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∑F = πr 2 p1 − πr 2 ( p1 − Δp ) − τ 2πrl = 0
• Have Δp = 2τℓ/r for any r: 0 < r < R = D/2
x
τ = (μ + η)
du
Fundamentals
dr
of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce
Munson, Donald
Young, and
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young,
Profile Effect of Velocity Profile
and Theodore Okiishi.
1n
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All u ⎛ r⎞ • Analysis similar to one used for laminar
rights reserved. = ⎜1 − ⎟
Vc ⎝ R ⎠ flow profile
– Determine momentum and kinetic energy
Turbulent
flow for mean velocity
velocity
– Correction factor multiplies average V
profiles results to give integrated u2 and u3 values
n = 6: Re = 1.5x104; Vc/V = 1.264 with n a
n = 8: Re = 4x105; Vc/V = 1.195
function of n Re Momentum KE
n = 10: Re = 3x106; Vc/V = 1.155 6 1.5x104 1.027 1.077
Laminar: Vc/V = 2 V = Q/A Reynolds
number 8 4x105 1.016 1.046
25 10 3x106 1.011 1.031 26
Pipe
Pipe Roughness roughness
effects in
• Effect of rough walls on pressure drop viscous
may depend on surface roughness of sublayer
pipe affects
Fundamentals of Fluid
• Typical roughness values for different Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
M
Munson, D
Donald
ld Y
Young, pressure
materials expressed as roughness
and Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All drop in
length, ε, with units of feet or meters rights reserved.
turbulent
• Only turbulent flows depend on flow
roughness length, laminar flows do not
No effect on
laminar flow
27 28
Moody Diagram
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore Okiishi.
33 34