9617plane Surveying Course - 2020 - 3

MINIA UNIVERSITY PLANE SURVEYING COURSE
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENG. DEPARTMENT
Plane Surveying Course
3.Traversing
3.1 Introduction
1. Components of a line:
Any line in surveying can be described relative to a specified coordinate system.
The location and orientation of that line is described by the coordinates of its
end points and its bearing. The line may be represented by its two end points, its
length and bearing as well as the coordinates of one of its end points point, or
the horizontal and vertical components E , N of the line.
The following figure shows the components of the line ab. From the figure, we
can mathematically write the following equations of the departure and latitude
as:
Eab  Eb  Ea  lab sin ab
Nab  Nb  Na  lab cos ab
N
 The coordinates of point a are (Ea,Na)
b  The coordinates of point b are (Eb,Nb)
Eb
 The length of the line ab is lab.
N  lab  The bearing of the line ab is ab .
ab
 The horizontal component of the line ab
a Nb (Departure) is Eab .
Ea  The vertical component of the line ab
E (latitude) is Nab .
Na
2- Computation of coordinates of a point

Form the above equations, depending on the line components ( Eab, Nab ), the
coordinates of a point can be computed as follows.
Eb  Ea  Eab ,
Nb  Na  Nab
Substituting the value of both Eab and Nab as a function of the side length
lab and the side bearing ab , we obtain:
Eb  Ea  lab sin ab ,
Nb  Na  lab cos ab .
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From the above two equations, we can conclude that in order to obtain the
coordinates of an unknown point, say b, we should have the coordinates of
another point, say a, as well as the observations between the unknown and
known points a and b, which are the side length lab and the side bearing ab .
We should concentrate here that we will discuss, later on, how can the
coordinates of point a be known and given in hand before any calculations take
place. Here, we assume that point a is already given just to understand the bases
of point coordinates computations.
Example:
It is required to calculate the coordinates of points b and c if the coordinates of

point a are given as (265.38,377.39), the bearing of the line ab is 4513'33" and
the horizontal angle bac 23010'29" , the length of ab is 174.57 m and of ac is
201.34m.
Solution:
N
To compute the coordinates of point a, we use
the following equations:
Eb  Ea  lab sin ab  265.38  174.57 sin 4513'33"
 389.305m N b
c
Nb  Na  lab cos ab  377.39  174.57 cos 4513'33"
lab
 500.342m lac ab
On the other hand, to obtain the coordinates of
a
the point c, first, we have to calculate the
bearing of the line ac as :
bac  ac  ab then, bac
bac  ab  ac  23010'29"4513'33"
 27524'02"
and then we can compute the coordinates of point c as:

Ec  Ea  lac sin ac  265.39 + 201.34 sin275º24'02" = 64.943m
Nc  Na  lac cos ac  265.39 + 201.34cos275º24'02" = 284.339m
2- Computations of the length and bearing of a line from coordinates

In some cases, the coordinates of some points are already given and the length
and bearings of the lines joining these points are unknowns and required to be
calculated, we may call this process as inverse case in surveying, where, the
observations are the required quantities and the coordinates are the known ones.
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In other words, we have the coordinates of the points a and b and it is required
to compute the length of the line ab and both forward and backward bearing of
that line.
N Eab  lab sin ab

Eab  Eb  Ea b
Nab  Nb  Na Eb
lab
lab  ( Eab) 2  (Nab) 2 ab Nab  lab cos ab
As shown, simply, we can a Nb

Ea
compute the length of the
E
side as the squared root Na
of the sum of squared

components of the line.
E
On the other hand, the computation of the forward bearing of the line ab can be
computed from the above figure as
(Eab)
ab  arctan( )
(Nab)
where, Eab, Nab are the departure and latitude of the line ab and can be
obtained from the above equations.
It should be mentioned here that, the resulted value of the bearing ab is ranging
between 0º and 90º. This means that the resulted bearing is a reduced bearing
and then should be assigned symbols to determine the quarter in which the line
is located. To do so, we have to determine the algebraic sign of both departure
and latitude, which may be one of the following four cases,
If the sign of Eab is positive and Nab is positive then the line is located in the
first quarter and,
If the sign of Eab is negative and Nab is positive then the line is located in
the fourth quarter and,
If the sign of Eab is negative and Nab is negative then the line is located in
the third quarter and,
If the sign of Eab is positive and Nab is negative then the line is located in
the second quarter.
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Once, the case of both departure and latitude is chosen the WCB can be
computed from the reduced bearing, as discussed before.
On the other hand, the backward bearing of the line ab, we can simply apply the
equation, mentioned before, of relating both backward and forward bearings.
Example:
If the coordinates of point a are (543.28,744.21) and the coordinates of point b

are (213.31,433.84), in addition, the length of the line bc is 250.39m and the
angle abc is 63º13'35", find the coordinates of point c.
Sol.
a ab
The length of the line ab is computed as:
lab  (Eab) 2  (Nab) 2 lab
abc
lab  (329.97) 2  (310.37) 2  453.000m
b
On the other hand, the reduced bearing of the lbc c
line ab can be computed using the following equation as:

Eab
ab  arctan  W 4645'11.5" S
Nab
then the WCB of the line ab is
ab  22645'11.5"
In addition, the backward bearing of the line ab can be obtained as
ba  ab  180  4645'11.5"
then, we can obtain the bearing of the line bc as:
bc  6313'35"4645'11.5"  10958'46.5"
Finally, we can compute the coordinates of point c as:
Ec  213.31+250.39 sin 109º58'46.5"= 448.630 m
Nc  433.84+250.39 cos 109º58'46.5"= 348.285 m
3-2 Traverse in surveying
3-2-1 Introduction:
In order to complete the different surveying tasks, such as survey, setting out
and as built surveying, we consider that all features we deal with are some
points connected, with straight and curved lines. As shown in the figure, the
building consists of four points a, b, c and d. To survey such a building, we
survey a point in the field. In other words, we consider that the main unit which
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we have to know how to survey, is the point. To survey a point in 2-D, we have
to measure two quantities from a fixed and well known reference. This reference
is usually taken as baseline with know coordinates end points, say 1 and 2.
3-2-2 Survey of a point:

Actually, there are three methods to survey a point in the field:
a- angular measurements method
In this method, the observations are taken form both points 1 and 2. The angles
a12 and 12a are measured using a theodolite setup at the two points 1 and 2. This
method is called as the
1- Intersection by angles ( ‫اﻟﺘﻘـﺎﻃﻊ اﻷﻣـﺎﻣﻲ‬ c

d
‫) ﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟـﺰوا‬. The coordinates of point
(a) can be easily computed using the b
basic calculations of the point a
coordinates discussed in the previous 1
sections. 2
c c
d d
b b
a a
l1a l2b
12b l1b
1 b12 1 la2
a12 12a 2 2
Angular measurements method Linear measurements method
2-Resection
This method is a little different in that the stand point is unknown, and three
directions are measured to three known features. Commonly used by
bushwalkers for position fixing, but also capable of high accuracy when
appropriate equipment is used. Reduced using fundamental triangle geometry, or
more easily with Tienstra's formula:
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1 1 1
k1 = k2 = k3 =
Cot A - Cot  Cot B - Cot  Cot C - Cot 
K1EA + K2EB + K3EC K1NA + K2NB + K3NC

EP = NP =
K1 + K2 + K3 K1 + K2 + K3
Watch how the angles are named when changing the geometry of the field
observations. Alpha, beta and gamma are observed, A B and C are obtained
from the coordinates of the known points.
The full derivation of this can be found in Bannister, Raymond and Baker,
Surveying, Chapter 7: Survey Methods, 6th Edition, p190.
Resection Summary
Examples of Usage
 Particularly used when there are distances of greater than one kilometer
between known and unknown points.
Factors Which Influence the Use of Resection
 Instrument needs to be set up on unknown points.

 Not necessary to physically occupy known points.
 Need to be able to sight to three or more known points.
 Clear lines of sight needed between known and unknown points. There is
no need to physically travel between the target and reference points.
 Accuracy dependant upon the precision of instrument used.
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b- Linear measurements method

In this method of positioning, the measured quantities are the two sides from
both end points of the baseline 12 to the point to be surveyed a or b. The
distance is measured using either a tape, or an EDM instrument. This method
some times called as the intersection by lengths method.
c-Polar measurements method c

This method is the most common one d
in surveying, where, one occupied
point is required, while the observed b
quantities are both angle and length a
l1b
from the baseline to the point to be l1a
surveyed. This method is usually 1 b12
called as the curvilinear or angle-linear a12 2
observations method.
Polar measurements method
Example
In order to survey the building, abcd, the c
following surveying observations were d
recorded:
lma=272.81m b
lka=244.37m a lmb
lmb=173.07m lma
lka
bmk=63º13'50" m bmk
If the coordinates of points m and k are k
(2030.00, 3519.30) and (2309.10,3432.71)
respectively, calculate:
1- the coordinates of both points a and b.
2- The length and bearing of the building side ab.
Sol.
2309.10  2030.00 279.10
mk  arctan( )  arctan  E 7245'49.1" S
3432.71  3519.30  86.59
mk  180  7245'49.1"  10714'10.9"
lmk  (Emk ) 2  (Nmk ) 2  (279.10) 2  (86.59) 2  292.236m
bmk  mk  mb then
mb  mk  bmk  10714'10.9"6313'50"  4400'20.9"
Eb  Em  lmb sin mb  2030.00  173.07 sin 4400'20.9"  2150.237 m
Nb  Nm  lmb cos mb  3519.30  173.07 cos 4400'20.9"  3643.783m
From the triangle amk, we can write,
lak 2  lma 2  lmk 2  2 * lma * lmk * cos amk
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(244.37) 2  (272.81) 2  (292.236) 2  2 * 272.81 * 292.236 * cos amk

amk  5106'31.1"
amk  mk  ma ma  10714'10.9"5106'31.1"  5607'40.8"
Ea  2030.00  272.81 sin 5607'40.8"  2256.509m
Na  3519.30  272.81 cos 5607'40.8"  3671.347 m
3-2-3 Traverse definition
As mentioned previously, to
B
survey a feature, some
surveying observations should C
be measured form a certain A
baseline to that feature in order
to calculate the coordinates of
its corner. On the other hand, if
the area to be surveyed is large
enough, on the way that one I H D
baseline can not cover the
whole area, we have to use
more than baseline. These
baselines are considered as the
main frame work that is used to
survey any area. In other words,
a set of adjacent baselines is
called in Surveying as the F E
G
traverse.
The traverse consists of a set of points well distributed and fixed in/around the
area to be surveyed. These points are chosen in such a way that they well serve
for the surveying job, either survey or setting out process. Some observations are
recorded at these points and their coordinates are adjusted and computed as
accurate as possible, to be adopted as the reference in the surveying project;
before, during and after the construction stages. In order to calculate the
coordinates of the traverse stations, a certain coordinate system should be
adopted. Local or National system may be used according to the available initial
information as well as the objective of such a project. To construct a traverse,
we have to know initial information and measure some surveying observations,
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then perform some basic calculation to obtain

N
the coordinates of the traverse stations. In the
shown traverse, we should know that the initial b
information: a
1- At least the coordinates of one traverse (E,N)
c
station.
2- At least the bearing of one line.
d
Then, we should observe :
1- All internal or external angles. e
2- All traverse side lengths.
The coordinates of at least one point may be obtained using on of the following
ways:
1- Relative to an arbitrary coordinate system, defined by the site Engineer
(arbitrary origin, and local north direction).
2- Relative to a National coordinate system using previously known points,
triangulation points by prepared by the Egyptian Survey Authority (ESA).
3- Using old control points, if available.
4- Using satellite observations.
In addition, the north direction may be obtained as:
1- Calculated from known coordinates
2- Observed using, Compass, astronomic or satellite observations.
Anyhow, the initial information should be available before hand to complete the
traverse calculation and to obtain the adjusted coordinates of the traverse
stations.
4-2-4 steps required for any surveying project

In order to complete any surveying project,
1- Draw a clear sketch for the whole area showing different features in the
region and perform a complete reconnaissance for the whole area.
2- Choose the traverse stations, based on some conditions, which will be
mentioned in the next section and fix the traverse stations by a way to
keep the station at least during the whole period of the project.
3- Use a theodolite equipped by an EDM instrument to record the
observations (angles and lengths of the traverse).
4- Calculate the traverse stations adjusted coordinates.
5- Use one of the three methods of the survey (polar, intersection by angles
or distances) to survey the points of all features in the region.
3-2-5 Conditions that should be satisfied in choosing the traverse stations:

1- Points should be well distributed to serve for the whole area to be surveyed.
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2- All traverse points should be well fixed such that they can be used all over the
project period. There are different ways to fix the control point in the field
according to the nature of the soil in which the point is located and the accuracy
order of the station itself. If the control point is to be located in solid sandy soil,
then we can fix the control point either using a steel bar or steel angle drilled in
the soil. On the other hand, if the soil is soft such that, the steel angle and/or the
steel bar can not be well and permanently fixed, we can use a wooden peg with a
nail drilled inside its upper surface, or we can use a concrete monument as
shown in the following figures. Finally, if the surface on which the point should
be fixed is solid, such as the paved surface, or the concrete surfaces, a drilled
nail can be used in this case, with about 0.5 to 1 cm visible above the surface. It
should be mentioned here that, in all above cases, a very sharp point should be
marked clearly, with max diameter as 1 mm.
1/3h
Steel bar
1/3
2/3
h=0.50m
2/3h
Steel angle
Control point using steel bar

Control point using steel angle
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Soft soil
Steel nail
Steel nail
Wooden peg
h=10-15cm
Control point using steel nail control point using wooden peg
40 cm
Steel pipe
40 cm
60 cm Concrete base
60 cm
60 cm
Control point using concrete monument
3- Points should be located in a save place, as example, away from traffic

routes.
4- Inter-visibility should be available between each point and the forward
and backward points, in order to measure both internal angles and side
lengths.
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5- All traverse point should be easily occupied, in order to set up the

instrument over the point during recording measurements.
6- The ratio between the shortest and the longest side in the traverse should
be 1:5, preferably, 1:3, to reduce the pointing errors.
7- Traverse internal or external angle preferred to be within 30º to 150º, for
more accurate calculations.
3-3 Fieldwork in Traversing

The easiest way of visualizing the traversing process is to consider it to be the
formation of a polygon on the ground using standard survey procedures. If the
traverse is being measured using a theodolite (which is the normal case) then
angles are observed to survey stations on both faces for a given number of
rounds, and booked and reduced accordingly. The stations being observed are
pre-marked and targeted with range poles or traversing targets, or simply by a
plumb-bob string for the duration of the angle measurement. If bearings are
being observed with a magnetic compass then care must be taken to reduce the
effect of variation in declination over the period of the survey, and especially to
avoid the effects of local attraction. This is done by avoiding nearby metallic
objects, and by observing both forward and reverse bearings for each traverse
line.
Whatever method is used for the measurement of distance then all appropriate
corrections should be made, and the distances reduced to horizontal.
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3-4 Traverse point coordinates calculations

As mentioned previously, the traverse points are considered as the base for all
surveying works. For this reason, the coordinates of such points should be
calculated as accurate as possible. The following example illustrates the basic
calculations of the traverse.
Example:
The following horizontal angles and distances are measured in the traverse
abcde:
lab=130.30 m, lbc= 176.71 m, lcd= 153.01 m, lde= 191.73 m,
abc= 255º 10' 13", bcd= 241º 03' 53" and cde= 237º 17' 31".
If the bearing of the line ab is 45º0' 0", and the coordinates of point a are
(1783.0, 2510.0), find the coordinates of the remaining points.
Sol.
First, we calculate the forward bearing of the lines bc ,cd and de as explained in
the previous section by the help of the bearing of ab and the measured internal
angles at the traverse stations and the resulted bearings are:
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The bearing of the line ab is given as ab  450'0" , then

bc  12010'13" ,
cd  18114'05" and
de  23831'36" then,
we can calculate the coordinates of points b,c,d and e as
Eb  Ea  130.30 sin 450'0"  1875.136m
Nb  Na  130.3 cos 450'0"  3431.360m
Ec  1875.136  176.71 sin 12010'13"  2027.908m
Nc  3431.360  176.71 cos 12010'13"  3342.551m
Ed  2027.908  153.01 sin 18114'05"  2024.612m
Nd  3342.551  153.01 cos 18114'05"  3189.577 m
Ee  2024.612  191.73 sin 23831'36"  1861.089m
Ne  3189.089  191.73 cos 23831'36"  3089.474m
As shown in the above solution, the previously explained equations are used and
no new tasks or equations are required to solve for this traverse. The problem
here is that, the solution has no constant sequence. In other words, we can put
the above solution in a tabular form called traverse calculation sheet or traverse
coordinates calculation table. This we simplify the process of computations and
the problem of calculations revision becomes easier and faster. So, let us
tabulate the above solution and then, unify the traverse computations in such a
table as
Pt. side Length bearing Departure Latitude E N Note
(m) E  l sin  N  l cos 
a 1783.00 2510.00 fixed
ab 130.30 45º 0' 0" 9.4045 9.4045
b 2027.91 3342.55
bc 176.71 120º10'13" 152.7721 -88.8094
c 2024.61 3189.58
cd 153.01 181º14'05" -3.2971 -152.9745
d 1861.09 3089.47
de 191.73 238º31'36" -154.9945 -100.10255
e
3-5 types of traverses

In the above example, the coordinates of the unknown points of the traverse
were computed as a function of the coordinates of one know point, bearing of
one line in addition to the observations measured , angles and distances. As
shown, the obtained coordinates resulted using one way of computations and no
check can be done to check for the values of recorded observations. For this
reason, and to check the observations of any traverse, we have to find a certain
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way to access the accuracy of the measured angles and distances. In this context,
we can divide the types of traverses to the following :
1- Open traverse.
This traverse starts with known fixed
point, ends with unknown point unknown points
through some unknown points. In this b
type of traverse, the observed e
quantities can not be checked. This
lab lbc d
means that if there was a mistake in lde
a
any of the observed quantities, the lcd
resulted computed coordinates will be c
mistaken, and no way to control errors known
point
in observations.
2- Connected traverse.
This type of traverse starts and ends Unknown points
with known fixed points, through
b
some unknown points. In this case, as
e
we start and end with known control
point, hence, we start our computation lab d
form the first point and compute the a
lcd
other points till we reach the last point
c
that has know coordinates and then,
we can compare both computed and known
given coordinates of the last point and point
we can control errors in observations
if any. This means that this type of traverse we can check observations and we
can accept or reject the whole set of observations according to the specifications
and the degree of the traverse.
3- Closed traverse.
This type of traverse starts with know point coordinates and passes through
some unknown points, then ends with the same point it starts with. The same
way as the connected traverse, the first point will have two sets of coordinates,
computed and given.
In this case, the observations can be controlled and according to the
specifications, we can reject or accept such observations. This process is called
as the traverse adjustment, where some conditions extracted from the figure
geometry is used to complete the adjustment process.
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b
lbc
lab
c
lea
a
e lcd
lde
Known
d
Fixed point
From the above discussion, we can conclude that in both closed and connected
traverses, we can check, control, and accept or rejected the observed quantities
according to the specifications and the degree of the used traverse.
3-6 Adjustment of the traverse:

a- closed traverse:
Eab Ebc
b
Nbc
a
d
e Nde
Eea Ecd
In the shown figure, abcd is a closed traverse; starts with point a and ends with
the same point a and passes through points b,c and d, where point a is fixed and
has known coordinates. Moreover, assume that the bearing of the first line is
given. Also, assume that we observed all internal angles of this traverse, at a, b,
c, and d. In addition, we observed the four sides of the traverse, so we have all
required observations to obtain the traverse points coordinates.
5- Angular closing error:

First, we can notice that the above traverse is a closed figure and from its
geometric properties, we can conclude that the summation of the internal or the
external angles equals constant value. This means that:
external angles of any closed figure= (( NN 22))180
int ernal
180 ,
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where N, indicates the number of sides or points of the traverse.

In this case, we can compute the error of the observed angles using the above
equations. This error is called the angular closing error  of the closed traverse.
This error can be computed as, take the internal angles as an example:
   internal angles - ( N  2)180
If   0 , then there is no error in the observed angles.
Certainly, this is not the true case, where, in any observed quantity, it should be
some error, due to many sources; such as the personal, instrumental and the
natural errors. For this reason  usually has a value and not equal to zero. The
question that arises here is should we accept or reject such an error? and if we
accept it how can we deal with that error to reach the max accuracy we can.
To answer this question, let us agree first that it should be some limit to use it on
order to access such an error. This limit in surveying is called the specifications
that the observational should not, by any way, go out of its values. In other
words, our angular closing error should be compared with some permissible
error obtained from the surveying specifications. Such specifications categorized
the traverses to four degree according to the accuracy required and the area we
deal with in our surveying project. Each degree has its permissible error that
should be kept and should not be ignored. Let us summarize the permissible
angular closing error  pe for closed traverses as:
 pe  c N , where c is a constant and is changing according to the degree of the
closed traverse, for
1st degree traverse, c= 1/25000
nd
2 degree traverse, c= 1/10000
rd
3 degree traverse, c= 1/5000
th
4 degree traverse, c= 1/2000.
Then, we can control the angular closing error as
If  >  pe , then the angular closing error is more than allowable and the traverse
observed angles are rejected and should be re-observed and
If    pe , then the angular closing error
To solve the traverse and obtain the coordinates of all unknown stations, we first
calculate the forward bearing of all sides, then, we compute the departures and
latitudes.
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Example
A connected traverse abcdefg was established to survey a certain area. The
traverse starts with point a of known coordinates as (10000.000, 10000.000) and
ends with point g of known coordinates as (10360.750, 10042.905). The
observations of the traverse (angles and side lengths) are given as follows:
At From To Hz angle
b a c 271º24'12"
c b d 104º18'14"
d c e 124º30'59"
e d f 115º29'38"
f e g 142º41'11"
Side Length
lab 235.19
lbc 322.54
lcd 727.73
lde 193.76
lef 295.80
lfg 413.13
If the bearing of the line ab is 55º0'0", find the corrected coordinates of
unknown points.
Sol:
As described before, the first step is to compute the forward bearings of all lines,
αab=55º00'00", αbc=146º24'12", αcd=70º42'26", αde=15º13'25"
αef=310º43'03", αfg=273º24'14"
then, we can form the traverse calculation sheet as shown in the following table.
From the table we can compute the closure error in the easting direction as :
E   Ecomp  ( Ef  Ea)  42.8264  42.700  .1264m
Similarly, the linear closure error in the Northing direction is computed as:
N   Ncomp  ( Nf  Na )  360.7963  360.774  0.0223m
Then, we can compute the linear closing error as :
  (E ) 2  (N ) 2  (.1264) 2  (0.0223) 2  0.1283m
The relative error is computed as:
 0.1283 1 1
Re     for the fourth order traverse.
l 1733.15 13508.57 2000
The relative error is less than the permissible error, then we accept the
observations and the linear error should be distributed.
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Adopting the Bowditch method, this yields to:

pnt side length bearing Ecomp. Ncomp. Ecorr Ncorr
a
ab 235.19 55º00'00" 192.6564 134.8994 192.6392 134.8964
b
bc 322.54 146º24'12" 178.4753 -268.6608 178.4518 -268.665
c
cd 272.73 70º42'26" 257.4142 90.1087 257.3943 90.1052
c
de 193.76 15º13'25" 50.8788 186.9606 50.8647 186.9581
e
ef 295.80 310º43'03" -224.1972 192.9592 -224.219 192.8554
f
fg 413.13 273º24'14" -412.4011 24.5292 -412.431 24.5239
g ∑l  Ecomp  Ncomp  Ecorr  Ncorr
1733.15 42.8264 360.7963 42.700 360.774
235.19
Eabcorr  192.6564  0.1264  192.6392m
1733.15
235.19
Nabcorr  134.8994  0.0223  134.8964m
1733.15
322.54
Ebccorr  178.4753  0.1264  178.4518m
1733.15
322.54
Nbccorr  268.6608  0.0223  268.6650m
1733.15
272.73
Ecd corr  257.4142  0.1264  257.3943m
1733.15
272.73
Ncd corr  90.1087  0.0223  90.1052m
1733.15
193.76
Edecorr  50.8788  0.1264  50.8647m
1733.15
193.76
Ndecorr  186.9606  0.0223  186.8681m
1733.15
295.80
Eef corr  224.1972  0.1264  224.2188m
1733.15
295..80
Nef corr  192.9592  0.0223  192.9554m
1733.15
413.13
Efg corr  412.4011  0.1264  412.4312m
1733.15
413.13
Nfg corr  24.5292  0.0223  24.5239m
1733.15
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Then, the corrected coordinates are:

Point Ecorr Ncorr
a 10000.000 10000.000
b 10192.639 10134.896
c 10371.091 9866.231
d 10628.485 9956.337
e 10679.350 10143.295
f 10455.131 10336.250
g 10042.700 10360.774
In the above example, as an application on both survey and setting out
processes,
a-To survey point k form the traverse line ab, the following observations are
measured form point a to the required point k
kab=46º26'20" and lak=253.65m
Find the coordinates of point k.
b- To setout point q, of known coordinates (10498.463, 10124.868), form the
traverse side cd , suggest the technique to be adopted and calculate the necessary
observations to be set out in the field.
sol:
a-to survey a point, you have to calculate its coordinates relative to the given
coordinates system, using the observed quantities and the adjusted coordinates
of the traverse stations. Form the above information, we find that the polar
technique is adopted, then, we can calculate, first the bearing of the line ak as:
ak  ab  kab  5500'00"4626'20"  0833'40" , then,
Ek  10000  253.65 sin 0833'40"  10037.759m ,
N k  10000  253.65 cos 0833'40"  10250.824m
a- If we adopt the polar technique to setout point q, then we need to calculate the
length of the line cq and the angle to be setout qcd as:
lcq  (Ecq) 2  (Ncq ) 2  (127.372) 2  (258.637) 2  288.299m
and we should calculate the bearing of the two lines cq and cd as:
Ecd 257.394
cd  arctan  arctan  E 7042'25" N = the WCB, where the line is
Ncd 90.103
located in the first quarter.
Ecq 127.372
cq  arctan  arctan  E 2613'9" N  the WCB, where the line is
Ncq 258.637
located in the first quarter.
Then, the angle qcd can be obtained as:
qcd  cd  cq  7042'25"2613'09"  4429'16"
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The Function of Traverses

Traverses are normally performed around a parcel of land so that features on the
surface or the boundary dimensions can be determined. Often the traverse
stations will be revisited so that perhaps three dimensional topographic data can
be obtained, or so that construction data can be established on the ground. A
traverse provides a simple network of 'known' points that can be used to derive
other information. Large projects would normally not use simple traverses but
instead multi-station networks with all inter-visible stations having all data
measured. This array of survey measurements needs a higher order of
computation and analysis (and is dealt with in later year subjects), so is avoided
at this stage.
Traverses - Missing Data

Introduction
As a rule traverses are always closed, either onto them selves or between known
points so that an estimate of accuracy and precision can be obtained, as well as a
check on our fieldwork. There are rare occasions where traverses cannot be
closed, and more commonly there are situations where open traverses run off a
rigorous network are used to determine the dimensions of features that are not
readily accessible.
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The use of traversing procedures and calculation to determine these dimensions

is based on the mathematics of a closed traverse. That is, the data that is missing
from the traverse is presumed to be that which would close the traverse. If we
adopt this procedure, then an additional condition applying to our measurements
is known
Missing data
The missing elements of a traverse polygon that can be solved for are as follows:
Bearing and Distance of One Line

Bearing of One Line, Distance of Another
Lengths or Bearings of Two Lines
Conclusion
Only two missing elements can be determined as there are only two
redundancies in a traverse network.
Bearing and Distance of One Line

As shown in the lectures on traversing, one common application of the
procedure is in the determination of the bearings and distances of occupation
boundaries especially when these points are impossible to physically occupy
(like a fence post).
For example, consider the following traverse observed around the fenced
boundary of a parcel of land containing a building. It is not possible to set the
instrument up over the fence posts, so the traverse is run wherever convenient
and connections are made to the fence corners with radiations from the traverse
stations:
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If we were to look at just the northern boundary for example, what we have is in
effect an open traverse that looks like this:
In order to determine the bearing and distance of the thick line (the property
boundary) all we need to do is a simple traverse closure (or vector sum) on the
three known elements. If you have not as yet developed a calculator program to
solve traverse calculations, then create a table of the data and reduce the
bearings and distances to eastings and northings. It is important to watch the
bearings; all the elements of the traverse must have the same bearing sense.
Line Bearing Distance  Easting  Northing

1 211° 56’00" 3.145 -1.664 -2.669
2 86° 25’ 30" 19.145 19.108 1.194
3 61° 07’ 48" 3.055 2.675 1.475

20.119 0.000
4 ? ? Sum =
When the data is tabulated the result is fairly obvious. The missing line
contributes the vector which has the components E and N in order to make
the traverse close. In this case the bearing and distance of the missing line is
270°00’00", 20.12m (converting the rectangular E and N back to polar
coordinates).
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Bearing of One Line, Distance of Another

Once again the assumption is made that the missing data closes the traverse. If
there are any errors or mistakes in the original data all of this will be transferred
into the missing line, so it is very important that all checks and corrections are
applied to the original traverse measurements.
In the diagram, the two thick lines show the

known data and the two dotted lines are sides
of the traverse with missing elements.
There are two solutions to the calculations,

one involves rotating the bearings so that one
of the unknown lines has a cardinal bearing
(hence E or N will be zero); the other
involves calculating the vector that closes the
known data and using the sine or cosine rule
to solve for the data in the triangle with the
missing data.
For example:
In order to solve for the missing distance on
the bearing 311°27’ and the bearing for the
line length 41.14 we first calculate the vector
between the two known traverse sides by
performing a closure calculation. This gives a
distance of 39.013 and a bearing of12°48’ (or
192°48’), which means that the other two
traverse lines that have data missing must
give the same result in order to close the
traverse. Reducing the remaining data to a
triangle gives:
The triangle has two known distances, one
angle. The remaining elements can be solved
using the sine and cosine rules.
The alternative approach is to rotate the

bearings of the original data so that one of the
missing lines has a cardinal direction. In the
example, if we added 48°33’ to the bearings
the line with the missing distance becomes
0°00’ (contributing nothing to the eastings,
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and all of its distance to the northings). It does

not matter whether the lines with the missing
data are contiguous or not, the mathematical
solution is the same. We can move known
traverse lines around so they form one
continuous series of vectors, and then perform
our traverse closure on this new network. The
missing data is still what is required to close
the figure.
Length or Bearings of Two Lines

The procedure is the same as that covered above. In the case of the two missing
distances, in out ‘triangle of solution’ the known data will consist of three angles
and one distance, it is easy to calculate the other distances from the application
of the sine rule. In the case of two missing bearings, we end up with three
known distances and one bearing, it is easy to solve for the other angles using
the cosine rule.
Conclusion
It should be emphasized that these solutions are not provided so that poorly
performed unclosed traverses can be closed. All traverses are closed by
fieldwork. The examples show however how the method of summing
displacements in East and displacements in North can be used to solve for data
that could not be measured.
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MINIA UNIVERSITY PLANE SURVEYING COURSE

Plane Surveying Course

2- Computation of coordinates of a point

It is required to calculate the coordinates of points b and c if the coordinates of

and then we can compute the coordinates of point c as:

2- Computations of the length and bearing of a line from coordinates

N Eab  lab sin ab

As shown, simply, we can a Nb

of the sum of squared

If the coordinates of point a are (543.28,744.21) and the coordinates of point b

line ab can be computed using the following equation as:

3-2 Traverse in surveying

3-2-2 Survey of a point:

1- Intersection by angles ( ‫اﻟﺘﻘـﺎﻃﻊ اﻷﻣـﺎﻣﻲ‬ c

Angular measurements method Linear measurements method

K1EA + K2EB + K3EC K1NA + K2NB + K3NC

Factors Which Influence the Use of Resection

 Instrument needs to be set up on unknown points.

b- Linear measurements method

c-Polar measurements method c

(244.37) 2  (272.81) 2  (292.236) 2  2 * 272.81 * 292.236 * cos amk

then perform some basic calculation to obtain

2- All traverse side lengths.

4-2-4 steps required for any surveying project

3-2-5 Conditions that should be satisfied in choosing the traverse stations:

Control point using steel bar

Control point using concrete monument

3- Points should be located in a save place, as example, away from traffic

5- All traverse point should be easily occupied, in order to set up the

3-3 Fieldwork in Traversing

3-4 Traverse point coordinates calculations

The bearing of the line ab is given as ab  450'0" , then

3-5 types of traverses

3-6 Adjustment of the traverse:

5- Angular closing error:

where N, indicates the number of sides or points of the traverse.

Adopting the Bowditch method, this yields to:

Then, the corrected coordinates are:

The Function of Traverses

Traverses - Missing Data

The use of traversing procedures and calculation to determine these dimensions

Bearing and Distance of One Line

Bearing and Distance of One Line

Line Bearing Distance  Easting  Northing

2 86° 25’ 30" 19.145 19.108 1.194

3 61° 07’ 48" 3.055 2.675 1.475

Bearing of One Line, Distance of Another

In the diagram, the two thick lines show the

There are two solutions to the calculations,

The alternative approach is to rotate the

and all of its distance to the northings). It does

Length or Bearings of Two Lines

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