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MT 1117 Lecture 4-1
MT 1117 Lecture 4-1
Lecture 4
December 1, 2021.
Matrix form
Consider
the linear system
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . . . + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + . . . + a2n xn = b2
. . ... .
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + . . . + amn xn = bm
When we consider the definition of matrix multiplication, we can
decouple a system of linear equations so that all the variables are
packed together.
The
linear system above can therefore
be written as
a11 a12 . . . a1n x1 b1
a21 a22 . . . a2n x2 b2
=
. . ... . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn xn bm
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 6 / 25
Matrix and Augmented matrix forms cont . . .
The
matrix
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a21 a22 . . . a2n
. . ... .
am1 am2 . . . amn
is the matrix of coefficients of the linear system and it is called the
coefficient matrix.
Let A be the coefficient matrix of the above linear system, x be the
column matrix of all the variables in the system and b be the
column matrix enumerating the constants of the right side of the
equations in the linear system, then the system can simply be
written as
Ax = b
Definition
A solution to a linear system is a set of scalar values for the variables
that when substituted into each equation of the system makes each
equation true.
Write the linear system associated with the resulting augmented matrix.
Example
Use Gauss elimination to solve the homogeneous linear system
2x3 + 2x4 = 0
x1 + + 3x3 + x4 = 0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0
Matrix form
x
0 0 2 3 1
0
1 0 3 1 x2 = 0
x3
1 1 2 0 0
x4
Augmented
matrixform
0 0 2 3 0
1 0 3 1 0
1 1 2 0 0
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 12 / 25
Gauss elimination cont . . .
We then apply the elementary row operations to the augmented
matrix to r.e.f
Apply R1 ↔ R3
0 0 2 3 0 1 1 2 0 0
1 0 3 1 0 ∼ 1 0 3 1 0
1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 0
Apply R2 → R2 + (−R1 )
1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
1 0 3 1 0 ∼ 0 −1 1 1 0
0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 3 0
This
system is already in r.e.f, the derived set of equations is
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0
− x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
2x3 + 3x4 = 0
Note
If the solution to the derived set involves at least one arbitrary
unknown, then the original system has infinitely many solutions.
Theorem
A homogeneous system of linear equations containing more variables
than equations has infinitely many solutions.
Note
If a derived set contains a false equation, then the original set of
equations has no solution and it is called an inconsistent linear system.
Example
Solve the following system by Gauss elimination.
x + 2y + 3z = 9
2x − y + z = 8
3x − z = 3
Matrix form
1 2 3 x 9
2 −1 1 y = 8
3 0 −1 z 3
Augmented
matrix form
1 2 3 9
2 −1 1 8
3 0 −1 3
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 16 / 25
Gauss elimination cont . . .
Reducing the augmented
matrix
to r.e.f we have
1 2 3 9 1 0 1 5
2 −1 1 8 ∼ . . . ∼ 0 1 1 2
3 0 −1 3 0 0 2 6
The
derived set becomes
x + z = 5
y + z = 2
2z = 6
Solving
the derived
set by back substitution we have
x 2
y = −1
z 3
Note
This linear system has a unique solution
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 17 / 25
Gauss elimination cont . . .
Example
Use Gauss elimination to solve the linear system
x + 2y = 2
3x + 6y = 7
Matrix form
1 2 x 2
=
3 6 y 7
Augmentedmatrix form
1 2 2
3 6 7
Reducing the
augmented
matrix to r.e.f we have
1 2 2 1 2 2
∼ ... ∼
3 6 7 0 0 1
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 18 / 25
Gauss elimination cont . . .
The derived set of equations to this system is
x + 2y = 2
0 = 1
We observe that the last equation in the derived set of equations is
false equation, this implies that the original system is inconsistent
and has no solution.
Exercise
Given the quadratic surface with equation ax2 + by2 + cz2 where a, b
and c are real constants that passes through the points (1, 1, −1),
(1, 3, 3) and −2, 0, 2. Find the formula for the quadratic surface.
Gauss-Jordan elimination
Is one of the algorithms for solving linear system. The steps are:
Construct an augmented matrix for the given linear system.
Use elementary row operations to transform the augmented
matrix to augmented matrix in r.r.e.f.
Write the linear system associated with the resulting augmented
matrix.
Solve the new set of equations (derived set) by back substitution.
Note
In Gaussian elimination the system augmented matrix is reduced to
r.e.f while in Gauss-Jordan elimination it is reduced to r.r.e.f, other
procedures remains the same.
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 20 / 25
Gauss-Jordan elimination cont . . .
Example
Solve the following system by Gauss-Jordan elimination.
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 9
2x1 − x2 + x3 = 8
3x1 − x3 = 3
Matrix form
1 2 3 x1 9
2 −1 1 x2 = 8
3 0 −1 x3 3
Augmented
matrix form
1 2 3 9
2 −1 1 8
3 0 −1 3
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 21 / 25
Gauss elimination cont . . .
Reducing
the augmented
matrix
to r.r.e.f we have
1 2 3 9 1 0 0 2
2 −1 1 8 ∼ . . . ∼ 0 1 0 −1
3 0 −1 3 0 0 1 3
The
derived set becomes
x1 = 2
x2 = −1
x3 = 3
Solving
the
derived
set by back substitution we have
x1 2
x2 = −1
x3 3
Note
This linear system has a unique solution
Instructor: A.V. Mathias Department of Mathematics & MT 1117:University
Statistics of Dodoma
Linear Algebra for ICT(Lecture 4) December 1, 2021. 22 / 25
Inverses and linear system
Note
Let A be n × n non-singular matrix, then the non-homogeneous system
Ax = b has a unique solution.
Note
Let A be n × n non-singular matrix, then the homogeneous system
Ax = 0 has a trivial solution.