Citation Matrix

Original Citation Rephrased Citation Source

Hydroponics is a technique The term "hydroponics" refers Sharma, N., Acharya, S.,
of growing plants in nutrient
to a method of cultivation in Kumar, K., Singh, N., &
solutions with or without the
nutrient solutions using or Chaurasia, O. P. (2018).
use of an inert medium
such as gravel, vermiculite, without the application of an Hydroponics as an
rockwool, peat moss, saw
inert medium to give advanced technique for
dust, coir dust, coconut
mechanical support, such as, vegetable production: An
fibre, etc. to provide
mechanical support. The vermiculite, gravel, peat moss, overview. Journal of Soil
term Hydroponics was
rockwool, coir dust, coconut and Water Conservation,
derived from the Greek
fiber, etc. The Greek terms 17(4), 364-371.
words hydro’ means water
and ponos’ means labour hydro means water and ponos
and literally means water
means labor, hence the
work. The word
phrase hydroponics literally
hydroponics was coined by
Professor William Gericke translates to "water work."
in the early 1930s; describe
Professor William Gericke first
the growing of plants with
used the term "hydroponics" in
their roots suspended in
water containing mineral the early 1930s to refer to the
nutrients. Hydroponics,
practice of growing plants with
Aquaponics, Aeroponics,
their roots dangling in nutrient-
and substrate culture are
all forms of agriculture that rich water. Hydroponics,
are carried out without the
Aquaponics, Aeroponics, and
use of soil. One of these
substrate culture are all forms
hydroponic approaches is
rising in popularity due to of agriculture that are carried
its effective resource out without the use of soil.
management and food
One of these hydroponic
production. Hydroponics
approaches is rising in
can be used to cultivate a
variety of specialized and popularity due to its effective
commercial crops,
resource management and
including green vegetables,
food production. Hydroponics
peppers, cucumbers,
tomatoes, strawberries, can be used to cultivate a
and several others.
variety of specialized and

commercial crops, including

green vegetables, peppers,

cucumbers, tomatoes,

strawberries, and several

others.

The hydroponic Farming Kannan et al., (2022) stated Kannan, M., Elavarasan,

System is considered an that in order to lessen the G., Balamurugan, A.,

alternative to conventional need for water, the hydroponic Dhanusiya, B., &

farming systems to reduce farming technique is seen as Freedon, D. (2022).

water requirements. The an alternative to traditional Hydroponic farming–A

hydroponic farming system farming methods. The state of art for the future

is beneficial, especially in hydroponic farming method is agriculture. Materials

areas with severe soil advantageous, particularly in Today: Proceedings.

degradation and limited regions with significant soil

water availability. This deterioration and scarce water

farming method also resources. Due to the lack of

proves eco-friendly due to pesticide use and low water

no requirement of requirements, this farming

pesticides and less water approach also demonstrates

requirement. There are its eco-friendliness. The

many challenges faced by traditional farming approach,

the conventional farming i.e., soil, faces numerous

method, i.e., Soil. A few are difficulties. Among these

climate change, include unavoidable natural

urbanization, increased use disasters, urbanization,

of fertilizers, and natural increased fertilizer use, and

calamities that can’t be climate change. The

prevented. In contrast, the hydroponic farming system, in

hydroponic farming system comparison, doesn't have to

doesn’t need to face any of deal with any of the difficulties

the challenges mentioned listed above because it is also

above, as this farming capable of being a multi-story

system can also be a multi- farming system simply by

story farming system only anchoring the stands.

by grounding the stands.

The function of soilless Furthermore, the functions and El-Kazzaz, K. A., & El-

cultivating method is concept of this hydroponic Kazzaz, A. A. (2017).

stimulating plant growth system is explained by El- Soilless agriculture a new

while controlling the Kazzaz and El-Kazzaz (2017). and advanced method for

quantities of water, mineral The purpose of soilless agriculture development:

salts and most important, cultivation is to promote plant an introduction. Agri Res

dissolved oxygen. The growth while managing the Tech, 3, 63-72.

basic concept is quite levels of dissolved oxygen,

simple. When roots are mineral salts, and water. The

suspended in moving core idea is fairly

water, they absorb food straightforward. When roots

and oxygen rapidly. If the are suspended in circulating

oxygen content is water, they quickly assimilate

insufficient, plant growth nutrients and oxygen. Plant

will be slow. But if the growth will be delayed if there

solution is saturated with is inadequate oxygen present.

oxygen, plant growth will But plant development will

accelerate. Therefore, the quicken if the fluid is oxygen-

grower’s task is to balance saturated. In order to

the combination of water, maximize output and quality,

nutrients, and oxygen, with the grower must balance the

the plan’s needs, in order needs of the plan with the

to maximise yield and availability of water, nutrients,

quality. For the best results, and oxygen. A few key factors

a few important parameter must be considered for the

need to be taken into optimum results, including

account; temperature, temperature, CO2 and

humidity and CO2 levels, humidity levels, light intensity,

light intensity, ventilation, ventilation, pH, and the

pH and the plant’s genetic genetic makeup of the plant. In

make-up. Essentially this is essence, this is what a

what any conscientious responsible gardener would

gardener would do. do. Hydroponics, Aquaponics,

Agriculture outside of soil is Aeroponics, and agriculture

including hydro agriculture employing supporting

(Hydroponics), aqua mediators are all forms of

agriculture (Aquaponics), agriculture that are carried out

aerobic agriculture without the use of soil. But in

(Aeroponics) as well as soilless culture, plants do not

agriculture using supportive require soil; instead, they

mediators. However, In require a supply of the

Soilless culture plants did vitamins and minerals such as

not need soil but they need Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K),

to be supplied with Calcium (Ca), Magnesium

minerals Nitrogen (N), (Mg), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu),

Potassium (K), Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), Chlorine

Phosphorous (P), Calcium (Cl), and many more. They

(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), also require water, light, and

Sulphur (S), Iron (Fe), carbon.

Manganese (Mn), Copper

(Cu), Zinc (Zn),

Molybdenum (Mo), Boron

(B), Chlorine (Cl) and

vitamins also they need

water, light, carbon dioxide,

oxygen at their root zone.

Basically, there are six There are six fundamental Bindhya, B. N., Murugan,

types of hydroponics types of hydroponic systems, R. J., & Thomas, U. C.

systems and all the existing and all currently used systems (2020). Chapter-3

systems are modification or are variations or fusions of Hydroponics: A Potential

combination of these basic these basic systems according Agrarian

hydroponic systems. The to Bindhya et al., (2020). Deep Future. AGRONOMY, 35.

six hydroponics systems water culture systems, ebb

include, deep water culture and flow systems, wick

systems, wick systems, systems, drip systems,

nutrient film technique nutrient film technique

systems, ebb and flow systems, and aeroponics are

systems, drip systems and among the six hydroponics

aeroponics. Let’s systems. The systems

understand the working, functions and what their

advantages and benefits and drawbacks are

disadvantages of all these

systems. mentioned in the following.

In deep water Plants are simply

culture hydroponics (DWC) suspended in aerated water in

systems, plants are simply deep water culture

suspended in aerated hydroponics (DWC) systems.

water. Interestingly, it is It's interesting that this kind of

one of the easiest and most system is among the most

popular types of system in widely used and simplest on

the market. In DWC the market. In the DWC

system, the net pots technique, net pots housing

holding plants are dangled plants are suspended above a

over a deep reservoir of large pool of nutritional

oxygen-rich nutrient solution rich in oxygen. As a

solution. Thus, the result, nutrients, water, and

submerged plant roots are oxygen can be readily

able to easily absorb absorbed by the roots of

nutrition, water, and plants that are immersed.

oxygen. Deep water culture Deep water culture is thought

is considered to be the to be the most fundamental

purest and basic form of and pure type of hydroponics.

hydroponics. Low The key benefits of DWS are

maintenance or very less its ease of installation, low

attention, cheap and easily cost and simple availability of

available raw materials and raw materials, and low

easy installation are the maintenance or very little

main attractiveness of attention required. However,

DWS. However, in deep only a small number of crop

water culture systems only varieties can be cultivated in

few types of crops can be deep water culture systems,

grown and regulating and it is challenging to control

temperature is difficult the temperature in this system

under this system. (Bindhya et al., 2020).

Ebb and flow hydroponics A grow bed is flooded with

work by flooding a grow nutrient solution from a

bed with a nutrient solution reservoir below in ebb and

from a reservoir below. The flow hydroponic systems. A

submersible pump in the timer assists the submersible

reservoir is aided with a pump in the reservoir. The

timer. As the timer starts, pump starts to fill the grow bed

the pump fills the grow bed with water and nutrients as the

with the water and timer goes off. When the timer

nutrients. When the timer expires, gravity gradually

stops, gravity slowly drains empties the grow bed's water

the water out of the grow supply and flushes it back into

bed and flushes it back into the reservoir. In order to

the reservoir. The system is prevent excessive water from

also equipped with an harming the plant stalks and

overflow tube to ensure fruits, the system is

flooding doesn’t surpass a additionally fitted with an

certain level and damage overflow tube. It is abundantly

the stalks and fruits of the clear that in an ebb and flow

plants. It is clearly evident system, the plants are not

that, the plants in an ebb always exposed to water. The

and flow system are not system is more adaptable and

constantly exposed to generous in its

water. The system is more accommodations. The system

versatile and highly is moreover incredibly simple

accommodative. In addition to install. The plants will,

to that, the system is very however, perish if the pump

easy to install. However, it stops functioning. Therefore,

is known that, if the pump ongoing monitoring is required

ceases to work the plants to make sure that the

will die. Therefore, a operation of the system does

sustained monitoring is not jeopardize the wellbeing of

needed to ensure that the the plants. An ebb and flow

system’s performance is system requires proper

not compromising with the sanitization and upkeep. There

health of the plants. Proper is a substantial risk of root rot

sanitization and and disease development if

maintenance are essential the bed is not draining

to an ebb and flow system. adequately (Bindhya et al.,

In case, the bed is not 2020).

draining properly there is a Another type of hydroponic

high chance of system is the wick system, in

development of root which the plants are wrapped

diseases and rot. in growing medium on a tray

Wick system is another that is positioned on top of a

type of hydroponic system reservoir. This reservoir

wherein, the plants are contains a water solution with

nestled in growing media nutrients dissolved in it. From

on a tray which is placed the reservoir, wicks move to

on top of a reservoir. This the growth tray. Growing

reservoir holds water media surrounding the roots of

solution with dissolved the plants becomes saturated

nutrients. Wicks travel from as water and nutrients run up

the reservoir to the growing the wick and up the wick.

tray. Water and nutrients These wicks may be

flow up the wick and constructed from ordinary

growing media around the materials like rope, string, or

root systems of the plants felt. By far, wick systems are

get saturated. These wicks the most basic type of

can be made of simple hydroponics. Wick systems

material such as rope, are referred regarded as

string, or felt. Wick systems passive hydroponics since

are by far the most-simple they don't require mechanical

form of hydroponics. Wick components like pumps to

systems are devoid of operate. It is therefore perfect

mechanical parts like for circumstances in which

pumps to function and thus electricity is either unstable or

they are known as passive unavailable (Bindhya et al.,

hydroponics. Hence, it 2020).

makes ideal for situations

where electricity is either

unreliable or unavailable.

Wick system is easy to

install and it is a less

attention seeker. It is the

best system for beginners.

However, as the

hydroponic wick system is

always humid and damp,

there is a higher risk of

fungal outbreaks and rot

can develop in the organic

growing media and on the

plant roots.

Drip systems are another According to Yuvaraj and Yuvaraj, M., &

common and simple Subramanian (2020), another Subramanian, K. S.

technique whereby a pump popular and basic method is (2020). Different Types of

on a timer delivers a slow the drip system, in which a Hydroponics

feed of the solution to the pump on a timer slowly feeds System. Biotica Research

base of each plant the solution to the root of each Today, 2(8), 835-837.

individually. The excess plant separately. Either the

solution can be either extra solution goes back into

returned to the reservoir or the reservoir or it's not

not collected. It works well collected. It functions well with

with growing mediums with growing media that retain a lot

high water retention (i.e. of water. When the system is

coco coir, peat moss, or operating well, it requires

rockwool). When the relatively little care and

system is working produces a lot of plants, but

correctly, it is very low the drip lines might clog and

maintenance and high cause plants to become dried

output, but the drip lines out. For these systems,

can get clogged, which synthetic fertilizers make the

results in dried out plants. most sense because organic

Synthetic nutrients are the materials often block pipes.

logical choice for these

systems because organic

materials clog lines much

faster.

The recirculation of the Another type of hydroponic Maucieri, C., Nicoletto,

nutrient solution and the system is the Nutrient Film C., Junge, R., Schmautz,

absence of substrate Technique (NFT). One of the Z., Sambo, P., & Borin,

represent one of the main key benefits of the NFT M. (2018). Hydroponic

advantages of the NFT system is the recirculation of systems and water

system. An additional the nutritional solution and the management in

advantage is its great lack of substrate. Another aquaponics: A

potential for automation to benefit is the huge potential for review. Italian Journal of

save on labour costs automation to reduce labor Agronomy, 13(1), 1-11.

(planting & harvesting) and expenses (planting and

the opportunity to manage harvesting), and the chance to

the optimal plant density control the ideal plant density

during crop cycle. On the throughout the crop cycle. On

other hand, the lack of the other hand, the NFT is

substrate and low water susceptible to pump failure

levels makes the NFT from clogging or a power

vulnerable to the failure of supply failure because of the

pumps, due to e.g. clogging absence of substrate and low

or a failure in the power water levels. Variations in the

supply. Temperature temperature of the fertilizer

fluctuations in the nutrient solution can stress plants and

solution can cause plant lead to problems Maucieri et

stress followed by al., (2018).

diseases.

In the aeroponics system, And lastly, in the aeroponics Lakhiar, I. A., Gao, J.,

plant roots are hanging in technique, dirt is replaced by Syed, T. N., Chandio, F.

the artificially provided foam material and plant roots A., & Buttar, N. A. (2018).

plastic holder and foam are suspended in an artificially Modern plant cultivation

material replacement of the created plastic holder. The technologies in

soil under controlled roots are permitted to hang agriculture under

conditions. The roots are openly and freely in the controlled environment: A

allowed to dangle freely atmosphere. The nutrient-rich review on

and openly in the air. water is delivered, aeroponics. Journal of

However, the nutrient rich- nonetheless, through plant interactions, 13(1),

water delivers with atomization nozzles. The 338-352.

atomization nozzles. The nozzles sporadically or

nozzles create a fine spray constantly produce a fine

mist of different droplet size spray mist with various droplet

at intermittently or sizes. The pressure nozzle-

continuously. The equipped aeroponics system

aeroponics system is more practical, easy to use,

designed with pressure and maintain. The cheap

nozzle is more convenient, operational cost of this system

simple to operate and is its key benefit for speedy

maintain. The main adoption. The nutrient solution

advantage of the quick was easily recyclable for

adoption of this system is subsequent uses. The mature

the low operational cost. plant could be simply removed

The nutrient solution could whenever desired without

be recycled easily for affecting other plants. Clean

reuse. The mature plant root material free of soil, soil-

could be removed easily at borne pathogens, and

any time without adulteration from foreign plant

disturbance another plant. species pollutants prevented

The diseases could not the illnesses from spreading

expand quickly because of quickly. However, the system

clean root material free design materials are a little

from soil, soil-borne pricey, and the system must

organisms and adulteration be operated by a certain level

from foreign plant species of skill from the plant grower

contaminants. On the other Lakhiar et al., (2018).

hand, the system design

material is little expensive

and the plant grower must

need a specific level of

proficiency to operate the

system.

Much recent Moreover, as the world AlShrouf, A. (2017).

advancement in the innovates, the ability to control Hydroponics, aeroponic

farming system has all agricultural techniques and aquaponic as

increased the ability to throughout the growing compared with

control all agricultural season has increased thanks conventional

practices throughout the to significant recent farming. American

growing season. One of the advancements in the farming Academic Scientific

greatest innovations in system (AlShrouf, 2017). The Research Journal for

farming technology is the development of precision Engineering, Technology,

appearance of precision agriculture technology in and Sciences, 27(1), 247-

agriculture technology greenhouses is one of the 255.

under the green house. most significant advancements

Technology has begun to in agricultural technology.

permeate almost Precision agriculture, which

everything, including covers all procedures like crop

agriculture, which includes monitor technologies and

all processes such as crop mobile apps to help farmers

monitor technology and decide "when," "where," "how,"

mobile apps to assist or "what" to plant, has begun

farmers in determining to permeate practically

"when," "where," "how," or everything with technology.

"what" to plant, as well as These agricultural

precision agriculture. The technologies have the

advantage of those advantage of giving farmers

agricultural technologies more control over output, the

are affording farmers capacity to boost yields,

greater control over function more sustainably, and

production, the ability to better adaptability to changing

increase yields, operate weather conditions.

more sustainably, and In addition, according to

more flexibility as the AlShrouf (2017), the majority

weather changes. of such innovations fall under

Most of those one of four broad categories:

technologies could be sensors, food, automation,

categorized under four key and engineering. A few self-

areas: sensors, food, driven agricultural techniques

automation, and and immediate crop

engineering. Sensor traceability and identification

technologies enable are made possible by sensor

immediate traceability and technologies. Food may

identification of crops and directly benefit from genetic

some self-driven customization and possibly

agricultural practices. Food from some food being

may benefit directly from produced in a lab. Automation

genetic tailoring and will assist agriculture with crop

potentially from producing inspection and plant-level

some food directly in a lab. maintenance. Technologies

Automation will help used in engineering enable

agriculture check and agriculture to be practiced in

maintain crops at the plant new ways and in new

level. Engineering involves locations and regions.

technologies that extend In a hydroponic system,

the reach of agriculture to plants grow without soil in a

new means, places, and specific medium or nutrient

areas. In a solution with additional

hydroponic system, plants nutrients provided. Only water

grow with added nutrients and nutrients from fertilizer are

in a certain media or used in hydroponic plant

nutrient solution and cultivation. There are

without soil. Hydroponics countless benefits to using

uses only water and hydroponics to grow plants,

nutrients from fertilizer to including: the absence of soil;

cultivate plants. So many stability and high yields; no

advantages could be nutrition pollution of the

counted for using environment; increased

hydroponics to grow plants: nutrient and water use

soil is not necessary; it’s efficiency due to control over

stable and produces high nutrient levels. Hydroponic

yields; no nutrition pollution systems are very practical and

is released into the can range from straightforward

environment; higher setups to extremely complex

nutrient and water use ones (AlShrouf, 2017).

efficiency due to control

over nutrient levels

Hydroponic systems are

very useful and can range

from simple setups to

highly sophisticated ones.

Lettuce, (Lactuca sativa), Moreover, this feasibility study Britannica, T. Editors of

annual leaf vegetable of the is about the establishment of Encyclopaedia (2022,

aster family (Asteraceae). hydroponic farm business September 15). lettuce.

Most lettuce varieties are selling lettuce products. The Encyclopedia Britannica.

eaten fresh and are annual leaf vegetable lettuce https://www.britannica.co

commonly served as the (Lactuca sativa) belongs to the m/plant/lettuce

base of green salads. aster family (Asteraceae). The

Lettuce is generally a rich majority of lettuce species are

source of vitamins K and A, consumed as fresh, and they

though the nutritional are frequently used as base

quality varies, depending or mixed together with green

on the variety. salads. Although the nutritional

For successful cultivation, value of lettuce varies

lettuce requires ample depending on the variety, it is

water, especially in warmer usually a good source of

weather. During vitamins K and A. Lettuce

unseasonable weather, needs enough of water for

protection is furnished and successful cultivation,

growth stimulated with especially during warmer

greenhouses, frames, months. With greenhouses,

cloches, or polyethylene frames, cloches, or

covers. In many parts of polyethylene coverings,

the world, the cos, leaf, and protection is provided and

butterhead types are most growth is encouraged during

popular, though some unseasonably warm weather.

varieties are difficult to ship The cos, leaf, and butterhead

and are commonly grown cultivars are the most

on truck farms or market prevalent worldwide, while

gardens relatively close to other varieties are hard to ship

markets. and are frequently cultivated

on truck farms or market

gardens close to marketplaces

(Britannica, 2022).

Producing According to Sandoya et al., Sandoya, G. V.,

vegetables, such as (2021), the skill of growing Bosques, J., Rivera, F., &

lettuce, in controlled plants without the need of soil, Campoverde, E. V.

environments is the art of particularly when using (2021). Growing Lettuce

growing plants without the hydroponic systems, is to in Small Hydroponic

use of soil, especially when produce vegetables like Systems: HS1422,

utilizing hydroponic lettuce in regulated 9/2021. EDIS, 2021(5).

systems. The technique is circumstances. The fact that https://doi.org/10.32473/e

ancient, evidenced by various civilizations have used dis-hs1422-2021

civilizations that have relied this culture system as a

upon this culture method. foundation shows how old the

Historically, hydroponic concept is. Ancient

production has been used civilizations like the Aztecs,

by the Aztecs, Incas, Incas, Egyptians, Babylonians,

Egyptians, Babylonians, and Chinese all practiced

and Chinese. Plants hydroponic production. Only in

develop and produce in soils do plants grow and

soils only because mineral produce because soil particles

nutrients are held by soil hold the mineral nutrients, and

particles, and soil serves as soil acts as an anchor for roots

an anchor for roots to to grow and promote regular

develop and produce upward growth. Nutritionally,

normal upward growth. some of the soil's mineral

Nutritionally, a proportion of nutrients are really released by

the mineral nutrients found the presence of worms, fungi,

in the soil are in fact and bacteria in this growing

unleashed through the medium. The nutrients slowly

action of bacteria, fungi, dissolve in the soil or water

and worms present in this solution and are subsequently

growth medium. Nutrients absorbed by the roots.

slowly dissolve in the Regardless of whether they

surrounding soil or water are grown in soil or not, all

solution, and the roots then plants require the same

absorb them. All plants fundamental elements. Home

have the same basic gardeners might now grow

elemental needs whether their own lettuce for their

they are grown in soil or personal consumption inside

not. Today, home their homes or in small (or

gardeners could produce sparsely spaced) CEs in their

their own lettuce for self- backyards. Although growing

consumption in their lettuce in hydroponic systems

backyards or inside their at home is generally doable,

homes in small (or limited- home gardeners should think

spaced) CEs. Producing about a number of factors

lettuce in hydroponic before doing so. These

systems at home is elements comprise the type of

generally feasible, but system, suitable lighting,

home gardeners should nutrition, suitable cultivar

take into consideration selection, as well as other

several aspects prior to crucial elements.

growing their own lettuce.

These aspects include the

type of system, appropriate

lighting, nutrition,

appropriate cultivar

selection, and other key

factors.

The Innovative Furthermore, innovation and Sokolova, A. P., &

development is a key technology are important Litvinenko, G. N. (2020).

element and the most factors in establishing a Innovation as a source of

important condition for the hydroponic lettuce farm. agribusiness

progressive development of According to Sokolova and development. In IOP

organizations of any line of Litvinenko (2020), an Conference Series: Earth

activity and of any scale. important facet and the most and Environmental

Modern global challenges, crucial requirement for the Science (Vol. 421, No. 2,

the emergence of progressive development of p. 022053). IOP

breakthrough technologies, companies in any field and of Publishing.

the penetration of any size is innovative

digitalization in all spheres development. We employ new

of economic activity make methods for conducting

us use new mechanisms business and introduce new

for doing business, and technologies and development

introduce new technologies at an accelerated rate as a

and development at an result of contemporary global

accelerated pace. The difficulties, the advent of

increasing penetration rate game-changing innovations,

of new technologies every and the penetration of

year in all areas of digitalization in all fields of

economic activity creates economic activity. Every year,

not only new opportunities new technologies are

for business development, incorporated into more and

but also leads to new more aspects of economic

threats. Therefore, the activity, which leads to both

integral introduction of new potential for business

innovations in the field of growth and new risks. As a

building a business model, result, introducing innovations

developing, manufacturing into the fields of creating a

and marketing new business model, creating,

products, developing producing, and marketing new

production processes products, and expanding

becomes an integral production processes

condition for the becomes a must for the long-

sustainable development of term success of businesses

companies and the growth and the expansion of their

of business level of competitiveness. It is

competitiveness. In important to draw attention to

conditions of limited those economic sectors that

funding at the level of the can act as a catalyst for

state economy, it is creative transformations in

necessary to highlight light of the state economy's

those areas of economic funding constraints. Their

activity which can serve as growth is the most evident and

a locomotive of innovative less dangerous. One of these

transformations. Their sectors in the Russian

development is the most Federation's economy is

obvious and less risky. The agriculture because it has a

agricultural sector is one of greater labor productivity gap

these areas in the economy than other nations in the world.

of the Russian Federation, A focused, integrated strategy

since the lag in the level of that includes solutions in the

labor productivity from area of successful interaction

world leaders is the most between science, the

significant here. The government, and

innovative development of entrepreneurial structures is

agribusiness requires a necessary for the innovative

focused integrated development of agriculture.

approach, including The ability of businesses to

solutions in the field of obtain financial resources for

productive interaction the implementation of new

between science, the state, ideas heavily influences the

and entrepreneurial success of creative

structures. To a large development. For smaller

extent, the success of businesses, such as the

innovative development is majority of agricultural firms,

determined by the ability of developing successful

companies to attract partnerships is a potential way

financial resources for the to address financial issues.

implementation of The operating model of

innovative projects. For agricultural firms must be

smaller companies like the restructured as part of an

majority of agricultural innovative business strategy to

enterprises, the creation of allow for a flexible reaction to

productive partnerships is a the emergence of new

promising direction to solve opportunities and risks to

financial problems. An business growth.

innovative approach to

doing business requires

restructuring the operating

model of agricultural

enterprises to create

opportunities for a flexible

response to the emergence

of new opportunities and

threats to business

development.

Where modern, high input Gaffney et al., (2019) stated Gaffney, J., Challender,

agriculture based on that where modern, high input M., Califf, K., & Harden,

decades of investment, agriculture has been used, K. (2019). Building

research, and innovation more food has been generated bridges between

has been implemented, on less land with limited agribusiness innovation

more food has been resources at less costs to and smallholder farmers:

produced on less land with consumers while A review. Global food

fewer resources at lower simultaneously generating security, 20, 60-65.

cost to consumers while higher affluence. This is the

also creating greater result of decades of

prosperity. In parts of the investment, research, and

world invention. Investments in

where smallholder farmers agricultural innovation have

dominate, investment in the potential to transform lives

agricultural innovation can in regions of the world where

be life-changing. Realizing smallholder farmers

that level of productivity will predominate. It will be difficult

be challenging for farmers, for farmers to achieve that

especially in the face of level of productivity,

obstacles such as climate particularly in light of

change, violent conflicts in challenges like climate

many areas of the globe, change, violent conflicts in

growing refugee various parts of the world,

populations, societal rising refugee populations,

barriers that lessen the societal obstacles that reduce

production of women the productivity of women

farmers, groundwater farmers, declining water

depletion, and pests that quality, and pest infestations

have become resistant to that have developed

current control measures. resistance to current control

The best and possibly the methods. Expanded worldwide

only way to bridge that gap investment in agricultural

is expanded global research and development

investment in agricultural (R&D) is the best and may be

research and the only option to close that

development (R&D), gap, especially through joint

especially through initiatives like public-private

collaborative efforts such partnerships (PPPs). We

as public-private argue that agribusiness not

partnerships (PPPs). We only has the ability but also the

contend agribusiness has duty to take the lead in this

not only the capability but field. Collaborations between

the responsibility of the public and commercial

becoming leaders in this sectors may lead to innovative

arena. Solutions conceived solutions to the world's

from public-private agricultural problems. While

collaborations could participating in these

provide effective advances partnerships improves society,

in the pursuit of answers to it also promotes agricultural

global agricultural companies as responsible

challenges. While engaging citizens, which benefits

in these partnerships agriculture by boosting the

provides benefits for acceptance of innovative

society, it also helps technology around the world.

establish agricultural

companies as good global

citizens which in turn can

benefit agriculture by

increasing global

acceptance of new

technologies.

Humans today face a Through the help of Skar, S. L. G., Pineda-

plethora of environmental technology and innovation, Martos, R., Timpe, A.,

challenges. Some of them urban agriculture or urban Pölling, B., Bohn, K.,

are aggravated by farming became popular Külvik, M., ... & Junge, R.
concentration of the around the world. According to (2020). Urban agriculture

populations in the cities, all Skar et al., (2020), today's as a keystone

of which constitute a humans deal with a wide contribution towards

complex set of future range of environmental issues. securing sustainable and

challenges; transport of A complex set of future healthy development for

people and goods (i.e. challenges, including cities in the future. Blue-

excessive carbon transportation of people and Green Systems, 2(1), 1-

emissions), need for goods (i.e. excessive carbon 27.

substantial rainfall emissions), the need for

absorption, high levels of significant rainfall absorption,

air pollution, urban heat high levels of air pollution,

island effect, drinking water waste management, the urban

supply, waste drinking supply of water, heat

management, lack of island effect, and a lack of

biodiversity. All these biodiversity, are some of them

challenges result in illness that are made worse by the

and stress syndromes in concentration of people in

the population. Urban cities. The populace suffers

agriculture has the potential from illnesses and stress

to contribute towards syndromes as a result of all

minimising several of these these difficulties. Urban

adverse effects and thus agriculture has the potential to

improve the liveability of help reduce some of these

cities. All this requires negative effects, enhancing

future city development to the viability of cities. Future

be smart and to integrate city planning must take all of

innovative solutions. One this into account and

key to a more sustainable incorporate clever, creative

and healthy city solutions. A relocalization of

development in the future the food system and a

might be in a relocalisation narrowing of the cities'

of the food system and a foodsheds may be important

narrowing of the cities' factors in the development of

foodsheds. This idea more healthy and

perfectly coincides with the environmentally friendly cities

idea of a circular city, in the future. The circular city

where organic disposals concept, in which organic

are reused as resources to waste is recycled as resources

produce new agricultural to create new agricultural

products. The goods, nicely aligns with this

contemporary linear philosophy. A more systematic

understanding of a city, viewpoint is urgently needed

where most independent to address current issues in

entities consume, the modern linear

metabolise and dispose of understanding of a metropolis,

resources, urgently needs where the majority of separate

– not only but especially in entities consume, metabolize,

the field of food – a more and dispose of resources.

systematic perspective to

solve existing challenges.

In the classical model of According to the traditional Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V.

economic development, theory of economic growth, the W. (2020). Population

population growth was quality of agricultural growth and agricultural

believed to be dependent resources had an impact on productivity.

on the quality of agricultural population expansion. The In Technological

resources. The induced perspective on induced Prospects and Population

innovation perspective innovation focuses on the Trends (pp. 11-69).

directs attention both to circumstances in which Routledge.

conditions under which the population growth leads to

growth of population increases in agricultural

induces agricultural production as well as those in

productivity growth and which technological

under which resource advancements free up

endowments, which act as resources that previously

a constraint on growth of served as a barrier to

productivity in rural areas, productivity growth in rural

are released by advances areas. It becomes obvious that

in technology. It seems during the whole analytic

clear that the dominant period, labor-saving and

effects of biased technical power-using effects of skewed

change in US agriculture technical change on the

on the production structure production structure in US

were labor-saving and agriculture predominated. The

power-using throughout the classic vent-for-surplus pattern

entire period of analysis. of agricultural development

Until the end of the 1950s, that characterizes much of

Philippine agriculture Southeast Asia persisted in

followed the traditional Philippine agriculture until the

vent-for-surplus pattern of end of the 1950s. The

agricultural development dramatic increase in rice

characteristic of much of production per hectare in the

Southeast Asia. The 1960s is a direct result of the

epochal change in the epochal shift in the Philippines'

agricultural growth agricultural growth momentum

momentum in the during the 1950s and 1960s

Philippines between the (Hayami & Ruttan, 2020).

1950s and the 1960s is

clearly reflected in the spurt

in rice yield per hectare in

the 1960s.

Over the past sixty years, Moreover, most Asian nations Vos, R.

most Asian countries have have had rather quick (2018). Agricultural and
undergone relatively rapid agricultural transitions over the rural transformations in

agricultural transformations past 60 years, which have Asian development: Past

that helped jumpstart sped up overall economic trends and future

broader economic development. However, the challenges (No. 2018/87).

development. However, the form and pace of the changes WIDER Working Paper.

changes have differed have varied significantly

markedly in nature and throughout the region's

speed across countries of nations. The Green Revolution

the region. In much of East significantly increased rice and

and Southeast Asia, the wheat yields and output

Green Revolution brought a across a large portion of East

quantum leap in yields and and Southeast Asia, which in

output of rice and wheat, turn increased smallholder

which boosted smallholder agricultural productivity and

farm productivity and profits. Agriculture's value

profits. Farms became added per worker increased

more commercial and dramatically as farms became

agricultural value added increasingly commercialized.

per worker rose Manufacturing industries were

significantly. Public made possible by public

investment and strong investment and steadfast

support for smallholder backing for smallholder

agriculture and agrarian agriculture and agrarian

reforms through to the late policies up until the late 1990s.

1990s paved the way for Aggregate economic

manufacturing industries to development gradually

develop. Gradually, became more dependent on

aggregate economic trends in the service and

growth increasingly industrial sectors (Vos, 2018).

depended on dynamics in

the service and industrial

sectors.

A pandemic is not a new The agriculture sector was Aday, S., & Aday, M. S.

event encountered in the also impacted by the COVID- (2020). Impact of COVID-

history of humanity 19 pandemic. Because there 19 on the food supply

because mankind has have been numerous chain. Food Quality and

faced various pandemics in pandemics throughout human Safety, 4(4), 167-180.

history. The common point history, a pandemic is not a

of pandemics is their brand-new occurrence.

serious negative effects on Pandemics all share the same

the global economy. major detrimental

Considering the food consequences on the world

supply chain, one of the economy. It has been seen

most important sectors of that COVID-19 has an effect

the economy, it has been on the entire process from the

seen that COVID-19 has an field to the customer when

impact on the whole looking at the food supply

process from the field to chain, one of the most

the consumer. In the light significant sectors of the

of recent challenges in food economy. There is currently a

supply chain, there is now great deal of concern

considerable concern about regarding food supply,

food production, processing, transportation,

processing, distribution, and demand in light of recent

and demand. COVID-19 issues in the food supply

resulted in the movement chain. COVID-19 had a

restrictions of workers, negative impact on the food

changes in demand of supply chain financially and by

consumers, closure of food restricting labor movement,

production facilities, altering consumer demand,

restricted food trade closing food manufacturing

policies, and financial facilities, and restricting food

pressures in food supply trade laws. Governments

chain. Therefore, should therefore make it

governments should easier for people and

facilitate the movement of agricultural and food products

workers and agri-food to travel. Small farmers and

products. In addition, small disadvantaged individuals

farmers or vulnerable should also receive financial

people should be assistance. By modifying

supported financially. safety measures, facilities

Facilities should change should improve working

the working conditions and conditions and protect the

maintain the health and health and safety of their staff.

safety of employees by To stop a rise in food prices,

altering safety measures. policies that are pro-protective

Food protectionist policies of food should be avoided

should be avoided to (Aday & Aday, 2020).

prevent an increase in food

prices.

Food distribution channels According to Stephens et al., Stephens, E. C., Martin,

of almost all countries (2020), nearly all countries, G., Van Wijk, M.,

across the income regardless of income level, Timsina, J., & Snow, V.

spectrum have been highly have seen severe disruptions (2020). Impacts of

disrupted, with strong in their food distribution COVID-19 on agricultural

negative consequences for systems, with serious negative and food systems

the most vulnerable. A repercussions for the most worldwide and on

second emerging issue vulnerable. The second new progress to the

concerns labour availability problem is the lack of workers sustainable development

in the agri-food sector. in the agri-food industry. Due goals. Agricultural

Labour has been suddenly to quarantine regulations, systems, 183, 102873.

restricted in many regions worker reductions brought on

due to quarantine by COVID-19 deaths and

measures and loss of major illnesses, and other

workforce from COVID-19 factors, employment has been

deaths and serious illness. abruptly restricted in many

There have been places. International worker

substantial restrictions on programs and labor

international labour movements have been subject

movements and worker to significant limitations, which

programs that are critical to have stifled certain agricultural

agricultural production in production processes or

some sectors or that have created bottlenecks. The

caused bottlenecks. A third adaptability of the farming

clear domain of concern is system to the COVID-19

farm system resilience to pandemic is a third area of

the COVID-19 pandemic. clear concern. What systems

Which systems are are resilient and what systems

resilient, and which are are not? Are smaller farms,

not? Are small farms that which rely more on in-house

primarily use family labour labor and less on labor

and so are less dependent contracted from outside

on externally hired labour, sources, more resilient than

more resilient than large larger farms, which rely

farms which depend on heavily on outside labor? What

external labour? What technological strategies could

technological measures be used to increase farming

could to be adopted to productivity and lessen

reduce dependency on reliance on human labor?

human labour and gain

efficiency in farming?

The COVID-19 pandemic Despite the pandemic, people Lal, R. (2020). Home

has disrupted the food find ways to innovate and the gardening and urban

supply chain. Thus, it is same also happened in the agriculture for advancing

critically important to agriculture sector. Lal (2020) food and nutritional

strengthen local food stated that the food supply security in response to

production at the system has been hampered by the COVID-19

household and community the COVID-19 epidemic. pandemic. Food

levels. The home garden is Strengthening local security, 12(4), 871-876.

a farming system which agricultural production at the

combines different levels of households and

physical, social and communities is therefore

economic functions on land crucial. In order to augment

around the family home to the supply of fresh food

supplement supply of fresh available to households, the

food at the household level. home garden is an agricultural

system that integrates several

physical, social, and economic

 purposes on land surrounding

the family home.

Probably, in the future, with According to Pulighe and Pulighe, G., & Lupia, F.

coordinated efforts of Lupia (2020), it would likely be (2020). Food first:

policymakers and planners, possible to expand farming COVID-19 outbreak and

researchers, engineers, activities, enable their cities lockdown a booster

and agriculture integration into the urban for a wider vision on

practitioners, it would be landscape, and move toward a urban

possible to expand farming resilient food system with safe agriculture. Sustainability, 

activities, to enable the and reasonably priced fresh 12(12), 5012.

integration in the urban products and a synergistic

landscape and to move strategic planning of urban

toward a sustainable food and natural resources in the

system with safe and future with effective

affordable fresh products coordination of policymakers

and a synergistic and planners, research

management of urban and scholars, engineering

natural resources. Once technicians, and agriculture

the COVID-19 pandemic practitioners. Matching short

has passed, matching short food production lines with

food supply lines with local localized demand and

demand and consumer consumer needs will be a

needs will be a great major task to address once the

challenge to address for COVID-19 pandemic has

reducing uncertainties from passed in order to reduce

global systemic risks and uncertainties from global

urban population growth. systemic hazards and urban

Although innovative population increase. Although

farming deployment will not the application of novel

solve food security and farming techniques won't

dietary issues, it might resolve difficulties with diet

contribute to shape a more and food security, they may

resilient urban food system. help to create a more robust

urban food system.

This rapidly growing Moreover, according to Macours, K. (2019).

literature starts from a Macours (2019), this rapidly Farmers’ demand and the

widespread belief that there expanding body of literature is traits and diffusion of

are many technologies and based on the generally held agricultural innovations in

innovations “sitting on the assumption that there are developing

shelf” that could be several ideas and countries. Annual Review

beneficial to smallholder technologies "waiting on the of Resource

farmers but that are shelf" that could benefit Economics, 11(1), 483-

currently not widely smallholder farmers but are 499.

diffused. Interventions not yet widely adopted.

hence often aim to relax Therefore, interventions

external or internal frequently strive to loosen

constraints that may internal or external restrictions

prevent farmers from that may impede farmers from

adopting new technologies implementing new

and/or attempt to facilitate technologies, and/or they try to

farmers’ learning to make learning easier for

enhance their diffusion. But farmers in order to increase

the lack of diffusion of their diffusion. Even if people

many technologies may who invented the technology

also mean that they are not may believe it is helpful to

necessarily beneficial to many farmers, many

many farmers, even if innovations have not yet

those that developed the gained widespread use. The

technology may think they goal of agricultural research

are. Agricultural research and development efforts, as

and development well as a large portion of policy

processes, and indeed a lot discussions, is frequently to

of the policy discussions, boost productivity through

are often focused on innovations that improve yield.

increasing productivity However, such technologies

through yield-enhancing might not be used because

technologies. But such farmers are focusing on other

technologies may not be goals, such as lowering risks,

adopted, simply because balancing consumption, or

they are not profitable or boosting labor productivity, or

because farmers are because they are simply not

maximizing other profitable.

objectives, whether that

involves, for instance,

reducing risks, smoothing

consumption, or increasing

labor productivity.

Water scarcity, nutrient- According to Shirly, Lembre, Shirly T. M., Lembe S.

depleted soils and pollution Alfred, & Asandra (2020), M., Alfred O. O., &

continue to be a major environmental and public Asanda M. (2020).

challenge worldwide and health problems may arise Hydroponic technology

these are likely to worsen from the insufficient provision as decentralised system

with increasing global of sanitation and wastewater for domestic wastewater

populations particularly, in disposal facilities. Because of treatment and vegetable

urban areas. As a result, this, a paradigm shifts with production in urban

environmental and public regard to the sustainable agriculture: A review,

health problems may arise management of waste Science of The Total

from the insufficient disposal in a manner that Environment, Volume

provision of sanitation and could protect the environment 698, 134154, ISSN 0048-

wastewater disposal at the same time benefits 9697.

facilities. Because of this, a society by allowing nutrient

paradigm shift with regard recovery and reuse for food

to the sustainable production is required. Hence,

management of waste the use of urban

disposal in a manner that wastewater for agricultural

could protect the irrigation has more potential,

environment at the same especially when incorporating

time benefits society by the reuse of nutrients like

allowing nutrient recovery nitrogen and phosphorous,

and reuse for food which are essential for crop

production is required. production. Among the current

Hence, the use of urban treatment technologies applied

wastewater for agricultural in urban wastewater reuse for

irrigation has more agriculture, hydroponic system

potential, especially when is identified as one of the

incorporating the reuse of alternative technology that can

nutrients like nitrogen and be integrated with wastewater

phosphorous, which are treatment. The integration of

essential for crop hydroponic system

production. Among the with municipal

current treatment wastewater treatment has the

technologies applied in advantage of reducing costs in

urban wastewater reuse for terms of pollutants

agriculture, hydroponic syst removal while reducing

em is identified as one of maintenance and energy costs

the alternative technology required for conventional

that can be integrated wastewater treatment. The

with wastewater treatment. efficiency of a hydroponic

The integration of system with regard to

hydroponic system municipal wastewater reuse is

with municipal mainly linked to its capacity to

wastewater treatment has allow continuous use of

the advantage of reducing wastewater through the

costs in terms of pollutants production of agricultural crops

removal while reducing and the removal of

maintenance and energy pollutants/nutrients (nitrogen

costs required for and phosphorus), resulting to

conventional wastewater increased food security and

treatment. The efficiency of environmental protection.

a hydroponic system with Moreover, the suitability of

regard to municipal hydroponic system for

wastewater reuse is mainly wastewater treatment is

linked to its capacity to derived from its capacity to

allow continuous use of minimize associated health

wastewater through the risks to farmers, harvested

production of agricultural crop and consumers, that may

crops and the removal of arise through contact with

pollutants/nutrients wastewater.
(nitrogen and phosphorus),

resulting to increased food

security and environmental

protection. Moreover, the

suitability of hydroponic

system for wastewater

treatment is derived from

its capacity to minimize

associated health risks to

farmers, harvested crop

and consumers, that may

arise through contact with

wastewater.