ABDULRAHMAN AL-SUMAIT (SUMAIT)

UNIVERSITY
MT 111: Foundation of Mathematics

Lecturer:
Hassani Saidi Namanolo

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science

Faculty of Science

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023

 Outline Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Outline

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 1/17

Describing sets and Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 2/17

Describing sets and Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Sets

Definition
A set is a collection of objects, called elements or members of the set.

A set is said to contain its elements. We write a ∈ A to denote that a

is an element of the set A. The notation a ∈
/ A denotes that a is not an
element of the set A.
Class work: Describe the following sets.
i. The set V of all vowels in the English alphabet.
ii. The set O of odd positive integers less than 10.
iii. The set of positive integers less than 100.

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Describing sets and Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Recall
N = {1, 2, 3...} , the set of natural numbers.
Z = {..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...} , the set of integers.
Z+ = {1, 2, 3, ...} , the set of positive integers.
Q, the set of rational numbers.
R, the set of real numbers
R+ , positive real numbers
C, the set of complex numbers

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Describing sets and Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Notation for intervals of real numbers.

When a and b are real numbers with a < b, we write,
[a, b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}
[a, b) = {x | a ≤ x < b}
(a, b] = {x | a < x ≤ b}
(a, b) = {x | a < x < b}

Note that [a, b] is called the closed interval from a to b and (a, b) is
called the open interval from a to b.

Definition
Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements. We
write A = B if A and B are equal sets.

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Describing sets and Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Class work
Define the following, Null set, singleton set, universal set and
Venn diagram.
Draw a Venn diagram that represents V, the set of vowels in the
English alphabet.

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 Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

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 Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Subsets

Definition
Let A and B be sets.
i. We say that A is a subset of B, denoted A ⊆ B , if and only if every
element of A is also an element of B.
ii. When it is not the case that A ⊆ B, we write A ⊈ B.
iii. If A ⊆ B and B contains at least one element that A does not, then
we say that A is a proper subset of B and write A ⊂ B.

Examples
We have the following subset relations.
i. Z+ ⊆ Z
ii. Z+ ⊆ R
iii. {1, 3, 5} ⊆ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

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 Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

The Size of a Set

Let S be a set. If there are exactly n distinct elements in S where n
is a nonnegative integer, we say that S is a finite set and that n is the
cardinality of S. The cardinality of S is denoted |S|.

Remark: The term cardinality comes from the common usage of the
term cardinal number as the size of a finite set
Example; compute the following cardinalities:
|{1, 2, 3}| = 3
Class Work ;
Define Finite and Infinite set.

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 Subsets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Power Sets
Given a set S, the power set of S is the set of all subsets of the set S.
The power set of S is denoted by P(S).

Question;
What is the power set of the set {1, 2, 3}.
Class work;
Read about Cartesian Product.

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 Operations on sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 9/17

 Operations on sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Operations on sets

Union, Intersection and Complement

Given two sets X and Y, there are various set operations involving X
and Y that can produce a new set. The set

X ∪ Y = {x | x ∈ X or x ∈ Y}

is called the union of X and Y. The union consists of all elements

belonging to either X or Y (or both).

The set

X ∩ Y = {x | x ∈ X and x ∈ Y}

is called the intersection of X and Y. The intersection consists of all

elements belonging to both X and Y.

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 Operations on sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Operations on sets

The set

X − Y = {x | x ∈ X and x ∈
/ Y}

is called the difference (or relative complement). The difference X − Y

consists of all elements in X that are not in Y
Example
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}. Find A ∪ B, A ∩ B, A − B and B − A.
Does A − B = B − A.

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 Operations on sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Set Identities
Let ∪ be the universal set and A and B be any subsets of ∪.

Proof Exercise

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Operations on sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Figure: Set Identities

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 Operations on sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Example


Let A, B, and C be sets. Show that A ∪ (B ∩ C) = C ∪ B ∩ A

Class work
Show that if A and B are sets, then
i. A − B = A ∩ B


Ii. (A ∩ B) ∪ A ∩ B = A

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 12/17

Indexed families of sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 13/17

 Indexed families of sets Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Indexed families of sets

Groups Work
Read the concept of Indexed families of sets and solve at least 2 prob-
lems.

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 13/17

Mathematical Induction Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 14/17

 Mathematical Induction Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Mathematical Induction

Groups Work
Read the concept of Mathematical Induction and solve at least 2 prob-
lems.

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 14/17

Principles of counting Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

1 Sets

2 Subsets

3 Operations on sets

4 Indexed families of sets

5 Mathematical Induction

6 Principles of counting

HASSANI NAMANOLO LECTURE NOTES November 3, 2023 15/17

 Principles of counting Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Principles of counting

Definition
The principles of counting are fundamental concepts in combinatorics,
a branch of mathematics that deals with counting, arranging, and se-
lecting objects. There are two main principles of counting: Multiplica-
tion Principle and Addition Principle.

Multiplication Principle
States that if there are ”n” ways to do one thing and ”m” ways to do
another thing, then there are ”n × m” ways to do both things together.
In other words, it allows you to calculate the total number of outcomes
when you have a sequence of choices.

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 Principles of counting Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

Principles of counting

Addition Principle
If you have ”n” ways to do one thing and ”m” ways to do another
thing, and these two things are mutually exclusive (you can do one or
the other, but not both), then there are ”n + m” ways to choose between
them.

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Principles of counting Outline Describing sets and Subsets Subsets Operations on sets Indexed families of sets M

THANK YOU

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