Definitions

Lubricants: a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce
friction between them, improving efficiency and reducing wear.

Lubrication: Lubrication is use of a material between surfaces to reduce friction. Any material
used is called a lubricant.

Viscosity: it’s Measure of internal resistance to flow or “Thickness” of fluid

Viscosity index: Measure of fluids change of viscosity with temperature. Empirical number on
arbitrary scale. Standard oil Pennsylvanian (Paraffin) VI value is 100 & for Gulf coast origin oil
(naphthenic) VI value is 0.
Viscometers
 Saybolt viscometer (US)
 Kinematic viscometer
 Redwood viscometer 1 (England)
 Redwood viscometer 2

Cloud Point: The cloud point of a fluid is the temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer
completely soluble, precipitating as a second phase giving the fluid a cloudy appearance.

Pour Point: Lowest temperature at which fuel will flow or Indication of temperature at which fuel
can be pumped. Indicates lowest operating temperature it is measured in ˚C
Or the pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow
characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content,
typically found in crude deriving from a larger proportion of plant material.

Flash Point: Lowest temperature at which the vapor of oil will ignite for a moment when a tiny
flame brought near it. It is Indicated safe maximum temperature of operation.
Fire Point: Lowest temperature at which the vapor of oil will ignite for 5 sec. when a tiny flame
brought near it.

Aniline Point: The aniline point of oil is defined as the minimum temperature at which equal
volumes of aniline (C6H5NH2) and the oil are miscible, i.e. form a single phase upon mixing.
The value gives an approximation for the content of aromatic compounds in the oil, since the
miscibility of aniline, which is also an aromatic compound, suggests the presence of similar (i.e.
aromatic) compounds in the oil. The lower the aniline point, the greater is the content of aromatic
compounds in the oil as obviously a lower temperature is needed to ensure miscibility

Emulsification: An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible
(nonmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems
of matter called colloids.
SEN: the time in second in which oil and water emulsion separate out in distinct layers called
steam emulsion number or demulsification noumber.

Saponification: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides
in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are converted into soap and glycerol. This is
called alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Since this reaction leads to the formation of soap, it is called
the Saponification process.

Saponification Number: the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required

to saponify 1g of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular
weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present.

Total Acid Number: (or TAN) of a crude oil is a measure of the corrosiveness of the crude due
to the presence of acids, particularly naphthenic acids. TAN is measured based on the mg of
potassium hydroxide required to neutralize one gram of crude. Generally, an acid number of
anything over 1 is considered high.
Carbon Residue: The carbon residue value is considered by some to give an approximate
indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel.
Or
The quantity of carbon produced from a lubricating oil heated in a closed container understandar
d conditions.

Fuel: The combustible substances which on burning in air produces large amount of heat that
can be used economically for domestic and industrial purposes are called fuels.
Eg. Wood, Coal etc

Calorific Value: The calorific value of a fuel is defined as the quantity of heat (expressed in
calories or kilo calories) liberated by the complete combustion of unit weight (1gm or 1kg) of the
fuel in air or oxygen with subsequent cooling of the products of combustion to the initial
temperature of the fuel.

Hardness: Total hardness is defined as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations,
both expressed as calcium carbonate; in mg/L. originally water hardness was under stood to be a
measure of the capacity of eater to precipitated soap. Soap is precipitated primarily by calcium
and magnesium ions present. Other prevalent cations also precipitate soap but they often are in
complex forms and minimal concentration.

Type
• Temporary or Carbonate Hardness
• Permanent or Noncarbonated Hardness

Temporary or Carbonate Hardness: Temporary hardness is water hardness due to the presence of
calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates, which can be precipitated by heating the
water. It can be removed by processes such as boiling or lime softening, and then separation of
water from the resulting precipitate.
Permanent or Noncarbonated Hardness: Permanent hardness in water is hardness due to the
presence of the chlorides, nitrates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which will not be
precipitated by boiling.
Unit: Parts per million (ppm), mg/l, Clark degree (°Clark)

Alkalinity: The alkalinity refers to the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize the
acids. It can measure the bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, hydroxide ions, and carbonate naturally
present in the water.
Two types of Alkalinity present in water, P-Alkalinity also called Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
because Phenolphthalein indicator used for analysis. M-Alkalinity also called Methyl orange
Alkalinity because Methyl orange indicator used for analysis.

Chloride: is a naturally occurring element that is common in most natural waters and is most
often found as a component of salt (sodium chloride) or in some cases in combination with
potassium or calcium.
Consuming drinking water containing chloride is not harmful to health. High amounts of
chloride can give a salty taste to water and can corrode pipes, pumps and plumbing fixtures.

Total Dissolved Solids: TDS stands for total dissolved solids, and represents the total
concentration of dissolved substances in water. TDS is made up of inorganic salts, as well as a
small amount of organic matter. Common inorganic salts that can be found in water include
calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, which are all cations, and carbonates, nitrates,
bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates, which are all anions. Cations are positively charged ions and
anions are negatively charged ions.