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Concentration
Ionic Equilibrium
ACID BASE
Lewis Theory
Acid Base
Types of Lewis Acid Types of Lewis Base
Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. Lewis base is an electron pair donor.
1. Having Incomplete octet: 1. Neutral molecule having lone pair
.. .. ..
BF3, BCl3, B(OH)3, AlCl3 etc.
.. H..3, R–NH2,..R2–NH,
N
H–O .. –H, R – O
.. – R etc.
2. Having vacant d-orbitals: 2. Anions:
SF4, SF6, SnCl2, SnCl4 etc. O2–, SO42–, CO32–, Cl–, Br–, I–, CH3COO– etc.
All the Lewis bases are Bronsted bases but all the Lewis
3. Having multiple bonds between atoms of different EN:
CO, SO2, SO3 etc. acids are not Bronsted acids.
All Arrhenius acids are Bronsted acid but it is not so
4. Cations for bases.
Ag+, Li+, Al+3, Mg2+
False cations (which cannot act as Lewis acid):]
NH4+, H3O+, PH4+ etc.
Hydrolysis of Salts
Salt Hydrolysis Resulting Hydrolysis constant Degree of pH
solution (Kh) hydrolysis (h)
Weak acid and Anionic Alkaline kw / ka 11
Kh == [pKw w++pK
pKa a++log
Strong base pH > 7 h= pH
pH [pK logC]C]
C 22
Strong acid and Cationic Acidic kw / kb 1
Kh pH = [pK w – pK b – log C]
Weak base pH < 7 h=
C 2
P
W Equilibrium 19
Buffer Solutions Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl–]
The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the Ksp depends only on temperature.
addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called buffer Expressions of Ksp : AxBy xAy+ + yBx–
solutions.
General form Ksp = [Ay+]x [Bx–]y
Buffers are classified into two categories:
Simple buffers: These are the solutions of salts of weak acid
In terms of ‘S’: Ksp = (xS)x (yS)y = xx⋅yy⋅S(x+y)
and weak base. For example, CH3COONH4 (ammonium Ionic Product [Qsp]
acetate).
Mixed buffers: These are the mixtures of two solutions.
AxBy xAy+ + yBx– ; Qsp[Ay+]x [Bx–]y
These are further of two types: In Qsp the concentration taken are at any time but in Ksp the
Acidic buffers: These are the solutions of mixtures of concentration are at equilibrium time/saturation time.
weak acid and salt of this weak acid with strong base. For Application
example, CH3COOH + CH3COONa. They have pH value
1. If Qsp < Ksp [unsaturated]
lesser than 7.
Basic buffers: These are the solutions of mixtures of
2. If Qsp = Ksp [saturated]
weak base and salt of this weak base with strong acid. 3. If Qsp > Ksp [super saturated/ppt. will form]
For example, NH4OH + NH4Cl. They have the pH value
Effect of Common Ion
more than 7.
Presence of common ion decreases the solubility but has no effect
pH of an acidic buffer: on Ksp as it depends only on temperature.
[Salt] [Conjugate base]
pH = pKa + log = pKa + log Effect of Odd Ion
[Acid] [Acid]
Presence of odd ion increases the solubility but has no effect
pH of a basic buffer: on Ksp.
[Salt]
pOH = pKb + log = pKb + log [Conjugate acid] Acid-base Titration
[Base] [Base]
Type of pH range
No. of moles of acid or base added Suitable indicators
titration of titration
per litre of buffer
Buffer capacity =
Change in pH SA/SB 3-11 All indicators (MeOH, HPh etc.)
The range of pH over which the buffer solutions remain effective
is called buffer range. Methyl orange (MeOH) and methyl
SA/WB 3-7
Buffer Buffer range in pH red
Acidic pKa ± 1
Basic (pKw – pKb) ± 1 WA/SB 7-11 Phenolphthalein (HPh)
Solubility (s) & Solubility Product (Ksp) WA/WB 6.5-7.5 Phenol red
Solubility
Key Tips
The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a particular
amount of solvent at a given temperature is called solubility(s). It No. of moles of acid/base added per litre
Buffer capacity =
is generally expressed in molarity. change in pH of buffer solution
AgCl(s) AgCl(aq) → Ag+ + Cl– Maximum buffer action when [salt] = [acid]
dissolution dissociation
pH of Amphiprotic species: (NaHPO4, NaHCO3) which can
Solubility Product (Ksp) pKa1 + pKa 2
donate as well as accept H+; pH =
AgCl Ag+ + Cl– 2