CHAPTER 3

LOGIC GATES

LOGIC GATES:
A Logic gate is an electronic circuit, which makes logic decisions. It has only one output and
one or more inputs. A logic gate gives an output only when certain input combinations are satisfied
depending on the type of gate. There are three basic gates AND, OR and NOT.
AND Gate: The output of AND gate is high when all the inputs are HIGH otherwise it is LOW.
Truth table
Inputs Output
A B Y = A .B
A Y = A.B
0 0 0 B
0 1 0
1 0 0 Logic symbol of AND gate

1 1 1

OR Gate: The output of OR is HIGH when any one of the input is HIGH otherwise it is LOW.
Truth table
Inputs Output
A B Y=A+B
A Y=A+B
0 0 0
B
0 1 1
Logic symbol of OR gate
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT Gate: A NOT gate is the only gate which has one input and one output. The output of NOT
gate is complement of the input. It is also called an inverter. The output is HIGH when the input is
LOW and the output is LOW when the input is HIGH.

Input Output Y = A
A Y =A
0 1
1 0

NAND gate (NOT of AND gate)

NAND gate is one whose output is HIGH when any one of the input is LOW or output is LOW when
all the inputs are HIGH. NAND gate is constructed by connecting a NOT gate at the output of an
AND gate as shown in the figure below.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 A Y = A.B
A A.B Y =A.B
B
B
Logic symbol of NAND gate
Truth Table
Inputs Output

A B Y = A .B

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

NOR Gate (NOT of OR gate)

A NOR gate is one whose output is HIGH when all the inputs are LOW or the output is LOW when
any one of the input is HIGH. NOR gate is constructed by connecting a NOT gate at the output of
an OR gate as shown in the figure below.

A Y=A +B
A A+B Y =A + B
B
B
Logic symbol of NOR gate

Truth table
Inputs Output
A B Y = A+B
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

Demorgan's Theorem
1. "The complement of sum equal to the product of the complements". It is expressed as

A + B = A .B

Logic implementation of De Morgan’s First theorem.

A
A
A Y = A .B
A Y=A +B
Y =A B
B
= = B
B B

NOR gate
Bubbled AND Gate

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

De Morgan's First theorem tells us that a NOR gate is logically equivalent to a BUBBLED AND
gate and they are interchangeable.

2. "The Complement of products equal to sum of complements". It is expressed as

A .B = A +B

Figure shows the logic representation of De Morgan's second theorem.

A A
A Y = A.B A Y= A + B
B Y = A +B
= = B
B BUBBLED OR Gate
NAND Gate B

De Morgan's second theorem tells us that a NAND gate is logically equivalent to a BUBBLED OR
gate and they are interchangeable.

The Exclusive-OR gate (XOR gate)

One element conspicuously missing from the set of Boolean operations is that of Exclusive-OR.
Whereas the OR function is equivalent to Boolean addition, the AND function to Boolean
multiplication, and the NOT function (inverter) to Boolean complementation, there is no direct
Boolean equivalent for Exclusive-OR. This symbol is seldom used in Boolean expressions because
the identities, laws, and rules of simplification involving addition, multiplication, and
complementation do not apply to it. However, there is a way to represent the Exclusive-OR
function in terms of OR and AND and NOT gates.
“The output of XOR is high for odd number of high inputs otherwise it is low”.
(OR)
“A two input XOR gate is one whose output is HIGH when the inputs are different and the output is
LOW when the inputs are same”.

A AB

B AB + A B
A Y = A B
B
AΒ
A  B = AB + A B

As a Boolean equivalency, this rule may be helpful in simplifying some Boolean expressions. Any
expression following the A B +A B form (two AND gates and an OR gate) may be replaced by a
single Exclusive-OR gate.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 Truth table
Inputs Output
A B Y = A B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Exclusive-NOR gate (XNOR gate)

The complement of XOR operation is XNOR function. “The output of X-NOR gate is HIGH
when all the inputs are LOW and for even number of HIGH inputs otherwise it is LOW”.
It can be formed by connecting a NOT gate at the output of an XOR gate.

A B A Y = AB + A B = A  B
A Y = A B
B
B Logic Symbol of X-NOR gate

The output of XOR gate is given by Y = A  B. An XNOR function is just the reverse of XOR

function. It is also mentioned as XOR gate.

When both the inputs are zero (A = 0; B = 0) The output Y = A B + A B = 0 0 + 0 . 0 =

1 0 + 0 .1 = 0 = 1.
When either of the inputs are 1 (either A = 0, B = 1 or A = 1; B = 0) the output Y=

0 . 1 + 0 .1 = 1 1 + 0 . 0 = 1 = 0.

When both input are 1 (A = 1, B = 1) then output Y = 1.

Alternatively, the gate produces an output of 1 only when its inputs are same i.e., either all 0 are all
1; and no output when the inputs are different i.e., Y = 0.
Truth table
Inputs Output

A B Y= A B

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
__________
________ ________
Y= A B = AB + AB = AB . AB

= (A+ B ). ( A +B)
= AB + A.B

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

UNIVERSAL GATES:

NAND and NOR gates possess a special property: they are universal. That is, given enough gates,
either type of gate is able to mimic the operation of any other gate type. For example, it is possible
to build a circuit exhibiting the OR functions using three interconnected NAND gates. The ability for
a single gate type to be able to mimic any other gate type is one enjoyed only by the NAND and
the NOR. In fact, digital control systems have been designed using either NAND or NOR gates, all
the necessary logic functions being derived from collections of interconnected NAND or NOR. As
proof of this property, this section will be divided into subsections showing how all the basic gate
types may be formed using only NAND or only NOR.

1. NAND as Universal Gate:

NAND can be used to realize all the basic gates i.e., NOT, AND and OR gates. As such this
gate is referred to as Universal gate.
a) NAND as a NOT gate:
Short all the inputs of the NAND gate and by considering only one input we get NOT operation.
Logic symbol Truth table

Y =A
Input A Output Y = A
A
0 1
1 0
b) NAND as AND gate
The output of a NAND gate is A .B by complementing this using NOT gate at the output, we
get AND gate whose output is given by Y = A.B which is the logic function a normal AND gate.
This is as shown in the figure.
Inputs Output
A B Y = A.B
A A.B Y =A . B =A.B 0 0 0
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

c) NAND as an OR gate
The two inputs A and B are inverted before they are applied to a NAND gate. To do this two

single input NAND gates acting as inverters are used. The output in this case is A .B . This can
be proved to be equal to A + B, using De-Morgan’s theorem-a most powerful theorem of

Boolean algebra. i.e., A .B = A + B which is the result of OR gate.

Logic diagram
Inputs Output
A A B Y=A+B
A

Y =A . B =A+B 0 0 0
0 1 1
B
B
1 0 1
1 1 1

d) NAND as XOR gate

y = A  B = A B + AB

A.AB
2

AB
A Y = A.AB. B. AB
1 4
B

3
B.AB

Y = A.AB B.AB.

= A.AB + B.AB

Y = (A. AB ) + (B. AB )

Y = AB (A + B)

Y = ( A + B ) (A + B)

Y = A A + A B + AB + B B

Y = A B + A B = A  B  XOR gate.

e) NAND as XNOR gate:

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 Y= A B

A A AB
Y = A.AB.B.AB 2
AB
A, AB B, AB
AB A, AB B, AB
Y = A AB. B.AB A
B
1 4

Y= ( A +AB) ( B + AB) AB
3
B B AB

Y= AB + A B

Y = A  B  XNOR gate

2) NOR Gate as Universal gate

NOR gate can be used to realize all the basic gates i.e., AND, OR and NOT gates. As such this
gate is referred to as Universal gate.
a) NOR as NOT gate
Short all the inputs of the NOR gate and by considering only one input we get NOT operation.
Logic symbol Truth table
Input A Output Y = A
A Y =A
0 1
1 0

b) NOR as OR gate
The output of NOR gate is A + B . By complementing the output of NOR gate with the help of
NOT gate, we get OR operation. This is illustrated in the figure
Inputs Output
A B Y=A+B
A A+ B Y=A+ B = A+ B 0 0 0
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

c) NOR as AND gate
The two inputs A and B are inverted before they are applied to the NOR gate. To do this two

single input NOR gates are used. The output in this case is A + B . This can be shown to be

equal to A.B using De Morgans theorem, i.e., A + B = A.B which is AND operation. This is as
shown in figure.
Inputs Output
A
A A B Y = A.B

Y = A +B = A + B 0 0 0
0 1 0
B
B 1 0 0
1 1 1

d) NOR as XNOR gate

A A + A +B

A +B

A
Y = ( A + ( A + B)) + (B + ( A + B))
B
A +B

B + A +B
B
Y=

( A + ( A + B) + B + ( A + B )

Y = A + ( A + B) . B + ( A + B)

Y = [ A + ( A + B )].[B + ( A + B) ]

Y = (A + AB ).(B + AB )

Y = AB + AB using Distributive law

Y = A  B  XNOR gate

e) NOR as XOR gate

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 A A + A +B

A +B
A + A +B +B + A +B
A
Y=
A + A +B +B + A +B
B
A +B

B B+ A +B
Y=

A + A +B+B+ A +B

Y = A + A +B+B+ A +B

Y = A .(A + B) + B .(A + B)

Y = A A + A B + AB + B B

Y = A B + AB

Y = A  B = XOR gate

NAND as AND NAND as OR

NAND as NOT

̅̅̅̅̅
̿̿̿̿̿ ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿ ̅̅̅̅̅
X. X= ̅
X
X. Y = X.Y ̅̅̅̅̅̅
(X. X) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
. ( Y. Y) = ̅̅̅̅̅
X. Y = X+Y

NOR as AND NOR as OR NAND as NOT

̅̅̅̅̅
X. X= ̅
X
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a + b = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿ a̅ + b̅ = a.b
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ +( b + b) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(a + a) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ a̅ + b̅ = a.b

QUESTION BANK
PART – A
One mark questions
1 What is a logic gate?
A gate is simply an electronic circuit which operate on one or more input signals to produce an
output signal.
2 What is truth table?
A truth table is a table which represents all the possible values of logical variables/statements along
with all the possible results of the given combination of values.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 3 Write the standard symbol for NOT gate.
A
X

4 Write the truth table for NOT gate.

A ̅
A
0 1
1 0
5 Which gate is called as inverter?
NOT gate is called inverter
6 Define AND gate.
When all the input signals are 1 (high), the output is 1 (high), otherwise the output is0.
7 Write the standard symbol for AND gate.

8 Define OR gate.

If any of the input signals is 1 (high), then the output is 1(high).

9 Write the standard symbol for OR gate.

A A+B
B

10 What are universal gates?

Universal gate are gates using which all the basic gates can be designed.
11 What is the output of the two input NAND gate for the inputs A=0, B=1?
1
12 What are the values of the inputs to a three input NAND gate, if its output is 1?
If all the inputs are 0’s or any one input is zero the output will be one.
13 What are the values of the inputs to a three input AND gate, if its output is 1?
All the inputs should 1.
14 What are the values of the inputs to a three input OR gate, if its output is 0?
When all the inputs are 0’s the output is 0.
15 What are the values of the inputs to three input NAND gate, if its output is 0?
When all the inputs are 1’s the output is 0.
16 What are the values of the inputs to three input NAND gate, if its output is 1?

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 If all the inputs are 0’s or any one input is zero the output will be one.

17 What is NOR gate?

NOR gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs
complement of OR operation. Its output is high if and only if all its inputs are low and its output
is low if any one of its input is high.
18 Write the standard symbol for NOR gate.

19 What is NAND gate?

NAND gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs
complement of AND operation. Its output is low if and only if all its inputs are high and its output is
High If any one of its input is low.
20 Write the standard symbol for NAND gate

21 What is XOR gate?

Exclusive-OR gate produces output 1 for only those input combinations that have odd number of1’s.
22 Write the standard symbol for XOR gate.

23 What is XNOR gate?

The logic gate where its output is 0 when its inputs are different.
24 Write the standard symbol for XNOR gate.

25 For the truth table given below, what type of logic gate does the output F represent?

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NAND gate

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 26 For the truth table given below, what type of logic gate does the output F represent?
X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XOR gate.
27 For the truth table given below, what type of logic gate does the output X represent?

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
OR gate.
28 For the truth table given below, what type of logic gate does the output X represent?

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
AND gate
For the truth table given below, what type of logic gate does the output X represent?

X Y F
29 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
NOR gate.

PART – B
Two marks questions
1 Mention the types of logic gates.
Basic gates : AND, OR, NOT
Derived gates : XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR
2 Mention the Basic logic gates.
Basic gates : AND, OR, NOT
3 Which gates are called universal gates and why?
NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates. Using these gates any basic gates can be designed.
4 Mention the derived gates.
XOR, NAND, NOR, XNOR
5 Mention different universal gates.
NAND, NOR

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 6 Write the standard symbol and truth table for NOT gate.

A A ̅
𝐀
A
0 1
1 0
7 Write the standard symbol and truth table for AND gate.

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

8 Write the AND gate rule.

When all the input signals are 1 (high), the output is 1 (high), otherwise the output is0.
9 Write the standard symbol and truth table for OR gate.
X Y F
A 0 0 0
A+B
0 1 1
B
1 0 1
1 1 1
10 Write the OR gate rule.

If any of the input signals is 1 (high), then the output is 1(high).

11 Write the standard symbol and truth table for NOR gate.

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

12 Write the standard symbol and truth table for NAND gate.
X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

13 Write the standard symbol and truth table for XOR gate.

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
14 Write the standard symbol and truth table for XNOR gate.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
PART – C
Three Marks questions
1 Explain NOT gate
A NOT gate has only one input and one output. The output state is always the opposite of the input
state. A NOT Gate is also called as Inverter gate, because the output is not same as the input.
2 Explain working with AND gate.
A NOT gate has only one input and one output. The output state is always the opposite of the input
state. A NOT Gate is also called as Inverter gate, because the output is not same as the input.
3 Write the truth table of three inputs AND gate.

A B C X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

4 Explain OR gate.
A OR gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
If any of the input signals is 1 (high), then the output is 1(high).
5 Write the truth table three input variable using OR gate.

A B C A+B+C
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
6 Explain NOR gate.
A NOR gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal. The NOR gate is a
complemented of OR gate. The output of NOR gate will be 1 only when all inputs are 0 and output
will be 0 if any input represents a1.
7 Write the truth table three input variable using NOR gate.
A B C ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐀+ 𝐁 + 𝐂
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
8 Explain the working of NAND gate.
A NAND gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal. The NAND gate is a
complemented of AND gate. The output of NAND gate will be 0 only when all inputs are 1 and output
will be 0 if any input represents a0.

9 Write the truth table for three input variable using NAND gate.

A B
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 1
C X
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 0

10 Explain XOR gate.

An exclusive-OR has two or more input signal but only one output signal. Exclusive-OR gate is
different form of OR gate. Exclusive-OR gate produces output 1 for only those input combinations
that have odd number of1’s. The output is 0 if there are even number of 1’s in the input. The output
is 1 if there are odd number of 1’s in the input.

11 Write the truth table three input variable using XOR gate.

A B C X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
12 Explain XNOR gate.
The XNOR gate is complement of XOR gate. The output of XNOR is 1 only when the logic values of
both X and Y is same i.e. either both are equal to 1 or both are0. Its output is 0 when its inputs are
different.
13 Write the truth table three input variable using XNOR gate.
A B C X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
14 Mention the design rules of NAND-to-NAND logic network.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 NAND-TO-NAND RULE
1 Derive simplified sum-of products expression.
2 Draw a circuit diagram using AND, OR and NOT gates.
3 Just replace AND, OR and NOT gates with NAND gates

15 Mention the design rules of NOR-to-NOR logic network.

NOR-TO-NOR RULE
1 Derive a simplified product-of-sums form of the expression.
2 Draw a circuit diagram using NOT, OR and AND gates.
3 substitute NOR gates tor NOT, OR and AND gates.
16 ̅ ̅𝐘Z
Draw the diagram of a digital circuit for the function : F(X, Y, Z) XYZ + XZ + 𝐗

PART – D
Five marks questions
1 Explain any two basic gates with example and truth table.
OR, AND and NOT are the basic gates.

OR gate
A OR gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal.
If any of the input signals is 1 (high), then the output is 1(high).

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

AND gate
When all the input signals are 1 (high), the output is 1 (high), otherwise the output is0.

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
2 Explain any two derived gates with truth table.
NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR are the derived gates.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 NOR gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs complement of
OR operation. Its output is high if and only if all its inputs are low and its output is low if any one of
its input is high.

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NAND gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs
complement of AND operation. Its output is low if and only if all its. Inputs are high and its output
is high if anyone of its input is low.

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
3 Explain universal gates with truth table.
NAND, NOR are the universal gates. Using these gates any other basic gates.
NOR gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs complement of
OR operation. Its output is high if and only if all its inputs are low and its output is low if any one of
its input is high.
X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NAND gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs
complement of AND operation. Its output is low if and only if all its inputs are high and its output is
high if anyone of its input is low.

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
4 Explain logical AND gate, logical OR gate.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 OR gate
A OR gate has two or more input signal but only one output signal. If any of the input signals is 1
(high), then the output is 1(high).

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
AND gate
When all the input signals are 1 (high), the output is 1 (high), otherwise the output is0.

X Y F
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

5 Explain logical NOR and logical NAND gates.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 NOR gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs complement of
OR operation. Its output is high if and only if all its inputs are low and its output is low if any one of
its input is high.

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NAND gate is a logic gate which has two or more inputs and one output that performs
complement of AND operation. Its output is low if and only if all its inputs are high and its output is
high if anyone of its input is low.

X Y F
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

7 Explain logical XOR and logical XNOR gates.

An XOR/exclusive-OR has two or more input signal but only one output signal. Exclusive-OR gate is
different form of OR gate. Exclusive-OR gate produces output 1 for only those input combinations
that have odd number of1’s. The output is 0 if there are even number of 1’s in the input. The output
is 1 if there are odd number of 1’s in the input.

The XNOR gate is complement of XOR gate. The output of XNOR is 1 only when the logic values of
both X and Y is same i.e. either both are equal to 1 or both are0. Its output is 0 when its inputs are
different.

8 Realize the basic gates by using only NAND gate.

NAND as OR
NAND as AND NAND as NOT

̅̅̅̅̅ ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
̅̅̅̅̅̅
(X. X) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
. ( Y. Y) = ̅̅̅̅̅
X. Y =
̿̿̿̿̿
X. Y = X.Y ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
X. X= X
X+Y

9 Realize logical NOT gate and logical AND gate using NAND gate.

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)

 NAND as AND NAND as NOT

̅̅̅̅̅
̿̿̿̿̿ ̅̅̅̅̅
X. Y = X.Y X. X= ̅
X
10 Design to implement logical OR gate and logical AND gate using NOR logical gate.

NOR as AND NOR as OR

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
a + b = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿ a̅ + b̅ = a.b
̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ +( b + b) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(a + a) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ a̅ + b̅ = a.b

11 Explain NAND-to-NAND rules and NOR-to-NOR rules of logic network.

NAND-TO-NAND RULE
1. Derive simplified sum-of products expression.
2. Draw a circuit diagram using AND, OR and NOT gates.
3. Just replace AND, OR and NOT gates with NAND gates
NOR-TO-NOR RULE
1. Derive a simplified product-of-sums form of the expression.
2. Draw a circuit diagram using NOT, OR and AND gates.
3. Substitute NOR gates tor NOT, OR and AND gates.

Practice Problems
1 ̅C + B
Design a circuit to realize the following: F(A, B, C) = AB + A ̅A̅C
2 Draw the diagram of digital circuit for the function: F(X, Y, Z) = (X + Y)(X + Z̅)(Y
̅ + Z)
3 Draw the diagram of a digital circuit for: F(A, B, C, D) = AB + BC + CD using NAND-to-NAND logic.
4 ̅C + C̅B using NAND-to-NAND logic only.
Draw the circuit diagram for F = AB
5 Draw the diagram of digital circuit for the function F(X, Y, Z) = YZ + XZ using NAND gates only.
6 Draw the diagram of a digital circuit for the following function
̅ ̅YZ
a) XYZ + XZ + X b) AB + AC̅+ B
̅A̅C

By: Dr. Udaya Kumar B G, Dr. Archana T J, Sahana S (SPUC)