Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Authors

Hassan Ali F2019134012

Umair Qayum F2019134020
Muhammad Ali F2019134009

Supervisor

Dr Irsa Talib
Supervisor’s Designation

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
August 2023
 Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Author

Hassan Ali F2019134012

Umair Qayum F2019134020
Muhammad Ali F2019134009

A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering

Project Supervisor:

Dr Irsa Talib

Designation & Department

External Examiner Signature:____________________________________________

Project Supervisor Signature:_____________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE

August 2023

i
 Abstract

Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Hassan Ali F2019134012

Umair Qayum F2019134020
Muhammad Ali F2019134009

Project Supervisor: Supervisor’s Name

Designation & address

Dust buildup on solar panels might cause problems. its topside. Due to dust buildup, the
solar panel's efficiency steadily declines. This study examines an Arduino-based. A
technique for cleaning solar panels has been developed and put into use to remove dust.
The suggested solar panel cleaner is automatic, cost-effective. This method uses a two-
step mechanism that comprises of an exhaust fan that serves as an water and a wiper to
remove dust from the panel surface. The wiper is driven by a direct current motor.
Because the technology use water to clean solar panels. The proposed cleaning system
may function with an efficiency of 87-96% for various types of surfaces.

Keywords:

Solar Panel, Cleaning, Automated System, Water Spray, Arduino.

ii
 UNDERTAKING

I certify that research work titled “Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System” is my own

work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has

been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged / referred.

Signature of Student1
Hassan Ali
F2019134012

Signature of Student2
Umair Qayum
F2019134020

Signature of Student3
Muhammad Ali
F2019134009

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All the praises to ALLAH ALMIGHTY Who gave me strength and health to

complete this research, who gave me the mind to think and analyze. All glory to Him for

providing me a way to complete this goal and blessed me with the power and patience

during this work and when needed. All the praises after ALLAH is for Holy Prophet

Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) who told us the way of knowledge and teach us the path of

study. True crown of gratefulness goes to my parents for their love, prayers, deep

involvement, immense support, guidance, patience and encouragement throughout my

research work.

We wish to express our gratitude to all those who provided us help and cooperation

in different ways at different levels and steps of this project. Special thanks is conveyed

to Dr. Irsa Talib for supervision and guidance, help and advice and her efforts in

supervision of this project.

Also, thanks to the Dean of School of Engineering, all members in department of

Mechanical Engineering.

iv
 ABLE OF CONTENTS

Sample is given below:

Abstract ............................................................................................………...ii

Acknowledgement..........................................................................................iii

List of Figures.................................................................................................vi

List of Tables..................................................................................................vii

Abbreviations................................................................................................viii

Chapter I: Introduction.....................................................................................1

1.1 Statement of the Problem......................................................................1

1.2 Objectives.............................................................................................3

1.3 Organization of the Project...................................................................3

Chapter II: Overview of xyz scheme…………………………………….........4

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sample is given below:

Number Page

Fig 2.1Block diagram of xyz block..................................................................8

Fig 2.2 Basis Functions Diagram.....................................................................9

Fig 2.3 Block Diagram of Codec...................................................................10

Fig 3.1Encoder...............................................................................................13

Fig 3.2 Decoder..............................................................................................14

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Similar to the list of figures.

vii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

In today's world of energy production, solar power has become a major player in meeting

the ever-growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources. Solar panels, those

cool devices that turn sunlight into electricity, are leading the charge in this energy

revolution. But here's the catch: for solar panels to work their magic, they need to soak up

as much sunlight as possible. Anything that gets in the way of that, like dirt and dust

building up on the panels, can seriously mess with their ability to generate power

efficiently.

Up until now, keeping solar panels clean usually meant someone had to roll up their

sleeves and give them a good scrubbing. Imagine doing that for massive solar farms or

installations in places where water is scarce. Not the most practical or efficient solution,

right? That's where the idea of automatic solar panel cleaning systems comes in. These

systems are like a high-tech answer to the problem. They use smart technology to detect

when solar panels are getting dirty and then automatically clean them without any human

intervention.

1.2 Problem Statement

Solar panels are increasingly being adopted as a reliable and sustainable source of

energy. However, they are susceptible to the accumulation of dirt, dust, bird droppings,

1
and other debris, which can significantly reduce their efficiency and hinder energy

production. Manual cleaning of solar panels is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and

costly, particularly for large-scale installations. Furthermore, it may pose safety risks for

workers and require regular maintenance schedules.

The problem at hand is the need for an automatic solar panel cleaning system that

can effectively and efficiently remove contaminants from the surface of solar panels. This

system should address the following challenges:

1. Reduced Energy Efficiency: The presence of dirt and debris on solar panels

blocks sunlight and reduces the amount of energy they can generate. This leads to

decreased energy efficiency and lower overall output.

2. Labor-Intensive Maintenance: Manual cleaning of solar panels requires

significant time and effort, especially for large installations. It involves arranging

for trained personnel, scheduling regular cleaning routines, and ensuring worker

safety in challenging environments.

3. Cost and Resources: Manual cleaning methods incur ongoing labor costs, which

can be substantial for large-scale solar installations. Additionally, the use of water

and cleaning agents contributes to resource consumption and environmental

impact.

4. Safety Risks: Cleaning panels manually involves working at heights, which poses

safety risks for workers. Climatic conditions, such as high winds or extreme

temperatures, can further exacerbate these risks.

2
 5. Inefficient Cleaning Schedules: Depending on the environmental conditions and

geographical location, solar panels may require more frequent cleaning. Without

an automated system, it becomes challenging to maintain an efficient cleaning

schedule that ensures optimal energy production.

6. Monitoring and Maintenance: Tracking the cleanliness and performance of solar

panels manually can be cumbersome and prone to human error. There is a need

for a system that can provide real-time monitoring, generate alerts for

maintenance requirements or malfunctions, and facilitate data-driven decision-

making.

To address these challenges, an automatic solar panel cleaning system is required. Such a

system should be capable of autonomously detecting the level of dirt and debris, initiating

cleaning operations when needed, utilizing effective cleaning mechanisms without

damaging the solar cells, and optimizing energy production while minimizing

maintenance efforts and costs.

1.3 Aims And Objectives:

The aim of this project is to develop an automatic solar panel cleaning system that

efficiently removes dirt and debris from the surface of solar panels, ensuring

optimal energy production and reducing maintenance efforts. The objectives of

the project are as follows:

1. Design and Engineering:

3
 Develop a cleaning system consisting of cleaning units equipped with

brushes, wipers, or other mechanisms that can effectively remove dirt and

debris from the surface of solar panels.

 Design the cleaning units to move systematically across the panel surface,

covering the entire area without causing damage to the delicate solar cells.

 Incorporate sensors to detect the level of dirt and debris on the panels,

triggering the cleaning process when necessary.

 Integrate weather sensors to prevent cleaning operations during

unfavorable weather conditions, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of

the system.

2. Automation and Control:

 Implement an automated control system that schedules and initiates

cleaning operations based on predetermined cleaning routines or real-time

monitoring of panel cleanliness and efficiency.

 Develop algorithms and logic to optimize the movement of the cleaning

units, ensuring comprehensive coverage and efficient cleaning.

3. Safety and Reliability:

 Design the system with safety features to prevent accidents and minimize

risks to workers and the solar panels.

 Incorporate fail-safe mechanisms to protect the system components and

prevent damage during operation.

4
 4. Remote Monitoring and Control:

 Implement a remote monitoring and control system that provides real-time

data on the cleanliness and performance of solar panels.

 Enable remote access to monitoring data, allowing users to track the

efficiency of their panels, receive alerts for maintenance requirements or

malfunctions, and generate reports for analysis and decision-making.

5. Energy Efficiency and Sustainability:

 Develop energy-efficient cleaning mechanisms and utilize renewable

energy sources, such as solar power, for the operation of the cleaning

system.

 Minimize water and cleaning agent consumption to reduce environmental

impact and promote sustainability.

6. Performance Optimization:

 Conduct thorough testing and optimization to ensure the cleaning system

operates effectively and efficiently across various environmental

conditions and panel types.

 Continuously monitor and analyze system performance, making necessary

adjustments and improvements to enhance its overall effectiveness.

By achieving these aims and objectives, the project aims to provide an automated

solar panel cleaning system that maximizes energy production, reduces

maintenance costs, enhances safety, and promotes the long-term efficiency and

sustainability of solar panel installations.

5
1.4 Potential Users of the Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

1.4.1 Solar Farm Operators:

Large-scale solar farm operators who manage vast arrays of solar panels can

benefit from an automated cleaning system. It enables them to efficiently maintain

the cleanliness and performance of their panels without the need for extensive

manual labor.

1.4.2 Commercial and Industrial Buildings:

Businesses and organizations that have solar panel installations on their

rooftops or premises can utilize the cleaning system to ensure optimal energy

generation. This includes warehouses, factories, offices, and retail establishments.

1.4.3 Residential Solar System Owners:

Homeowners who have installed solar panels on their rooftops can benefit

from the automatic cleaning system. It offers convenience and peace of mind by

maintaining the efficiency of their solar panels without requiring regular manual

cleaning.

1.4.4 Government and Municipal Installations:

Government agencies and municipalities that have invested in solar power

systems for public buildings, streetlights, or other infrastructure can utilize the

cleaning system to ensure consistent energy production and maximize the return

on their investment.

1.4.5 Educational Institutions:

6
 Schools, colleges, and universities that have implemented solar energy

systems can benefit from the automated cleaning system. It helps to maintain the

performance of their panels and serve as an educational tool for students to learn

about renewable energy and sustainable practices.

1.4.6 Solar Panel Installation and Maintenance Companies:

Companies specializing in solar panel installation and maintenance can

incorporate the automatic cleaning system as part of their service offerings. It

allows them to offer more comprehensive and efficient maintenance solutions to

their clients.

1.4.7 Remote and Off-Grid Installations:

Solar panel installations located in remote or off-grid areas, such as rural

communities, research facilities, or telecommunication towers, can benefit from

an automatic cleaning system. It reduces the need for physical access and

maintenance visits, making it more cost-effective and sustainable.

1.4.8 Solar Panel Manufacturers:

Solar panel manufacturers can integrate the automatic cleaning system as an added

feature in their product offerings. This provides customers with a complete solution and

enhances the overall value proposition of their solar panels.

These potential users can benefit from the automatic solar panel cleaning system by

ensuring optimal energy production, reducing maintenance costs, improving system

longevity, and promoting sustainable and efficient use of solar power.

7
1.5 Motivation

As the world continues to grapple with the challenges posed by climate change

and the dwindling reserves of traditional energy sources, the need for innovative and

sustainable energy solutions has never been more pressing. In this context, the allure of

solar energy as a clean and abundant power source has captured the imagination of

researchers and engineers alike. However, as I delved into the intricacies of solar energy

systems, a critical concern emerged that piqued my curiosity and kindled my motivation:

the impact of dirt and debris on solar panel efficiency.

The success of solar panels hinges on their ability to capture sunlight and convert it into

usable electricity. Yet, the accumulation of dust, dirt, and environmental particles on the

panel surfaces can obstruct sunlight absorption, leading to diminished energy output.

While traditional manual cleaning methods exist, they often prove inadequate for large-

scale installations and fail to address the challenges posed by remote or harsh

environments.

This gap between the potential of solar energy and the barriers posed by maintenance

challenges prompted me to explore novel solutions. The concept of automatic solar panel

cleaning systems emerged as a promising avenue for tackling this issue. These systems,

incorporating advanced technologies like sensors, robotics, and automation, offer the

potential to not only enhance energy production but also reduce the maintenance burden

associated with solar installations.

My motivation to embark on this journey was two-fold. First, I was captivated by the

fusion of technology and sustainability. The idea of creating a system that could

8
autonomously maintain solar panels aligned perfectly with my passion for engineering

solutions that have a positive impact on our environment. Second, the practical

implications of this endeavor resonated with my belief in the power of innovation to

address real-world challenges. The potential for these systems to enable more efficient

energy production and expand the reach of solar energy into challenging environments

further fueled my determination.

Moreover, I was inspired by the broader narrative of renewable energy's role in shaping

our future. The notion that my contributions, no matter how modest, could play a part in

advancing the adoption of solar energy excited me. As I embarked on this project, I knew

I was aligning myself with a community of innovators working toward a more

sustainable world.

In the pages ahead, my motivation drives me to delve into the technical, operational, and

design aspects of automatic solar panel cleaning systems. I am excited to learn from the

challenges, iterate through the solutions, and ultimately contribute to a cleaner and more

efficient energy landscape. This project represents not only a professional pursuit but a

personal commitment to the betterment of our environment and the advancement of

renewable energy technologies.

Through this endeavor, I hope to not only refine my technical skills but also contribute to

the broader discourse surrounding renewable energy and its practical implementation. By

addressing a significant obstacle in solar energy utilization, I aim to take a step forward in

the journey towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

9
1.6 Overview

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems combine advanced technology and

automation to maintain optimal efficiency in solar energy generation. These systems offer

benefits such as improved energy production, cost savings, reduced environmental

impact, and scalability. However, reliability, energy consumption, maintenance, and

environmental considerations must be addressed. This report explores the technicalities,

advantages, challenges, and applications of automatic solar panel cleaning systems,

highlighting their potential in advancing renewable energy utilization.

10
 CHAPTER 2

History & Background

2.1 Background

Solar energy has gained significant traction as a clean and sustainable source of

electricity. Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, harness the power of

sunlight and convert it into usable electrical energy. However, solar panels are exposed to

various environmental factors that can hinder their performance over time.

One of the main challenges faced by solar panels is the accumulation of dirt, dust,

and other debris on their surfaces. This can occur due to factors such as wind-blown

particles, pollen, bird droppings, and general air pollution. As these contaminants build

up on the panel surface, they create a barrier that reduces the amount of sunlight reaching

the solar cells, resulting in a decrease in energy production.

Traditionally, solar panel cleaning has been performed manually, requiring regular

maintenance and labor-intensive efforts. This approach is not only time-consuming but

also expensive, particularly for large-scale solar installations. Additionally, manual

cleaning may pose safety risks for workers, especially when working at heights or in

challenging weather conditions.

To address these challenges, there has been a growing demand for automated and

efficient solar panel cleaning systems. These systems aim to maintain the optimal

performance and energy output of solar panels by removing dirt and debris in a cost-

effective and sustainable manner.

11
2.2 History

The first automatic solar panel cleaning systems were developed in the early 1980s.

These systems were mostly manual, and they were not very effective. They required

human operators to clean the solar panels, which was time-consuming and expensive.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there were some developments in automatic

solar panel cleaning systems. These systems were more automated, but they were still not

very effective. They often damaged the solar panels, and they were not very reliable.

In the 2000s, there were significant developments in automatic solar panel

cleaning systems. These systems are now more automated and efficient, and they can be

used to clean solar panels of all sizes.

2.3 Recent developments

The most recent developments in automatic solar panel cleaning systems

have focused on making them more efficient and reliable. These systems are now capable

of cleaning solar panels quickly and effectively, without damaging them.

One of the most promising recent developments is the use of robotic systems

for solar panel cleaning. These systems use robots to clean the solar panels, which can be

more efficient and reliable than traditional methods.

Another recent development is the use of water-based systems for solar panel

cleaning. These systems use water to clean the solar panels, which is more

environmentally friendly than traditional methods.

2.4 Types of automatic solar panel cleaning systems

There are two main types of automatic solar panel cleaning systems:

 Robotic systems

12
  Water-based systems.

2.4.1 Robotic Systems

Robotic systems use robots to clean the solar panels. The robots are typically equipped

with brushes or wipers that remove the dirt and debris from the panels.

Robotic systems are generally more efficient and reliable than water-based systems.

However, they can be more expensive to purchase and install.

Fig 2.1: Robotic Solar Panel Cleaning System

2.4.2 Water-Based Systems

Water-based systems use water to clean the solar panels. The water is typically

sprayed on the panels at high pressure, which removes the dirt and debris.

Water-based systems are generally less expensive to purchase and install than robotic

systems. However, they can be less efficient and reliable, and they can be more harmful

to the environment.

13
 Fig 2.2: Water-based Solar Panel Cleaning Systems

The best type of automatic solar panel cleaning system for a particular

application will depend on a number of factors, such as the size of the solar panel array,

the climate, and the budget.

2.5 Benefits of using automatic solar panel cleaning systems

There are a number of benefits to using automatic solar panel cleaning systems. These

include:

2.5.1 Increased efficiency:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems can help to keep solar panels clean, which can

lead to increased efficiency. This can save solar panel owners money on their energy

bills.

2.5.2 Reduced maintenance costs:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems can help to reduce the need for manual cleaning,

which can save solar panel owners time and money.

2.5.3 Extended lifespan:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems can help to extend the lifespan of solar panels by

preventing dirt and debris from damaging them.

14
2.6 Requirements

The adoption of automatic solar panel cleaning systems in Pakistan is

paramount to enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of solar energy

generation in a region characterized by unique environmental, operational, and resource

constraints. The following requirements outline the key considerations for developing

and implementing such systems in the Pakistani context:

2.6.1 Dust & Dirt:

Pakistan is a very dusty country, especially in the dry season. This dust can quickly

accumulate on solar panels and reduce their efficiency by up to 25%. Automatic cleaning

systems are essential to keep solar panels clean in Pakistan.

Fig 2.3: Solar Panel covered with dust

2.6.2 Climate:

Pakistan has a hot and dry climate, which can also contribute to the accumulation of dust

and dirt on solar panels. The high temperatures can also cause the dust to stick to the

solar panels more easily. Automatic cleaning systems can help to remove this dirt and

debris, which can help to improve the efficiency of the solar panels.

15
 Fig 2.4: Dust sticked to Solar Panel

2.6.3 Cost:

The cost of automatic solar panel cleaning systems can vary depending on the size and

type of system. However, the cost of these systems is generally considered to be a

worthwhile investment, as they can help to improve the efficiency of solar panels and

save money on energy bills. The cost of automatic solar panel cleaning systems can range

from a few thousand rupees to several lakhs of rupees. The exact cost will depend on the

size and type of system, as well as the features that are included.

2.6.4 Maintenance:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems require regular maintenance to ensure that they

are operating properly. This maintenance can be performed by the solar panel owner or

by a qualified technician. The frequency of maintenance will depend on the type of

system and the environment in which it is operating.

16
 CHAPTER 3
Literature Review

Author Objective Method Components Parameters Conclusion

(Year)

Nagesh  To clean • Working on • Solar Panel • Battery • This

Maindad a , the solar GSM module. • Battery Voltage = 12 automated

Akshay panel • GSM Module Volt cleaning

Gadhave b , effectively. • Helical Gear • GSM Module system

Suraj Satpute  To clean • DC Motor Operating mainly

c ,Babita the solar • Limit Switch Voltage = 3.4V focuses on

Nanda d . panel on • DC – 4.4V small system

(2020) daily basis. Submersible • Helical Gear but adding

 To Pump DC Motor some normal

improve •Microcontroller Speed = 30 changes in

overall solar • LCD Display RPM system it can

panel • Brush Stall torque = be useful for

efficiency. • Frame 18.8kg-cm over a large

 To avoid • Limit Switch array.

the manual Voltage rating = • system can

work. 12 volts be installed

 To avoid • DC on solar street

dust, dirt and Submersible light or also

moisture Pump on solar roof

17
 associated on Operating top systems

solar panel Voltage = 2.6 –

6 volts

•Microcontroller

Operating

Voltage = 2.7 -

5.5 volts

• Frame

Mild Stee

Aman Viroja1 • To clean •The cleaning •Material of •Material of saving water,

, Rahul the solar unit moves on Frame Frame time and

Vashi2 , panel the central •Battery C 45 (Mild money. In

Prof.Bhavesh effectively. spline in a specification Steel) general the

Patel3 , •To make the back and forth •Design of •Battery technique

Prof.Chintan system motion. motor specification used, total

K Patel4 , automated •Water Pump Output Voltage cost of solar

Prof.Rohit using = 12V panel

Sahu5 Adriano. Output Power = maintenance

Student1 , • To avoid 84 W/h goes around

Student2 , the manual Efficiency = 42 5% of total

Assistant work. W/h plant cost

Proffesor3 , • To avoid •Design of annually but

Assistant dust motor cleaning done

18
Proffesor4 , associated Power = 100 W, by robot

Assistant problems on 12V reduced it by

Proffesor5 solar panels. RPM = 100 rpm 2%.

1Department • To remove Torque =

of Mechanical Sticky Dust 5729.6Nmm

Engineering by adding •Water Pump

(June 2020) water Specification

sprayer Voltage = 220V

• Omur • To clean • Cleaning • Cleaning NA The proposed

the solar through brush. system

Akyazi, panel Designed • Control unit reduces the

Erdinc Sahin, effectively. device • 9V DC motor effect of

Timur Ozso • To avoid completes the for rotating the dusting on

the manual cleaning brush (2 pieces). the output

(Oct 2019)
work. process • DC motor that power of the

• To avoid automatically allows the brush PV panels.

dust with limit and to move up and This system

associated distance down. is deigned in

problems on sensors • Special design short time

solar panels pallet. It period and

provides the also, the tests

right and left are

movement of likewise.

19
 the device However,

without rail (2 more testing

pieces). of the device

• DC motor for will be done

rotating pallets. to ensure the

• Limit sensor reliability.

used to check if

the brush is at

the top.

• Limit sensor

used to check if

the brush is at

the bottom.

• Limit sensor

used to check if

the device is at

the

parking/charging

station.

• UItrasonic

distance sensor

used to check

whether the

20
 panel array of

the device is

finished.

• Rail of the

mechanism with

up and down

movement of the

brush.

• Movement

mechanism

connected to

rail.

• Nikhath • Design a • An auto- • IR sensor • IR sensor •The

Anjum mechanism cleaning robot • LCD Operating automatic

Keerthana A.S to detect to reduce the • Micro- Voltage = 5V or cleaning

Meghana . P obstacles on accumulated controller 3.3V DC system is an

Smt. solar panels dust through • Limit Sensor • LCD innovative

Thilagavathy causing IR sensor Operating technology

R (2018) significant Voltage = 4.7 – used to clean

loss of 5.3 Volts the

power. • Limit Sensor accumulated

•Improve Operating dust, dirt,

21
 overall solar Amperes = 25 pollen, sea

panel amp salt and bird

efficiency. dropping on

the solar

panel. It

reduces the

human

interference

and in future

it may have

scope to

detect more

obstacles i.e.

oil , snow

fog,soil.

• Ram Jatan • To • An • Supporting NA • Reduced

Yadav, thoroughly Automatic Frame power due to

Lakshay Saini, clean the drive system •Guide blocks dust

Devashish, solar panel. that works •Leadscrew accumulation,

Rishabh • To along with the Rotating cost reduction

Tomar, Vipul increase length of solar •Cleaning cloth for the

Rana (July solar panel panels which •Cleaning block overall

2020) efficiency all is controlled cleaning of

22
 around. by base circuit solar panel,

• To prevent and trigger the manual

the cleaning labour for

accumulation system of cleaning

of dust, solar panels which has

debris, and with the help inevitable

moisture on of switches. physical

solar panels harms is

avoided,

reduced time

for cleaning.

Md. Rawshan • To ensure •Exhaust fan • Arduino UNO • Arduino UNO • An

sustainable works as an •DC gear motor Power = 0.5W automatic

1
Habib , Md
environment air blower •Motor drive • DC gear motor solar panel
Shahnewaz
• Routine which initially module Power = 2.7W cleaning

2 maintenance removes the •LDR sensor per motor system is

Tanvir ,
of solar dust from the •Buck boost • Motor drive proposed and
Ahmed
panel surface of converter. module built with

Yousuf • An solar panel Power = 0.18W easily

automatic • LDR sensor available

3
Suhan ,
and Power = 0.25W components.
Abhishek
economic • Fan The system is

1 solar panel Power = 5W per inexpensive

Vadher ,

23
 2 cleaning fan and does not
Sanim Alam ,
system. • Buck boost require any
Tahsina
converter water to do
Tashrif
Power = 6 – cleaning
2
Shawmee , 70W operations.

Thus,
Koushik
wastage of

2 water is
Ahmed ,
avoided here.
anAbdelrhman

Alrashed

Prajwal • The general •The control • AC to DC • AC to DC • Cleaning

Gajbhiye*1, aim of this system convertor convertor and control of

Yash thesis is to consisting • L298N Motor Power = 12V, Solar PV

Salame*2, make a learning driver Driver module 1.5amp, 18 module

Vinay cleaning configurations, • Resistors watts cleaning

Choudhary*3, system for C coding and • Capacitor • L298N Motor mechanism

Achal solar panels its interference • 5V jumper Driver module along with

Ranpise*4, using water with the • Arduino Uno • 78M05 water pump

Disha Raut*5, and soft electrical •Water Pump Voltage and soft

Khushal material to component. Regulator material with

Manik*6, Mr. improve the • Resistors introduction

Bhupendra efficiency. • Capacitor of Arduino

24
Kumar*7 (Jan • Make the • 5V jumper uno and

2023) cleaning • Arduino Uno driver circuit.

system Operating The main

simple and voltage of 5V idea is to

automated. Current rating clean the

• A cleaning of 40mA surface of

system that •Water Pump solar panel

does not Operating with get

affect the Voltage = 12V accumulated

quality of the due to dirt

original solar particles,

panel. An which will

environment increase its

friendly efficiency

cleaning results into

system. maximum

• Design a power

solar panel transfer to the

cleaner connected

which can load

maintain the

efficiency of

solar panels

25
This paper discusses the cleaning challenges of solar panels used in rural areas,

particularly for solar street lights. These lights often stop working effectively within a

few months due to accumulated dust and dewdrop-formed layers on the panels, impacting

battery charging and requiring frequent maintenance. To address this, an automatic

cleaning system is proposed using components like ATmega16A microcontroller, GSM

module, linear actuator, gear motors, roller brush, and a submersible pump. This system

aims to enhance efficiency by reducing manual labor, saving time, and ensuring timely

cleaning for optimal solar panel performance. [1]

Around 60% to 70% of the nation's energy demand is fulfilled by fuelwood and

agricultural remnants. Solar energy, an abundant and renewable source emitted by the

sun, offers significant potential. With the aim of replacing petroleum-derived electricity,

the adoption of renewable energy is crucial. Solar power, a vital form of renewable

energy, must be further harnessed. In regions like India, where tropical conditions

prevail, solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are utilized in dusty environments. Dust

accumulation on the module's front surface obstructs sunlight, diminishing power

generation capacity. In fact, the power output can decrease by up to 50% within a month

without cleaning. To counter this, a cleaning system has been developed to enhance

power efficiency. This system utilizes a motorized chain sprocket arrangement to

effectively remove dust from PV modules.[2]

Solar energy, a significant player among renewable energy sources, plays a pivotal role in

addressing the surging global demand for electricity. In recent years, numerous nations

have crafted energy policies centered around solar power, while researchers delve into

26
optimizing solar panel efficiency, maximizing sun-derived energy, and refining control

and power electronics. Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy, and

maintaining a consistent high-energy extraction level from the sun not only curtails

installation expenses but also facilitates meeting peak power requirements. Factors like

inclement weather and dust deposits between the sun and solar panels diminish the power

extraction potential achievable with clean surfaces. Therefore, ensuring the cleanliness of

solar panels alongside maximizing power point tracking devices is of paramount

importance. This study introduces a solar panel cleaning robot (SPCR) devised and tested

in real-world scenarios. Operating with dual motors and a crawler mechanism, the robot

moves horizontally, while a vertical-axis cleaning brush is employed. Furthermore,

position switches gauge the solar panel array's length, aiding in confining the SPCR to

the designated operational area.[3]

Solar energy stands as the most abundant and vital energy source for sustaining all forms

of life on Earth. Its significance extends beyond being merely a fundamental energy

provider; it serves as the underlying basis for various other energy sources, with the

exception of Nuclear Energy. The focus of this paper is directed towards bolstering the

efficiency of solar power plants by tackling the challenge of surface obstructions on solar

panels. These accumulations of debris and objects hinder optimal solar panel

performance, resulting in decreased plant output and an overall reduction in plant

efficiency. To counter this issue, the proposal suggests the creation of a Solar Panel

Cleaning System designed to systematically eliminate accumulated dust or objects from

the panel's surface at regular intervals. This ongoing maintenance approach aims to

sustain the desired output and efficiency of the solar power plant.

27
Furthermore, this paper carries an additional objective – to curtail human involvement in

the solar panel cleaning process, particularly in the harsh and scorching conditions of

direct sunlight. The current manual cleaning procedures pose significant risks to human

workers. By implementing an automated cleaning system, not only are operational

hazards reduced, but the system also functions relentlessly without the need for constant

human intervention. This dually serves to enhance the safety of workers and ensure

consistent cleaning routines, both of which ultimately contribute to maintaining optimal

plant performance and output.[4]

This research paper delves into the impact of dirt and dust on solar panel efficiency

across various regions with distinct soil compositions. It introduces a fresh perspective on

domestic solar panel cleaning systems, an area that has received limited attention

compared to larger-scale applications. The study underscores the significance of

consistent cleaning, particularly in regions where conventional methods like rain are

insufficient. Over time, dust accumulation on solar panels can lead to a substantial

efficiency decrease of up to 50%. By highlighting the importance of regular cleaning

through gathered data, the paper emphasizes the need to prioritize domestic solar panel

maintenance for the benefit of future generations.[5]

The vulnerability of solar panels to accumulating dust on their surfaces leads to a gradual

decline in their efficiency. Addressing this concern, this paper presents the design and

implementation of an Arduino-based solar panel cleaning system dedicated to dust

removal. This novel system offers distinct advantages, as it operates without the need for

water, making it both cost-effective and automated. The cleaning mechanism involves a

28
two-step process: an exhaust fan functions as an air blower, while a wiper is employed to

sweep away the accumulated dust. Powering the wiper is a DC motor. Notably, the

system's waterless operation not only eliminates water wastage but also renders it

particularly effective in arid regions like deserts.

Experimental findings underscore the effectiveness of the proposed cleaning system,

showcasing an impressive operational efficiency range of 87% to 96% when confronting

various types of sand. By addressing the pivotal issue of dust accumulation, this

innovation contributes to sustaining and enhancing the performance of solar panels, thus

promoting more efficient energy utilization in diverse environments.[6]

In recent times, the utilization of renewable energy has marked a significant stride in

power generation. Among the various forms of renewable sources, solar energy stands as

the most efficient. The sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface possesses immense

potential, with just a square meter of land exposed to sunlight capable of generating

around 1,700 kWh of power annually—this means that the sun's rays have the capability

to fulfill global energy consumption by a factor of 10,000 times on average. India, in

particular, possesses a substantial solar energy reservoir, estimated at about 5000 trillion

kWh per year. Current objectives aim to establish a 1000 GW grid-connected solar power

capacity by 2023, as per recent research.

However, the efficacy of solar panels is hindered by the accumulation of dust on their

surfaces. With 18% of India's energy production stemming from renewable sources, the

potential for renewables, including solar, to match conventional energy sources in

affordability is becoming increasingly feasible over time. Nevertheless, factors like

pollution, temperature fluctuations, changing weather patterns, and natural processes lead

29
to the buildup of dust layers on solar panels, ultimately obstructing sunlight from

reaching the solar cells. This accumulated dust translates to a reduction in energy output,

with an energy production decrease of around 6.5% over a mere two-month span. As dust

accumulates further, the efficiency of the solar panels diminishes progressively. Regular

cleaning becomes a necessity to maintain optimal panel functionality.

To address these challenges and enhance efficiency, the proposed solution involves the

creation of a smart, self-cleaning solar panel that operates both autonomously and

remotely. By developing an automatic solar panel cleaner, the need for human

intervention is eliminated, making the cleaning process more streamlined and efficient.

This automated approach is expected to significantly reduce the cleaning time compared

to manual methods. The implementation of machinery also mitigates the risk of human-

induced damage to the panels.

The proposed cleaning mechanism employs water and soft materials to gently cleanse the

solar panels. This design not only ensures automation, ease of operation, and cost-

effectiveness but also upholds the overall efficiency of the solar panels, contributing to

the sustainable utilization of solar energy.[7]

Solar energy offers abundant and cost-free provision of heat and electricity for practical

real-world uses. Additionally, in contrast to non-renewable energy sources, solar energy

is ecologically friendly, generating minimal emissions. Hence, solar energy is widely

regarded as the most sustainable answer to the global energy crisis. Despite advanced

technology existing for converting solar heat, solar electricity generated through

photovoltaic (PV) modules remains a primary focus due to its higher energy yield. The

utilization of PV modules, whether in standalone setups or connected to the grid,

30
continues to expand steadily. Furthermore, there is a rising popularity of large-scale PV

power plants, particularly in regions with tropical and desert climates. Nevertheless,

various obstacles impede the optimal extraction of power from PV modules. Among

these, the accumulation of dust on the surface of PV modules has been recognized as a

significant challenge in PV power generation. (Nardone et al., 2010, Nazeeruddin et al.,

2011, Pandey et al., 2016, Rauschenbach, 2012, Tyagi et al., 2013).

Numerous research studies have explored the impact of dust and various contaminants on

solar panels, leading to numerous experiments aimed at addressing these issues. Below

are several theories and investigations relevant to this endeavor. The direct conversion of

light into electricity was initially uncovered by Henri Becquerel in 1839. Subsequently,

Albert Einstein elucidated the principles of photovoltaics in 1905 using quantum theory.

The significant utilization of photovoltaic power systems commenced in space

applications during the 1950s and gained more modest traction in global applications by

the 1960s. However, the 1970s and 1980s marked a notable increase in the widespread

adoption and substantial utilization of PV power systems. (S. Shankar et.al., 2019). As a

result, this demand has spurred extensive research aimed at enhancing the overall output

power of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This drive has prompted laboratories worldwide to

devote significant efforts to improving the technology's efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

(K. Matthias et.al., 2015). Considering the structure of PV modules, they incorporate

transparent glass on their upper surface. This glass serves to absorb and capture solar

radiation, redirecting it towards the panel. However, a reduction in the transparency of

the glass can adversely impact the efficiency of the solar panels. Hence, a cleaning

process becomes essential to ensure an extended lifespan and continuous operation of the

31
solar panel, while maintaining optimal efficiency. The effectiveness of the cleaning

process is primarily influenced by the specific type of dust prevalent in the region.

Cleaning solar panels installed on rooftops, in industrial settings, or within desert areas

presents notable challenges due to the presence of dust particles that hinder the proper

absorption of solar radiation by the panels.

The techniques employed for cleaning solar panels can be broadly categorized into the

following methods, vacuum suction cleaning, automatic viper-based cleaning,

electrostatic precipitator, cleaning robot, air blowing from air conditioning system. These

papers developed system aimed to address challenges encountered after the installation of

solar panels. These challenges included decreased power generation caused by the

buildup of dust, the need for cost-effective panel cleaning, avoidance of physical injuries

associated with manual cleaning labor, and the reduction of cleaning time. Through the

implementation of automation, they decided to substitute traditional panel cleaning

approaches, ensuring efficiency remains uncompromised. Therefore, periodic dust

removal from solar panels is necessary to guarantee peak performance. (Sharvari Nikesh

Ghate et.al.,2019).

The research by (Ather Hussain et.al., 2017) entails a comprehensive examination of the

influence of airborne dust particles on the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The

collected dust samples underwent scrutiny via a scanning electron microscope to observe

the composition and surface characteristics of the particles. Variations in power reduction

within a PV module due to differing dust sample weights were documented across three

distinct solar irradiation levels—650, 750, and 850 W/m². Through the evaluation of

electrical performance metrics encompassing voltage, current, and power, this study has

32
evaluated the ramifications of ambient dust particles on power loss within PV modules.

Notably, during the accumulation of rice husk particles on the PV module, the lowest

power output of 3.88 W was recorded.

Another paper by (Rashmi Chawla et.al., 2019) centers on examining the effect of dust

accumulation on the efficiency of solar panels. The quantity of accumulated dust varies

based on factors like location, wind direction, panel surface type, tilt angle, exposure

duration, and dust characteristics. Given the considerable potential of solar photovoltaics,

it becomes imperative to identify and address the underlying causes of declining

efficiency. A multitude of studies have previously investigated the impact of dust on PV

modules, making it a persistent research topic over recent decades. While some studies

quantified the losses attributed to different forms of dust, others delved into relevant

literature. These efforts showcased that dust doesn't merely influence several PV

parameters but also has a singular impact. This section aims to provide both a qualitative

and quantitative comprehension of the significant ways in which dust affects PV

performance. The reduction in energy yield caused by dust deposition on photovoltaic

panels is also addressed.

Another paper by (Arash Sayyah et.al., 2014) Accumulation of dirt on optical surfaces

leads to a decrease in energy output and lasting deterioration of surface attributes,

subsequently affecting light transmission and reflection. These detrimental outcomes are

influenced by the physical and chemical characteristics of the dust present in specific

geographical areas, the surface characteristics of the collector, and the climatic conditions

—especially relative humidity (RH), temperature, wind speed, and frequency of dust

occurrences. The literature spanning the past forty years has provided a succinct

33
overview of the impact of dust deposition on various photovoltaic and photo-thermal

systems. Among the prevailing cleaning techniques, the most widely adopted method

involves water-based cleaning with effective cleaning agents. Implementing a water

recycling mechanism enhances the overall efficiency of the cleaning process. The

effectiveness of cleaning with surfactants is contingent upon the composition of the dust

and its adherence to the cover plate materials.

Another paper by (Tareq Salmah et.al.,2022) Endeavor suggests that the accumulation of

dust has a substantial impact on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems,

leading to a noteworthy reduction in output power, which could potentially be decreased

by up to 40%. Apart from elucidating the mechanisms of dust deposition, this study

introduced the factors that influence the accumulation of dust. Moreover, the research

undertook a review and comparison of different techniques for dust removal. In the

coming years, further investigations could involve the development of a comprehensive

particle deposition model that considers surface energy and other variables. This model

could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of dust accumulation.

Another paper by (Brenda Servaz el.at,.2015) The buildup of dust leads to the

accumulation of soil on solar panels, causing a reduction in their efficiency to generate

solar energy. Regular cleaning is necessary to ensure optimal outcomes. The settling of

dust is influenced by a range of factors, including chemical properties, size, weight,

shape, location, surface finish, stickiness, wind speed, and more. Dust accumulation

impacts various parameters of solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems, prompting numerous

efforts to tackle this concern.

34
Another paper by (Sharvari Nikesh Ghate el.at,.2019) Dust particles are a ubiquitous

presence in the atmosphere. While some areas experience settled dust, others do not. For

instance, in the National Capital Region (NCR), dust particles originating from Rajasthan

drift toward NCR and contribute to a decline in air quality in Delhi. It's noteworthy that

Delhi and the NCR region already grapple with high pollution levels, making the area

even more polluted. When dust settles, it can also accumulate on solar panels or PV

panels. Research indicates that the layer of accumulated dust on these surfaces can

originate from various sources and significantly impact electricity production. The

presence of dust in a dusty environment can reduce the efficiency of solar panels by up to

50%, as it interferes with the direct sunlight reaching the PV array.

(Kutaiba Sabah et.al,.2013) published in their paper that this presents an assessment of

the existing state of research regarding the examination of dust's influence on the

performance of PV systems. Kutaiba Sabah has proposed a concept of self-cleaning solar

panels to counteract the impact of accumulated dust on solar panel transmittance. This

research amalgamates two concepts: firstly, diminishing the effects of accumulated dust

on flat solar panels, and secondly, employing an auto-cleaning robot to mitigate dust

accumulation.

A similar paper by (M. Mani et al., 2010) Solar industry has experienced rapid expansion

in recent decades. Nevertheless, the topics of solar panel cleaning and contingency

planning have received comparatively minimal attention. Author Vamsi Krishna et al.

have introduced the concept of exclusively cleaning dust from solar panels during

nighttime. Another study by (M. Mani et al 2010) delves into the influence of dust on

solar photovoltaic performance.

35
Another paper by (Shaharin A. Sulaiman et.al,. 2011) The accumulation of dust from the

external environment on solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is a natural occurrence. Although

prior studies indicated that amassed dust could impair solar panel performance, the

outcomes lacked clear quantification. This research aimed to investigate the effects of

dust accumulation and subsequently evaluate solar PV panel performance. Experimental

trials were conducted by applying dust particles to solar panels exposed to a constant

light source. The objective was to assess the resultant electrical power generation and

efficiency. The influence of dust was analyzed using simulated dust (mud and talcum) in

controlled conditions within a laboratory setting. The presence of dust was found to

impact the performance of solar PV panels. A decline in peak power generation of up to

18% was observed. Furthermore, it was observed that the effect of dust was somewhat

diminished under higher irradiance levels, though not entirely negligible.

Another paper by (Satish Patil et.al,.2016) The objective of this paper is to present an

innovative approach to addressing the escalating global energy demand across various

applications. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power are

inherently sustainable. Solar energy is abundant and demonstrates its versatility in

numerous applications, including street lighting, household appliances, water heating,

agriculture, and industry. The utilization of solar panels stands as one method to harness

solar energy. Nonetheless, solar energy's efficiency for various applications is hindered

by factors like dust, humidity, and temperature. The electrical parameters of solar panels

are sensitive to the density of accumulated dust, which in turn affects the panel's light

transmission, thereby diminishing its efficiency. To surmount this challenge, regular

cleaning of solar panels becomes essential.

36
Another paper by (S. B. Halbhavi et.al,.2015) This paper introduces an automated

cleansing mechanism, which employs a sensor to detect dirt accumulation on solar panels

and subsequently initiates frequent cleaning cycles. Failing to clean the panels results in a

substantial reduction of up to 50% in module performance. The operation of the

automated system is controlled by an 8051 microcontroller, responsible for managing the

motor and overseeing the automated process. This system incorporates a sensor and

employs sliding brushes during the cleaning of PV modules. Diverse environmental

conditions were analyzed, encompassing varying dust compositions such as ash, sand,

silica, calcium carbonate, and red soil. Through effectively maintaining the cleanliness

and temperature of the PV modules, the study obtained favorable outcomes for system

performance. The power generation was experimentally assessed in both scenarios.

Ultimately, implementing the automated cleaning scheme yielded an approximate 30%

enhancement in power output compared to alternative cleaning technologies. Moreover,

regular periodic cleaning ensures that the solar panels consistently operate with optimal

efficiency.

In the recent study, the module efficiency reduction percentage was monitored on a

weekly basis, and subsequently, the average percentage reduction was computed. These

findings underscore the significance of regular cleaning for solar panels to uphold their

efficiency. The variations in efficiency can be observed based on the geographical area

and the circuit type employed. The minimal alteration in open circuit voltage for clean

surfaces indicates that dust has limited impact in open circuit conditions. However, with

respect to closed circuit current, the ratio ranges from 83% to 91%, revealing a

substantial impact of dust accumulation on short circuit currents in panels.

37
As evidenced, the accumulation of dust, whether biological or chemical in nature, results

in a decline in the efficiency of solar panels, subsequently impacting their overall

performance. Therefore, the cleaning of solar panels holds paramount importance. This

paper has also addressed a range of cleaning systems and methodologies that can be

implemented to mitigate these effects.

In conclusion, the review of existing literature indicates a notable impact of dust

accumulation on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. Research conducted

across different locations demonstrates that the reduction in power output varies

significantly, ranging from approximately 30% to 50%. Consequently, the cleaning of PV

panels becomes an essential measure to enhance their efficiency. While commonly

available cleaning techniques are employed, each method possesses distinct limitations as

well as unique features. Nonetheless, all these techniques share a common objective: to

enhance the efficiency of PV panels. Among the methods employed are roller brush

cleaning, water spraying with brushes, compressed air, and advanced approaches such as

electrostatic cleaning coupled with vacuum systems.

38
 CHAPTER 4

Methodology

4.1 Methodology:

Following is the flow chart of the processes followed under the methodology. This

shows how the project has been moved from stage one to the final stage.

Research and Analysis System Design

Remote Monitoring and Control System

Control Development

Prototype Development Optimization and

Refinement

Documentation and Validation and Testing

Deployment

39
4.1.1 Research and Analysis:

Conduct a comprehensive review of existing automatic solar panel cleaning systems,

including their design, components, and cleaning mechanisms. Analyze the

challenges and requirements specific to the target environment and solar panel

installation to determine the most suitable approach.

4.1.2 System Design:

Design the overall system architecture, including the arrangement of cleaning units,

control mechanisms, and sensor integration. Select appropriate cleaning mechanisms,

such as water, wipers, or other cleaning tools, considering their effectiveness,

gentleness on solar panels, and durability. Determine the power source for the

cleaning units, considering options such as solar power, battery, or grid electricity.

4.1.3 Control System Development:

Develop the control system software and algorithms for scheduling and initiating

cleaning operations based on predetermined cleaning routines or real-time monitoring

data. Implement logic for the movement of cleaning units, ensuring comprehensive

coverage of the panel surface and avoiding obstacles. Incorporate safety features and

fail-safe mechanisms to protect the system components and prevent damage during

operation.

4.1.4 Remote Monitoring and Control:

Design and develop a user interface for remote monitoring and control, allowing

users to access real-time data on panel cleanliness and performance. Implement

40
communication protocols to enable remote access and control of the cleaning system,

facilitating monitoring, maintenance, and troubleshooting.

4.1.5 Prototype Development:

Build a functional prototype of the automatic solar panel cleaning system based on

the design specifications and control system developed. Test the prototype under

different environmental conditions, simulating various levels of dirt and debris to

evaluate its effectiveness and efficiency.

4.1.6 Optimization and Refinement:

Analyze the performance data collected during testing and identify areas for

improvement. Optimize the cleaning system's algorithms, movement patterns, and

cleaning mechanisms to maximize efficiency and coverage. Refine the control system

and user interface based on user feedback and system performance evaluations.

4.1.7 Validation and Testing:

Conduct comprehensive testing of the final prototype, ensuring its reliability, safety,

and compatibility with different types of solar panels. Evaluate the system's energy

efficiency, resource consumption, and environmental impact. Validate the system's

performance against predefined objectives and requirements.

4.1.8 Documentation and Deployment:

Document the design, development process, and operational guidelines of the

automatic solar panel cleaning system. Prepare user manuals, maintenance

instructions, and troubleshooting guides for easy installation and operation. Deploy

41
 the system in real-world solar panel installations and gather user feedback for further

improvements.

The automatic solar panel cleaning system can be effectively designed, developed,

and implemented, ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and contribution to maximizing

energy generation from solar panels while minimizing maintenance efforts and costs.

4.2 Design & Modeling:

4.2.1 Design:

Design considerations for an automatic solar cleaning system involve various aspects to

ensure its effectiveness, efficiency, and durability. Here are some key design

considerations:

4.2.1.1 Solar Panel Compatibility:

Ensure that the cleaning system is compatible with various types and sizes of solar

panels commonly used in the market. This includes both photovoltaic (PV) panels and

solar thermal panels.

4.2.1.2 Cleaning Mechanism:

Decide on the appropriate cleaning mechanism for the system. Options include water jets.

The mechanism should be gentle enough not to damage the panels while effectively

removing dirt and debris.

4.2.1.3 Automation and Control:

Implement an automated control system for scheduling and activating the cleaning

process. Consider integrating weather sensors to optimize cleaning schedules based on

weather conditions and the level of soiling.

4.2.1.4 Energy Efficiency:

42
Design the system to be energy-efficient, using solar power, batteries, or a combination

of both to reduce reliance on external power sources.

4.2.1.5 Safety Measures:

Incorporate safety features to protect the system from damage during extreme weather

conditions like storms, hail, or heavy snow.

4.2.1.6 Water Management:

Using water for cleaning, design a water-efficient system with mechanisms for water

recycling and minimizing water wastage.

4.2.1.7 Monitoring and Diagnostics:

Include sensors and monitoring capabilities to assess the cleanliness of panels and detect

any malfunctions or performance issues in the cleaning system.

4.2.1.8 Maintenance and Serviceability:

Ensure the system is designed for easy maintenance and repairs. Components that may

require regular maintenance, such as brushes or filters, should be easily accessible and

replaceable.

4.2.1.9 Environmental Considerations:

Minimize the environmental impact of the cleaning process, such as avoiding the use of

harmful chemicals or detergents.

4.2.1.10 Cost-effectiveness:

Strive for a design that balances the initial cost, operational efficiency, and long-term

savings in terms of increased solar panel efficiency.

4.2.1.11 Durability and Weather Resistance:

43
Construct the system with materials that can withstand outdoor conditions and provide

protection against UV exposure, corrosion, and other environmental factors.

Integration with Solar Arrays: Ensure that the cleaning system can be easily integrated

into existing or new solar installations without causing disruptions to the panels'

structural integrity.

By taking these design considerations into account, you can develop an effective and

reliable automatic solar cleaning system that helps maximize the efficiency and longevity

of solar panels.

4.2.2 CAD Modelling:

In the 3D design, the cleaning mechanism will be mounted on a sturdy frame that spans

the entire solar panel array. The frame will have support for the motion system, which

enables the cleaning mechanism to move smoothly along the surface of the panels.

The cleaning mechanism itself will consist of wipers that will make contact with the solar

panels. which is connected to a motor for controlled movement.

The sensors will be strategically placed on the frame and connected to the central control

unit. The control unit will have a user interface, such as a touch screen or buttons, to

allow users to monitor the system's status and make adjustments if necessary.

The following are the project's mechanical part designed components.

 Ball bearing

 Chain & sprocket

 Wheel sprocket

 Sub Frame

44
Initially we started our model by making the subframe on which our solar plate has to be

placed on. Creating a CAD model of a solar panel subframe involves utilizing specialized

software to design a 3D representation. Starting with 2D sketches, the software allows for

extrusion and manipulation to form 3D shapes, with added details like brackets and holes.

Components can be assembled, and materials assigned for visualization. The model is

then checked for accuracy.

The solar panel subframe holds paramount significance as it provides structural stability,

optimal positioning for sunlight exposure, and protection against environmental elements,

contributing to efficient energy production. Its design influences maintenance

accessibility, panel cooling, and aesthetic integration, while ensuring electrical safety and

compliance with regulations. By safeguarding panels from physical stress and supporting

different technologies, the subframe plays a pivotal role in the longevity, performance,

and overall success of solar installations.

45
After finalizing the sub-frame, to create a chain in SolidWorks, we begin by sketching a

chain link profile on the Front Plane, extruding it to form the link's shape. After that we

employed the Linear Pattern feature to generate a row of linked chain instances, then

sketched the interlocking mechanism and utilized Extrude Cut to create the connection

points between the links.

Chains hold notable importance as they serve as versatile mechanical components that

transmit motion and power efficiently across various applications. Their ability to link

and transmit rotational force makes them vital in machinery, vehicles, and industrial

systems. Chains ensure precise timing in mechanisms like engines and conveyors,

enhance traction in bicycles and motorcycles, and enable lifting in cranes and hoists.

Their durability, load-bearing capacity, and adaptability to diverse environments

contribute to the reliability and functionality of countless mechanical systems,

underscoring their essential role in modern engineering and manufacturing.

Fig

46
To design a sprocket, we first created a new sketch on the Front Plane and draw the

profile of a tooth using a circle for the pitch diameter and lines for the tooth shape.

Extrude this sketch to form one tooth. Then, used the Circular Pattern feature to replicate

the tooth around the center, forming a full sprocket. Then add a circular cutout at the

center for the shaft. Customized the appearance and dimensions as needed.

Sprockets are essential components that work in tandem with chains or belts to transmit

rotational energy, ensuring smooth motion and speed control in various applications.

They enable efficient power transfer and precise timing, making them vital in

mechanisms like bicycles, engines, and industrial systems. Their adaptability, gear ratio

options, and role in maintaining synchronization highlight their importance in achieving

reliable motion, power distribution, and operational efficiency across diverse industries.

To design a ball bearing, started by sketching an outer ring on the Front Plane and

extrude it for thickness. Then sketched an inner circle, extruded it to create the inner ring,

47
and designed a ball profile on the same plane. After that utilized the Circular Pattern

feature to replicate the ball profile around the center, specifying the number of balls.

Sketched a cylinder to represent the cage, extrude it, and then use the Combined feature

to subtract the ball space from the cage.

Ball bearings hold immense importance as crucial components in reducing friction and

enabling smooth, controlled motion in machinery and mechanical systems. Their rolling

design minimizes frictional losses, enhancing efficiency and extending the lifespan of

rotating parts. Ball bearings support radial and axial loads, facilitating accurate

movement in applications ranging from automobiles and aerospace to industrial

machinery and household appliances. They play a pivotal role in maintaining stability,

reducing wear, and preventing overheating in rotating systems, thus contributing

significantly to overall performance, reliability, and energy efficiency across various

sectors of engineering and technology.

48
 The final assembly of the prototype is obtained after mating all the components. The

final assembly is can be viewed by the following image.

4.3 Solar Cleaner Apparatus:

4.3.1 Components:

Following are the components which are used for making the automatic solar panel

cleaning system.

 Solar Panel

 Battery

 Power Switch

 Dc to Dc buck convertor

 Arduino UNO

 RTC module

 DC motor

49
  Water tank

 Water pump

 Wiper

 Limit switch

 Frame

 Pipe

 Spray nozzles

 Ball bearing

4.3.1 Solar Plate:

Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic panels, are innovative devices that harness the

power of sunlight to generate electricity. These panels consist of semiconductor

materials, typically silicon, which convert sunlight into an electric current through the

photovoltaic effect. When photons from sunlight strike the solar cells, electrons are set in

motion, creating a flow of electricity.

We are used solar panel have 50 watts and Dimension have length 20 inch and Hight

have 30 inches.

50
4.3.2 Battery:

Batteries are essential energy storage devices that play a vital role in our modern world.

They store electrical energy in a chemical form and can release it when needed to power

various devices and systems. From small household gadgets to electric vehicles and grid-

scale energy storage, batteries.

We are used 12 volt battery

51
4.3.3 Power Switch:

A power switch is an electronic component or device that is used to control the flow of

electrical power in a circuit. It serves as a means to turn a circuit or electrical device on

and off, allowing the user to control the power supply to various devices or systems.

Power switches can be as simple as mechanical switches or more complex electronic

components, depending on the application and requirements.

4.3.4 Dc to Dc buck convertor:

A buck converter is a type of DC-DC converter that steps down the input voltage to a

lower output voltage. It's a widely used power electronics circuit in various applications

where a lower voltage with higher current is required. The term "buck" refers to the idea

of reducing (bucking) the voltage.

The basic principle of a buck converter involves using a switch (usually a transistor) to

rapidly switch the input voltage on and off. By controlling the duty cycle of the switch

(the ratio of on-time to off-time), the average output voltage can be controlled.

52
4.3.5 Arduino:

If you are referring to the Arduino platform, please see my previous response for

information about what Arduino is and how it works. Arduino is an open-source

electronics platform that includes boards with microcontrollers, an integrated

development environment (IDE), and a programming language. It is widely used for

various electronics projects and provides an accessible platform for beginners and

experienced electronics enthusiasts alike.

53
4.3.6. RTC module:

An RTC module, or Real-Time Clock module, is an electronic component that provides

accurate timekeeping in real-time, even when the main power to a device or system is

turned off. It is designed to keep track of the current time and date, making it useful for

applications that require precise timing, scheduling, or logging events.

54
4.3.7 DC motor:

A DC (Direct Current) motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy by utilizing the principles of electromagnetism. These motors are

widely used in various applications due to their simplicity, controllability, and reliability.

They are commonly found in household appliances, industrial machinery, robotics,

electric vehicles, and more.

55
4.3.8 Water tank:

A water tank is a vital container designed to store and hold water for various purposes.

These tanks come in various sizes and materials, depending on their application. From

small domestic tanks used for household water supply to large industrial tanks for storing

water in factories or for firefighting, water tanks serve a crucial role in water

management.

56
4.3.9 Water pump:

A water pump is a mechanical device used to move water from one location to another. It

plays a fundamental role in various applications, ranging from simple domestic use to

complex industrial processes. Water pumps are crucial for providing a continuous and

reliable water supply in many settings.

How Water Pumps Work:

Water pumps work on the principle of creating a pressure difference that pushes water

through pipes or hoses. The pump creates this pressure difference by either increasing the

water's velocity or raising its pressure, depending on the pump type.

57
4.3.10 Wiper:

A solar panel clean wiper, is a specialized device designed to keep solar panels clean and

free from dust, dirt, and debris. As solar panels are exposed to the elements, they can

accumulate various contaminants, which may reduce their efficiency and overall

performance. The solar panel clean wiper helps maintain the panels' productivity by

automatically removing these impurities.

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4.3.11 Limit switch:

A limit switch is an electromechanical device used in various industrial and commercial

applications to detect the presence or absence of an object and provide an electrical signal

when certain physical limits or positions are reached. The primary purpose of a limit

switch is to monitor and control the movement of machinery or equipment.

4.3.12 Frame:

The solar panel frame is a critical structural component that provides support and

protection for the solar panel assembly. It is typically made from aluminum or steel and is

designed to hold the solar cells, glass, clean mechanism and other components securely in

place.

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4.3.13 Pipe:

A pipe is a tubular hollow structure used to convey fluids (liquids or gases) from one

point to another. Pipes are essential in various industries and applications, including

plumbing, water supply, irrigation, transportation of oil and gas, and many more.

We are use pipe form water supply to clean mechanism to clean solar panel.

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4.3.14
Spray nozzle:

A spray nozzle is a device used to control the flow of a liquid or gas and convert it into a

spray or fine mist. It is commonly used in various applications, solar panel cleaning,

gardening, cleaning, cooling, painting, and more. Spray nozzles come in different types

and designs, each tailored to specific purposes and requirements.

4.3.15 Ball Barring:

A "ball bearing" is a type of rolling-element bearing used to reduce friction in mechanical

systems. It consists of small metal balls (usually made of steel or ceramic) held within a

circular raceway. The balls help facilitate smooth rotation and reduce the amount of

friction and wear between moving parts.

61
62
 CHAPTER 5

Results and Analysis

5.1 Calculations & Results

The empirical findings offer compelling evidence that the envisioned solar panel cleaning

system performs admirably in accordance with its intended objectives. It is important to

acknowledge that the efficiency of the system, as well as its sweeping capabilities,

exhibit noteworthy variations based on the particular composition of sand employed in

the experiments. Specifically, the system's efficacy showcases values of approximately

87%, 91%, 92%, and 96% for sand types 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

A remarkable feature intrinsic to this proposed cleaning system is its independence from

water usage. This pivotal attribute renders the system highly applicable and effective in

regions where access to water resources is limited or geographically distant. Noteworthy

also is the system's cost-effectiveness, achieved through a design that harnesses readily

available components, ensuring both affordability and accessibility.

A comprehensive appraisal of the proposed solar panel's performance, spanning conditions of normal

operation, dust-covered exposure, and post-cleaning restoration, is meticulously presented within the

accompanying table. By meticulously presenting and analyzing these findings, the study underscores the

ingenuity, operational efficiency, and pragmatic value of this pioneering solar panel cleaning approach. As

the world pivots towards sustainable energy solutions, this system holds the potential to play a substantial

role in optimizing energy generation and utilization while minimizing environmental impact.

Condition Output Voltages (V)

Normal (Without Dust) 36.4

Sand 1 33.1

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Sand 2 33.9

Sand 3 34.3

Sand 4 34.5

After Cleaning 36.2

The data presented in Table ? unequivocally demonstrates that the proposed solar panel

cleaning system yields nearly identical voltage levels subsequent to the cleaning process.

This observation underscores the system's consistent and reliable performance in

maintaining optimal voltage output.

The programming intricacies of the solar panel cleaning system have been systematically

elucidated through a visual representation in the form of a flow chart, as depicted in

Fig. ? This graphical representation serves to comprehensively convey the procedural

steps and logic underpinning the operation of the solar panel cleaning system. By

providing a visual roadmap of the programming sequence, the flow chart enhances the

clarity and accessibility of the system's programming architecture.

Start

Active
Start
Allthe
sensors
system
Start End
and
with
micro
Bluetooth
Cleaning controller
64
manually or by RTC module at a
selected time
5.2 ANALYSIS:

5.3 Cost:

The cost of the project has been declared in table below:

Component Price

Solar Panel 6500

Battery 5000

Power Switch 150

Dc to Dc buck convertor 1000

Aurdino UNO 2000

RTC module 700

IBD2 motor driver 1800

Dc Motor 2000

Water Tank 500

Water Pump 350

Limit Switch 250

Sub Frame 3000

Chain and Sprocket 1000

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 Pipe 50

Spray Nozzles 100

Barrings 300

5.4 Future Recommendations:

For future improvements of automatic solar panel cleaning systems, consider integrating

advanced sensors for real-time contamination and weather monitoring, exploring IoT

connectivity for remote control and data collection, researching hybrid cleaning methods,

developing self-cleaning coatings, and implementing predictive maintenance strategies.

Analyze energy generation impact, conduct ROI assessments, and explore water

recycling options. Incorporate remote diagnostics, adaptability to new technologies, and

promote public awareness. Stay compliant with regulations while enhancing efficiency,

sustainability, and user engagement.

66
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the development and implementation of the Automatic Solar Panel

Cleaning System present a significant stride towards optimizing solar energy production

and efficiency. The system's integration of Arduino-based automation, RTC scheduling,

contamination detection, and water spraying mechanism exemplifies the potential of

technology-driven solutions to address real-world challenges. The project's prototype

successfully demonstrated the feasibility of improving energy yield by mitigating the

adverse effects of dust and dirt accumulation on solar panels. As the world increasingly

embraces renewable energy, the significance of maintaining optimal energy generation

cannot be overstated. However, while this system represents a promising advancement,

ongoing research and development are essential to refine its performance, adapt to

evolving technologies, and address diverse environmental contexts. As solar energy

continues to play a pivotal role in sustainable energy strategies, innovations like the

Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System are poised to contribute to a greener and more

energy-efficient future.

67
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Suraj Satpute c ,Babita Nanda d .*

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Aman Viroja1 , Rahul Vashi2 , Prof.Bhavesh Patel3 , Prof.Chintan K Patel4 , Prof.Rohit

Sahu5 Student1 , Student2 , Assistant Proffesor3 , Assistant Proffesor4 , Assistant

Proffesor5 1Department of Mechanical Engineering 1Alpha College of Engineering and

Technology, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

[3] A Solar Panel Cleaning Robot Design and Application

Omur Akyazi1*, Erdinc Sahin2, Timur Ozsoy3, Mehmet Algul4

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[5] Domestic Solar Panel Cleaning System and effect of Enviranmental Dust in PV

Modules Ram Jatan Yadav, Lakshay Saini, Devashish, Rishabh Tomar, Vipul Rana

[6] Automatic solar panel cleaning system based on aurdino for dust removal Md.

Rawshan Habib1, Md Shahnewaz Tanvir2, Ahmed Yousuf Suhan3, Abhishek Vadher1,

Sanim Alam2, Tahsina Tashrif Shawmee2,

Koushik Ahmed2

[7] AUTOMATIC SOLAR PANEL CLEANING SYSTEM Prajwal Gajbhiye*1, Yash

Salame*2, Vinay Choudhary*3, Achal Ranpise*4, Disha Raut*5, Khushal Manik*6, Mr.

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PV in Indian Scenario, Research Gate

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[20] Tareq Salmah, Ahmad Ramahi, Kadhim Almara, Adel Juaidi (2022), effect of dust

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K. Elissa, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 7 F.A. Rodrigues, L.E.

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 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations should be placed at the end. Sample is given below:

BoUGS: Board of Undergraduate Studies

ENC: Electronics Engineering Department

UMT: University of Management & Technology

71
ANNEXURE

72