3.04 CH419A Jovellana Humidification Fundamentals

Humidification Fundamentals
Lecture 3.04
Engr. John Andrew Kane P. Jovellana

2023 November 25
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CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 1

Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer (SHMT)
So far, the following concepts and Humidification
equipment were discussed: ❑ Transfer of both heat and mass,
❑ Heat Transfer Equipment where the heat is directly
❑ Heat Exchangers associated with mass transfer
❑ Condensers, Boilers ❑ Recall: Latent heat of vaporization
❑ Furnaces (radiant surfaces)
❑ Mass Transfer Equipment What is its driving force?
❑ Gas Absorption Towers In general, the relation between the
❑ Stripping Columns humidity and temperature of the
❑ Fixed-Bed Adsorption air and liquid phases determine the
directions of heat and mass transfer
For the last 4 weeks of CH419A: for SHMT systems.
❑ Humidification These involve a
❑ Drying of Solids change in phase
❑ Evaporation and have more than
❑ Crystallization one component
What is common among these processes?
2
Outline
❑ Humidification equipment
❑ Humidity definitions [Foust notation]
❑ Humidity chart
❑ Perry’s 8th edition
❑ Foust charts
❑ Processes involving water vapor transfer
❑ Graphical representation
❑ Mass and energy balances
3
Learning Objectives
❑ To be familiar with the applications and equipment
for humidification and dehumidification
❑ To recognize the systems with simultaneous heat
and mass transfer
❑ To understand the different properties of the
humidity chart for mass and energy balances
❑ To plot processes on the humidity chart
4
Humidification and Dehumidification
Simplest case of SHMT: Contact
of a pure liquid with a gas
❑ Liquid: water
❑ Gas: noncondensable (air) and
condensable (water vapor)
❑ Direction of transfer
❑ Dictated by humidity and
temperature
Applications of Humidification
❑ Cooling of hot air by contact with cold water
❑ Fans with sprays (e.g. outdoor cooling systems)
❑ Cooling of hot water by contact with ambient air
❑ Cooling towers (e.g. power plants)
❑ Control of humidity in a space
❑ Laboratories; humidity-sensitive equipment, processes and products
Industrial Equipment: Spray Chambers, Spray Ponds
Spray Chambers Spray Ponds
❑ Liquid is sprayed into the vapor stream ❑ Water cooling takes place by exchange of
❑ Low gas velocity for high contact time and heat with the ambient air, involving both
low liquid entrainment; Usually restricted to ❑ i. conductive heat transfer between the
small-scale operations for humidity water droplets and the surrounding air
control; Special applications include ❑ ii. evaporative cooling (which provides
fume scrubbers for solvent recovery. 85 to 90% of the total cooling).

Cooling Tower
When cooling large quantities of water, heat exchangers are not economical. Small-scale cooling towers
Natural-draft cooling
tower: Largest-scale
applications ~300 ft
tall, 250 ft diameter
Induced draft cooling

tower: Intermediate-
scale applications
~30 ft tall, 48 ft wide

Review of Humidity Concepts: Water Quantities
Phase Relations Humidity Units
𝐲
❑ Raoult’s Law: ideal solution and ideal 1. Molal Humidity, 𝐘 =
𝟏−𝐲
gas assumption
❑Mole ratio of vapor, dry-basis
❑ With Dalton’s Law, 𝐲𝐬 𝐏 = 𝐱𝐚 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐚𝐭 = 𝐏𝐬
❑[moles vapor]/[moles dry gas]
❑ Since x = 1 (liquid is pure), 𝐲𝐬 = 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐚𝐭 /𝐏
❑ Pasat is obtained for a given 𝐌𝐚
temperature. How? 2. Absolute Humidity, 𝐘′ = 𝐘
𝐌𝐛
❑ Special constants for air-water systems: ❑Mass ratio of vapor, dry-basis
𝐂𝟏 𝐂𝟏 ❑[mass vapor]/[mass dry gas]
𝐥𝐧 𝐩𝐬 = 𝐂𝟎 − ; 𝐓= + 𝐂𝟐
𝐓 − 𝐂𝟐 𝐂𝟎 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐩𝐬 ❑Note: a – water; b – dry gas (air)

Review of Humidity Concepts: Water Quantities
3. Percent Saturation/Humidity 4. Percent Relative Humidity
Y Y′ Pa y
%sat = 100% = 100% %RH = sat 100% = 100%
Ys Ys ′ Pa ys
❑ Ratio of absolute humidity or molal ❑ Ratio of partial pressure of vapor to
humidity to that at saturation partial pressure of vapor at saturation
❑ In terms of mole ratios:
y Which is larger? %sat or %RH? What
1−y y 1 − ys condition will make them equal?
%sat = y 100% = 100%
s ys 1 − y
1 − ys
5. Humid Volume, Vh
❑ Volume of 1 lbmol (or 1 mol) of dry gas plus its associated vapor
❑ [ft3]/[lbmol dry gas], or [m3]/[mol dry gas]
T °R 1 TK 101325
Vh = 1 + Y ∙ 359 ∙ ∙ ; Vh = 1 + Y ∙ 0.0224 ∙ ∙
492 P atm 273.15 P Pa

Heat Parameters in Humidity
1. Molal Humid Heat, ch
❑ Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lbmol (or 1 mol) of dry gas plus its
associated vapor by 1 oF (or 1 oC) 𝐜𝐡 = 𝐜𝐛 + 𝐘𝐜𝐚
❑ [Btu]/[lbmol dry gas]-[oF], or [J]/[mol dry gas]-[oC]
❑ cb and ca: molal heat capacities of a - water vapor; b - dry gas
2. Enthalpy of Vapor-Gas Mixture, H

❑ By analogy to molal humid heat, 𝐇 = 𝐇𝐛 + 𝐘𝐇𝐚
❑ H: enthalpy of 1 lbmol dry gas plus its associated water vapor
❑ Hb and Ha are molal enthalpies
❑ Reference conditions: b: dry air: 32oF, 1atm; a: liquid water: triple point
❑ From the reference conditions, 𝐇 = 𝐜𝐛 𝐓 − 𝐓𝟎 + 𝐘 𝛌𝟎 + 𝐜𝐚 𝐓 − 𝐓𝟎
❑ T0: reference temperature, 32oF for both air and water
❑ λ0: heat of vaporization at the reference temperature, Btu/lbmol
❑ Molal heat capacities assumed constant, pressure effect on H is ignored

Relevant Temperatures in Humidity
1. Dew Point 3. Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, Tsa
❑ Point at which condensation begins ❑ Temperature that would be attained if the
when the pressure or temperature is gas were saturated in an adiabatic
changed over a mixture of fixed process. Recall: adiabatic → q = 0
composition ❑ Compare against dew temperature →
❑ Usually, T is lowered at constant P cooling at constant pressure
Dew point temperature, Td ❑ Will be related to humidity later
❑ Temperature at which liquid begins to
form when the gas phase is cooled at
constant pressure
2. Wet-bulb Temperature, TW
Steady-state temperature attained by a
wet-bulb thermometer exposed to a rapidly
moving stream of vapor-gas mixture
Sling Thermometers
Wet-bulb Temperature, TW
Steady-state temperature attained
by a wet-bulb thermometer
exposed to a rapidly moving
stream of vapor-gas mixture
1. Thermometer is wetted with

liquid that forms the vapor in the
vapor-gas mixture (water)
2. If the gas is not saturated, some
of the liquid in the wick evaporates,
carrying the corresponding latent
heat with it; hence, at steady state,
the temperature decreases to Tw

Humidity and Tsa
General humidification process
L2, TL2, HL2 V2, Y2, Tv2, Hv2 𝐜𝐡𝟏 𝐓𝐬𝐚 − 𝐓𝟏 = 𝛌𝐬𝐚 𝐘𝟏 − 𝐘𝐬𝐚
Thus, if both dry-bulb and adiabatic-
saturation temperatures of the gas are
known, the humidity Y1 is obtainable.
q
❑This equation was developed from overall
material and enthalpy balances between initial
gas condition and adiabatic-saturation condition
❑Thus, it is applicable only for the two points.
L1, TL1, ❑It may not describe the path followed by the
V’
HL1
V1, Y1, gas as it becomes saturated
Tv1, Hv1
Humidity and Wet-Bulb Temperature, TW
Dynamic equilibrium The contribution of radiation may be minimized by:
❑ At steady state, the net heat flow ❑ Shielding WBT from hot surfaces
to the wick is zero ❑ Rapidly swinging the WBT
❑ Temperature constant at Tw 𝐤 𝐘 𝛌𝐰
𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝐰 ≈ 𝐘𝐰 − 𝐘𝟏
Heat transfer processes 𝐡𝐜
❑ Heat transfer into the wick (by
convection/radiation) The ratio kY/hc may be obtained for turbulent conditions:
q = hc + hr A T1 − Tw ❑ When air is the non-condensable gas
❑ Heat transfer out of the wick (by 𝐡𝐜 𝛍
𝟎.𝟓𝟔
evaporation) = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟎 𝐁𝐭𝐮Τ𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐨𝐥 ∙ ℉
𝐤𝐘 𝛒𝐃𝐀𝐁
q = −Na λw = −k Y A Y1 − Yw λw
❑ For other non-condensable gases
Mass transfer process 𝟎.𝟓𝟔
❑ Evaporation of water from wick 𝐡𝐜 𝐒𝐜
= 𝐜𝐡 𝐁𝐭𝐮Τ𝐥𝐛𝐦𝐨𝐥 ∙ ℉
Na = k Y A Y1 − Yw 𝐤𝐘 𝐏𝐫
𝐤 𝐘 𝛌𝐰
𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝐰 = 𝐘 − 𝐘𝟏
𝐡𝐜 + 𝐡𝐫 𝐰
Humidity and Wet-Bulb Temperature, TW
❑ Point A: for air at Sc = Pr = 0.70. Gives a value
of hc/kY equal to ch (6.94 Btu/lbmol-oF)
k Y λw
T1 − Tw = Yw − Y1
hc
❑ For the air-water system only, hc/kY can be
replaced by ch within moderate ranges of
temperature and humidity, provided the flow is
turbulent.
h
Lewis relation: c = ch air − water system
kY
❑ For simple monatomic and diatomic gases →
includes air! Implies that mechanisms of heat
and mass transfer are identically dependent
upon flow conditions
ch T1 − Tw = λw Yw − Y1
❑ For air-water system only! Turbulent flow!
ch1 Tsa − T1 = λsa Y1 − Ysa
❑ Thus, Tw = Tsa ☺ But for air-water systems only!
Humidity Chart
Psychrometric Chart
Graphical representation of different
properties of any gas-vapor system
Humidity Chart
Chart for air-water system
(1) Humidity; (2) Dry-bulb temperature; (3)
Wet-bulb temperature; (4) Enthalpy; (5) %
Relative humidity; (6) Humid volume
From Gibbs’ Phase Rule: F = 2 + π - N

❑ 2 components, 2 phases:
❑ 2 degrees of freedom
❑ Need only two parameters to
determine the state of the system
❑ All other properties could then be
read from the graph or calculated
Humidity
Dry Bulb Temp
Wet Bulb Temp
Enthalpy at Saturation
(+) Deviation (-)
Enthalpy = Enthalpy at
saturation + deviation
% Relative Humidity
Humid Volume
Example 3.09 Reading the Humidity Chart (1/4)
a. Find the properties of moist air when
the dry-bulb temperature is 80oF and the
wet-bulb temperature is 67oF.

b. Find the properties of moist air at 90%
RH and dry-bulb temperature of 70oF.

c. Find the properties of saturated air at a
wet-bulb temperature of 60oF.

d. Find the properties of moist air with
humidity 0.020 lb water/ lb da and 60% RH.

Humidity Processes
Sensible Heating: Humidity Adiabatic Humidification: Spray or
remains constant, find Td Evaporative Cooling, constant Tw
Cooling and Dehumidifying: Air-

Heating and Humidifying:
conditioning; cooling to T below
Cooling Tower; both T and
T, and removal of water from air
Y’ increase

Humidity Processes
Drying Process with Recirculation

Example 3.10 Air Heating (1/2)
Air is heated by a steam coil from 30°F dry-bulb
temperature and 80% RH to 75°F dry-bulb
temperature. Find the %RH, wet-bulb temperature,
and dew point of the heated air. Determine the
quantity of heat added per pound of dry air.
%RH:
WBT:
Dew Point:
Heat added:

Example 3.10 Air Heating (2/2)
Air is heated by a steam coil from 30°F dry-bulb
temperature and 80% RH to 75°F dry-bulb
temperature. Find the %RH, wet-bulb temperature,
and dew point of the heated air. Determine the
quantity of heat added per pound of dry air.
%RH:
WBT:
Dew Point:
Heat added:

Example 3.11 Evaporative Cooling (1/2)
Air at 95°F dry-bulb temperature and 70°F wet-
bulb temperature contacts a water spray, where
its relative humidity is increased to 90%. The
spray water is recirculated, makeup water enters
70°F. Determine the exit properties of moist air.
DBT:
WBT
ΔH of air:
Moisture added per lb da:

Example 3.11 Evaporative Cooling (2/2)
Air at 95°F dry-bulb temperature and 70°F wet-
bulb temperature contacts a water spray, where
its relative humidity is increased to 90%. The
spray water is recirculated, makeup water enters
70°F. Determine the exit properties of moist air.
DBT:
WBT
ΔH of air:
Moisture added per lb da:

Example 3.12 Cooling and Dehumidification (1/2)
Find the cooling load per pound of dry air
resulting from infiltration of room air at 80°F dry-
bulb temperature and 67°F wet-bulb temperature
into a cooler maintained at 30°F dry-bulb and
28°F wet-bulb temperature, where moisture
freezes on the coil, which is maintained at 20°F.

Example 3.12 Cooling and Dehumidification (2/2)
Find the cooling load per pound of dry air
resulting from infiltration of room air at 80°F dry-
bulb temperature and 67°F wet-bulb temperature
into a cooler maintained at 30°F dry-bulb and
28°F wet-bulb temperature, where moisture
freezes on the coil, which is maintained at 20°F.

Example 3.13 Cooling Tower (1/2)
Determine the water consumption and amount of
heat dissipated per 1000 ft3/min of entering air at
90°F dry-bulb temperature and 70°F wet-bulb
temperature when the air leaves saturated at
110°F, and the make-up water is at 75°F.

Example 3.13 Cooling Tower (2/2)
Determine the water consumption and amount of
heat dissipated per 1000 ft3/min of entering air at
90°F dry-bulb temperature and 70°F wet-bulb
temperature when the air leaves saturated at
110°F, and the make-up water is at 75°F.

Example 3.14 Recirculating Dryer (1/2)
A dryer is removing 100 lb water/hr from the material
being dried. The air entering the dryer has a dry-bulb
temperature of 180°F and a wet-bulb temperature of
110°F. The air leaves the dryer at 140°F. A portion of
the air is recirculated after mixing with room air having
a dry-bulb temperature of 75°F and a relative humidity
of 60%. Determine the quantity of air required,
recirculation rate, and load on the preheater if it is
assumed that the system is adiabatic. Neglect heat-up
of the feed and of the conveying equipment.

Example 3.14 Recirculating Dryer (2/2)
A dryer is removing 100 lb water/hr from the material
being dried. The air entering the dryer has a dry-bulb
temperature of 180°F and a wet-bulb temperature of
110°F. The air leaves the dryer at 140°F. A portion of
the air is recirculated after mixing with room air having
a dry-bulb temperature of 75°F and a relative humidity
of 60%. Determine the quantity of air required,
recirculation rate, and load on the preheater if it is
assumed that the system is adiabatic. Neglect heat-up
of the feed and of the conveying equipment.

Exercise 3.06 (2018 December 07)
For the production of local dried
mangoes in a continuous belt conveyor
dryer, 100 kg/hr of wet mango slices are
to be dried from 35% to 15% wet
basis moisture content. The filtered
drying air obtained from the atmosphere
[State 1: 80% relative humidity and
moisture content of 3.8462 mol
H2O/100 mol wet air] is first chilled to
decrease its wet basis moisture content
to 24.75% of its original [State 2] via
condensation. It is then heated until its
wet-bulb temperature becomes
22.5°C [State 3]. The air is then passed
through an adsorbent bed of silica gel
desiccant to almost completely
remove its moisture [State 4:
moisture content of 0.16 mol H2O/100
mol dry air] in a constant dry-bulb
temperature process. This air finally
enters the adiabatic dryer, undergoes
a constant wet-bulb temperature
process, and exits with a dew point
of 18°C [State 5]. Use MW (g/mol): H2O
– 18.02; Air – 28.86.
42
Exercise 3.06 (2018 December 07)
a. Trace the processes on the humidity chart. Locate and number the five states on the chart, and
use lines with multiple arrowheads for the processes, that is, ->-->-->-. Darken your sketch. [20%]
b. Copy and fill out the table below on your answer sheet for the properties of the states [30%]:
State Properties (Allowable Tolerance: ±𝟏℃, ±𝟏% 𝐑𝐇, ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐦𝟑 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐤𝐠 𝐝𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐇𝐕)
1 DBT (°C) = WBT (°C) =
2 Dew Point (°C) = Humid Volume (m3/kg dry air) =
3 % Relative Humidity = Humid Volume (m3/kg dry air) =
4 DBT (°C) = WBT (°C) =
5 DBT (°C) = Humid Volume (m3/kg dry air) =
c. Determine the volumetric flow rate of wet air (m3/hr) exiting the dryer. [15%]
d. Solve for the rate of desiccation (water removal) (kg H2O/hr) in the adsorbent. [15%]
e. Calculate the rate of condensation (kg H2O/hr) in the chiller. [10%]
f. Determine the volumetric flow rate of wet air (m3/hr) obtained from the atmosphere. [10%]
43
Exercise 3.07 Exercise 3.08
A centralized air-conditioning system is to be designed to Ten thousand ft3/hr of air at 110°F, saturated
completely change the air in a building every 20 minutes with water vapor, is to be dehumidified. Part of
without recirculation. The building has two floors, with the original wet air is sent through a unit where
dimensions of 50 by 200 by 10 ft per floor and is to be it is cooled and some water condenses. This
supplied with air at 20°C and 60% relative humidity. The air- air leaves the unit saturated at 60°F. It is then
conditioning system takes outside air, cools it down, mixed with the other part of the wet air which
separates out the condensed water, and then reheats it in a bypasses the unit. The final air contains 0.02
heat exchanger against condensing steam at constant lb water vapor per lb dry air. The total pressure
humidity. Considering a hot and humid day in which the is 14.7 psia. Calculate:
outside air is at 32.5°C and 90% humidity, determine: a. Ratio of pounds of dry air bypassed to
a. The absolute humidity, wet-bulb temperature, and humid pounds of dry air sent through the dehumidifier
volume of the moist air at 20°C and 60% relative humidity b. Pounds per hour of water condensed in the
b. The temperature of moist air to which it must be cooled dehumidifier
c. The volumetric flow rate of outside air (ft3/min) brought in sat 1750.286
log PH2O mmHg = 8.10765 −
to the air-conditioning system T ℃ + 235
d. The mass of water condensed per mass of dry air.
44
Further Readings
Foust, Chapter 17 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer I:
Humidification
McCabe, Chapter 19 Humidification Operations

Definitions, Humidity Chart, Wet-Bulb Temperature, Cooling Towers
Geankoplis, Chapter 23 Humidification Processes

Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification
Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers
Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook

Section 12 Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying
Himmelblau, Chapter 10 Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts

The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart
Applications of the Humidity Chart
45
Thank you for attending!
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Humidification Fundamentals

Engr. John Andrew Kane P. Jovellana

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 1

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 6

Induced draft cooling

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 7

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 8

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 9

2. Enthalpy of Vapor-Gas Mixture, H

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 10

1. Thermometer is wetted with

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 12

From Gibbs’ Phase Rule: F = 2 + π - N

(+) Deviation (-)

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 26

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 27

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 28

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 29

Cooling and Dehumidifying: Air-

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 30

Drying Process with Recirculation

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 31

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 32

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 33

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 34

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 35

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 36

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 37

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 38

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 39

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 40

CH419A (Heat and Mass Transfer) – 1st Semester, AY2023-2024 – JAKPJovellana 41

McCabe, Chapter 19 Humidification Operations

Geankoplis, Chapter 23 Humidification Processes

Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook

Himmelblau, Chapter 10 Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts

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