates, all of inhabitants of
the Philippines. The maps include the large general map
of the Philippines, followed by detailed maps and plans
of various locations within the islands, ending with a plan
of Manila, the sheet music is titled "Comintang de la
Conquista".
This is the first in a three-volume work of Jean Mallat, a
doctor of medicine who served as an agent for the French
business interest in the Philippines. Mallat was primarily
involved in promoting french interest in Basilan Island
in Mindanao. Scholars like Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
recognize the contributions of Les Philippines for the
systematic manner of presenting data while recognizing
the fact that Mallat relied heavily on previous works
particularly Manuel Buzeta and Felipe Bravo’s twovolume
Diccionario geografico, estadistico, historico de la Islas
Filipinas published in 1850-51.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 274
275 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 276
277 LEÓN GALLERY
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 278
279 LEÓN GALLERY
215

Insulae Philippinae ex autographo, Manilae Ano

1734. Julsu regio per Don Fernandum Valdes
Tamon Ord. S. Jac. E. Gub. & Capit. Genrle.
dictarum insularum vulgato, RRPP Soc. J.
Missionaris inde transmisso fid. & exacte in hanc
Forma translate Philippine map based on the Murillo Velarde map and
1748
representing one of the earliest separate modern maps
Fernando Valdes Tamon
Leopold Johann Kaliwoda of the islands.
Engraved
B&W This is the small version of Pedro Murillo Velarde's map,
Paper by command of Fernando Valdes Tamon, published by
43 cm x 33 cm Leopold Johann Kaliwoda in Vienna in 1748, from his
German edition of Beschreibung deren Philippinischen
P 200,000 Inseln by Fr. Francisco Colin.

CONDITION REPORT
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/85608/early-edition-of-the-
VERY GOOD
murillo-velardes-map-des-neuen-welt-b-murillo-velarde-probst

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 280
216

Untitled Map of Southeast Asia

1663
Melchisédec Thévenot
Paris
Engraved
B&W
Paper
52.5 cm x 71 cm

P 100,000
CONDITION REPORT

POOR

This is the first edition of the untitled map of Southeast

Asia by Melchisédec Thévenot, copied from a portolan
chart by João Teixeira, published in Paris in 1663.

281 LEÓN GALLERY

217

A Chart of the China Sea, and Philippine Islands, 1778 (1794)

London
with the Archipelagos of Felicia and Soloo, Robert Carr
shewing the whole Tract comprized between Laurie & Whittle
Canton and Balambangan, with the Soundings, Engraved
B&W
Shoals, Rochs & ca. Composed from an Original Paper
Drawing, communicated by Capt. Robert Carr 95 cm x 63 cm

and Compared with the Map of Pedro Murillo de

P 300,000
Velarde, Engraved at Manilla in 1734 as well as
with the Surveys of Several British Navigators. CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 282
218

Carte des Costes de L’Asie sur L’Ocean contenant

Engraved
les Bancs Isles et Costes & c. Colored
levee sur les memoires les plus nouveau; Partie Paper
Orientale de L'Asie sur L'Ocean 61.5 cm x 91 cm
1693
Amsterdam P 50,000
R. de Hoagle
Chez Pierre Mortier sur le Vygendam CONDITION REPORT
Scale: [ca. 1: 14 000 000] GOOD

283 LEÓN GALLERY

219

To the Honorable the Court of Directors of

the United Company of Merchants of England
trading to the East Indies, this Chart of the
China Seas is most humbly dedicated by their
P 50,000
Obliged and Grateful Servant William Heather
1799
CONDITION REPORT
London
GOOD
William Heather
Engraving Nautical chart of the China Sea, and the Pacific Ocean
B&W showing ship tracks of the Glatton and the Canton. Relief
Paper shown pictorially, and by soundings.
95 cm x 127 cm

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 284
285 LEÓN GALLERY
220

A New Chart of the China Sea with its Several The A New Chart of the China Sea depicts an extensive
Entrances Drawn from a Great Number area, including key coastlines of China, Taiwan, the
Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, the Malay Peninsula,
of Draughts, Journals, and other Nautical
Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes.
Documents, Regulated
by Astronomical Observations. This chart holds a place of distinction in Laurie &
1802 Whittle's East India Pilot, or, Oriental Navigator. This
London
maritime atlas, published in various editions from 1794
Laurie & Whittle
onwards (and before that under the auspices of Laurie &
Engraving
B&W Whittle's predecessor, Robert Sayer), was instrumental for
Paper navigation in East Asia during this era.
94 cm x 62.5 cm
The chart's notable sea tracks, coastal profiles, and detailed
P 50,000 soundings lend it a significant stature in maritime history.
The inclusion of observations from the extensive trading
CONDITION REPORT
activities of the English East India Company (EIC) in the
GOOD
region lends the chart additional historical importance.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 286
221

Carte Reduite des Isles Philippines pour Servir

aux Vaisseaux du Roy
Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
edition of the 1734 / 1744 map
by Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde
Engraving
B&W
Paper
95 cm x 65 cm
printed by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin (1703-1772), the official
Hydrographer to the Royal French Navy. The elegant
P 50,000
composition features the entire Philippine Archipelago,
CONDITION REPORT
with the seas traversed by numerous rhumb lines, and
GOOD features a large title cartouche of a transitional rococo-
neo-classical style. Based on the very finest sources, it is
This large and finely engraved sea chart is one of the highly detailed, labeling all major settlements, as well as
seminal works of the mapping of the Philippines. It was details in the interior such as rivers and lakes.

287 LEÓN GALLERY

222

Plano de la Isla de Mindanao

1886
Querpo de E. M. del Ejercito
Engraving
Scale: [ca. 1: 557 270]
Colored
Paper
99 cm x 129 cm

P 80,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

223

Carte Reduite des Isles Philippines

pour Servir aux Vaisseaux du Roy
dressée au dépost des cartes plans
et journaux de la marine
1752
Ordre de M. Rouille Ministre et Secretaire d'Etat
ayant le Department de la marine
Engraving
Colored
Paper
95 cm x 65 cm

P 50,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

Attractive full color example of Bellin's large format map

of the Philippines, one of the best large format maps of
the period. Excellent topographical detail throughout.
Includes a remark setting forth how the map was derived
from a Spanish map by R.P. Pierre Murillo de Velarde
prepared in 1744 and providing a history of the islands
dating to the mid 16th Century.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 288
224

Pair of Prints
a.) Carayas ou machines a pecher, et Banka de
Manille Engraving
Paris B&W
Arthus-Bertrand (ed) Paper
Paris del Mozin (lith) 31.5 cm x 42 cm
Lemercier Benard et Ce.
Engraving P 30,000
B&W
Paper
CONDITION REPORT
32.5 cm x 46 cm
A.) GOOD

B.) FAIR

b.) Cascos de la Laguna, a la voile

Paris In 1841 the French Navy captain François-Edmond Pâris
Arthus-Bertrand (ed) compiled for publication his notes, sketches and naval
Paris del Mozin (lith)
architectural drawings of non-European watercraft,
Lemercier Benard et Ce.
Individual based on observations during three circumnavigations of
1 Page the globe on the ASTROLABE (1826-1829), LA FAVORITE
(1829-1833) and ARTEMISE (1837-1841).

289 LEÓN GALLERY

225

Pair of Prints
a.) Bilalo, bateau de passage de Manille a Cavite P 70,000
Paris
Arthus-Bertrand (ed) CONDITION REPORT
Paris del Mozin (lith) A.) FAIR
Formentin & Cie. B.) FAIR
Engraving
B&W
In 1841 the French Navy captain François-Edmond Pâris
Paper
compiled for publication his notes, sketches and naval
32 cm x 41.5 cm
architectural drawings of non-European watercraft,
based on observations during three circumnavigations of
b.) Caboteurs et Pirogues de la Laguna pres de
the globe on the ASTROLABE (1826-1829), LA FAVORITE
Manille (1829-1833) and ARTEMISE (1837-1841).
Paris
Arthus-Bertrand (ed)
Paris del Mozin (lith) François-Edmond Pâris's portfolio of meticulous naval
Formentin & Cie. plans, vibrant drawings and accompanying text on non-
Individual European vessels provides valuable historical information
1 Page about both Indigenous watercraft and the people who
Engraving
made and worked them during the early nineteenth
B&W
century.
Paper
30.5 cm x 43 cm

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 290
226

Insulae Philippinae
The first Western map to show the Philippines as a
1598 (1602)
Pie Pieter van den Keere; Petrus Bertius separate area—and which used the term “Philippines”
Engraved as its title— was the Insulae Philippinae of Langenes
B&W (1598), which is taken directly from the Linschoten map
Paper of 1595. It features a peculiar east-west orientation of the
11 cm x 16 cm
archipelago and strange angle for Palawan. This map
represents the first tolerably accurate depiction of the
P 50,000
archipelago’s complicated shores, including Luzon, whose
fine port of Manila had quickly become the center of the
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD Spanish empire in the Indies.

291 LEÓN GALLERY

227

Philippinae Insulae / Petrus Bertius.

ca. 1616 P 50,000
CONDITION REPORT
Engraved
GOOD
Colored
Paper
12.5 cm x 19 cm This map was published by Jodocus Hondius and was
taken from his maps of Southeast Asia.

228

Philippinae Insulae
ca. 1616
Petrus Bertius
Engraved
Colored CONDITION REPORT

Paper GOOD

12.5 cm x 19.5 cm
This map was published by Jodocus Hondius and was
P 50,000 taken from his maps of Southeast Asia.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 292
 Alexander Dalrymple
Lots 229 - 242

Alexander Dalrymple was a Scottish cartographer, editor,

and publisher of marine charts. His contributions include
cartography of more than 1100 charts of places such as
Asia, India, Australia, Africa, and the Pacific. He worked for
the East India Company for over 40 years, and in 1795 was
appointed as the Hydrographer to the British Admiralty
until his death in 1808.

Several trips to the Philippines between 1759 and 1764

enabled Dalrymple to produce different charts of places in
Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, Palawan, Sulu, and neighboring
areas.

He is known for publishing several charts and navigational

memoirs from his voyages, most notably in A Map of
part of Borneo and the Sooloo Archipelago, A Chart of
the Schooner Cuddalore's Track along the West Coast of
Palawan, A Chart of the China Sea, and A Collection of
Plans of Ports in the East Indies.

Source:
Geldart, P. (2017). Mapping the Philippine Seas: Exploration
and discovery of the Philippine archipelago as the nexus
of regional and global trading networks from the 16th to
the 19th centuries. Philippine Map Collectors Society.

293 LEÓN GALLERY

229

I.) Plan of Surigao Bay at the N. Point of

Mageendanao Island by Mr. William Greer in
The Royal Captain (1762)
II.) Plan of the Port of Palapa on the North Coast
of Samar by Don Manuel Galves
J. Russell
III.) Plan of Sorsogon Harbour, on the South East A. Dalrymple
Port of Luzon from a Spanish M.S. Engraved
B&W
IV.) Plan of Lampon Bay on the East Coast of Paper
Luzon by Manuel Galves (1754). 64 cm x 47.5 cm
I.) 1774
William Greer IV.) 1774
J. Russell J. Russell
A. Dalrymple A. Dalrymple
Engraved Engraved
B&W B&W
Paper Paper
64 cm x 47.5 cm 64 cm x 47.5 cm

II.) 1774 P 20,000

Don Manuel Galves
J. Russell
CONDITION REPORT
A. Dalrymple
POOR
Engraved
B&W
A collection of four charts engraved by J. Russell and
Paper
64 cm x 47.5 cm published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774. These charts
include bays, ports and harbors on Surigao, Maguindanao,
III.) 1774 Samar, Sorsogon, and Lampon.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 294
230

I.) Plan & View of St. Jacinto on Ticao by

I.D. of the Panther Man of War (1763)
II.) Plan of Zuthpen or Hounds Islands off
the S.E. part of Sumatra from a Dutch M.S.
III.) Plan of Lampoon Bay on the South part Paper
62.5 cm x 47 cm
of Sumatra from a Dutch M.S. Chart of the
Strait of Sunda obtained from a Chinese P 20,000
Noquedah at Canton (1764)
1774 CONDITION REPORT

J. Russell POOR

A. Dalrymple
Engraved A collection of three charts engraved by J. Russell and
B&W published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774.

295 LEÓN GALLERY

231

Chart of the Island Palawan from observations

in the Sloop Endeavour
in April & May 1774
1781
James Barton
A. Dalrymple
Engraved
B&W
Paper
65 cm x 48.5 cm

P 100,000
CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 296
232

Left: Bay, called by the natives, Dalawan, on the Engraved

S.E. part of the Island Balabac by Don Thomas de B&W
Paper
Castro 34 cm x 51 cm
Right: Plan of Port Sta. Maria on the West
Coast of Mageendanao or Mindanao from a P 20,000
Spanish MS. & Plan of Part of the So. Coast of CONDITION REPORT
Mageendanao or Mindanao from a Spanish MS of GOOD
doubtful authority.
ca. 1774 A collection of three charts engraved by J. Russell and
J. Russell published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774.

233

Plan of the Port of Seeseeran on Luzon

Plan of the Bay of S. Miguel de Naga on Luzon
from a Spanish M.S.
ca. 1774
chart by Don Manuel Galves
published by Alexander Dalrymple A. Dalrymple
engraved by W. Palmer
B&W
Paper
38 cm x 24.4 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

A chart drawn by Don Manuel Galves and William I. Palmer

published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774.

297 LEÓN GALLERY

234

Bay of Calapan on the N. Coast of Mindoro

from an English M.S.
ca. 1774
engraved by J. Russell
B&W
Paper
32 cm x 24 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

A chart engraved by J. Russell published by Alexander

Dalrymple in 1774.

235

Plan of the Chief Ports on the Coast of Ylocos in

Luzon from a Spanish MS
ca. 1774
inset chart Port of Salomague by Don Manuel Galves
published by Alexander Dalrymple
engraved by J. Russell
B&W
Paper
33 cm x 24.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

A chart engraved by Don Manuel Galves and J. Russell

published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774..

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 298
236

Plan of Capa-Luan in the Province of

Tayabas on Luzon by Don Manuel Galves.
and Batangas Bay on Luzon by Captn. Will:
Brereton 1763
ca. 1774
published by Alexander Dalrymple
engraved by J. Russell
B&W
Paper
31.5 cm x 23.5 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

A chart engraved by Don Manuel Galves and J. Russell

published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774

237

Bay of Panguyl on Mindanao or Mageendanao

from a Spanish M.S. 1754 P 20,000
Engraved
CONDITION REPORT
B&W
FAIR
Paper
31.5 cm x 47.5 cm
A chart published by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774.

299 LEÓN GALLERY

238

Bay & Rivers of Ypolote, on Palawan

or Paragua; by Don Thomas de Castro, 1753
Don Thomas de Castro
Engraved
B&W CONDITION REPORT
Paper FAIR
31.5 cm x 48.5 cm
A chart drawn by Don Thomas de Castro published
P 20,000 by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774.

239

Stretch of Maloza Bay on Basseelan

1782
Capt. Walter Alves
P 20,000
A. Dalrymple CONDITION REPORT
Engraved GOOD

Colored
Paper A chart drawn by Capt. Walter Alves published
41.5 cm x 34 cm by Alexander Dalrymple in 1774.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 300
240

Chart of Bongo Bay on Mageendanao

or Mindanao
ca. 1774
J. Russell P 20,000
A. Dalrymple CONDITION REPORT

Engraved GOOD

B&W
Paper A chart engraved by J. Russell published by Alexander
32 cm x 48 cm Dalrymple in 1774.

241

Descripcion de las Indias del Poniente

ca. 1622
Antonio de (y Tordesillas) Herrera
Juan Lopez de Velasco
From Descripcion de las Indias Ocidentales
Engraved
Colored
Paper
39 cm x 47 cm

P 40,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

301 LEÓN GALLERY

242

A Chart of the China Sea Inscribed to Monsr.

d'Apres de Mannevillette the Ingenious Author Paper
81 cm x 55.5 cm
of the Neptune Oriental: As a Tribute Due to his
Labours for the Benefit of Navigation; and in P 50,000
acknowledgement of his many signal Favours to
A. Dalrymple / Alexander Dalrymple; Jean Baptist CONDITION REPORT

GOOD
Nicholas D. De Mannevillette. Paris.
1775
Engraving
B&W

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 302
243

Pair of Carte Hydrographique & Chorographique

des Isles Philippines dressée par le R.P.
1760
Pierre Murillo Velarde, de la C. de Gieusu sur les
Cartes, les Relations et les Navigations les plus Lowitz’s two-sheet version of Father Pedro Murillo
exactes a Manille 1734
Velarde’s map of the Philippines, the first reasonably
Publisher: Heritiers de Homann
obtainable large-format map of the archipelago and the
55 cm x 64 cm each
most accurate map of the islands to that date. The map
P 100,000 shows a very detailed view of the islands, with villages,
waterways, and historical events marked. There are trees
CONDITION REPORT and hills included, although they are more decorative than
GOOD geographic.

303 LEÓN GALLERY

244
[Manila] / Joris van Spilbergen. No.18
1619 (1621)
P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT
GOOD
One of the earliest obtainable printed views of the Bay of
Manila.
From 9 February to 10 March 1616 Joris van Spilbergen’s
fleet was in the Philippines after crossing the Pacific
Ocean from Mexico. After arriving at the island of Capul
the fleet continued to Manila. He was informed that a
large fleet waited for him at Manilla and sailed there. The
information proved incorrect as the Spanish fleet had left
Manila around the time that Spilbergen arrived in the
Philippines. The winds prevented Van Spilbergen from
attacking Manila. In March, Van Spilbergen heard that
the Spanish fleet was headed for Ternate and decided to
follow it there.
This image shows the events at the bay of Manila. A. is
the Bay of Manila. B. is the harbor of Manila, where there
were a lot of ships. C. is the city Manila. D. is a castle in the
town Cavite, near Manila. E. is the island Maribella. F. is
the Dutch fleet of six ships. It consisted of five Dutch ships
and a captured Spanish vessel. G. are Dutch boats, with
which they tried to capture prisoners. H. are local ships
called ‘junks’. I. Are two Dutch ships which captured two
sampans. K. is a Dutch boat that forced a local sampan to
come to the fleet.
The map was issued in 1619 in Spilbergen's rare Journal of
his own voyage, published in combination with the Journal
of Jacob Le Maire's voyage of 1615-17 that discovered
Strait Lemaire and Cape Horn, an alternative a route that
avoided the Strait and the VOC monopoly.
T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 304
245

Pair of Philippine Maps

a.) Carte des isles Philippines: Dressee sur la
Carte Espagnole du R.P. Murillo de Velarde
1734 (1752)
Sr. Bellin
One of the most detailed maps of the period. Includes a
Engraved
Colored large decorative title cartouche. One of the maps produced
Paper by Nicolas Bellin for Prevost d'Exiles influential travel book,
24.5 cm x 19 cm L'Histoire Generale des Voyages.

b.) Carte des Isles Philippines The map is based upon the map of R.P. Murillo de Velarde.
1734 (1752)
Sr. Bellin Detailed map of the Southern portion of the Philippines,
Engraved
extending from Masbate and Oetablas Islands to Jolo
Colored
Island and centered on Mindanao and Leyte Islands.
Paper
25 cm x 36.5 cm
The map is based upon a map by R.P. Murillo de Velarde,
P 10,000 the most influential map of the Philippines published in
the 18th Century.
CONDITION REPORT
A.) FAIR
B.) GOOD One of the most detailed maps of the period. Includes a
Detailed map of the Northern portion of the Philippines, large decorative title cartouche. One of the maps produced
extending from Batanes and Babuyanes to Mindoro and by Nichlas Bellin for Prevost d'Exiles' influential series of
Masbate, and centered on Luzon. travel books, L'Histoire Generale des Voyages.

305 LEÓN GALLERY

246

A Pair of Philippine Maps

a.) Carte du Canal des Isles Philippines par lequel
passe le Galion de Manille et les Iles voisines de ce
Canal
Lord George Anson / Sir Richard Walter
B&W
1764 (1787)
Paper
Paris
34 cm x 51 cm
Engraved
B&W
Paper P 10,000
58 cm x 48.5 cm CONDITION REPORT
A.) POOR
B.) GOOD
b.) Plan de la baye de Manille
George Anson
Chart of the Northern Philippines, from Lord George
Paris
Anson’s 2nd French edition ‘Voyage Autour du Monde’,
(Includes Plan du port d' Acapulco sur la Cöte du
Mexique dans la Mer du Sud in the sheet.) published by La Compagnie des Libraires, Paris, after
ca. 1750 Walter’s ‘A Voyage Round the World in the Years MDCCXL,
Engraved I, II, III, IV’, with 42 maps and engravings.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 306
247

Isles Philippines a Nuremberg

Chez Gabriel Nicolas Raspe
Nuremberg.
ca 1770 part of the Seven Years’ War 1756-1763, fought between
Engraved Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal and some German states
Colored
against France, the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire,
Paper
24 cm x 39.5 cm Russia until 1762, Spain, and Sweden. Among the territorial
changes agreed in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Spain lost
P 15,000 Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control
of its colonies Cuba and the Philippines, which had been
CONDITION REPORT
GOOD
captured by Britain during the war. The Seven Years’
War could be called WWI as it involved every European
The Philippines was included in Raspe’s book on existing power of the time and spanned 5 continents: Europe, the
wars, because of the British Occupation from 1762-64 as Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines.

248

Insulae Philippinae = Islas de los Ladrones

Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville
1652 (1683)
Engraved
Colored
P 20,000
Paper CONDITION REPORT
23.5 cm x 33 cm GOOD

307 LEÓN GALLERY

249

A Chart of the Channel in the Philippin P 10,000

Islands through which the Manila Galeon
CONDITION REPORT
passes together with the adjacent Islands FAIR
1749
R.W. Seale The map illustrates the track of the Manila Galleon trade
Engraved from the Mole of Cabite until clear of land. From Manila, the
Colored galleons passed above Mindoro, below Marinduque and
Paper
Burias, above Tiaco and past Capul and San Bernardino
79 cm x 65 cm
Islands, before making the open waters north of Samal
[Samar].

250

De Philippynsche Eilanden = Ladronsche of

Dieve Eilanden
Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville
Utrecht (German)
1705
Sr. Sanson d'Abbeville
Engraved
B&W
Paper
23 cm x 31 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

Includes map of the Philippines and Marianas. The map

also shows Borneo and some of China's southern coastline.

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 251

Plan des principaux ports de la cote d' Illocos en

l'isle de Lucon [Map of the Principal Ports of the
Ilocos Coast]
Apres de Mannevillette,
[Jean Baptiste Nicolas-Denis d'].
1775
Engraved
B&W
Paper
55.5 cm x 42 cm

P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR

252

Carte du Canal des Isles Philippines par lequel

passe le Galion de Manille et les Iles voisines de ce
Canal
Lord George Anson / Sir Richard Walter
c. 1787
Paris
Individual
1 Page
Engraved
Colored
Paper
58 cm x 48.5 cm

P 30,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR

309 LEÓN GALLERY

253

Ports in the Filipinas

(Cebu and Iloilo)
1859 CONDITION REPORT
Publisher: London GOOD
J. & C. Walker
I.D. Porter Agent for the Admiralty Charts 5 maps on 1 sheet
Engraving
B&W
Paper Published at the Admiralty 1st Octr. 1855 under the
69 cm x 51 cm Superintendence of Captn. Washington R.N. F.R.S.
Hydrographer : Sold by J.D. Potter, agent for the Admiralty
P 20,000 charts

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 310
254

Plan of Solsogon Harbour on the South Coast

of Luconia from Murillo, Chart on the Eastern
Coast of Bongo Bay in the Island of Mindanao tip of the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon.
from VanKeulen
1794 The chart includes soundings and rhumblines, straight
London navigational paths that would be followed using a constant
Laurie & Whittle compass bearing. The addition of several anchorages
Engraved
signified safe locations for ships to anchor and probably
B&W
Paper rest or make repairs.
65 cm x 46.5 cm
Both charts, derived from British explorations, bear
P 10,000 testament to the British Empire's active involvement in

CONDITION REPORT
POOR
The first chart offers a detailed layout of the Solsogon
Harbour. Solsogon (Sorsogon) is located at the southern
Southeast Asia. These detailed charts not only provided
invaluable navigational insights but also reflected the
larger geopolitical and commercial aspirations of the
British during that period.

311 LEÓN GALLERY

255

Mapa de las ylas Philipinas hecho por el Pe. Pedro

Murillo Velarde de la Comp. de Jesus
1744 (1946)
Pedro Murillo Velarde
Engraved CONDITION REPORT
Colored GOOD
Paper
72 cm x 52 cm A 1946 reprint of Pedro Murillo Velarde's famed map
Mapa de las Yslas Philipinas hecho por el p. Pedro Murillo
P 15,000 Velarde de la Compañía de Jesus

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 312
 256

Philippine Map
[Philippine Islands]
Francois Valentijn
[Netherlands]: Te Dordrecht, J. van Braam.
1726
Individual
Colored
Paper
33.5 cm x 44 cm

P 60,000
CONDITION REPORT

VERY POOR

257

Les isles Philippines

Allain Manesson Mallet
Paris. (French)
De L'Asie
Figure LIV
1682 (1683)
Printed
B&W
Paper
21 cm x 14 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

258

Isles Philippines dites autrement de Manilhe

Pierre du Val
Colored
1663 (1676)
Engraved
Colored
Paper
15 cm x 14 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

VERY GOOD

An uncommon map of the Philippines, including parts

of China and Borneo, depicting major towns and
topographical features.

The fictitious island of San Juan (I.S. Iuan) is also featured.

313 LEÓN GALLERY

259

Indiae Orientalis nova descriptio Colored

Jan Jansson
Paper
Amsterdam
41 cm x 52.5 cm
Johannes Janssonius
1639
Amsterdam
P 15,000
Ioannes Ianzonius
Engraved CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

260

Untitled Map of the Philippines

and Marianas Islands
ca. 1819
Charles Le Gobien (first published in 1715).
Engraved P 10,000
B&W
Paper CONDITION REPORT
15.5 cm x 20 cm FAIR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 314
261

A new map of the East Indies taken from Mr. de

Fer's Map of Asia, shewing their cheif divisions,
cities, towns, ports, rivers, mountains & c.
Edward Wells
1701
P 15,000
London
CONDITION REPORT
Mr. de Fers
POOR
Engraved
Colored
Paper A late 17th Century map of Southeast Asia, by Edward
44 cm x 58 cm Wells, based upon the previous work by De Fer.

262

Isles Philippines
George Louis Le Rouge
Paris
1748 P 10,000
Paris
Chez le Rouge CONDITION REPORT

Engraved GOOD

Colored
Paper Detailed map of the Philippines, from Le Rouge's scarce
22.5 cm x 32 cm Atlas Nouveau Portatif, published in Paris in 1748.

315 LEÓN GALLERY

263

Carte des Isles Philippines

Louis Brion de la Tour
Paris
From the 'Histoire Universelle'
(Black & White)
ca 1780
Engraved
B&W
P 10,000
Paper CONDITION REPORT
25.5 cm x 37 cm GOOD

264

Isles Philippines a Paris chez Crepy

1748 (1767) P 10,000
George Louis Le Rouge
Paris CONDITION REPORT

Chez Crepy GOOD

Engraved
Colored Detailed map of the Philippines, from Le Rouge's scarce
Paper Atlas Nouveau Portatif, published in Paris in 1748.
25.5 cm x 37.5 cm

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 316
 265

Islas Filipinas
D. Martin Ferreiro; R. Alabern
Madrid: Gaspar y Roig
ca. 1864
Engraved
B&W
Paper
45.5 cm x 36 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

POOR

266

Isole Filippine
ca. 1734 (1785)
Antonio Zatta e Figli
Venice
Engraved
Colored
Paper
48.5 cm x 37.5 cm

P 80,000 - estimate
CONDITION REPORT

FAIR

From Atlante novissimo, illustrato ed accresciuto sulle

osservazioni, e scoperte fatte dai piu celebri e piu recenti
geografi.

267

Le Isole della Sonda, Molucche,

e Filippine
ca. 1797
Giovanni Maria Cassini
Engraved
Colored
Paper
58 cm x 45.5 cm

P 50,000 - estimate
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

317 LEÓN GALLERY

268

The Philippine Isles

1688
Robert Morden
London
Engraved
Colored
Paper
20 cm x 15.5 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

Rare English map of the Philippines, first published in 1687

by Robert Morden. One of the earliest obtainable English
maps of the Philippines.

269

A new map of the Philippine Islands : drawn from

the best authorities
Thomas Kitchin
London
ca 1769
T. Kitchin
Engraved
B&W
Paper
27 cm x 20.5 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT
GOOD

270

Die Asiatischen Kolonien die Philippinen, Die

Guineainseln
Leipzig: Georg Joachim Goschen
1825
Engraved
Colored
Paper
26 cm x 33.5 cm

P 10,000
CONDITION REPORT
GOOD

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 318
271

Plan de la Baye et Ville de Manille, capitale des

Isles Philippines : situee en l'isle Lucon
Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis de Mannevillette.
1775
Engraved
Colored
Paper
55.5 cm x 41 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR

319 LEÓN GALLERY

272

Plan of the Bay of Manilla in the Isle of Luconia,

the principal of the Philippine islands P 20,000
surveyed by Señor Alexandro Malaspina and
CONDITION REPORT
communicated by Captn. G.G. Richardson
VERY GOOD
1798
London
G.G. Richardson Nautical chart of the Bay of Manilla in the Isle of Luconia
Laurie & Whittle the principal of the Philippine islands.
Engraved
Colored From: The country trade East-India pilot, for the navigation
Paper
of the East-Indies and oriental seas, within the limits of the
53.5 cm x 37.5 cm
East-India Company . . . by M. d'Apres de Mannevillette

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 320
273

Plan De La Baye De Manille et de ses Environs P 20,000

Verifie sur la Fregate Meduse en 1789. et Corrrige CONDITION REPORT

particulierement pour les Positions du Banc de POOR

St. Nicolas et de la Pointe de Caponne. au Depot

The chart includes a profile view of the approach to Manilla
des Cartes et Plans de la Marine l'An VII. de la Bay, centered on Mount Silanguin.
Repube
France The original survey was conducted in 1789 by the Frigate
Depôt des Cartes et Plans de la Marine
Meduse. In the same time period, the Meduse was also
edition of 1798-99
Engraved involved in trade with Macao and private efforts to support
B&W Nguyen Phúc Ánh, the future Emperor of Vietnam and the
55 cm x 39 cm founder of the Nguyen Dynasty.

321 LEÓN GALLERY

274

La Baie de Manille
ca. 1729
P 10,000
Pieter van der Aa
Engraving
CONDITION REPORT
Colored
GOOD
Paper
35.5 x 25.5 cm

275

Mapa de la Provincia de Cavite (Isla de Luzon)

Engraving
B&W
Paper CONDITION REPORT
42 cm x 63 cm POOR
P 10,000

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 322
 276

Manille
Allain Manesson Mallet
[Paris]: D. Thierry.
ca 1683
Printed
B&W
Paper
21 cm x 14 cm

P 20,000
CONDITION REPORT

GOOD

277

Plan du Port de Subec, en L'Isle de Lucon

[Plan of The Port of Subic on Luzon Island]
ca. 1775
Paris
[Jean-Baptiste N.D] D'Apres de
Mannevillette.
Engraved
B&W
Paper
56 cm x 42 cm

P 15,000
CONDITION REPORT
FAIR

323 LEÓN GALLERY

278

Manila Bay
François Valentijn 1724 (1726)
Engraved
Colored
Paper
34 cm x 45.5 cm
From: Valentyn F.,Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, vervattende
P 20,000 Een Naaukeurige en Uitvoerige Verhandelinge van
CONDITION REPORT Nederlands Mogendheyd In die Geweesten. Amsterdam, J.
GOOD van Braam & G. onder de Linden, 1724-26.

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 324
279

Manila Bay, surveyed by Don Felipe Bauza 1792

London
D. Felipe Bauza
Scale: ca. 1:140 000
CONDITION REPORT
Mercator
GOOD
Hydrographical Office of the Admiralty
Engraved
B&W Chart of Manila Bay published by the British Admiralty on
Paper 25th January 1830 and subsequently (in 1839) given the
65.5 cm x 49 cm chart number 976

P 30,000

325 LEÓN GALLERY

280

A Plan of Pulo Condore, situated at the East End

of the Gulph of Siam,
A Plan of the Bay of Manilla, situated on the I.
Luconia (Capital of the Philippine Islands)
1774
From an English edition of d'Après de Mannevillette's
Neptune Oriental, published in London by William
Herbert
Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Denis d'Après de Mannevillette
Engraved
B&W
Paper
62.5 cm x 47 cm

P 30,000
CONDITION REPORT

POOR

T H E B I B L I O P H I L E S A N D E X P L O R E R S A U C T I O N 2 0 2 3 326
Index Book Authors
A Francisco Javier de Moya y Jiménez 207
Francisco Martín Sánchez 209
A. Alcalá López 243 Francisco Moreno 76, 114
Adelina Gurrea 245, 246 Francisco Pi y Margall 249
Adolfo Puya Ruiz 17 Francisco Vila 234
Agustín de la Cavada 202 Francis Palgrave 251
Alexander Young 247 Fr. Bernardino Nozaleda, OP 68
American Voyages to the Orient (1690-1865) 3 Fr. Diego Bergaño 121
Andrés García Camba 214 Frederic H. Sawyer 73
Angel Estrada 236 Fr. Francisco de Santa Inés, OFM 116
Ángel Martínez Cuesta 209 Fr. Gaspar de San Agustín, OSA 99
Antonio Álvarez de Abreu 170 Fr. Juan de la Concepción 111
Antonio Fernández de Rota y Tournan 242 Fr. Juan de Noceda, SJ y 120
Antonio Flórez Hernández 164 Fr. Juan de Paz 133
Antonio García del Canto 201, 235, 238 Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio 104
Antonio Maura 67, 68 Fr. Manuel Buzeta y Fr. Felipe Bravo 131
Antonio Vázquez de Aldana 234 Fr. Pablo Pastells, SJ 167
Arturo Garin 13 Fr. Pedro de Sanlúcar, SJ 120
Aurelio Martín Alonso 247 Fr. Sebastián de Totanés 122
Fr. Ulpiano Herrero y Sampedro, OP 61
B
G
Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola 123, 124, 126
Benito Francia 237 Gabino Pérez Valdés 221
Gabriel Marcel 230
C Gregorio Sancianco y Goson 4, 32
Guillermo Bennásar 227, 228
Carlos Recur 181, 198
Carlos Sanz 6, 158 H
Carlos Sanz (ed.) 6
Casimiro de Grau y Figueras 203 Honorato Castro Bonel 251
Casimiro Díaz 115
Casto de Elera, OP 192 I
Concepción Pajarón Parody 249
Conrado Blanco 242 Isabelo de los Reyes 27, 28, 37, 89, 135, 136, 151

D J
Diego Aduarte, OP 3 Jacinto Juanmartí, SJ 228
Jaime C. de Veyra 244
E James B. McKenna 5
Jean Mallat 5, 274
Eduardo G. Gallarza y Joaquín Loriga Taboada 250 J. Jimeno Agius 202
Edwin Wolf 2nd (ed.) 96 Joaquín Durán 63
Eladio Zamora 65 Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga 129, 137
Emilio Bernáldez 200, 206 Joaquín Pellicena 251
Emilio García Triviño 219 Joaquín Rajal y Larre 22
Emilio Salgari 241 José Cabezas de Herrera 207
Enrique Abella y Casariego 15, 16 José Centeno y García 207
Enrique Llovet 249 José de Alcázar 209
Evangelina Guerrero Zacarías 244 José Fernández-Rúa 209
Evaristo Liébana 12 José García Morón 178
José Genova e Iturbe 64
F José Mariano Moziño 212
José María Santo 9
Federico de Monteverde y Sedano 58 José Montero y Vidal 199, 204, 236
Federico Faura, SJ 196 Joseph Wheeler & José de Olivares 74
Felipe Canga-Argüelles y Villalba 18 José Rizal (1861 - 1896) 35
Felipe Govantes 201 José Tenorio 227
Felipe María de Govantes 199 José Toribio Medina 145, 156, 157, 158, 171
Felipe Robles Degano 249 José V. Pérez Martinez 64
Ferdinand Blumentritt 4, 29, 89 Josué Soncuya 249
Ferdinand Philippine Marie d’Orleans, Duc d’Alençon 6 Juan García de Torres 209
Fernando Blumentritt 29 Juan José Delgado 118
Fernando Fulgosio 247 Juan Manzano Manzano 247
Fernando Primo de Rivera 14, 53, 54 Juan Martí y Canto 251
Fernando Soldevilla 249 Juan Salcedo 208
F. Ferrer y Gutiérrez 241 Juan y José Toral 3, 57
Francisco Ahuja 208 Julia Herraez S. De Escariche 250
Francisco Cañamaque 24, 233 Julián González Parrado 23
Francisco Combés, SJ 138 Julio Rossignon 247
Francisco de Mas y Otzet 207
Francisco Díez Angulo 217 L
Francisco Gaínza 216
Francisco Gutiérrez Creps 196 L. F. Dubief 252
Luis Mercader y Sartorio 196 Victoriano Reinosa de León 251

M W
Manuel Azcárraga y Palmero 220 Waldo Jiménez de la Romera 207
Manuel Blanco 193 Wenceslao E. Retana 145
Manuel Hazañas y la Rúa 231 Wenceslao Retana 25, 36, 135, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150,
Manuel María Rincón 239, 240 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 174, 239
Manuel Sastrón 65, 209 Wilhelm Bernhardt 251
Manuel Scheidnagel 207 Wilhelm Roscher 6
Marqués de la Solana 218 W. Nephew King 73
Marrion Wilcox (ed.) 74
Martín Fernández de Navarrete 165, 172 X
Maximino Lillo de Gracia 11
M. Cánovas 203 Xavier Dusmet de Arizcun 251
Miguel Rodríguez Berriz 176 Ximeno Ximénez 235
Miguel Saderra Masó 197
Miguel Selga, SJ 171, 196 Z
Miguel Zaragoza 26, 232
Zoilo Espejo 198
N
Nicolás de Soraluce y Zubizarreta 252
Nicolás Díaz Pérez y Viriato Díaz-Pérez 68

P
Pablo Feced 211, 237
Index Book Titles
Patricio de la Escosura 24, 233
Paul P. de la Gironière 4
Paul Rodríguez Verzosa (comp.) 243 Symbols
P. Caro 222
Pedro Alejandro Paterno 42, 43, 232 1898: Cuba y Filipinas
Pedro Murillo Velarde 106, 108, 171, 225, 280, 287, 303, 312 [1898: Cuba and the Philippines] 209
Pedro Torres Lanzas 167, 174 ¡La Guerra!. Filipinas. Memorias de un herido
Pío A. de Pazos y Vela-Hidalgo 223 [The war! Philippines. Memories of a wounded soldier]
66
R
A
Rafael Cerero y Sáenz 5
Rafael Comenge 229 Actas de la Comisión de Filipinas correspondientes al periodo
Rafael Díaz Arena 4 inaugural de sesiones de la Primera Legislatura Filipina
Rafael García López 196 [Proceedings of the Commission on the Philippines for the
Rafael Ginard y Mas 196 inaugural session of the First Philippine Legislature] 184
Rafael Walls y Merino 226 Actas de la Comisión de Filipinas correspondientes al segundo
Ramón González Fernández 52 periodo de sesiones de la Primera Legislatura Filipina
Ramón González Fernández y Federico Moreno y Jerez 52 [Proceedings of the Commission on the Philippines for the
Ramón Jordana y Morera 210 second session of the First Philippine Legislature] 184
Ricardo Burguete 66 Adelardo López de Ayala
Ricardo Fernández de la Reguera 251 Memoria presentada a las cortes constituyentes por el Ministro
de Ultramar
S [Report presented to the Constituent Courts by the Minister of
Overseas Territories] 180
Sanson d’Abbeville 256 A discourse of the life and character of the Hon. Nathaniel
Santiago Montero 249 Bowditch… 247
Saturnino Martín Cerezo 69, 70 Almanaque Filipino y Guía de Forasteros para el 50
Sebastián Soler y Vidal 188 Amor de un día: en el pansol de Kalamba 42
Sebastián Vidal y Soler 186, 188 An Account of Merchant and Naval Activities in China, Japan,
Severino Aznar 68 and the various Pacific Islands 3
Severo Gómez Núñez 66 An Attempt at Writing a Philippine Ethnography 4
Sinibaldo de Mas 3, 231 An Historical View of the Philippine Islands: Exhibiting their
Discovery, Population, Language, Government, Manners,
T Customs, Productions, and Commerce 129
Anuario Filipino para 1877 52
Teófilo Aparicio López 172 Aparato Bibliográfico de la Historia General de Filipinas
Tomás Castellano y Villarroya 55 [Bibliographical Apparatus of General History of the
Tomás de Comyn 76, 222 Philippines] 147
Aportaciones geográficas del Gobernador de Filipinas Guido
V Lavezares 249
Apuntes interesantes sobre las Islas Filipinas que pueden
Ventura Fernández López 230 ser útiles para hacer las reformas convenientes y
Vicente Alemany 140 productivas para el país y para la nación
Vicente Barrantes 220, 221
Victor Concas y Palau 60
Victoriano Reinosa 56, 251
 [Interesting notes on the Philippine Islands that may be
useful for making reforms that are convenient an 220
Apuntes para la Razón General de su Hacienda 248
Apuntes sobre el camino militar emprendido desde la provincia
de Abra a la de Cagayán,
en la isla de Luzón
[Notes about the military journey from
the Abra province until Cagayan province,
in Luzon island] 12
Arancel General para el Comercio Esterior de Filipinas
[General Tariffs for Foreign Trade of the Philippine Islands] 179
Arancel general para el comercio exterior de las Islas Filipinas
[General Tariffs for Foreign Trade of the Philippine Islands] 179
Archipiélago de Joló. Memoria
[Sulu Archipelago. Report] 13
Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino
[Archive of the Philippine bibliophile] 142
Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog para la
administración de los ss. Sacramentos
[Art of Tagalog Language, and Tagalog handbook
for administering the Holy Sacraments] 122
A Spaniard in the Portuguese Indies: the narrative of Martín
Fernández de Figueroa 5
Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Bajo la dirección de la Compañía
de Jesús: Exámenes públicos y solemne distribución de
premios
[Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Under the Direction of
the Society of Jesus: Public Examinations and Solemn
Distribution of Prizes] 219
B 1888 183
Bajo el cielo filipino (novela histórica) 243
Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II
[Spanish-Philippine Bank of Isabel II] 218
Beneficencia de España en Indias (Avance para su Estudio) 250
Bibliografía de Mindanao
[Bibliography of Mindanao] 145
Bibliografía española de las Islas Filipinas (1523-1810)
[Spanish bibliography of the Philippine Islands (1523-1810)] 157
Blanco y Negro. Revista Ilustrada
[Black and White. Illustrated Magazine] 78
Boletín Oficial del Magisterio Filipino
[Official Bulletin of Philippine Teaching] 77
Brevísimo epítome de la Imprenta en Manila (1593-1810)
[A Brief Epitome of Printing in Manila
(1593-1810)] 156
C 1891 208
Camarines Sur. Descripción general de esta provincia de
Luzón…
[Camarines Sur. General description of the province of Luzon]
17
Campaña de Filipinas: la división Lachambre 1897
[The Philippine campaign: the Lachambre division, 1897] 58
Carriedo y sus obras. Memoria de las obras pías de los pobres y
del agua…
[Carriedo and his works. Memory of the pious works of the poor
and of the water...] 207
Cartas de los PP. de la Compañía de Jesús de la Misión de
Filipinas
[Letters from the Fathers of the Society of Jesus of the
Philippines Mission] 208
Cartilla de Agricultura Filipina
[Basics of Philippine agriculture] 198
Catálogo de Legajos del Archivo General de Indias (Secciones
Primera y Segunda) 174
Catálogo de los documentos relativos a las islas Filipinas
existentes en el Archivo de Indias
[Catalog of documents relating to the Philippine Islands
in the Archive of the Indies] 167
Catálogo general de documentos relativos a las Islas Filipinas
existentes en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla
[General catalog of documents relating to the Philippine
Islands in the Archive of the Indies in Seville] 166
Catálogo sistemático de toda la fauna de Filipinas conocida
hasta el presente, y a la vez el de la colección zoológica
del museo de los PP. dominicos del Colegio-Universidad
de Santo Tomás de Manila. Manila: Imprenta del Colegio
de Santo Tomás, 1895-96. 3 192
Causa Instruida por la Destrucción de la Escuadra de Filipinas y
Entrega del Arsenal
de Cavite
[Case filed for the destruction of the Philippine fleet and
surrender of the Cavite arsenal] 60
Cháchara. Páginas de la vida manileña
[Chitchat. Pages of the Manila life] 239
Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de S. Gregorio, Papa, el
Magno, Doctor de la Iglesia:
De Religiosos descalzos de N.S.P.S. Francisco en las islas
Philipinas, China, Japon (Parte Segunda). 104
Circular Instrucción de 27 de agosto de 1884 para la redacción
de las cuentas de cédulas personales
[Circular Instruction of August 27, 1884, for the drafting of
accounts of personal identification cards] 183
Circular para la liquidación definitiva y formalización de los
ingresos y pagos del presupuesto de 1864 y 65 y
anteriores que con él están enlazados
[Circular for the final liquidation and formalization of receipts
and payments of the budget of 1864 and ' 179
Clave Telegráfica de Nonito Plandolit y C. de Manila Islas
Filipinas
[Telegraphic key of Nonito Plandolit y C, Manila,
Philippine Islands] 198
Código de comercio para las Islas Filipinas y demás
archipiélagos españoles de Oceanía
[Code of Commerce for the Philippine Islands and other Spanish
archipelagos of Oceania]
Colección de Autos Acordados de la Real Audiencia Chancilleria
de Filipinas
[Collection of Agreed Orders of the Royal Court
Chancery of the Philippines] 169
Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento,
conquista y organización de las antiguas posesiones
españolas de Ultramar. Islas Filipinas
[Collection of unpublished documents relating to the
discovery, conquest and organization of the forme 166
Colección de los viajes y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar
los españoles desde fines del siglo XV
[Collection of the voyages and discoveries made by sea
by the Spaniards since the end of the 15th century] 165
Colonias españolas. Proyectos de dominación y colonización de
Mindanao y Joló
[Spanish colonies. Projects of domination and colonization of
Mindanao and Sulu]
Colonización de Filipinas: inmigración peninsular
[Colonization of the Philippines: peninsular immigration]
209
Comisión Central de Estadística de Filipinas (Primer Cuaderno)
[Central Statistical Commission of the Philippines (First Part)]
179
Conquista de las Islas Malucas 126
Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 115
Conquistas de las Islas Philipinas 99
Consideraciones acerca de la actual situación política de
Filipinas
[Considerations regarding the political situation nowadays in
the Philippines] 29
Constitución de la Monarquía Española 247
Consultas y Resoluciones varias, Theologicas, Juridicas,
Regulares, y Morales 133
Costumbres de los indios tirurayes
[Customs of the Tiruray ethnic group] 227
Crónica de la exposición de Filipinas
[Chronicle of the Exhibiton of the Philippines] 164
Cronica de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno 116
Crónica General de España… 247
Cuentos de Juana (Narraciones malayas de las islas Filipinas)
246
D
De caña y nipa. Materiales ligeros.
[From cane and nipa. Light materials] 237
Defensa Obligada contra acusaciones gratuitas
 [Mandatory defense against gratuitous accusations] 68
De la Evolución de la Literatura Castellana en Filipinas: Los
Poetas
[On the evolution of Castilian Literature in the
Philippines: the Poets] 153
Descripción del huracán que el día 20 de octubre de 1882
[Description of the hurricane on October 20, 1882] 223
Descripcion física, geológica y minera en bosquejo de la Isla de
Panay
[Sketch of a physical, geological, and mining description of the
Island of Panay] 16
Diccionario de Filipinismos
[Dictionary of Filipinisms] 154
Diccionario de la administración de Filipinas
[Dictionary of Philippine Administration] 176
Diccionario de la lengua de Maguindanao
[Dictionary of the language of Maguindanao] 228
Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico, de las Islas
Filipinas 131
Diccionario tiruray-español
[Dictionary Tiruray-Spanish] 228
Diezmos de un día
[One-day tithes] 236
Diez y Seis Años de Regencia… 247
Discursos y rectificaciones del Sr. D. Francisco Martín Sánchez...
pronunciados en el Congreso de los Diputados... [en]
1895 contra el dictámen del proyecto de ley de régimen
de gobierno y administracion civil en las islas de Cuba y
Puerto Rico
[Speeches 209
Disposiciones de España y de los Estados
Unidos referentes a la guerra y Declaraciones
de Neutralidad
[Spanish and U.S. War Provisions and Declarations of
Neutrality] 59
Disposiciones oficiales vigentes, relativas al ramo de Montes de
las Islas Filipinas. Comprende desde el año 1874 a 1882
[Official provisions in force, relative to the branch of Forestry of
the Philippine Islands. Covers the years 1874 to 1882]
181
Doctrina Christiana: The First Book Printed in the Philippines
(Library of the Congress facsimile) 96
Documentos parlamentarios para ser presentados a las Cortes
en la Legislatura de 1885: Joló y Borneo
[Parliamentary documents to be submitted to the Cortes in the
Legislature of 1885: Jolo and Borneo] 182
Documentos referentes a la reducción de infieles e inmigración
en las Provincias de Cagayán y la Isabela
[Documents dealing with the settlement of pagans and
immigration to the Provinces of Cagayan and Isabela]
14
Dos grandes aventureros españoles del siglo XVI 251
E 137
Ejercito de Filipinas: Escalafón General por antigüedad en 1 de
Enero de 1887
[Army of the Philippines: General Rank by Seniority as of
January 1, 1887] 182
El Affaire Nozaleda
[The Nozaleda affair] 68
El archipiélago filipino y las islas Marianas, Carolinas, y Palaos
[The Philippine Archipelago and the Marianas, Caroline, and
Palau islands] 204
El arriendo de los tabacos filipinos
[The lease of Philippine tobacco] 209
El Barómetro Aneroide aplicado a la previsión del tiempo en el
Archipiélago Filipino
[Aneroid Barometer applied to weather forecasting
in the Philippine Archipelago] 196
El comercio nacional y el desestanco del tabaco
[National trade and liberalization of tobacco business]
181
El Consejo de las Indias en el siglo XVI
Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1970 250
El Correo Sino-Annamita o Correspondencia de las Misiones
del Sagrado Orden de Predicadores en Formosa, China,
Tung-King y Filipinas 84
El desastre: novela de la pérdida de Filipinas
para España
[The disaster: novel of the loss of the Philippines] 242
El Filibusterismo 35
El Folk-lore filipino 28
El Gobierno en Filipinas de Don Fernando Manuel de
Bustamante y Bustillo (1717-1719 249
El Indio Agraviado (Opusculo Politico)
[The Aggrieved Native] 143
El Indio Batangueño 151
El Marqués de Campo y la sucursal del Banco Peninsular
Ultramarino establecida en Manila
[The Marques de Campo and the branch of the Overseas
Peninsular Bank established in Manila] 207
El progreso de Filipinas
[The progress of the Philippines] 32
El servicio de aduanas en Filipinas
[Custom service in the Philippines] 184
El sitio de Baler
[The siege of Baler] 69
El Sitio de Manila: Memorias de un Voluntario. [The siege of
Manila: Memoirs
of a volunteer soldier] 3
El Sitio de Manila: Memorias de un Voluntario
[The siege of Manila. Memoris of a voluntary soldier] 57
El tabaco filipino
[The Philippine Tobacco 198
El Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en las Islas Filipinas
[The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in the
Philippines] 171
El vuelo Madrid-Manila 250
Episodios de la Revolución Filipina
[Episodes of the Philippine revolution] 63
Epístola religiosa y social dirigida al eminente filósofo Fr.
Zeferino González, misionero filipino
[A religious and social epistle addressed to the eminent
philosopher Fr. Zeferino Gonzalez, Philippine missionary]
221
Escenas Filipinas: Narraciones Originales de Costumbres de
dichas islas
[Philippine scenes: original narrations of customs of these
islands] 234
España en la Oceanía. Estudios históricos sobre Filipinas;
Proyecto de conquista y colonización de Mindanao; Guía
del viajero de Madrid o Cádiz a Manila por el istmo de
Suez y por el cabo de Buena Esperanza. Con noticias
detalladas acerca de las razas que 201
España: sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza e historia.
Cuba, Puerto Rico y Fiipinas
[Spain: its monuments and arts, its nature and history.
Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines] 207
España y Filipinas 251
Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas o mis viajes por este país
[Situation of the Philippine Islands or my travels in this country]
Estadística General del Comercio Exterior de las Islas Filipinas
en el Año de 1882
[General Statistics of the Foreign Trade of the Philippine Islands
in the Year 1882] 181
Estadística General del Comercio Exterior de las Islas Filipinas
en el Año de 1883
[General Statistics of the Foreign Trade of the Philippine Islands
in the Year 1883] 181
Estado general de los religiosos y religiosas… de la Provincia de
San Gregorio Magno de PP. Francsicanos Decalzos
[General state of the religious men and women... of the
Province of St. Gregory the Great of Fathers Franciscans
Decalced] 226
Estatutos de la Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de
las Islas Filipinas
[Statutes of the Royal Economic Society of Friends of the
Country of the Philippine Islands] 224
Estatutos y reglamento del Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II
[Statutes and rules of Spanish-Philippine Bank of Isabel
II] 218
Estudio Bibliógrafico del Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala de
Fr. Tomás Ortiz
[Bibliographic Study of the Art and Rules of the Tagalog
Language by Fr. Tomás Ortiz] 171
Estudio sobre la resistencia y estabilidad de los edificios
sometidos a huracanes y terremotos 5
Exploración del Territorio de Davao (Filipinas)
[Exploration of the territory of Davao (The Philippines)] 22
Exposicion de Filipinas: Coleccion de Articulos publicados en El
Globo Diario Ilustrado (Politico, Cientifico y Literario)
[Exhibition of the Philippines: collection of articles
published in El Globo. Illustrated newspaper (political,
scientifc and litera 163
Exposición diriga a las Cortes por la Junta de Gobierno de la
Compañía de Filipinas..., 1821
[Statement addressed to the Cortes by the Board of
Governors of the Philippine Company], 1821 213
Extracto historial del expediente que pende en el Consejo
Real y Supremo de las Indias, a instancia de la ciudad
de Manila y demás de las Islas Philipinas, sobre la
forma en que se ha de hacer y continuar el comercio y
contratación de los texidos de China 170
F venerated in the Church of Antipolo] 225
Fiestas de toros en Filipinas 150
Filipinas ante la razón del indio. Obra compuesta por el
indígena capitán Juan para utilidad de sus paisanos, y
publicada en castellano por el español P. Caro
[The Philippines before the reason of the Native. A work
composed by the Indian Captain Juan for 222
Filipinas: Ataques de Los Holandeses en los siglos XVI, XVII y
XVIII (Bosquejo Historico)
[Attacks from the Dutch in 16th, 17th and 18th centuries
(historical outline)] 29
Filipinas: Auto Histórico Satírico 246
Filipinas. Cosas de allá
[The Philippines. Things from over there] 152
Filipinas. Distrito de Lepanto
[Philippines. District of Lepanto] 11
Filipinas: Esbozos y pinceladas
[Philippines: Sketches and brushstrokes] 211
Filipinas, heredera privilegiada 246
Filipinismos en lengua española
[Words from Philippine origin in the Spanish language] 244
Flora de Filipinas 193
Flora forestal de Filipinas
[Forest flora of the Philippines] 186
Flores Filipinas. Poesías
[Philippine flowers. Poems] 232
Folletos FIlipinos I - Frailes y Clérigos
[Philippine leaflets I – Friars and clergymen] 151
Folletos FIlipinos - III: Sinapismos (Bromitas y Critiqulilas)
Philippine Leaflets III – Synapisms (jokes and little
criticisms) 151
Folletos Filipinos IV - IV: Reformas Y Otros Excesos
[Philippine Leaflets IV - Reforms and other excesses]
152
Francisco de Cerveró y de Valdés
Prospecto de los Sorteos de la Real Lotería Filipina que deberán
celebrarse en el año económico de 1885-86
[Prospectus for the Drawings of the Royal Philippine Lottery to
be held in the fiscal year 1885-86] 182
G [Rules on the public lotteries in the Philippines] 179
Gloria y Gratitud al inmortal autor del Primus me Circumdedisti
Juan Sebastian del Cano 252
Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1845 49
Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1850 49
Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1851 49
Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1856 49
Guía de Forasteros en las Islas Filipinas para el año de 1865 49
Guía Oficial de Filipinas 49
Guía Oficial de Filipinas para 1897 49
H Ingresos y Gastos Extraordinarios
Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines 74
Héroes de Filipinas 251
he Spanish Colonial System 6
Historia de España en el siglo XIX (tomo VII)
Barcelona: Miguel Seguí, 1902. 2 volumes 249
Historia de Juan Sebastián del Cano
[History of Juan Sebastián Elcano] 172
Historia de la isla de Negros
[History of the Island of Negros] 209
Historia de la piratería malayo-mahometana en Mindanao,
Joló y Borneo
[History of Malayo-Muslim piracy in Mindanao, Sulu and
Borneo] 199
Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de Predicadores en
Filipinas, Japón y China
[History of the Province of the Holy Rosary of Preachers in the
Philippines, Japan and China]. 3
Historia de la Provincia de Philipinas de la Compañía de Jesus.
Segunda parte que comprehende los progresos de esta
Provincia, desde el año de 1616 hasta el de 1716 108
Historia de la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana
de Filipinas 114
Historia de la Virgen de la Paz y del buen viaje que se venera
en la Iglesia de Antipolo
[History of the Lady of Peace and Good Voyage that is
Historia de los dominios españoles en Oceanía
[History of Spanish dominions in Oceania] 209
Historia de Mindanao y Joló
[History of Mindanao and Sulu] 138
Historia General de Philipinas 111
Historia geográfica, geológica y estadística de Filipinas
[Geographical, geological and statistical history of the
Philippines] 202
Historia Sacro-Profana de Filipinas 118
I
Ilocanadas 28
Immensee von Theodore Storin (with introduction, notes,
vocabulary, and English exercises) 251
Índice Biográfico de los que asistieron al descubrimiento de las
Islas Filipinas 155
Índice de Personas Nobles y Otras de Calidad que han estado
en Filipinas desde 1521 hasta 1898 155
Informe presentado en 18 de Diciembre de 1870 al Excmo. Sr.
Gobernador Superior Civil de Filipinas por la Junta de
Reformas económicas, creada al efecto por la misma
Autoridad superior, acerca de las que son necesarias en
el sistema rentístico
[Report pre 180
Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas [Report on the
state of the Philippine Islands] 3
Informe sobre la numeración de plantas vivas de morera,
cacao, y pimientas existentes en esta Jurisdicción según
las averiguaciones testimoniadas de los Alcaldes de
Naturales
[Report on the number of mulberry, cocoa, and pepper plants
existing in this jur 196
Informe sobre Las Minas de Cobre de las Rancherias de
Mancayan, Suyuk, Bumucun, y Agbao el el Distrito de
Lepanto, isla de Luzon de las Filipinas
[Report about the copper mines in the settlements of
Mancayan, Suyuk, Bumucun and Agbao, in the Lepanto
dist 9
Instrucción de la renta de loterías en Filipinas
Instrucciones para el Régimen y Gobierno de la Fábrica de
puros de Binondo
[Instructions for the Regime and Government of the Cigar
Factory of Binondo] 179
Instrucción provisional para la organización de las
administraciones provinciales de H. P. creadas por Real
Decreto de 13 de Enero de 1865
[Provisional Handbook for the organization of the provincial
administrations of Public Finances created by Royal De
179
Islas Filipinas: Resumen de los Presupuestos de Gastos e
[Philippine Islands: Summary of the Budget for Expenses and
Revenues, and Extraordinary Expenses] 180
J
Joló. Relato Histórico desde su descubrimiento por los
españoles en 1578 a nuestros días
[Sulu. Military-historical narrative since its discovery by
the Spaniards in 1578 to the present day] 223
José Jimeno Agius
El desestanco del tabaco en las Islas Filipinas
[Report presented to the Constituent Courts by the Minister of
Overseas Territories] 180
José María Pérez Rubio
Código Penal de Filipinas y Ley Provisional para la aplicación
de las disposiciones del mismo en las Islas Filipinas
[Penal Code of the Philippines and Provisional Law for the
Enforcement of the Provisions Thereof in the Philippine
182
K Legislación sobre el impuesto de cédulas personales vigente en
Kaleidoscopio Espiritual
[Spiritual kaleidoscope] 244
L Hechos, y Cifras que se encuentran en articulos que "La
La agricultura en Filipinas
[Agriculture in the Philippines] 198
La antigua civilización tagalog 40
La Carte des Philippines du Pere Murillo Velarde
[Pere Murillo Velarde's Map of the Philippines] 230
La Censura de Imprenta en Filipinas
[Printing censorship in the Philippines] 149
La Corporaciones Religiosas en Filipinas
[Religious corporations in the Philippines] 65
La cuestión Nozaleda
[The Nozaleda issue] 68
La familia tagalog 40
La Guerra Hispano-Americana: Puerto-Rico
y Filipinas
[The Spanish-American War: Puerto Rico
and the Philippines] 66
La Imprenta en Filipinas (1593-1810)
[The printing press in the Philippines (1593-1810)] 145
La imprenta en Manila desde sus orígenes hasta 1810,
adiciones y ampliaciones
[Printing in Manila from its origins to 1810, additions
and enlargements] 158
La Imprenta en Manila desde sus Origenes hasta 1810
[Printing in Manila from its Origins to 1810] 157
La inmigración china en Filipinas
[Chinese immigration in the Philippines] 210
La insurrección en Filipinas: guerra hispano-americana en el
archipiélago (1896-1899)
The revolt in the Philippines: Spanish-US
war in the archipelago (1896-1899) 65
La insurrección en Filipinas
[The insurrection in the Philippines] 55
La isla de la Paragua: estudio
geográfico-político-social
[The island of Palawan: a geographic-politico-social study] 18
La libertad de comercio en las Islas Filipinas
[Freedom of trade in the Philippine Islands] 220
La música popular de Filipinas
[Popular music of the Philippines] 226
La religión de los antiguos indios tagalos
[The religion of the ancient Tagalog] 230
La Sainte Bible contenant l’ancien et le noveau testament 247
Las colonias españolas de Asia. Islas Filipinas
[The Spanish colonies in Asia. The Philippine Islands] 207
Las Cortes de Cádiz 249
La Seismología en Filipinas: Datos para el estudio de
terremotos del archipiélago filipino
[Seismology in the Philippines: Data for the study of
earthquakes in the Philippine archipelago] 197
L'Asie en plusieurs cartes nouvelles, et exactes; & en divers
traittés de geographie, et d'histoire
[Asia in several new and exact maps, and in a variety of
treatises of geography and history] 256
Las Islas Filipinas en 1882. Estudios históricos, geográficos,
estadísticos y descriptivos
[The Philippine Islands in 1882. Historical, geographical,
statistical and descriptive studies] 207
Las Islas Filipinas. Progresos en 70 años
[The Philippine Islands. Progress in 70 years] 222
Las "Notas" a las Leyes de Indias, de Manuel Jose de Ayala
247
La Solidaridad 89
Latigazo. Periódico de Manila
[Whiplash. Newspaper of Manila] 143
La vida industrial en Filipinas
[Industrial life in the Philippines] 85
Lecciones de geografía descriptiva de Filipinas
[Lessons in descriptive geography of the Philippines] 199
Lecturas amenas para filipinos
[Pleasant readings for Filipinos] 243
Lecturas españolas 241
Legislación hipotecaria vigente en Filipinas
[Current mortgage legislation in the Philippines] 183
Filipinas
[Personal income tax legislation in force in the Philippines] 183
Los Chinos en Filipinas: Males que se exprimentan actualmente
y peligros de esa creciente inmigracion Observaciones,
Oceania Española" periodico de Manila ha dedicado al
estudio de este Problema Soc 209
Los chinos. Estudio político y social
[The Chinese. Political and social study] 229
Los diez y seis meses de mando superior de Filipinas
[Sixteen months of senior command in the Philippines]
214
Los frailes en Filipinas
[The friars in the Philippines] 68
Los Horrores de Filipinas (Tomo 1) 241
Los Mapas de Filipinas por el P. Pedro Murillo Velarde, S.J.
[The Maps of the Philippines by Fr. Pedro Murillo
Velarde, S.J.] 171
Los piratas de Filipinas. Novela histórica
[The pirates of the Philippines] 235
Los Prisioneros
[The Prisoners] 64
Los Últimos de Filipinas 249
Luchas Supermas: Nobleza Contra Infamia: Historia de la
presente guerra con los Estados Unidos 251
Luchas supremas o nobleza contra infamia: Historia de la
presente guerra con los Estados-Unidos (Tomo Primero)
[Supreme fights, or nobilty against infamy: history of the current
war against the United States, volume 1] 56
Luis Mercader y Sartorio
Memoria sobre las ventajas del tabaco filipino para el consumo
de la península
[Report on the advantages of Philippine tobacco for
consumption in the peninsula] 196
Luzon and Mindanao 6
M
Manual del viajero en Filipinas 52
Manual de medicina doméstica, precedido del arte de conservar
la salud, y puesto al alcance de todas las clases de la
sociedad
[Handbook of domestic medicine, preceded by the art of
preserving health, and made available to all classes of
society.] 196
Manual para Cabos y Sargentos del Ejército de Filipinas
[Manual for Corporals and Sergeants of the Philippine Army]
182
Manual para el cultivo y beneficio del tabaco en Filipinas
[Handbook for the cultivation and processing of tobacco in the
Philippines] 196
Máximas sobre recursos de fuerza y protección con el método
de introducirlos en los tribunales
[Rules on recursos de fuerza and protection with the
method of introducing them in the Courts] 179
Memoria dirigida al senado 54
Memoria geológico-minero de las Islas Filipinas
[Geological-mining report of the Philippine Islands] 207
Memoria leída en la Junta General de Accionistas del Banco
Español Filipino el dia de 3 de Febrero de 1898
[Report read at the General Meeting of Shareholders of
Banco Español Filipino on February 3, 1898] 218
Memoria leída por el Secretario D. F. de P. Rodoreda y
aprobada por la Junta Directiva en sesión del 14 de
Marzo de 1889
[Report read by the Secretary Mr. F. de P. Rodoreda and
approved by the Board of Directors in session of March
14, 1889] 183
Memoria que en cumplimiento de la Real Circular de 17 de
Diciembre de 1832, expedida por el Ministerio del
Fomento General del Reino acordó dirigirle la Real
Sociedad Económica de Filipinas, en Junta Celebrada el
6 de Diciembre de 1833. Imprenta de D. Jos 214
Memoria que manifiesta el estado actual y progreso de las
obras que ejecuta la Junta de Obras del Puerto [de
Manila] desde el año 81 hasta fin de 1887
[Report showing the present state and progress of the works
executed by the Board of Works of the (Manil 178
Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas, y
Naturales de Madrid (Tomo 14) 247
Memoria sobre el cultivo, beneficio y comercio del azúcar
[Report on sugar cultivation, processing and trade] 196
Memoria sobre el ramo de Montes en las Islas Filipinas
[Report on Philippine Forestry] 188
Memoria sobre Filipinas y Joló redactada
en 1863 y 1864
[Report on the Philippines and Sulu, written un 1863 and 1864]
24
Memoria sobre la población y riqueza de las Islas Filipinas
[Memoir on the Population and Wealth of the Philippine Islands]
203
Memoria sobre las disposiciones que deben adoptarse para
regularizar la situación monetaria en las Islas Filipinas y
el giro entre aquellas posesiones y la península
[Report on the provisions to be adopted to regularize the
monetary situation in the Phili 183
Memoria sobre Mindanao
[Report on Mindanao] 23
Memoria y Antecendentes sobre las
Expediciones de Balanguingui y Joló
[Memoir and Background on the Balanguingui and Sulu
Expeditions] 216
Milicia de Jesucristo. Manual de los Hermanos y Hermanas de la
Tercera Orden de la Penitencia de Santo Domingo
[Jesus Christ’s militia. Handbook of the Brothers and
Sisters of the Third Order of Penance of Saint Dominic]
216
Misioneros y Colonizadores Agustinos en Filipinas
[Augustinian Missionaries and Colonizers in the
Philippines] 172
Misterios de Filipinas 238
N Proyecto de reglamento interior para aclaración y mejor
Ninay. Costumbres Filipinas 43
Noli Me Tangere 29, 30, 35, 36, 44, 136
Noticias históricas, geográficas, estadísticas, administrativas y
militares de las Islas Filipinas
[Historical, geographic, statistical, administrative and military
news of the Philippine Islands] 203
Noticias Histórico-Bibliógraficas de El Teatro en Filipinas desde
sus Origenes hasta 1898
[Historical-Bibliographic News about the Theater in the
Philippijnes from the beginning until 1898] 153
Noticias y geografía de Filipinas
[History and geography of the Philippines] 201
Novelas Cortas Monografías Artículos Literarios Poesías
[Short novels, studies, literary articles, poems] 236
Novenario de elogios y de preces que a obsequio de María
Santísima en el ministerio de su concepción en gracia,
consagra su humilde y afectuosísimo hijo
[Novena of Praises and Prayers that to the gift of Mary
Most Holy in the ministry of her conception in 217
Nuestra prisión…
[Our imprisonment under the Filipino revolutionaries:
Chronicle of 18 months of captivity of more than 100
friars from Central Luzon in charge of administering the
souls] 61
Nuestros exploradores en América 251
O Reglamento del Real Colegio de Santa Isabel
Obras literarias
[Literary works] 231
Observaciones al presupuesto de gastos de Filipinas
[Comments on the Philippine expenditure budget] 183
Observatorio Metereológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila
[Ateneo de Manila Meteorological Observatory] 198
Orígenes de la Imprenta Filipina
[Origins of the Philippine printing press] 146
Our Islands and Their people
As seen with Camera and Pencil 74
P
Para los soldados
[For the soldiers] 57
Pérdida de la Provincia de la Isabela de Luzón (Islas Filipinas)
Loss of the Isabel Province in Luzon (Philippine Islands)
64
Población y comercio de las Islas Filipinas
[Population and trade of the Philippine Islands] 202
Poesías
[Poems] 231
Preliminary report on the weather at Tagaytay 196
Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de las Islas
Filipinas para el año de 1888
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of the
Philippine Islands for the year 1888] 181
Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de las Islas
Filipinas para el Año de 1890
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of the
Philippine Islands for the year 1890] 181
Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de las Islas
Filipinas para el año de 1891
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of the
Philippine Islands for the year 1891] 181
Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de las Islas
Filipinas para el Año de 1896-97
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of the
Philippine Islands for the year 1888] 182
Presupuestos Generales de Gastos e Ingresos de las Islas
Filipinas para el periodo de 1 de Enero de 1883 al 30 de
Junio de 1884
[General Budgets of Expenditures and Revenues of the
Philippine Islands for the period January 1, 1883 to June
30, 1884] 181
Primera Historia de China de Bernardino de Escalante 6
Primitivas relaciones de España con Asia y Oceanía
[Early Spanish relations with Asia and Oceania] 158
Proyecto de colonización de la Isla de la Paragua
[Project of colonization of the island of Palawan] 21
cumplimiento de los estatutos de la Real Sociedad
Económica de Amigos del País de Filipinas
[Project of internal regulations for clarification and
better compliance with the statutes of the Royal Eco
183
R
Ramillete de Flores Celestiales… 251
Rápida descripción, física, geológica y minera de la Isla de
Cebú
[Quick physical, geological and mining description of
Cebu Island] 15
Real Cédula de Erección de la Compañía de Filipinas de 10 de
Marzo de 1785. 134
Recital. poemas. 242
Recopilación de leyes de los Reinos de las Indias
[Compilation of Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies]
170
Records of Fort St. George Manilha Consultations, 1762-63
173
Recuerdos de Filipinas
[Remembrances from the Philippines] 233
Reglamento de la Junta Administradora de Obras Pías, creada
por Real Orden de 3 de Noviembre de 1854
[Regulations of the Board of Administrators of Obras Pías,
created by Royal Order of November 3, 1854] 180
[Regulations of the Royal College of Santa Isabel] 225
Reglamento para la organización, régimen y servicio de la
Guardia Civil de las Islas Filipinas aprobado por Real
Orden de 24 de Marzo de 1868
[Regulations for the organization, regime and service of the
Civil Guard of the Philippine Islands approved by Ro
 180
Relación descriptiva de los mapas, planos, etc., de Filipinas
existentes en el Archivo General de Indias
[Relación descriptiva de los mapas, planos, etc., de
Filipinas existentes en el Archivo General de Indias] 174
Remembering World War II in the Philippines 5
Renacimiento Filipino: revista semanal ilustrada
[Philippine Renaissance: Illustrated
Weekly Magazine] 80
Report on the Commerce and Shipping of the Philippine Islands
4
Reseña acerca del estado social y económico de las colonias de
España en Asia
[Review of the Social and Economic Situation of Spain's
Colonies in Asia] 208
Reseña histórica de la guerra al sur de Filipinas
[History of the war in the southern Philippines] 200, 206
Reseña histórica de la inauguración del templo de San Ignacio
de Loyola de Manila
[Reseña histórica de la inauguración del templo de San
Ignacio de Loyola de Manila] 225
Revista de Filipinas
[Magazine of the Philippines] 75
Revista Filipina de Ciencias y Artes
(Año 1, Numero 2)
[Philippine review of sciences and arts] 86
Rizal: Noticies Biografiques
[Rizal. Biographical notes] 154
S Original Drawing, communicated by Capt 282
Sampaguitas 37, 42, 232
Siluetas Filipinas
[Philippine silhouettes] 235
Sinopsis de Familias y Géneros de Plantas Leñosas de Filipinas
[Synopsis of Families and Genera of Woody Plants of the
Philippines] 186
Sistema métrico decimal de pesas y medidas
[Decimal metric system of weights and measures] 184
Situación económica de Filipinas y medios de mejorarla
[Economic situation of the Philippines and ways to
improve it] 221
Sketchbook of Palawan 20
slas Filipinas Volume 1, 2, 3 Atlas del Diccionario Geográfico
248
T A Plan of the Bay of Manilla, situated on the I. Luconia
Taal Volcano: Album of Views of 1911 Eruption 190
Tablas cronológica y alfabética de imprentas e impresores de
Filipinas (1593-1898)
[Alphabetic and chronological tables of printing presses
and printers in the Philippines (1593-1898)] 149
Tercera Parte de la Vida del Gran Tacaño
[Third part of the life of the great sting] 140
The inhabitants of the Philippines 73
The merchant and the friar 251
The Philippine Review. Revista Filipina 83
The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce
of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania 5
The Progress of the Philippine 4
The Spanish Colonial System 6
The Story of the Spanish-American
War and the Revolt in the Philippines 73
Trastos viejos que un amigo del autor ha recogido y
desempolvado…
[Old junks that a friend of the author has picked up and dusted
off…] 234
Tratado de la Fabricacion de Licores de Todas Clases sin
destilacion con curiosas y nuevas formulas para
bonificar los aguardientes e imitarios de cognac y para
la Fabricacion de Jarabes 252
Tratado del Xiquilite y Añil de Guatemala dedicado a su Real
Sociedad Económica
[Treaty on the Guatemalan indigo dedicated to its Royal
Economic Society] 212
Twenty years in the Philippines 4
V
Vida y martirio de San Pedro Bautista 249
Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance
[Vocabulary of Kapampangan Language] 121
Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala…
[Vocabulary of Tagalog Language] 120
Voyage du tour du monde
[Travel around the world] 254
Index Maps
Symbols
[Manila] / Joris van Spilbergen. No.18 304
A
A Chart of the Channel in the Philippin Islands through which
the Manila Galeon passes together with the adjacent
Islands 308
A Chart of the China Sea, and Philippine Islands, with the Archi-
pelagos of Felicia and Soloo, shewing the whole Tract
comprized between Canton and Balambangan, with
the Soundings, Shoals, Rochs & ca. Composed from an
A Chart of the China Sea Inscribed to Monsr. d'Apres de Man-
nevillette the Ingenious Author of the Neptune Orien-
tal: As a Tribute Due to his Labours for the Benefit of
Navigation; and in acknowledgement of his many signal
Favours to A. Dalrymple 302
A New Chart of the China Sea with its Several Entrances Drawn
from a Great Number of Draughts, Journals, and other
Nautical Documents, Regulated
by Astronomical Observations. 286
A new map of the East Indies taken from Mr. de Fer's Map of
Asia, shewing their cheif divisions, cities, towns, ports,
rivers, mountains & c. 315
A new map of the Philippine Islands : drawn from the best
authorities 318
A Plan of Pulo Condore, situated at the East End of the Gulph
of Siam,
(Capital of the Philippine Islands) 326
B
Bay, called by the natives, Dalawan, on the S.E. part of the
Island Balabac by Don Thomas de Castro 297
Bay of Calapan on the N. Coast of Mindoro
from an English M.S. 298
Bay of Panguyl on Mindanao or Mageendanao from a Spanish
M.S. 1754 299
Bay & Rivers of Ypolote, on Palawan
or Paragua; by Don Thomas de Castro, 1753 300
Bilalo, bateau de passage de Manille a Cavite 290
C
Caboteurs et Pirogues de la Laguna pres de Manille 290
Carayas ou machines a pecher, et Banka de Manille 289
Carte des Costes de L’Asie sur L’Ocean contenant les Bancs
Isles et Costes & c.
levee sur les memoires les plus nouveau; Partie Orientale
de L'Asie sur L'Ocean 283
Carte des Isles Philippines 305, 316
Carte des isles Philippines: Dressee sur la Carte Espagnole du
R.P. Murillo de Velarde 305
Carte du Canal des Isles Philippines par lequel passe le Galion
de Manille et les Iles voisines de ce Canal 306, 309
Carte Reduite des Isles Philippines pour Servir aux Vaisseaux du
Roy 287
Carte Reduite des Isles Philippines
pour Servir aux Vaisseaux du Roy
dressée au dépost des cartes plans
et journaux de la marine 288
Cascos de la Laguna, a la voile 289 L'Oceanie L'Oceanie 273
Chart of Bongo Bay on Mageendanao
or Mindanao 301 M
Chart of the Island Palawan from observations in the Sloop
Manila Bay 324
Endeavour
Manila Bay, surveyed by Don Felipe Bauza 1792 325
in April & May 1774 296
Manille 323
Colejialas de los beaterios en traje de Iglesia 264
Mapa de la Provincia de Cavite (Isla de Luzon) 322
Costumes et Cases D’Indiens Tagals,
Mapa de las ylas Philipinas hecho por el Pe. Pedro Murillo Ve-
Pres Manille (Ile Lucon, Philippines) 261
larde de la Comp. de Jesus 312
D P
Depart de Chasseurs Tagals
Pair of Carte Hydrographique & Chorographique des Isles Phil-
(Ile Lucon, Philippines) 261
ippines dressée par le R.P. 303
De Philippynsche Eilanden = Ladronsche of Dieve Eilanden 308
Philippinae Insulae 292
Descripcion de las Indias del Poniente 301
Philippinae Insulae / Petrus Bertius 292
Die Asiatischen Kolonien die Philippinen, Die Guineainseln 318
Plan De La Baye De Manille et de ses Environs Verifie sur la
E Fregate Meduse en 1789. et Corrrige particulierement
pour les Positions du Banc de St. Nicolas et de la Pointe
Expedicion a Jolo 1876 Bocetos del Cronista del Diario de Ma- de Caponne. au Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine
nila 271 l'An VII. de la Repube 321
Plan de la Baye et Ville de Manille, capitale des Isles Philippines
G : situee en l'isle Lucon 319
Plan des principaux ports de la cote d' Illocos en l'isle de Lucon
Galerie Royale de Costumes
[Map of the Principal Ports of the Ilocos Coast] 309
Batelier de Manille
Plan du Port de Subec, en L'Isle de Lucon
(Iles Philippines) 268
[Plan of The Port of Subic on Luzon Island] 323
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Plano de la Isla de Mindanao 288
Campagnard Tagal, pies Manille
Plan of Capa-Luan in the Province of Tayabas on Luzon by Don
(Iles Philippines) 270
Manuel Galves. and Batangas Bay on Luzon by Captn.
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Will: Brereton 1763 299
Dona Potentiana, Femme Metisse de Manille
Plan of Lampoon Bay on the South part of Sumatra from a
(Iles Philippines) 266
Dutch M.S. Chart of the Strait of Sunda obtained from a
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Chinese Noquedah at Canton (1764) 295
Femme Tagale a Manille
Plan of Port Sta. Maria on the West Coast of Mageendanao or
(Iles Philippines) 270
Mindanao from a Spanish MS. & Plan of Part of the So.
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Coast of Mageendanao or Mindanao from a Spanish MS
Homme de Manille menant son Coq au Combat (Iles
of doubtful authority. 297
Philippines) 266
Plan of Solsogon Harbour on the South Coast of Luconia from
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Murillo, Chart on the Eastern Coast of Bongo Bay in the
Indienne de l'Interieur des Philippines 265
Island of Mindanao from VanKeulen 311
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Plan of Surigao Bay at the N. Point of Mageendanao Island by
Padre Pedro de Manille
Mr. William Greer in The Royal Captain (1762)
(Iles Philippines) 267
II.) Plan of the Port of Palapa on the North Coast of
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Samar by Don Manuel Galves
Portuer Tagal a Manille
III.) Plan of Sorsogon Harbour, on the South East Port of
(Iles Philippines) 269
Luzon fro 294
Galerie Royale de Costumes
Plan of the Bay of Manilla in the Isle of Luconia, the principal of
Rosita jeune Metisse de Manille
the Philippine islands 320
(Iles Philippines) 268
Plan of the Chief Ports on the Coast of Ylocos in Luzon from a
I Spanish MS 298
Plan of the Port of Seeseeran on Luzon
Indiae Orientalis nova descriptio 314 Plan of the Bay of S. Miguel de Naga on Luzon from a Spanish
Insulae Philippinae 291 M.S. 297
Insulae Philippinae = Islas de los Ladrones 307 Plan of Zuthpen or Hounds Islands off the S.E. part of Sumatra
Insulae Philippinae ex autographo, Manilae Ano 1734. Julsu from a Dutch M.S. 295
regio per Don Fernandum Valdes Tamon Ord. S. Jac. E. Ports in the Filipinas
Gub. & Capit. Genrle. dictarum insularum vulgato, RRPP (Cebu and Iloilo) 310
Soc. J. Missionaris inde transmisso fid. & exacte in hanc
Forma translate 280 S
Interior de una casa en Manila (Cayda) 263
Salidad de la puerta de Sto. Domingo (Monumento en memoria
Islas Filipinas 317
de Magallanes) 262
Isles Philippines 315
Stretch of Maloza Bay on Basseelan 300
Isles Philippines a Nuremberg 307
Isles Philippines a Paris chez Crepy 316 T
Isles Philippines dites autrement de Manilhe 313
Isole Filippine 317 The Philippine Isles 318
To the Honorable the Court of Directors of the United Company
L of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies, this
Chart of the China Seas is most humbly dedicated by
La Baie de Manille 322
their Obliged and Grateful Servant William Heather 284
lan & View of St. Jacinto on Ticao by I.D. of the Panther Man of
War (1763) 295 U
Le Isole della Sonda, Molucche,
e Filippine 317 Un Indio de Manila 262
Les isles Philippines 313 Untitled Map of Southeast Asia 281
Les Philippines: Historie, Geographie, Moeurs, Agriculture, Untitled Map of the Philippines
Industrie, et Commerce des Colonies Espagnoles dans and Marianas Islands 314
Terms and Conditions
The following are the terms and conditions that Leon Gallery has set for the auction. Kindly read
carefully.

Leon Gallery, all the participants of the event, processes, and transactions shall be guided accordingly
by these rules:
GENERAL:

a. Each item (lot) in this catalog is offered for sale dependent on the terms exhibited below.
b. All lots are numbered according to the catalog unless otherwise stated by the auctioneer.
c. Transferring, selling, assigning of lots to anyone other than the bidder that won prior to the removal
of the lot from the gallery is not allowed. Only the winning bidder has the authority to remove the lot from
the gallery.
d. All items sold do not have any warranty. Leon Gallery is not and will not be liable for any unfortunate
circumstances that can happen to the lot after it has been transferred to the winning bidder.
e. All participants must agree to be bound by the terms that have been set by Leon Gallery.
BIDDING:

a. Bidders are required to complete and sign registration forms. Participants shall be asked to present
a valid govern ment-issued identification card (passport, driver’s license, etc.) upon registration.
b. Before the auction proper, each buyer will be given an assigned buyer’s number. The highest bidder
of a specific lot shall be the buyer of the lot.
c. The auctioneer shall announce the winning bid and the corresponding buyer’s number of the bidder.
Failure of the winning bidder to object at the time of the announcement shall be considered as an
acknowledgment of the bid and purchase. The buyer is legally liable to purchase the lot or pay the
difference if the host must re-offer and sell it for a reduced price.
d. The buyer’s premium shall be 18% plus Value-Added Tax on premium (20.16% in total).
e. The auctioneer shall be in charge of supervising the bidding and shall be the sole arbiter of any disputes.
Leon Gallery reserves the right to withdraw property at any time before the sale and reject a bid from any
bidder.
f. Absentee bids are allowed in this auction. They are permitted to bid until fifteen (15) minutes prior to
the start of the auction for all the items in the auction. Absentee bids for later lots may continue to be
accepted according to announcements or signs posted on the office window. A deposit may be requested
on absentee bids over Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php 200,000) or at the discretion of the auctioneer.
The auctioneer will be responsible of bidding the absentee bid in opposition to the floor bidders.
In case a tie occurs, the earlier bid wins the lot. Leon Gallery will not be liable for any failed absentee bid.
The absentee bidders may contact the gallery after the auction to know if they won the lot.
PAYMENT:

a. The balance of the invoice must be paid in full and merchandise picked up within three (3)
days from the date of the sale. Left items may be moved to an off-site facility for pick-up and a storage fee
will be charged if merchandise is left longer than three (3) days of Five Hundred Pesos (Php 500)
per lot per day. If the property is left longer than four (4) weeks, it will be considered abandoned.
We are not responsible for shipping, but if packing and handling of purchased lots will be done by us,
it is done at the entire risk of the purchaser. A refundable deposit may be required.
b. Cash, cashier’s check, wire transfer, personal check (items may be held until the check clears). If any legal
action is commenced to enforce these Conditions of Sale, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover
its reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. Time is of the essence.
Payments shall be wired to:

Account Name: LEON ART GALLERY

Account Type: PESO ACCOUNT
Account No : 166-7166-52009-2
Bank/Branch: MBTC- CORINTHIAN PLAZA BRANCH
Swift Code: MBTCPHMM
Bank Address: G/F CORINTHIAN PLAZA BLDG. 121 COR PASEO DE ROXAS, GAMBOA STREETS,
LEGAZPI VILLAGE, MAKATI CITY
LITIGATION:

In case of litigation between Leon Gallery and the buyer, the parties must submit to the Law Courts of Makati.
337 LEÓN GALLERY
Bionote

Jorge Mojarro (Huelva, 1980) holds a Master’s degree
in Spanish Language and Literature (Universidad
Sevilla, 2003), a Master’s degree at Teaching Spanish
as a Foreign language (Fundación Universidad de
la Rioja, 2009) and a PhD in Spanish and Latin
American Literature. His thesis explored for the
first time Philippine Colonial Literature during
the 16th century (Universidad de Salamanca, 2016).
He is currently doing a second PhD in Missionary
Linguistics at UNED (Madrid).
Dr. Mojarro has published annotated editions of
Teodoro Kalaw’s Hacia la Tierra del Zar (Renacimiento,
Sevilla, 2014) and Dominican Father Campa’s
journeys to Mayoyao and Sierra Madre, Entre las
Tribus del Luzón Central (Renacimiento, Sevilla,
2016). He has coordinated several special issues for
several top academic journals, such as Revista de
Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (Tufts University),
Guaraguao (CELAO, Barcelona) and Philippiniana
Sacra (University of Santo Tomás).

He teaches Spanish at Instituto Cervantes de Manila He coordinates the Iberoasia and Letras
since 2009 and is a faculty member of the Department Hispanofilipinas series for Vibal Foundation. As a
of Literature in University of Santo Tomás since 2017. public scholar, he had The Filipiniana Corner weekly
column at The Manila Times (February 2020-February
He has published more than 50 scholarly articles about 2023).
History of the Printing Press in the Philippines and
Philippine Literature in Spanish Language (Colonial He has recently edited More Hispanic than We Admit
and Modern) -areas in which he is a leading scholar-, (1521-1820) Vol. 3 (Vibal Foundation, 2020) and
but also on Missionary Linguistics, Transpacific co-edited with Javier Serrano En el Archipiélago de la
Studies and Catholic Missions in Asia in the early Especiería (Desperta Ferro, Madrid). His next books
modern period. Additionally, he has been a research will be More Hispanic than We Admit (1821-2021) Vol.
fellow of The Huntington Library (San Marino, CA) 4 (Vibal Foundation, 2023) and an edition of Fr.
and the Lilly Library (Indiana University). He is Francisco Combés treatises on the Philippines and
currently a researcher at CSIC (Spanish Council of the Moluccas Islands (with A. Coello de la Rosa and J.
Scientific Research, Madrid), at the DIGIPHILIT N. Sanchez, Polifemo, 2023)
group (affiliated at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Madrid) and RCCAH (UST). He can be contacted at jorge.mojarro@cervantes.es
and jmromero@ust.edu.ph

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