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 04
HYDROPONICS: A MODERN TECHNOLOGY FOR
HORTICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION
Som Prakash¹, Rajmani Singh¹, S.S. Verma³, Subhash Verma² and Razauddin¹
1
Research Scholar, Department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
(A Central University) Vidya- Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow-226025, (U.P.)
2
Research Scholar, Department of Vegetable Science, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour
3
Technical Assistant, Department of Agriculture, Barabanki (U.P.).
Email ID: somprakashvrm94@gmail.com

Abstract
Hydroponics has become a practice of growing in a nutrient solution, similar to fertigation.
Vermiculite, perlite, sand, peat, coir, and sawdust gravel are examples of artificial emerging media.
Hydroponics has become a form of plant cultivation that does not involve the use of soil. It obtains
nutrients from a nutrient solution and nutritional water, and inactive root reinforcement (sand or
gravel) can or cannot be exploited. The Hydroponic culture also becomes highly sustainable, conserves
water and soil, as well as protects the atmosphere for the majority of its workers. It only requires basic
agricultural abilities.
Keywords: Hydroponic, liquid nutrient solution, organic and inorganic growing media, insect-pest
and physiological disorder, etc.

Introduction
The term hydroponics comes from the combination of derives: hydro, which means water, or ponos,
which means labour, or working water. Plant cultivation in which the roots are placed in liquid plant
nutrition rather than soils; aquaponic plant growth. In other terms, "the practice of growing crops in
beds with sand, gravel, or other related supporting material saturated with plant nutrition without
using soil." Rather than growing plants in soil, plants are grown in liquid fertilizer communities. The
method of plant growth sans soil is known as hydroponics, using a nutritional solution in liquid form and
nutritionally using water as a nutrition source; with insufficient mechanical root reinforcement (sand or
gravel).Hydroponics is a way of farming in a liquid nutrient solution, close to fertigation. Vermiculite,
perlite, sand, coir, peat, sawdust, and gravel are examples of artificial emerging media. It is a slightly
elevated and capital-intensive system when used in comparison with a greenhouse. The Hydroponic
culture is also highly sustainable, conserves water and soil, as well as protects the atmosphere for the
majority of its workers. It only requires basic agricultural abilities. Production takes place within the
design that regulates air or root pressure, light, water, liquid nutrients, and undesirable atmosphere, as
controlling the aerial or root balanced development is a primary challenge with such an agricultural
system. The plant root is supported by a stable media in the liquid hydroponic environment.
 14

History
The greenhouse originally appeared in the 17th century in France. In the year 1699, Woodward
developed mint plants soilless in England. Involvement in the use of full nutrient solutions for a wide
range of crop production has started to grow in the United States of America. By introducing a broad
scale of crop production, greenhouse soil would have to be supplemented with hydroponics during
regular intervals in perfect condition from year to year. Plants have been grown in nutrient-rich water
for hundreds of years. The historic Babylonian Hanging Gardens and the Aztecs' floating gardens in
Mexico, for example, both are hydroponic. Those observing how plants grow established the basic
principles for hydroponic plant growth in the 1800s. Water and gravel culture structures were used to
launch hydroponic culture in the 1940s and 1950s. People faced many difficulties while gardening in
ancient times. Ancient cultures recognized that water was necessary for agriculture activities, so they
assembled in places where there was an adequate amount of water that could be used to grow plants.
Civilizations evolved around fresh water sources such as streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, allowing
them to pursue agriculture. Fertile land was found in river valleys and around lakes. This kind of soil
was able to sustain both viable crop production and humanity. Early on, man became conscious of the
importance of growing plants in unique conditions and experimented with innovative cultivating
strategies both for asceticism and nourishment.

Concept
A soilless type of culture is hydroponics. Plant roots are submerged in a stable, regularly porous
nutrient mixture or indeed a constant influx as well as nourishing supplement mist in this technique.
Plants crops which are grown in the case of an inorganic material (as an example of sand, clay, rockwool,
perlite, and gravel etc.) but in the case of an organic substance like (like a sphagnum moss grass, peat
moss, pine knots, and fibre of coconut etc.) in addition to Soilless culture, while not traditionally
hydroponic, is described as plants that are water with such a nutrient solution on a regular basis. Some
may dispute all these concepts, since most individuals consider hydroponics as either a growing method
of plants may be grown minus soil.

Current Statues
Hydroponics will be restricted to growing high-value crops in enclosed outcomes in the future, and
will not be used to cultivate a broad variety of commercial crops in open areas. With the popularity of
domestic hydroponics, a wide range of projects and the many sorts of subsystems now available for the
range of agricultural crops. Within their homes, they conduct hydroponic gardening, especially in
particular for herbal ingredients, leafy vegetables as well as salad crops. Infomercial hydroponic systems
will grow in popularity more closely connected with regard to tourists destinations in addition health
resorts in the future, because they place a high priority on health activities for their visitors and guests.
Hydroponics is used to cultivate almost all greenhouse crops, like vegetables, ornamentals and salad
crops. When a nutrient solution is applied to an undesirable substrate other than soil, it is referred to as
"soilless culture." Hydroponic indoor farming is now common all over the world. The Netherlands, Spain,
Britain, Canada, U.S.A, Mexico, Australia, Turkey, and China are among the major vegetable
greenhouse cultivation production areas. The Netherlands has quite a greenhouse industry that covers
more than 25,000 acres and produces flowers and ornamentals. The United States of America has 1500
acres of greenhouse and hydroponic crop growing areas, while Canada now has 2800 acres. China is
currently growing the greenhouse industry, which now covers about 3100 acres.
 15

Advantages
¡ Ease and effectiveness of medium disinfection among crop rotations.
¡ Plant nutrient feeding is uniform, regulated, and consistent. Yields can be maximised using
particular solutions established for specific crops.
¡ Plants may be clustered closely together when light access is not constrained by water and nutrient
availability. This leads to increased yields per unit area occupied by the plant.
¡ Efficient usage of water by irrigation process of automation. Water is treated according to the level
of plant development and harvest.
¡ Fertilizers are effective because nutrients are delivered evenly to plant roots and are widely
available. Beyond the root region, there is no nutrient deficit.
¡ It's a very clean gardening process, as there are no dirty hands from the soil and its constituents.
¡ No weeds, no cultivation.
¡ Hydroponics encourages faster growth because they are not exposed to food or water stress.
¡ Yields are at least 20% higher in hydroponics than in soil culture, unless you're a seasoned soil
grower and producer, so in that case, yields might be comparable to hydroponics. Annual yields in a
greenhouse, on the other hand, can increase 2 or 3 times that of outside soil growth due to the
longer growing season.

Disadvantages
¡ The initial construction cost per acre was very high.
¡ The increasing process must be directed by trained staff. It's crucial to understand how plants
develop and diet values.
¡ Introduced nematodes and soil-borne diseases can rapidly spread to every bed in an enclosed
system's nutrient container.
¡ Scientific research would be needed for the majority of viable genetic resources that are suited to
regulated growing conditions.
¡ The plant's response to beneficial or harmful nutrition is extremely quick. Every day, the grower
must keep an eye on the plants.

Components
Temperature
The majority of plants thrive in a specific temperature range. Low and high temperature thresholds
are needed. In general, low temperature should be colder than the day's temperature. The temperature
for cool-season leafy vegetables like lettuce should be around 10-13°C at night and 15.5-18°C during the
day. Night Temperatures of 18°C and 24°C was during working day are ideal for warm-weather
vegetable crops like cucumbers, tomato, brinjal, chillies, as well as capsicum. Artificial lights produce
heat as well as light, so that they can supply as much as is needed to sustain the optimum temperature.
Exhaust fans are the most popular method of cooling. The exhaust fans were inserted into the wall and
have an exterior outlet.
Proper Air Circulation
For optimal growth, its air temperature should be consistent across the growing season. Because as
plants in space develop vertically. Ground or bottom heat pipes are the best source of heat for the plants.
A system of heater attached to heat transfer tubes situated between both the rows of vine crops, on the
other hand, should cause hot air to rise through the plant. Air mixing is also essential for transferring
heat at the flow separation that comes into contact only with plant leaves. The air movement through the
 16

foliage carries outside in the open that is higher in the carbon dioxide and comes into contact with the
leaves' stomata, which allows carbon dioxide to reach the plant. It improves carbon dioxide distribution
and maintains a more even temperature by increasing air circulation.
Enrichment of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are currently above 350 mg/L (ppm). CO2
enrichment to 2-3 twice the acoustical level (1000-1200 ppm) boosts vegetable crop the manufacture of
up to 20%, particularly under low light levels.
Luminous (Light)
Most indoor plants can thrive in a 5600 lumen (510 foot candle) light environment) for 14-16 hours
each day. In photosynthesis, light plays an important role. It's better to use a combination of red and blue
for flowering and vegetative development, respectively. To optimise light reflection and propagation, all
lights are located in reflective fixtures.
Quality of Water and Temperature
For good plant growth, the quality of water and temperature are critical. The amounts and levels of
minerals found in raw water are used to determine water quality. The quantity of magnesium and
calcium carbonate in the water is measured by hardness. The hardness of the water is ideal for
hydroponics. Hard water can satisfy the majority of certain calcium or magnesium requirements,
reducing the need for fertilizer salts.
Relative Humidity
For most plants, the ideal relative humidity is around 75%. The main concern inside the greenhouse
throughout gloomy, rainy, damp weather is high humidity. Heat and exhauster fans are the easiest ways
to lower humidity if plants' leaves remain damp. It is indeed rainy outdoors, as well as the relative
humidity reaches 100 percent. Usually, when the weather is this good, the atmospheric temperatures
are mild, because the greenhouse air is heated. The humidity will decrease as the radiator increases the
incoming cooler air. That was due to physical interaction between increasing temperatures and
decreasing relative humidity.

Growing Media
Inorganic Media
¡ Rockwool and stonewool: When dried, reusable, high water holding capacity (70-80%), better
aeration (18-20%), no cation exchange or absorption rate, provides a perfect root atmosphere for
germinating seeds and deep plant growth.
¡ Vermiculite: It is a porous, sterile mineral with a higher moisture content ability, a high buffering
capacity, and low water absorption potential.
¡ Perlite: Silent and antiseptic are two words that come to me when I think about Siliceous material,
extremely light and depleting free, no nutrient availability or as a buffer capability, effective
embryonic development substrate as soon as combined with the use of vermiculite and sawdust can
result in breathing problems when used alone.
¡ Sand: Tiny rock grain and trace minerals, might be infected with particles of clay and silt that
should be removed extracted by hydroponic application, poor able to retain water efficiency, a hefty
load, commonly used in organic soilless applications.
¡ Expanded clay: Sterile, harmless, draining free and physical composition could provide for the
deposition of nutrient and water elements; widely used during hydroponic systems in pots.
¡ Pumice: It is a volcanic natural stone that is reactive, has a better water-holding potential than
sand, and has a high porosity in a material.
 17

¡ Scoria: It is a porous volcanic rock that is used in germination combinations. It is thinner than
sand and holds more water.
¡ Polyurethane slabs: A new material that has 75-80% air space as well as a 15% water holding
power.
Organic Media
¡ Coconut fibre: A fine course of coconut and fibre types (coco peat, palm peat, and coir) that is used
for seed germination and has a high capacity to retain nutrients and water.
¡ Peat: It could become damp and therefore is usually combined with some other products to achieve
various physico-chemical properties. It is used in seed growing combines as well as potting media.
¡ Composted bark: High-quality of Pinus radiata (Pine Bark) of soil in the Manganese likewise also
is it possible impact on nitrogen of the plants while originally utilized, should be composted to
eliminate hazardous substances in order to avoid the growth of bacterial infections.
¡ Sawdust: Sawdust that hasn't decomposed with a moderate texture that is light. For short-term
usage, it's effective. In adequate the ability to retain water and condensation, and the nature of
sawdust can have a significant impact on its acceptability.
¡ Rice hulls: They are unrestricted in opposed to perlite have a medium to moderate retain water
ability, and may produce residual contaminants depending on the source. They may need to be
sterilised before use.
¡ Sphagnum moss: A common ingredient in several forms of soilless content, it has a wide range of
chemical and physical properties depending on where it comes from. It is an outstanding substrate
for germination of seeds and has a high water-holding efficiency and can be effectively drained, as
well as can help control root disease.
¡ Vermicompost: These composts are being used in organic growing plants, and are related to the
nutritional factor needs of plants. As a result, they are better combined with other harmoniously
waste materials, such as coarse sand, pumice, and scoria, to change their physical properties.
Essential Nutrient Requirements
Minerals that are essential are those that are required for life in which is required by the plant
expansion and manufacturing. The capacity of soil or hydroponics to provide sufficient nutrients to plant
roots by the availability of essential elements is determined by the amount of each element available, as
well as their solubility. The pH scale is used to determine whether it is acidic or alkaline. The pH of a
solution is acidic if it is less than 7 and alkaline if it is greater than 7. For optimal nutrient absorption,
several plant species prefer a pH of about 6.0 and 7.0. Different plant species need different pH levels.
Lettuce, for example, prefers a pH of 5.0 to 5.5, while a pH of 6.0 to 6.5 is suitable for onions, tomatoes,
chillies and peppers, as well as cucumbers.
Important nutrients
¡ Nitrogen: It is found in proteins, formation of nucleic acids, and chlorophyll, among other organic
compounds.
¡ Phosphorus is involved in the creation of energy molecules, as well as respiration and cell
separation.
¡ Potassium: It's found in the meristematic (plant tips), in which it promotes a lot of enzymes.
¡ Magnesium: It is an essential element of a chlorophyll molecule which helps to release a specific
amino acid and enzymes.
¡ Boron: It is the need for calcium ions for plants.
¡ Zinc: It is an enzyme activator as well as a nutrient deficit.
¡ Copper: It is an electron carrier or a component of some enzymes.
 18

¡ Molybdenum: It is converts nitrate to ammonium by acting as an electron carrier.

Pest and Disease Management

Diseases are reduced by sanitation activities such as clearing pruning residue and rotting or
disfigured fruit. To save them from being sick, keep their living quarters safe. Several insects feed on
plant materials carrying on insects may spread fungal diseases or viruses to plants, therefore it's
important to keep them away from entering will eliminate diseases. Sucking insects transmit viruses
into plants by making a tinny sound or penetrating the host tissue with their mouth parts. Aphids,
thrips, mites, and whiteflies are examples of these species. Human beings sometimes bear fungal disease
on their skins, which they spread to plants by sucking the plant's juices, providing an optimal point of
entry for fungal growth. Keep the plants protected with an involved root system to avoid diseases. In
order for such a plant to be stable, it needs to have the right amount of moisture and nutrients.

Common Diseases
Tomato
¡ Leaf mould (Cladosporium spp.): begins as a tiny black spot on the side of the leaves and rises to
the upper portion as a light zone. Sanitation, drainage, and temperatures that avoid excessive
humidity also help to reduce the risk of infection.
¡ Early blight (Alternaria solanin): On leaves, there are dead areas with early blight which first
attacks on older leaves. Infection is controlled by proper ventilation. Lower leaves should be
removed when plants are lowered to improve air movement and reduce relative humidity.
¡ Gray mould (Botrytis): It is a fungus that spreads through wounds. It can cut leaves with a
paring blade or trimming saw and get a smooth, quick-healing surface. As a moist rotting with a
fuzzy grey (hairy) layer growing above the infected layer. Any fungicides will control the disease
until the fungus completely kills (girdles) the plant stem.
¡ Viruses: Many viruses are resistant and tolerable in certain greenhouse varieties. sucking
mouthparts of insect vectors (whiteflies, aphids, and mites, for example) to reduce the risk of
infection
Peppers
¡ Grey mould and stem rot: Peppers are susceptible to both grey mould and stem rot. The same
control applies to brinjal and tomato crops. Peppers may also be infected with a variety of viruses.
The only course of action is to eliminate bug that feeds on sap.
Cucumbers
¡ Powdery mildew: Cucumber disease is by far the most popular prevalent. Also, on the upper
surface of the leaf, tiny white spots occur. It quickly infects covering plant shoots and leaves. The
patches become larger and expand to encompass the whole leaf in the surface. Sanitation and
exposure are important to prevent this disease. A cloud is created when water is evaporated by a
warm temperature and can reach all regions of the crop. This is usually completed and destroyed
overnight.
¡ Gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae) causes reddish lesions on the flowers, fruit and base of
the main stem. This fungus will be less likely to infect if you have good ventilation and the right
relative humidity. Any fungicides can stop the fungus from spreading.
¡ Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV): The leaves of the affected plants become overshadowed, broad,
and small. This virus is now immune to a large number of cucumber cultivars.
 19

Lettuce
Lettuce is prone to a range number of diseases, including Botrytis, and must be treated in the same
way as a different crop.
¡ Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora): Inside, there's a microbe. As a result, it causes the
plant's interior section to rot and develops, as well as at the plant's crown. This disease can be
slowed down by using proper ventilation to keep humidity levels at optimal levels. Sanitation
among crops and after development assists in the prevention of infection.
¡ Lettuce big vein (Mirafiori lettuce virus): The leaves have swollen, translucent veins as a
symptom. The shape of the leaves becomes ruffled and malformed. Cleanliness and tolerant forms
are effective preventative measures.
¡ Powdery mildew: This fungus results in white spots on the stems. The crop must be removed,
supplemented by stringent sanitation. Resistant varieties can be used.

Common Pests
Tomato
¡ Whiteflies: The most challenging insect associated with the tomato crop is the whitefly. The body
and wings are white. It flies easily when disturbed and is most common on the lower surface of
leaves. There are both beneficial and harmful insects available for monitoring.
¡ Aphids: Based on the insects, they are grey, brown, and black. The distinctive pear-shaped structure
distinguishes them from other species. There are wingless and winged types of insect. When they
suck on the seeds emitted from their abdomens, it causes firmness of leaves and plant pieces.
¡ Thrips: The flowers attract some insects in particular. The appearance of feathery wings
distinguishes them. Their gurgling mouthparts rub a leaf surface and extract the sap from the
leaves, leaving bright, silvery lines on the stems. They bear viruses, like mites, aphids and
whiteflies. Blue slippery traps are more appealing to thrips.
Peppers
¡ Mealybugs: The mealybug is the peppers' main enemy as well as the most hard to interpret.
Whiteflies, aphids, mites, thrips, cutworms and caterpillars are all pests that peppers are
vulnerable to, within this order. However, all these are more controlled than Mealybugs. When
they sap the fluids from plants, Mealybugs induce secretion on fruit and leaves. Such sticky
material attracts ants which can lead to supplementary fungus diseases like sooty mould.
Mealybugs should be operated on as early as they are found, before they develop their defensive
waxy covering. The infestation spreads quickly, causing leaves to collapse and die. Remove all
leaves that are deeply infested and destroy them. Using natural pesticides like copper fungicide,
Neem seed oil and cake at this early point.
Cucumbers
¡ Whiteflies: See the lower part of leaves for infestations, as this is where they usually start. Tomato
and other crops are regulated in the same way.
¡ Mealybugs: In that order, mealy bugs prefer onions, eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes, etc.

Remedies for Physiological Disorders

Plants will display symptoms of disturbance when they are stressed in some way, from weather
stresses to a shortage or surplus of nutrients. Stress and disorders in the plant are also caused by pests
and diseases. Factors affecting plant nutrition and the environment, how to detect a particular disease,
and the role of elements inside the plant.
 20

Mobile Elements
On older leaves, there are deficits in mobile components and the first signs of disease.
Nitrogen
¡ Symptom: It causes old leaves to turn yellowish-green or stunt growth.
¡ Control: To the nutrient solution, add calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate.
Phosphorous
¡ Symptom: Plant growth is slowed, the lower parts of the leaves have a distinct purple shine, and
leaves fall off at an early stage.
¡ Control: mono-potassium phosphate towards the nutrient solution.
Potassium
¡ Symptom: It is causes scorched leaflets, curled edges, chlorosis inside veins in the leaf tissue, and
slight dry patches on older leaves. Plant development is slowed and stunted. Tomatoes ripen
irregularly and appear blotchy.
¡ Control: Apply a foliar spray with 2% potassium sulphate to the leaves, then apply potassium
sulphate to the nutrient.
Magnesium
¡ Symptom: Interveinal chlorosis appears from the outer edges outward, with dead tissue spots.
¡ Control: Apply a 2 percent magnesium sulphate foliar mist. To the nutrient solution, add
magnesium sulphate.
Zinc
¡ Symptom: The leaves on the old and basal branches are abnormally thin. Due to the slowdown of
growth first at the top, the plant growing looks "bushy."
¡ Control: Use a foliar spray with a zinc sulphate solution of 0.1 percent to 0.5 percent. Zinc sulphate
to the nourishing fluid, this should be poured.
Immobile Elements
The shortcomings of immovable elements and the younger leaves near the top of the plant show the
earliest signs of disease.
Calcium
¡ Symptom: Marginal yellowing extends to upper leaf margins, withering or curling petioles, and
die tissue. Even as season progresses, the margins of the leaflets become purple-brown and
growing point begins emerging, and the leaflets stay tiny and malformed.
¡ Control: Using a foliation spray of 1.0 percent calcium nitrate a remedy, spray the leaves. To the
nutrition mixture, add calcium nitrate.
Boron
¡ Symptom: Bracken and ends up dead in the emerging stage. Upper leaves are deformed and curve
upward, with interveinal mottling. The finer upper leaves are brittle and quickly snap.
¡ Control: Using a foliar spray, saturate the leaves with 0.1 percent-0.25 percent borax solution to
the affected area. Borax or boric acid should be a component of the nutritional solution.
Copper
¡ Symptom: Youngest leaves are narrow, edges form a curve in the direction cripple, stalks bent
downward, as well as growth are stunted to bring the plant a "bushy" appearance first at the tip.
¡ Control: Foliar spray of 0.1 percent-0.2 percent copper sulphate solution as a treatment.
 21

Manganese
¡ Symptom: The leaves get grey and wilt a distinctive green veins in a diagonal stripe such as pale
yellow interveinal areas in the middle and younger leaves. Comparatively tiny necrotic spots
appear later with in pale patches. The growth of the growth of the seedlings will now be stunted.
¡ Control: Spray the leaves with a foliar spray of 0.1 percent manganese sulphate solution to these
affected area.
Molybdenum
¡ Symptom: Plants of a few leaves have necrotic lesions mottling that ranges from light green to
yellowish and normally grows from the oldest to the youngest leaves.
¡ Control: Apply a foliar spray of ammonium or sodium molybdate solution ranging from 0.07
percent to 0.1 percent.

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Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
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