Presentation 2023

Presentation 2023

Prepared by:
Princess Mae M. Leyson
✓ Using models or illustrations, explain how movements
along faults generate earthquakes
✓ Differentiate the epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
✓ Differentiate intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
✓ Differentiate active and inactive faults
✓ Explain how earthquake waves provide information about
the interior of the earth.

Prepared by:
Princess Mae M. Leyson
An earthquake refers to the shaking of the earth’s
surface caused by a sudden release of energy within
the earth’s crust. This release of energy generates
seismic waves, commonly known as S waves. The
intensity and characteristics of an earthquake are
determined by the seismic activities occurring in a
specific region.

Prepared by:
Princess Mae M. Leyson
During an earthquake, the stored energy
accumulated within the earth’s crust is suddenly
released, leading to the rapid movement and
displacement of rock masses along fault lines. This
movement produces vibrations that propagate
through the earth in the form of seismic waves.

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Princess Mae M. Leyson
 Prepared by:
Princess Mae M. Leyson
 Prepared by:
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The point at which the earthquake occurs below the Earth’s surface
is called the focus, the point directly above the focus on the Earth’s
surface is known as the epicentre.

Epicentre

Focus

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 PLATE BOUNDARY
The region where plates meet.
This is where mountain ranges, earthquakes,
and volcanoes are concentrated.
 PLATE BOUNDARY
TRANSFORM CONVERGENT DIVERGENT
BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARY
- Two plates move past - Two plates move toward - Two plates move away
each other horizontally. each other or converge. from each other.
 TYPES of FAULTS
- The property of an earthquake depend on the
type of its fault.
- Faults are CLASSIFIED ACCORDING to the
DIRECTION BY WHICH ROCK LAYERS
MOVE.
- Faults MAY BE VISIBLE from the surface but MAY
ALSO LIE DEEP UNDERGROUND and may stretch
from a meter to several hundreds of kilometers long.
- Faults that are VISIBLE AT THE SURFACE MAY
FORM RIDGES ALONG THE FAULT LINE called
FAULT SCARPS.
 NORMAL FAULT
- Occurs when one block
of rock MOVES
DOWN and the other
MOVES UP.
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
- Produces HORIZONTAL
DISPLACEMENT or
SIDE-BY-SIDE sliding
movement.
 OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULT
- Occurs if the movement is a
COMBINATION of
STRIKE-SLIP AND
NORMAL FAULT
THRUST or REVERSE FAULT
- One block MOVES UPWARD IN
RELATION TO THE OTHER.
- Happens when FORCES PUSH
PORTIONS OF THE CRUST
TOGETHER. The two faults produce
vertical displacement.
Presentation 2023

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 THERE ARE
TWO WAYS
BY WHICH
SCIENTISTS
QUANTIFY
THE SIZE OF
AN
EARTHQUAKE:

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describes the amount of energy
released at the focus of the
origin

an Earthquake
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Magnitude Scale

an Earthquake
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refers to the physical and observable destruction that
an earthquake produces and measured by the extent
of damage to properties and its effects to humans. It
differs from place to place depending on the
distance from the epicenter, character of the ground,
stability of foundation, building materials used and
other variables.

an Earthquake
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Princess Mae M. Leyson
an Earthquake
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Intensity Scale

an Earthquake
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Intensity Scale

an Earthquake
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-intensity-scale?fbclid=IwAR3 7Ev_Qk0Z4cmQOSVGkZgKboVjzZU7aRUy3zkW1UFCZd46QIn2RQcbgOs

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Why is the Philippines
Prone to Earthquakes?
 EARTHQUAKE
- The trembling of the Earth’s surface that occurs
when the energy formed within the earth in the
form of strain in rock layers is released. This
energy reaches the Earth’s surface through
WAVES.
 SEISMIC WAVES
- vibrations from Earthquakes that travel through
the Earth.
- They are waves of energy suddenly created by
rock fracture within the Earth or expansion.
SEISMIC WAVES
- Recorded through
seismograph
 SEISMIC WAVES
- Earthquake produces two types of seismic
waves: BODY WAVES and SURFACE WAVES.
 A. BODY WAVES
- Elastic waves that PROPAGATE THROUGH the
EARTH’S INTERIOR.
- Propagates AWAY FROM THE SOURCE IN ALL
DIRECTIONS just like ripples on the pond.
A. BODY WAVES
- Further subdivided into
two classes of waves:
P (PRIMARY) WAVES and
S (SECONDARY) WAVES
 1. P WAVES
- Primary waves propagate through the medium
FASTER than the other waves types.
- Particles constituting the medium are DISPLACED
IN THE SAME DIRECTION that the waves
propagates- RADIAL DIRECTION
 1. P WAVES
- Thus, material is extended and compressed as P waves
propagate through the surface
- These waves travel through SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, and GAS
and arrive first at seismological stations.
- They are ANALOGOUS TO SOUND WAVES propagating
through the air.
 2. S WAVES
- Secondary waves propagate through the medium
SLOWER than P waves
- Medium are displaced in a DIRECTION THAT IS
PERPENDICULAR of the wave propagating
- Are transverse waves that SHEAR, TWIST and SHAKE.
 B. SURFACE WAVES
- PROPAGATE ALONG THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
- Propagate at speeds slower than S waves, and
are less efficiently generated by buried sources.
 B. SURFACE WAVES
- The are two classes of surface waves that are
distinguished by the type of PARTICLE MOTION
they require ON THE MEDIUM: LOVE WAVE and
RAYLEIGH WAVE
 1. LOVE WAVE
-Named after Love, a British Mathematician who worked out
the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911.
-The FASTEST SURFACE WAVE and MOVES the ground FROM
SIDE-TO-SIDE.
 2. RAYLEIGH WAVE
-Named after John William Scrutt, Lord Rayleigh, who
mathematically predicted the existence of this kind of wave in
1885
-ROLLS ALONG THE GROUND just LIKE WAVES ROLL ACROSS THE
LAKE OR AN OCEAN .
 2. RAYLEIGH WAVE
-Because it rolls, it MOVES THE GROUND UP AND DOWN AND
SIDE-TO-SIDE in the same direction that the wave is moving.
-Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to this wave
which CAN BE MUCH LARGER than the other waves.
Any Questions?

End of Lesson 1
Thank you and God bless.
an Earthquake
Prepared by:
Princess Mae M. Leyson