A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

THE USE OF INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE THE CLASSROOM:

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR BETTER AIR QUALITY

A Thesis Presented to the

Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Practical Research 2

Banal, John Gerald P.

Cruz, Gerald Y.
Cutiongco, Jhon Salvador O.
Duana, Aldwin Jan D.
Lopez, Clarence A.
Magpayo, Bea Nicole A.
Manalansan, Andrei John M.
Manansala, Gabriel M.
Navarro, Hazel Nicole B.
Sanalila, Diane Trist B.
Villanueva, Paula Andrea C.

2023
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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

The Use of Indoor Plants inside the Classroom: An Experimental Study for Better Air
Quality
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Indoor plants are essential in daily life. The concept of biophilia claims that humans

are interconnected with each other, wherein it claims that humans were born with emotional

connections with nature (Han et al., 2022). In Addition, plants can be used to improve the

air quality in every building. Plants possess the capacity to absorb and break down different

harmful substances in the environment, a process known as phytoremediation. However,

this capability is not yet fully utilized for efficient air purification indoors (Susanto et al.,

2020). Furthermore, indoor plants may serve as a supplementary strategy, offering extra

advantages such as visual appeal and stress reduction. Indoor air is typically more than

twice as polluted as outdoor air, and the health risks from prolonged exposure to indoor air

pollution are increasing. With this, indoor plants can serve as air purifiers, Lin (2022) states

that plants contribute to enhancing indoor air quality by facilitating air circulation through

transpiration, effectively eliminating pollutants, and ensuring a clean indoor environment.

According to (Susanto et al., 2020) the method of air purification through plants is

not widely recognized. Typically, plant selection for homes is influenced by aesthetic

appeal, durability, and minimal maintenance costs rather than their air-purifying abilities.

Furthermore, having nature around is said to be excellent for both mental and physical

well-being. (Pichlhöfer et al., 2021). As stated by (Bogerd et al., 2021), enhancing the

restorative
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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

attributes of indoor spaces might act as a safeguard against stress and mental health

issues in students, fostering improvements in their mood, cognitive performance, and

perception of environmental quality.

In recent years, the idea of potted plants lowering indoor pollutants have gotten much

attention, especially in reducing airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC). A study

conducted by Cummings and Warings, (2020) stated that potted indoor plants can mitigate

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in small-scale, sealed room over a given period or

timescales of hours or days. The shift from controlled room studies to real-world

applications presents issues due to potential mismatches in measurement relevance to

dynamic indoor environments. Understanding the complex impact of potted plants on

indoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) loading is critical for gaining insight into their

practical efficacy for improving indoor air quality. However, using indoor plants to reduce

the impacts of air pollutants in a closed space may be useful, a small percentage of people

are still unaware of the relevance of plants and how they might help to reduce air pollutants

indoors or outside. As explained by (Pany, P. et al., 2019), the Phenomenon known as

"plant blindness" results in a limited view of nature, which may lead to people and society

having a poor knowledge of critical environmental and conservation issues. The researchers

propose a method for educators to alleviate plant blindness by structuring a teaching unit

around students' interests in plants. This entails studying the preferences of pupils for

beneficial plants.
 To effectively foster plant vision in students, educators must carefully pick the plant

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

materials presented as examples in the classroom. In line with the significant effects of

indoor plants on the air quality inside a facility and on the well-being of the students and

faculty that utilize the rooms, it is important to consider and know the context in which air

pollution takes place. World Health Organization, (2021) stated that every year, the

combined impacts of outdoor and interior air pollution cause approximately 7 million

premature deaths, primarily due to increased mortality from stroke, IHD, COPD, lung

cancer, and acute respiratory infections. Air pollution can occur in both outdoor and indoor

settings which is caused by home cookstoves, automobiles, industrial facilities, and forest

fires. Particulate matter (PM; both PM 2.5 (i.e. particles with an aerodynamic diameter

equal to or less than 2.5 m) and PM10 (i.e. particles with an aerodynamic diameter equal to

or less than 10 m), ozone (O 3), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), and carbon

monoxide (CO) are air pollutants with the strongest evidence for adverse health outcomes.

In our modern world, the rapid spread of air pollution must be given attention as it

rapidly increases the odds of people getting health complications especially children. As

mentioned by Qurratulain et al., 2019, air pollution is a rapidly developing and very

concerning issue all over the world, with individuals and governments releasing massive

amounts of dangerous pollutants into the atmosphere on a daily basis. These pollutants are

not only harmful to human health, animals, and plants, but they also contribute to global

climate change. It is critical to understand significant air contaminants, their primary

sources of release, and the health effects of human exposure to them. Such up-to-date and

reliable

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

information will aid in the development of methods and means to limit pollution emissions

and releases into the atmosphere, as well as in minimizing exposure.

Millions of deaths are caused by indoor air pollution, which is a major risk to human

health. As indicated by Tran, Park, & Lee (2020), reduced indoor air quality (IAQ) in

homes and buildings has been connected to a number of symptoms and diseases during the

past few decades. Even at low concentrations, indoor exposure to inorganic, chemical,

physical, and biological pollutants is frequent, pervasive, and long-lasting. Hence, there has

always been a lot of concern and attention focused on the negative impacts of IAP on

human health. Given the substantial impacts indoor plants have on a facility’s air quality,

Wolverton (2020) stated that growing plants in our homes and offices is a commonly

acknowledged way to maintain this connection with nature. However, houseplants are

capable of far more than just making our surroundings look better; they can also

significantly improve the air we breathe, which is the lifeblood of our existence. In

addition, having indoor plants has several advantages, such as reducing stress and lowering

health risks. As stated by Sheeran & Rasmussen (2023), indoor plants are just as vital for

enhancing air quality and mental health, but planting strategies overlook the delivery of

aerial resources, even though these plants evolved in humid (sub)tropical conditions with

aerial root types. Apart from this, the majority of people in this generation choose to stay
indoors instead of going outside, which reduces our exposure to the fresh air that trees

provide. Not only outdoor pollution can harm people, but also indoor pollutants that we

encounter in indoor spaces, such as dust and household cleaning chemicals.

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

A study conducted by Cetin & Abo Aisha (2023) shows that indoor air pollution is

far greater than outdoor air pollution. Therefore, indoor air has a far greater impact on

human health than outdoor air. One of the best methods to reduce indoor air pollution is to

install plants. Furthermore, one of the chemicals found in household items is formaldehyde;

eliminating this pollutant from indoor air is important. Indoor plants are particularly

important among these practices since they aid in the regulation of indoor humidity,

temperature, and oxygen content (Khalifa et al., 2022).

González-Martín et. al (2021) established that the problem of indoor air pollution has

become more visible in recent years, and buildings are continuously getting sealed against

the environment to save energy for heating and cooling. Proved by the statement of

Winqvist et. al (2020) there are indoor air quality (IAQ) complaints that are commonly

recorded even in relatively new or renovated school buildings in Finland. Even in modern

and recently renovated structures, concerns related to indoor air quality commonly occur,

potentially affecting the health and well-being of students and teachers. Moreover,

particulate air pollution is a major health concern and is responsible for about one in nine

premature deaths worldwide. Significant exposure to particulate matter (PM) may happen

indoors because people spend a large fraction of their time inside buildings, as explained by
Budaniya & Rai (2022). Indoor plants have been suggested by the researchers as a potential

solution for removing PM as well as other pollutants from indoor air in the classrooms. As

highlighted by Diener & Mudu (2021) air pollution causes the largest death toll among

environmental risks worldwide. Indoor air pollution can be more threatening than outdoor

air pollution since

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

the pollutants are much denser and there is not much space inside. Intervention tactics to

purify the pollutants in the air remain insufficient. Although well-established technologies

can remove certain toxins from indoor environments, methods capable of eliminating all of

them do not yet exist. Biological methods, however, which are based on plants and their

associated microorganisms, could hold significant promise, these findings have been

significantly examined by Aydogan & Cerone (2020).

Good indoor air quality from low levels of air pollutants affects groups of people

positively. One that supports this is the study conducted by Han (2019), which revealed that

the participants' feelings of preference, naturalness of the environment, and pleasure were

stronger, the lower the levels of fine and suspended particles in the air. Indoor air quality

and microclimate controllable by low-energy indoor plants should be conducted with more

research and should be in widespread use. Technological advancements in today’s modern

world as solutions for capturing air pollutants are not as effective as resolving pollution by

establishing indoor plants. These advanced technological equipment and methods may

bring more damage than what they can offer as advantages. From the point of view of Mata

et. al. (2022), in general, while it is proven short-term effective, traditional physicochemical
methods of absorbing air contaminants have certain negative effects over time as these are

unable to remove all of the primary gaseous pollutants at once, some are dangerous because

they release ozone, are costly, need frequent maintenance, may use a lot of energy, produce

waste and secondary pollutants, and have significant installation costs. Implementing the

use of indoor plants to clean up contaminated environments due to air pollution has already

been

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

used a very long time ago and is still widely used by many. The effects of indoor ornaments

become more and more effective as they undergo certain collaboration with technology and

as they go through development.

As stated by Gill et. al. (2020), since the 1980s, the use of phytoremediation air

pollution in inside settings has become widely spread and well-known. Through the

development of these practices as well as the active botanical biofiltration, or active green

wall systems, the effectuality of botanical systems in improving indoor air quality has

significantly increased. Using indoor plants that are arranged vertically and mechanical air

induction, active green walls can progressively remove pollution through foliage and

growth medium. The innovation brought by technologies nowadays significantly

contributes to resolving some environmental issues, namely, air pollution. The

collaboration between the actual use of plants and the installation of technological methods

has surfaced to build strong mechanisms for improving air quality. In the study of Mannan

& Al-Ghamdi, (2021), it was highlighted that adopting sustainable processes to maintain

good indoor quality has become vital in the community. Active botanical biofiltration
(ABB) systems, in which air is cycled through the plant root zone as well as the growing

medium for maximal phytoremediation impact, were emphasized in the research on green

technologies for indoor air. Additionally, aside from the progression of mechanical devices,

building professionals are becoming increasingly interested in interior plant-based air

purification systems due to several potential mechanisms including leaf surface, stomata,

and plant roots.

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

The increasing problem of air pollution continuously has a huge impact on human

health, especially on the most vulnerable groups in society: children and the elderly.

However, this air pollution doesn’t just pertain to the outside aspect but also to the indoor

air quality these people encounter and breathe in, which some may be unaware of. In

addition to that, in most parts of the world, there is insufficient information and data

gathered about indoor air pollutants, which are harmful to human health, especially to the

health of children and the elderly- considered to be vulnerable groups (Cho et. al., 2019).

Indoor air pollution can cause negative effects on human health that may lead to a

deteriorated environment over time. According to Wei et al. (2017), as cited by, Kumar et

al., (2023), there are two main strategies to reduce indoor pollution, reducing pollution

sources and using effective air purification methods to detoxify the contaminants already

present. As demonstrated by Lee et al. (2020) and Supreeth et al. (2021), bioremediation is

a non-invasive, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to many of the

current conventional remediation technologies due to their high maintenance costs.

 As reported by Sal Moslehian et al., (2023), creating a restorative environment uses a

biophilic design which is natural indoor plants. Indoor plants are an affordable, sustainable,

and highly effective way to create therapeutic and healing spaces. Indoor plants contribute

to better indoor air quality and thermal regulation, reduce health risks associated with poor

indoor environmental qualities (IQ), increase building energy efficiency, and lead to related

financial gains. In particular, the beneficial effects of indoor plants on reducing stress and

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

negative emotions, managing pain, promoting positive emotions, and improving task

performance are most notable in workplaces and educational settings. Indoor plants are a

common feature of offices due to their relatively low-cost solution rather than outdoor

excursions or ensuring window access. According to Brown et al. (2014), as cited by

Thatcher et al. (2020), walking in the outdoors during breaks, landscaping, seeing the

outdoors through an office window, and the presence of indoor plants are a few ways that

engaging with nature can be beneficial. Examining the effects of indoor plants on office

workers, field studies have documented three sorts of results: assessments of the work

environment, actual and perceived work performance, and self-reported physical health at

work. In contrast to a control condition, the plants in the laboratory study influence work

performance and assessments of the work environment. Air pollutants is one if not the

greatest environmental health risk the world is attributed to, which can be found both

indoors and outdoors. Since air pollution is greatly influenced by human activity, real-

world conditions rather than just lab-scale research must be taken into consideration.

Widespread plantings raise the air's oxygen content, which contributes to maintaining a

healthy balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen. As stated by Kim et al., (2020), the
 mechanism of phytoremediation in the air relies on the absorption of airborne contaminants

through metabolic processes.

As explained by Gunawardena et al. (2019), a positive feedback loop that leads to

climate change is facilitated in part by greenhouse gas emissions. Increased frequency and

intensity of heatwaves due to climate change means higher energy use. The importance of

encouraging surface greening in heavily populated areas is growing as people become more

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

aware of the risks associated with climate change. Two strategies that plants can employ to

modify the air within buildings and maintain a healthy ecosystem are phytoremediation and

evaporative cooling. The advantages of indoor nature for physical and mental health can be

explained by a combination of a psychological mechanism and a physiological mechanism.

First, a psychological mechanism is based on an evolutionary framework. All humans are

proven to be respond positively to natural things and living things. People are really

interested in using green plants in their homes because of the positive effects they can have

on people. People can benefit from having physical contact with nature, which can reduce

stress and help them learn and grow. Plus, studies have shown that having greenery in a

workspace can have a positive effect on people's attitudes and behavior, as well as their

overall happiness and satisfaction. This has led to people wanting to look at how living

greenery can improve the built environment, not just its looks. The primary evidence of the

potential of indoor plants to improve air quality was demonstrated by a decrease in

pollutant levels, followed by an increase in humidity and a decrease in temperature.

Eligibility criteria included studies conducted with interventions of any type of indoor plant

(excluding biofilters that combined power facilities and vegetation), comparators included
within or between the same experimental treatment, air quality effects measured objectively

using any instrument, any study design, and the ability to screen 95 journal articles for

quantitative empirical research. Information was compiled based on the intervention, type

of plant, scientific family name, study design, air quality, research environment, and

climate. Sampling frequency or period, as well as the number of replications, were also

taken into account. People in developed countries spend a lot of time inside, so it's no

surprise that air pollution is a major concern

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

for people's health. Especially in new, energy-efficient homes, the main sources of indoor

PM pollution come from things like cooking, candles, and incense, as well as any outside

PM pollution that gets in through the vents. Even burning incense, which has been around

for decades, can have a big effect on the indoor air since it releases more PAH and PM2.5,

which can increase the risk of heart disease and seriously affect the lungs. To make sure

everyone is comfortable, buildings are often equipped with ACMV systems. Advancements

in air filtration technology have improved the efficiency of AC systems, improving indoor

air quality and providing optimal thermal comfort to building tenants. However, AC

systems’ high energy consumption has the unintended consequence of increasing

greenhouse gas emissions, which could contribute to global warming.

Bio-decontamination can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as filtration

or radiation, however, these are costly and not suitable for residential use. A more cost-

effective approach to air purification may be utilizing indoor plants, which are capable of

purifying the air by eliminating air pollutants and cultivating airborne microbes. This
approach could be suitable for a wide range of environments, with no special requirements,

and can also provide aesthetic benefits that may have an indirect effect on human health.

Plants have an important role to us humans in our physical and even mental well-

being. Other people spend their day in indoor spaces. putting indoor plants can give humans

a healthier life physically and mentally, it can reduce their stress and gain more strength to

work for a day. As stated in a study conducted by Toyoda et al., (2023), A person spends

about 90% of their time indoors. Numerous studies have demonstrated a connection

between

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A STUDY ABOUT INDOOR PLANTS INSIDE CLASSROOMS

the interior environment and human performance. Humans are influenced by various

aspects of their indoor settings, including air quality and design. The presence of plants in

the classroom can help pupils feel more at ease and concentrate on their studies due to the

improved air quality. Moreover, as explained by Angela Haupt et al., (2023), It's true that

"plants make people happy," as the unofficial motto of the plant-loving community goes: in

one experiment, participants felt happier after spending five to ten minutes in a room with a

few houseplants than they did in a room without any plants. One research analysis found

that the longer people are exposed to plants, the more comfortable they feel and the more

happy emotions they experience. The authors also found that purple and green plants were

especially good in lowering negative emotions. There is also a correlation between higher

life happiness and self-esteem and spending time among plants. Having toxic heavy metals

in soil and water can have various harmful effects on the environment. Considering the

phytoremediation can be effective and useful to use. Especially to the soil that accumulates

of toxic heavy metals. Based on a study conducted by Yaashikaa et al., (2022), toxic heavy
metal buildup in soil and water streams is now recognized as a major environmental issue

that has detrimental consequences on both plants and animals. One efficient, cost-effective,

and environmentally friendly method of bioremediation that can be used to detoxify and

accumulate toxic heavy metals in contaminated environments is called phytoremediation.

Hyperaccumulators release molecules known as transporters, which move and transfer the

heavy metals from the soil to various plant sections. Higher amounts of hazardous heavy

metals can be contained in the tissues of plants with hyperaccumulator genes.

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These days, air pollution has a negative impact on human health. Putting plants

outdoors and indoor can help reduce air pollution, and can have good benefits for humans.

As mentioned in a study conducted by Sofia D. et al., (2020) The negative health effects of

air pollution are becoming more widely acknowledged. As a result, effective mitigation

techniques must be used to achieve significant co-benefits for the environment and human

health. A sensible strategy for lessening the negative impacts of air pollution on the

environment and public health is put forth. Since exposure to air pollution is clearly linked

to an increase in the short- and long-term harmful affects on human health, the scientific

community as well as the general public are particularly interested in the declining status of

urban air quality. Correspondingly, the city is perceived as an area filled with noise and

pollution; vegetation can assist lower air pollution. It can help to change the air quality in

urban parks. Moreover, as indicated by Xing and Brimblecombe et al., (2019), urban parks

have long been regarded as havens away from the hustle and bustle, clamor, and pollution
of the surrounding metropolis. The phrase "lungs of the city" was applied to parks, and

research on the deposition of toxins on leaf surfaces reinforced this concept. In addition to

the numerous significant functions that urban vegetation offers, air filtration has recently

come to be recognized as an ecosystem service. The role that leaf deposition plays in

lowering the amounts of air pollutants in urban areas is sometimes contested, though.

Pollutant concentrations can be higher than anticipated even if pollutants deposit on

vegetation because of the change in turbulence and wind speed caused by increased

friction, which frequently limits dispersion.

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This paper presents an idea on the effects of indoor plants to the indoor air quality.

To verify the accuracy, tests will be conducted by the researchers. As explained by Kim et

al. (2020), air pollution is a significant issue that fuels both severe illnesses and climate

change. Air pollution is the major cause of death for seven million people annually, since

90% of people breathe it in. Indoor air pollution is 100 times more contaminated than

outside air pollution, and it has a more direct impact on human health than atmospheric

pollution. Indoor pollutants are 1,000 times more likely to get into the lungs and cause

conditions including sick building syndrome and vertigo. To reduce exposure to air

pollution, new initiatives have been launched, including the development of air purifiers

and tools for measuring air quality. Accordingly, students' mental health improved as a

result of being exposed to more greenery during COVID-19, with symptoms of anxiety and

depression decreasing. The potential of greenery as a significant resource during social

isolation is highlighted by the way it enhanced social support and boosted involvement,
both indoors and outdoors. Interestingly, a study by Browning et al. (2021) found that

having greenery around them makes students who are depressed or anxious feel less alone

and more supported. Many plants in homes and surroundings help reduce rates and

symptoms of depression. While neighborhood vegetation provides a soothing quality and

encourages social engagement and support, indoor greenery may exacerbate feelings of

isolation. Students who stayed home for the most of the COVID-19 pandemic reported

better mental health when exposed to more greenery. Pollution-reduction technologies

should be implemented by industry and power plants. Education, training, public

awareness, and participation are crucial. Reliability, sustainable development

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strategies, and research-based data are necessary for effective air pollution management.

Bezirtzoglou et al. (2020) claim that because air pollution affects both individual and public

health and contributes to climate change, it is one of the largest issues of our day. An

increase in illness and death rates is also associated with air pollution. A wide range of

pollutants contribute significantly to human illness. Among these are particulate matter

(PM), which are tiny, variable-diameter particles that can cause respiratory, neurological,

and reproductive issues in addition to entering the respiratory system through inhalation

and causing cancer. The majority of Westernized people spend ninety percent of their time

indoors, which highlights the importance of indoor air quality. Indoor air quality is affected

by external pollutants, ventilation, allergens, heating, and smoking, among other activities.

As stated by Bartel et al. 2020, air pollution and climate change have a major
negative impact on people's health and well-being and can worsen pre-existing illnesses

like asthma and allergic rhinitis, among other chronic respiratory problems. Apart from the

direct harm to human health, human activities such as traffic and other outdoor air pollution

also accelerate global warming and raise the allergenic potential of certain plants. The

massive changes that our world experience as the way of living innovates, the health of

people, animals, and our ecosystem will also encounter new issues and developing

concerns. From the point of view of Schneidemesser et al. (2020), air quality and climate

change are intricately related. Not only do some air pollutants have a direct effect on

radiative forcing (e.g., ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), including black carbon),

and hence climate change, but changing climate can also affect air quality. Furthermore,

given the similarity of

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emission sources, mitigation approaches like the use of indoor plants will most likely have

an impact on both air quality and climate change.

Statement of The Problem

This study aims to delve into exploring the impact of indoor plants in providing better air

quality indoor with a particular focus on the classroom facilities of Mary the Queen College

of Pampanga Inc. this academic year 2023-2024, in essence, this research seeks to address

the following questions:

1. How do indoor plants affect the air quality?

2. What is the potential correlation between improved air quality and students’ well-

being and academic performance?

3. How to use indoor plants in classrooms to improve air quality and create a healthier

learning environment?

4. What are the potential issues and difficulties involved with the use of indoor plants in

educational settings to improve air quality, and how may these challenges be effectively

addressed?

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Hypothesis

Null:

There is no significant relationship between indoor plants and air quality

Alternative:

There is a significant relationship between indoor plants and air quality

Theoretical Framework

The psychological theory known as Attention Restoration Theory (ART) is applied to

this study because spending time in outdoors or other natural settings helps improve and

recover cognitive function and attention. Spending time in nature or interacting with natural

elements can help to replenish mental resources and enhance concentration and attention. In
natural settings, the efficacy of attention restoration can be significantly influenced by air

quality. Air pollution exposure has been linked to a number of health issues, such as

respiratory and cardiovascular. Applying the principles of Attention Restoration Theory to

indoor contexts requires careful evaluation of indoor air quality. Developing areas that are

free of indoor air pollutants and have a pleasing aesthetic can help to create a setting that

promotes general wellbeing and cognitive recovery. To improve indoor air quality, this may

entail making decisions about design, ventilation techniques, and the usage of indoor

plants.

One influential and widely-cited theoretical account to explain such effects is

Attention Restoration Theory (ART) was coined by Rachel and Stephen Kaplan in 1980.

According to

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the attention restoration theory (ART), spending time in nature or even just gazing at

images of it can improve a person's ability to focus. There are many "soft fascinations" in

natural settings that one can consider with "effortless attention," like clouds floating

through the sky, leaves rustling in the wind, or water bubbling over rocks in a stream. ART

focuses on the cognitive benefits that nature can provide and makes the assumption that

nature is able to restore an individual's capacity to focus or direct attention when it has been

diminished.

To investigate the effects of indoor plants, the theory will provide a better

understanding of how it affects students' physical and mental health. This theory will be
instrumental in explaining whether improved air quality and good physical and mental

well-being help individuals concentrate and focus better while replenishing their cognitive

resources.

Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Materials:  Improved Air

 Indoor Plants Quality
 Surveys  Good Physical
Problem: and Mental
 Questionnaires
 Poor Well-being
 Group
ventilation  Improved
Comparison
inside the Cognitive
classrooms function and
Attention