Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Authors

Hassan Ali F2019134012

Umair Qayum F2019134020
Muhammad Ali F2019134009

Supervisor

Dr Irsa Talib

Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
August 2023
 Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Author

Hassan Ali F2019134012

Umair Qayum F2019134020
Muhammad Ali F2019134009

A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering

Project Supervisor:

Dr Irsa Talib

Associate Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering

External Examiner Signature:___________________________________________

Project Supervisor Signature: ___________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE

August 2023

i
 Abstract

Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

Hassan Ali F2019134012

Umair Qayum F2019134020
Muhammad Ali F2019134009

Project Supervisor: Dr Irsa Talib

Professor at University of Management & Technology

Dust buildup on solar panels might cause problems. its topside. Due to dust buildup, the
solar panel's efficiency steadily declines. This study examines an Arduino-based. A
technique for cleaning solar panels has been developed and put into use to remove dust.
The suggested solar panel cleaner is automatic, cost-effective. This method uses a two-
step mechanism that comprises of an exhaust fan that serves as an water and a wiper to
remove dust from the panel surface. The wiper is driven by a direct current motor.
Because the technology use water to clean solar panels. The proposed cleaning system
may function with an efficiency of 87-96% for various types of surfaces, according to
experimental results.

Keywords:

Solar Panel
Cleaning
Automated System
Arduino.

ii
 UNDERTAKING

I certify that research work titled “Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System” is my own

work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has

been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged / referred.

Signature of Student1

Hassan Ali

F2019134012

Signature of Student2

Umair Qayum

F2019134020

Signature of Student3

Muhammad Ali

F2019134009

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All the praises to ALLAH ALMIGHTY Who gave me strength and health to

complete this research, who gave me the mind to think and analyze. All glory to Him for

providing me a way to complete this goal and blessed me with the power and patience

during this work and when needed. All the praises after ALLAH is for Holy Prophet

Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) who told us the way of knowledge and teach us the path of

study. True crown of gratefulness goes to my parents for their love, prayers, deep

involvement, immense support, guidance, patience and encouragement throughout my

research work. We wish to express our gratitude to all those who provided us help and

cooperation in different ways at different levels and steps of this project. Special thanks is

conveyed to Ma’am Iras Talib for supervision and guidance, help and advice and her

efforts in supervision of this project. Also, thanks to the Dean of School of Engineering,

all members in department of Mechanical Engineering.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ............................................................................................... ………...ii

Acknowledgement .............................................................................................. iv

List of Figures ..................................................................................................... xi

List of Tables.....................................................................................................xiii

Chapter I: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

1.1Introduction .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of Problem .............................................................................. 1

1.3 Aims and Objective ................................................................................. 2

1.4 Potential users of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System…………...4

1.4.1 Solar Farm Operators……………………………………………4

1.4.2 Commercial and Industrial Buildings……………………………4

1.4.3 Residential Solar System Owners………………………………..4

1.5 Motivation……………………………………………………………..4

1.6 Overview………………………………………………………………6

Chapter II: Background and Literature Review…….………………………….7

2.1 Background…………………………………………………………….7

2. Recent Developments…………………………………………………….8

2.3 Categories of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System ………………...8

2.3.1 Robotic Systems…………………………………………………..9

2.3.2 Water based Systems……………………………………………...9

2.4 Benefits of using Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System …………….10

2.4.1 Increased Efficiency………………………………………………10

v
 2.4.2 Reduced Maintenance Cost.………………………………………10

2.4.3 Extended Lifespan.…………………………………………….….11

2.5 Requirements.……………………………………………………….…..11

2.5.1 Dust and Dirt.………………………………………………….…..11

2.5.2 Climate.…………………………………………………………....12

2.6 Literature Review ……………………………………………………….13

2.6.1 Summary of Literature view……………………………………......13

Chapter III: Methodology………………………………………………………..26

3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………….....26

3.2 CAD Modelling and Design Consideration……………………………..…27

3.2.1 CAD Modelling……………………………………………………. 27

3.2.2 Design Considerations ……………………………………………...30

3.3 Solar Cleaner Components…………………………………………………31

3.3.1 Components…………………………………………………………31

3.3.2 Solar Plate …………………………………………………………..31

3.3.3 Battery ………………………………………………………………32

3.3.4 Power Switch………………………………………………………..33

3.3.5 Dc to Dc buck convertor…………………………………………….34

3.3.6 Arduino ……………………………………………………………...35

3.3.7 RTC module………………………………………………………….36

3.3.8 Dc Motor……………………………………………………………..37

3.3.9 Water tank……………………………………………………………38

3.3.10. Water pump……………………………………………………….. 39

vi
 3.3.11. Wiper……………………………………………………………….39

3.3.12 Limit switch…………………………………………………………40

3.3.13 Frame………………………………………………………………..41

3.3.14. Pipe …………………………………………………………………42

3.3.15 Spray Nozzle…………………………………………………………43

3.3.16 Ball Barring ………………………………………………………… 43

3.4 Cost ………………………………………………………………………….44

3.5 Mechanism …………………………………………………………………..46

3.5 Maintenance …………………………………………………………………. 47

Chapter IV: Results and Analysis ………………………………………………,,,,48

4.1 Results …………………………………………………………………...48

4.2 Analysis…………………………………………………………………..50

4.3 Limitations……………………………………………………………….53

Chapter V: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………54

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….55

ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………. 57

ANNEXURES 1 …………………………………………………………………. 58

ANNEXURES 2 …………………………………………………………………. 59

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Number Page

Fig 2.1 Robotic Solar Panel Cleaning System .................................................9

Fig 2.2 Water Based Solar Panel Cleaning System .......................................10

Fig 2.3 Solar Panel Covered with Dust ..........................................................11

Fig 2.4 Dust Sticked to Solar Panel ...............................................................12

Fig 3.1 Sub frame. ..........................................................................................28

Fig 3.2 Chain and Sprocket…………………………………………………29

Fig 3.3 Front View of Final Assembly …………………………………….29

Fig 3.4 Top View of Final Assembly ……………………………………...30

Fig 3.5 Side View of Final Assembly………………………………………30

Fig 3.6 Solar Panel………………………………………………………….32

Fig 3.7 Battery………………………………………………………………33

Fig 3.8 Power Button………………………………………………………..34

Fig 3.9 Dc to Dc Converter………………………………………………….35

Fig 3.10 Arduino…………………………………………………………….36

Fig 3.11 RTC module………………………………………………………..37

Fig 3.12 DC motor…………………………………………………………...38

Fig 3.13 Water Tank…………………………………………………………38

Fig 3.14 Water Pump………………………………………………………...39

Fig 3.15 Wiper……………………………………………………………….40

Fig 3.16 Limit Switch………………………………………………………...41

viii
Fig 3.17 Frame………………………………………………………………42

Fig 3.18 Pipe…………………………………………………………………42

Fig 3.19 Spray Nozzle……………………………………………………….43

Fig 3.20 Ball Bearing………………………………………………………..44

Fig 4.1 Total Deformation of Subframe……………………………………..50

Fig 4.2 Equivalent Stress of the Subframe…………………………………..51

Fig 4.3 Equivalent Elastic Strain of Subframe………………………………51

Fig 4.4 Total Deformation of the driving shaft due to relative velocity…….52

Fig 4.5 Total Deformation of the driving shaft due to relative velocity…….52

Fig 4.6 Results of relative velocity on the driving shaft…………………….53

ix
LIST OF TABLES

Table no 2.2 Summary of Literature review……………………………………...13

Table no 3.1 Flowchart of Methodology ………………………………………...26

Table no 3.2 Total Project Cost ………………………………………………….44

Table no. 3.2 Flowchart of Working Mechanism ……………………………….46

Table no 4.1 Computation of output voltage under different conditions.………. 49

x
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

In today's world of energy production, solar power has become a major player in meeting

the ever-growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources. Solar panels, those

cool devices that turn sunlight into electricity, are leading the charge in this energy

revolution. But here's the catch: for solar panels to work their magic, they need to soak up

as much sunlight as possible. Anything that gets in the way of that, like dirt and dust

building up on the panels, can seriously mess with their ability to generate power

efficiently.

Up until now, keeping solar panels clean usually meant someone had to roll up their

sleeves and give them a good scrubbing. Imagine doing that for massive solar farms or

installations in places where water is scarce. Not the most practical or efficient solution,

right? That's where the idea of automatic solar panel cleaning systems comes in. These

systems are like a high-tech answer to the problem. They use smart technology to detect

when solar panels are getting dirty and then automatically clean them without any human

intervention.

1.2 Problem Statement

Solar panels are increasingly being adopted as a reliable and sustainable source of energy.

However, they are susceptible to the buildup of grime, particulate matter, avian

excrement, and assorted debris., which can significantly reduce their efficiency and

hinder energy production. Manual cleaning of solar panels is labor-intensive, time-

1
consuming, and costly, particularly for large-scale installations. Furthermore, it may pose

safety risks for workers and require regular maintenance schedules.

The problem at hand is the need for an automated solar panel cleaning system. that can

effectively and efficiently remove contaminants from the exterior of solar panels.

To address these challenges, an automated solar panel cleaning system represents

required. Such a system should be capable of autonomously detecting the level of dirt and

debris, initiating cleaning operations when needed, utilizing effective cleaning

mechanisms without damaging the solar cells, and optimizing energy production while

minimizing maintenance efforts and costs.

1.3 Aims And Objectives:

The objective of this undertaking is to create an automated solar panel cleaning system

designed to effectively eliminate dirt and debris from the exterior of solar panels, thus

ensuring peak energy generation and minimizing the need for maintenance. The

objectives of the project are as follows:

1. Design and Engineering:

➢ Develop a cleaning system consisting of cleaning units equipped with wipers, or

other mechanisms that can effectively eliminate dirt and debris from the exterior

of solar panels.

➢ Design the cleaning units to move systematically across the panel surface,

covering the entire area without causing damage to the delicate solar cells.

2
2. Automation and Control:

➢ Implement an automated control system that schedules and initiates cleaning

operations based on predetermined cleaning routines or real-time monitoring of

panel cleanliness and efficiency.

In this project, we conduct a comprehensive review of automatic solar panel cleaning

systems, analyzing their design, components, and cleaning mechanisms, considering

specific environmental challenges. We design the system's architecture, select cleaning

mechanisms, and power sources, and develop control software and algorithms. A user-

friendly interface for remote monitoring and control is implemented. A functional

prototype is built and tested under various conditions, with performance optimization

based on data analysis. The final prototype is rigorously tested for reliability, safety, and

compatibility with diverse solar panels. Operational guidelines are documented, and the

system is deployed in real-world installations to gather user feedback for further

improvements, ultimately ensuring an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective solution for

maximizing solar panel energy generation while minimizing maintenance efforts.

By achieving these aims and objectives, the project aims to provide an automated solar

panel cleaning system that maximizes energy production, reduces maintenance costs,

enhances safety, and promotes the long-term efficiency and sustainability of solar panel

installations.

3
1.4 Potential Users of The Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System

1.4.1 Commercial and Industrial Buildings:

Businesses and organizations that have solar panel installations on their rooftops

or premises can utilize the cleaning system to ensure optimal energy generation.

This includes warehouses, factories, offices, and retail establishments.

1.4.2 Residential Solar System Owners:

Homeowners who have installed solar panels on their rooftops can benefit from

the automatic cleaning system. It offers convenience and peace of mind by

maintaining the efficiency of their solar panels without requiring regular manual

cleaning.

1.4.3 Government and Municipal Installations:

Government agencies and municipalities that have invested in solar power

systems for public buildings, streetlights, or other infrastructure can utilize the

cleaning system to ensure consistent energy production and maximize the return

on their investment.

1.5 Motivation

As the world continues to grapple with the challenges posed by climate change and the

dwindling reserves of traditional energy sources, the need for innovative and sustainable

energy solutions has never been more pressing. In this context, the allure of solar energy

as a clean and abundant power source has captured the imagination of researchers and

engineers alike. However, as I delved into the intricacies of solar energy systems, a

4
critical concern emerged that piqued my curiosity and kindled my motivation: the impact

of dirt and debris on solar panel efficiency.

The success of solar panels hinges on their ability to capture sunlight and convert it into

usable electricity. Yet, the accumulation of dust, dirt, and environmental particles on the

panel surfaces can obstruct sunlight absorption, leading to diminished energy output.

While traditional manual cleaning methods exist, they often prove inadequate for large-

scale installations and fail to address the challenges posed by remote or harsh

environments.

This gap between the potential of solar energy and the barriers posed by maintenance

challenges prompted me to explore novel solutions. The concept of automatic solar panel

cleaning systems emerged as a promising avenue for tackling this issue. These systems,

incorporating advanced technologies like sensors, robotics, and automation, offer the

potential to not only enhance energy production but also reduce the maintenance burden

associated with solar installations.

My motivation to embark on this journey was two-fold. First, I was captivated by the

fusion of technology and sustainability. The idea of creating a system that could

autonomously maintain solar panels aligned perfectly with my passion for engineering

solutions that have a positive impact on our environment. Second, the practical

implications of this endeavor resonated with my belief in the power of innovation to

address real-world challenges. The potential for these systems to enable more efficient

energy production and expand the reach of solar energy into challenging environments

further fueled my determination.

5
Moreover, I was inspired by the broader narrative of renewable energy's role in shaping

our future. The notion that my contributions, no matter how modest, could play a part in

advancing the adoption of solar energy excited me. As I embarked on this project, I knew

I was aligning myself with a community of innovators working toward a more

sustainable world.

In the pages ahead, my motivation drives me to delve into the technical, operational, and

design aspects of automatic solar panel cleaning systems. I am excited to learn from the

challenges, iterate through the solutions, and ultimately contribute to a cleaner and more

efficient energy landscape. This project represents not only a professional pursuit but a

personal commitment to the betterment of our environment and the advancement of

renewable energy technologies.

Through this endeavor, I hope to not only refine my technical skills but also contribute to

the broader discourse surrounding renewable energy and its practical implementation. By

addressing a significant obstacle in solar energy utilization, I aim to take a step forward in

the journey towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

1.6 Overview

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems combine advanced technology and automation to

maintain optimal efficiency in solar energy generation. These systems offer benefits such

as improved energy production, cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and

scalability. However, reliability, energy consumption, maintenance, and environmental

considerations must be addressed. This report explores the technicalities, advantages,

challenges, and applications of automatic solar panel cleaning systems, highlighting their

potential in advancing renewable energy utilization.

6
 CHAPTER 2

Background & Literature Review

2.1 Background

Solar energy has gained significant traction as a clean and sustainable source of

electricity. Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) panels, harness the power of

sunlight and convert it into usable electrical energy. However, solar panels are exposed to

various environmental factors that can hinder their performance over time.

One of the main challenges faced by solar panels is the accumulation of dirt, dust, and

other debris on their surfaces. This can occur due to factors such as wind-blown particles,

pollen, bird droppings, and general air pollution. As these contaminants build up on the

panel surface, they create a barrier that reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the solar

cells, resulting in a decrease in energy production.

Traditionally, solar panel cleaning has been performed manually, requiring regular

maintenance and labor-intensive efforts. This approach is not only time-consuming but

also expensive, particularly for large-scale solar installations. Additionally, manual

cleaning may pose safety risks for workers, especially when working at heights or in

challenging weather conditions.

To address these challenges, there has been a growing demand for automated and

efficient solar panel cleaning systems. These systems aim to maintain the optimal

performance and energy output of solar panels by removing dirt and debris in a cost-

effective and sustainable manner.

7
The first automatic solar panel cleaning systems were developed in the early 1980s.

These systems were mostly manual, and they were not very effective. They required

human operators to clean the solar panels, which was time-consuming and expensive.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there were some developments in automatic solar panel

cleaning systems. These systems were more automated, but they were still not very

effective. They often damaged the solar panels, and they were not very reliable.

In the 2000s, there were significant developments in automatic solar panel cleaning

systems. These systems are now more automated and efficient, and they can be used to

clean solar panels of all sizes.

2.2 Recent developments

The most recent developments in automatic solar panel cleaning systems have focused on

making them more efficient and reliable. These systems are now capable of cleaning

solar panels quickly and effectively, without damaging them.

One of the most promising recent developments is the use of robotic systems for solar

panel cleaning. These systems use robots to clean the solar panels, which can be more

efficient and reliable than traditional methods.

Another recent development is the use of water-based systems for solar panel cleaning.

These systems use water to clean the solar panels, which is more environmentally

friendly than traditional methods.

2.3 Categories of Automated Solar Panel Cleaning Systems

There are two main types of automatic solar panel cleaning systems:

➢ Robotic systems

➢ Water-based systems.

8
2.3.1 Robotic Systems

Robotic systems use robots to clean the solar panels. The robots are typically equipped

with brushes or wipers that remove the dirt and debris from the panels.Fig 2.1 shows the

images of robotic solar panel cleaning system.

Robotic systems are generally more efficient and reliable than water-based systems.

However, they can be more expensive to purchase and install.

Fig 2.1: Robotic Solar Panel Cleaning System (Source Google)

2.3.2 Water-Based Systems

Water-based systems use water to clean the solar panels. The water is typically sprayed

on the panels at high pressure, which removes the dirt and debris. Fig 2.2 shows the real

image of water-based cleaning systems.

Water-based systems are generally less expensive to purchase and install than robotic

systems. However, they can be less efficient and reliable, and they can be more harmful

to the environment.

9
 Fig 2.2: Water-based Solar Panel Cleaning Systems (Source Google)

The best type of automatic solar panel cleaning system for a particular application will

depend on a number of factors, such as the size of the solar panel array, the climate, and

the budget.

2.4 Benefits of Using Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning Systems

There are a number of benefits to using automatic solar panel cleaning systems. These

include:

2.4.1 Increased Efficiency:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems can help to keep solar panels clean, which can

lead to increased efficiency. This can save solar panel owners money on their energy

bills.

2.4.2 Reduced Maintenance Costs:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems can help to reduce the need for manual cleaning,

which can save solar panel owners time and money.

10
2.4.3 Extended Lifespan:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems can help to extend the lifespan of solar panels by

preventing dirt and debris from damaging them.

2.5 Requirements

The adoption of automatic solar panel cleaning systems in Pakistan is paramount to

enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of solar energy generation in a

region characterized by unique environmental, operational, and resource constraints. The

following requirements outline the key considerations for developing and implementing

such systems in the Pakistani context:

2.5.1 Dust & Dirt:

Pakistan is a very dusty country, especially in the dry season. This dust can quickly

accumulate on solar panels and reduce their efficiency by up to 25%. Fig 2.3 shows the

images of dust on solar panels. Automatic cleaning systems are essential to keep solar

panels clean in Pakistan.

Fig 2.3: Solar Panel Covered with Dust (Source Google)

11
2.5.2 Climate:

Pakistan has a hot and dry climate, which can also contribute to the accumulation of dust

and dirt on solar panels. The high temperatures can also cause the dust to stick to the

solar panels more easily. Fig 2.4 shows the dust sticked to solar panel. Automatic

cleaning systems can help to remove this dirt and debris, which can help to improve the

efficiency of the solar panels.

Fig 2.4: Dust Sticked to Solar Panel (Source Google)

12
 2.6 Literature Review

2.6.1 Summary of literature review

Table 2.2: Summary of Literature Review

Author (Year) Objective Method Components Parameters Conclusion

Nagesh Maindad a , • To achieve • Working on • Photovoltaic • Battery This automated

Akshay Gadhave b , efficient solar GSM module. Panel Voltage = 12 cleaning system
Suraj Satpute panel cleaning. • Battery Unit Volt is primarily
c ,Babita Nanda d . • To conduct • GSM • GSM Module designed for
(2020) daily cleaning of Communication Operating small-scale
solar panels. Module Voltage = 3.4V applications but
• To enhance the • Helical Gear – 4.4V can be adapted
overall Mechanism • Helical Gear for larger
efficiency of • Direct Current DC Motor setups. It's
solar panels. Motor Speed = 30 versatile and
• To eliminate • Limit Detection RPM suitable for use
the need for Switch Stall torque = in various
manual labor. • DC Submersible 18.8kg-cm applications,
• To prevent the Pump •Microcontroller including solar
accumulation of • Microcontroller Operating streetlights and
dust, dirt, and Unit Voltage = 2.7 - rooftop
moisture on • Liquid Crystal 5.5 volts systems.
solar panels. Display

Aman Viroja1 , Rahul • To ensure • The cleaning •Material of Frame •Design of The robot of
Vashi2 , Prof.Bhavesh efficient solar apparatus •Battery motor this nature can
Patel3 , Prof.Chintan panel cleaning. travels along specification Power = 100 W, effectively
K Patel4 , Prof.Rohit • To automate the central •Design of motor 12V perform solar
Sahu5 Student1 , the system using spline in a •Water Pump RPM = 100 rpm farm cleaning
Student2 , Assistant Arduino. reciprocating Torque = tasks on-
Proffesor3 , Assistant • To eliminate motion. 5729.6Nmm demand,
Proffesor4 , Assistant the need for •Water Pump eliminating the
Proffesor5 manual labor. Specification requirement for
1Department of • To prevent Voltage = 220V human
Mechanical issues associated intervention.
Engineering (June with dust on Consequently,
2020) solar panels. this not only
• To remove leads to cost
sticky dust with savings but also
the addition of a mitigates water

13
 water sprayer. wastage.

• Omur Akyazi, • To efficiently • The cleaning • Cleaning brush. NA •The proposed

Erdinc Sahin, Timur cleanse the solar process is • Control unit. system reduces
Ozso (Oct 2019) panels. fully • Two 9V DC dust's effect on
• To eliminate automated motors for brush PV panel power
the need for through the rotation. output. It was
manual labor. use of a • DC motor for rapidly
• To mitigate specially vertical brush designed and
issues related to designed movement. developed, with
dust device • DC motor for initial tests
accumulation on equipped with pallet rotation. completed.
solar panels. limit and • Limit sensor to However,
distance verify brush additional
sensors. position at the top. thorough testing
will ensure its
reliability.
• Nikhath Anjum • Create a • An automatic • IR sensor • IR sensor The automated
Keerthana A.S mechanism for cleaning robot • LCD Operating cleaning system
Meghana . P Smt. detecting equipped with • Micro- controller Voltage = 5V or removes dust
Thilagavathy R obstacles on an IR sensor to • Limit Sensor 3.3V DC and debris from
(2018) solar panels that minimize • LCD solar panels,
result in accumulated Operating reducing the
substantial dust. Voltage = 4.7 – need for human
power loss. 5.3 Volts intervention. It
• Limit Sensor may expand to
• Enhance the
Operating handle
overall
Amperes = 25 additional
efficiency of
amp obstacles like
solar panels.
oil, snow, fog,
and soil in the
future.
• Ram Jatan Yadav, • To thoroughly • An • Supporting Frame NA The system
Lakshay Saini, clean the solar automated •Guide blocks reduces power
Devashish, Rishabh panel. drive system •Leadscrew loss due to dust,
Tomar, Vipul Rana • To increase synchronized Rotating •Cleaning cutting
(July 2020) solar panel with the length cloth maintenance
efficiency all of solar •Cleaning block costs. It
around. panels, eliminates
• To prevent the controlled by a manual labor
accumulation of base circuit, and associated
dust, debris, and and physical risks,
moisture on responsible for making the
solar panels initiating the process safer
solar panel and more

14
 cleaning efficient, with
system reduced
through cleaning time.
switches.
Md. Rawshan Habib1, • To ensure • An exhaust • Arduino UNO • Arduino UNO A cost-
Md Shahnewaz sustainable fan functions microcontroller. Power = 0.5W effective
Tanvir2, Ahmed environment as an air • DC gear motor. • DC gear motor automatic solar
Yousuf Suhan3, • Routine blower, • Motor drive Power = 2.7W panel cleaning
Abhishek Vadher1, maintenance of primarily module. per motor system has been
Sanim Alam2, solar panel responsible for • LDR (Light • Motor drive conceptualized
Tahsina Tashrif • An automatic the initial Dependent module and constructed
Shawmee2, and economic removal of Resistor) sensor. Power = 0.18W using readily
Koushik Ahmed2, solar panel dust from the • Buck-boost • LDR sensor available
anAbdelrhman cleaning system. surface of the converter. Power = 0.25W components.
Alrashed (March solar panel. • Fan This system is
2021) Power = 5W per budget-friendly
fan and operates
• Buck boost without the
converter need for water,
Power = 6 – effectively
70W mitigating
water wastage.

Prajwal Gajbhiye*1, • The primary • The control • AC to DC • AC to DC An Arduino

Yash Salame*2, objective of this system convertor convertor Uno-based
Vinay Choudhary*3, thesis is to encompasses • L298N Motor Power = 12V, system
Achal Ranpise*4, develop an learning driver Driver module 1.5amp, 18 integrates a
Disha Raut*5, automated configurations, • Resistors watts water pump and
Khushal Manik*6, cleaning system C coding, and • Capacitor • L298N Motor soft material to
Mr. Bhupendra for solar panels its interaction • 5V jumper Driver module automate the
Kumar*7 (Jan 2023) that utilizes with the • Arduino Uno • 78M05 cleaning of
water and gentle electrical •Water Pump Voltage solar PV
materials to components. Regulator modules. Its
enhance their • Resistors purpose is to
efficiency. • Capacitor remove dirt,
• Simplify the • 5V jumper ensuring
cleaning system • Arduino Uno efficient power
while Operating transfer and
maintaining voltage of 5V enhancing solar
automation. Current rating panel
of 40mA performance.

15
This paper focuses on addressing the critical issue of solar panel maintenance,

particularly in rural areas where solar street lights are extensively utilized. Typically,

these solar street lights operate efficiently for only two to three months after installation,

primarily due to their elevated installation height of approximately 15 to 20 feet, making

manual cleaning with ladders impractical. The absence of regular cleaning allows

environmental dust to accumulate on the solar panel surfaces, which eventually

transforms into a tenacious, adhesive layer due to morning dewdrops. Consequently, the

accumulation of dust obstructs the solar panels from providing the necessary charging

current required for battery replenishment. This, in turn, leads to suboptimal battery

performance and necessitates costly replacements, thereby escalating maintenance

expenses. In response to these challenges, this paper presents the design of an automated

solar panel cleaning system tailored for solar of street lights. This innovative system

significantly reduces human intervention, saves time, and operates autonomously at

predefined intervals, ultimately enhancing the overall efficiency of solar street lighting

systems. The system is constructed around an ATmega16A microcontroller for its

advanced capabilities, incorporating essential components such as a GSM module for

real-time operation, linear actuators to facilitate brush movement, DC gear motors to

drive the brush rotation, a DC submersible pump for water delivery from ground level to

the solar panel surface, and a roller brush for effective cleaning [1].

Most of the country's energy demand is currently fulfilled by the consumption of fuel

wood and agricultural residues. In this context, solar energy stands out as a remarkable

renewable energy source, radiated abundantly by the sun. The transition towards

renewable energy is paramount to reduce reliance on electric power generated from

16
petroleum. Solar power, in particular, holds immense promise and warrants increased

utilization. However, it's worth noting that solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are often

deployed in dusty environments, particularly prevalent in tropical nations. The

accumulation of dust on the front surface of these modules obstructs the incoming

sunlight, significantly diminishing their power generation capacity. In fact, the power

output can decline by as much as 50% if the module remains uncleaned for just one

month. To tackle this issue and enhance power efficiency, a specialized cleaning system

has been developed, which operates by controlling a motorized chain sprocket

arrangement. Its primary purpose is to effectively remove dust from PV modules, thereby

optimizing their power generation capabilities[2].

Solar energy is increasingly critical in addressing the growing global demand for

electricity. Numerous countries are adopting solar energy-based energy policies, while

researchers actively pursue improvements in solar panel efficiency and power extraction

from sunlight. Maintaining clean solar panels is essential for maximizing their energy

output, as various environmental factors such as rain, snow, and dust accumulation can

hinder their performance. To address this issue, this study presents the design and real-

time testing of a Solar Panel Cleaning Robot (SPCR). This innovative dual-motor crawler

robot operates horizontally with a vertical cleaning brush and incorporates position

switches to accurately navigate the desired cleaning area, ensuring optimal solar panel

performance [3].

Solar energy stands out as Earth's most abundant energy source, serving as the

foundational wellspring for all energy forms except nuclear power. This paper is

dedicated to enhancing the efficiency of solar power plants by addressing the issue of

17
surface debris accumulation on solar panels, a problem that detrimentally affects plant

output and overall efficiency. The proposed solution entails the development of a Solar

Panel Cleaning System designed to systematically remove accumulated dust or objects

from panel surfaces, thereby ensuring consistent power plant performance. Furthermore,

this research seeks to diminish human exposure to the hazardous task of solar panel

cleaning, particularly in the sweltering sun [4].

This research paper delves into an exploration of how dirt and dust impact the

performance of solar panels, with a focus on regional variations stemming from differing

soil compositions. Recognizing the need for a novel approach to domestic solar panel

cleaning systems, researchers have previously explored methods for object recognition

and presentation in images. Nevertheless, there has been a scarcity of projects addressing

the domestic cleaning of solar panels, particularly in areas where rain is not a viable

cleaning solution. Over time, the continuous use of solar panels results in the

accumulation of dust particles on their surfaces, leading to a significant reduction in

efficiency, sometimes up to 50%. Regular cleaning intervals can mitigate this loss in

performance. Collected data underscores the significance of cleaning domestic solar

panels to the benefit of future generations[5].

Solar panels are susceptible to the accumulation of dust on their surfaces, which

gradually diminishes their efficiency. This research introduces an Arduino-based solar

panel cleaning system designed to effectively remove dust without the need for water.

This innovative solar panel cleaner is not only cost-effective but also operates

automatically. The system employs a two-step mechanism comprising an exhaust fan that

serves as an air blower and a wiper for dust removal, powered by a DC motor. Notably,

18
the system's waterless design is environmentally friendly, conserving water resources and

making it particularly suitable for arid regions like deserts. Experimental results

demonstrate that the proposed cleaning system achieves an impressive efficiency rate

ranging from 87% to 96% when cleaning various types of sand [6].

Renewable energy, particularly solar power, has gained significant traction due to its vast

potential. Each square meter of land receives ample sunlight to generate around 1,700

kWh of power annually, and India alone has access to a substantial 5000 trillion kWh of

solar energy per year. Despite these promising prospects, solar panels face efficiency

challenges as dust and environmental particles accumulate on their surfaces, potentially

reducing energy production by up to 6.5% within just two months.

To address this issue, this paper proposes the development of a smart solar panel that can

autonomously and remotely clean itself. This innovation eliminates the need for regular

manual cleaning, enhances efficiency, and ensures consistent energy output in the

growing renewable energy landscape [7].

Solar power, as a prominent and sustainable energy source, plays a pivotal role in

meeting our future energy demands. However, the accumulation of fine particles, dust,

and moisture from the atmosphere on the surface of solar panels obstructs sunlight from

reaching the solar cells. This poses a significant challenge as these light-blocking

materials act as external barriers, leading to a decline in the efficiency of photovoltaic

systems. In this research endeavor, we have developed a versatile cleaning device

designed to traverse the entire length of solar panels. Moreover, our approach

incorporates the capability to monitor electrical power generated by the solar cells and

activate cleaning procedures, when necessary, through Internet of Things (IoT) mobile

19
applications. Our findings underscore the impact of external barriers, potentially reducing

solar panel performance by up to 22% [8].

Another paper introduces an innovative solution for the efficient cleaning of solar panels

used in streetlight applications. The system we have developed is characterized by its

simplicity, lightweight design, low maintenance requirements, portability, and durability,

making it well-suited for various environmental conditions. Moreover, it boasts cost-

effectiveness and a long operational lifespan. One of its key advantages is its ability to

draw power directly from the solar panel's battery, ensuring continuous operation.

Additionally, it can be controlled automatically via remote control or a timer, enhancing

its user-friendliness. The experimental model at the heart of this system relies on a

smartly controlled DC motor, which manages a cleaning head's vertical movement across

the panel surface without requiring a spraying system. Through comprehensive

experimentation, we have rigorously analyzed the performance and capabilities of this

self-cleaning system [9].

Another paper reveals the growing significance of solar energy as a sustainable source of

power and highlights the persistent challenge of dust and debris accumulation on solar

panels, which hampers their efficiency. Researchers have noted that the impact of dust

accumulation on solar panels can lead to a significant reduction in energy production,

prompting the exploration of waterless cleaning solutions to mitigate environmental

concerns. Recent technological advancements, including the integration of robotics, IoT,

and AI-driven systems, have led to the development of autonomous solar panel cleaning

mechanisms, reducing human intervention and operational costs. These mechanisms

employ various tools, such as brushes, wipers, air blowers, and soft materials, to

20
effectively address dust removal while preserving the integrity of the solar panels,

ultimately advancing the efficiency and sustainability of solar energy systems [10].

Energy scarcity is a pressing issue, where a significant portion of energy demand, around

60% to 70%, relies on fuelwood and agricultural residues. To address this challenge and

reduce dependence on petroleum-generated electricity, solar energy, a renewable source

with abundant potential, has gained prominence. However, in dusty environments, solar

PV modules face reduced efficiency due to dust accumulation, blocking sunlight.

Neglecting cleaning maintenance can lead to a 50% power output drop in just a month.

Innovative cleaning systems, powered by Arduino programming, have emerged as a

solution to enhance power efficiency [11].

With the increasing costs of conventional electricity and growing environmental concerns

associated with fossil fuels, the adoption of eco-friendly energy sources such as solar

power is on the rise. Solar energy primarily relies on photovoltaic (PV) panels to harness

sunlight. However, the accumulation of dust and debris on these panels, even just one in

an array, significantly diminishes their energy generation efficiency, underscoring the

importance of maintaining clean panel surfaces. Existing labor-intensive cleaning

methods for photovoltaic arrays are both time-consuming and resource-intensive, lacking

automation capabilities. This paper introduces a groundbreaking design: the world's first

human-portable robotic cleaning system for photovoltaic panels. This innovative system

is capable of cleaning and maneuvering on the glass surfaces of PV arrays, adapting to

varying angles from horizontal to vertical, addressing the challenges of efficiency and

sustainability in solar energy generation [12].

21
Solar energy stands out as a significant and expansive renewable energy source, with

solar panels serving as crucial components that convert solar UV radiation into electrical

energy. Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic surge in solar panel adoption,

spanning both commercial and industrial applications. Large-scale solar energy

conversion involves the utilization of numerous solar panels, typically positioned

outdoors or atop buildings. However, this outdoor exposure, coupled with air pollution,

results in the accumulation of dust particles on the panels, detrimentally affecting their

efficiency and energy yield. Consequently, large-scale industrial setups necessitate

periodic cleaning of solar panels, a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. To

address this challenge, this paper introduces an innovative solution: a remote-controlled

robot system operated via mobile phones, leveraging Arduino technology and Bluetooth

connectivity. This system offers compactness, efficiency, and a substantial reduction in

both time and manpower, making it highly suitable for large-scale solar panel

installations [13]

The accumulation of dust on solar photovoltaic (PV) modules is a widespread challenge

that diminishes the efficiency of PV systems by impeding light transmission to the solar

cells. In regions like the Middle East, where dust is prevalent and rainfall is scarce,

addressing this issue is crucial. Current cleaning strategies encompass various methods,

including mechanical brushing and electrical interventions. This research primarily

focuses on mechanical approaches such as module vibration, air and water jets, and their

combinations. A pilot-scale testbed with an 8 kWp PV plant was established in Jeddah,

Saudi Arabia, to assess these methods. Water jets optimized for high volume and low

pressure proved most effective, increasing array power output by over 27% by reducing

22
soiling caused by sand. This testbed provides a valuable platform for evaluating

combined cleaning solutions in real-world conditions, including water recovery, which is

vital as Saudi Arabia expands its solar PV projects [14].

Another study aimed to develop and assess an automatic self-cleaning mechanism (SCM)

for pole-mounted solar installations. The SCM initiates 20-second cleaning cycle every

24 hours while avoiding cleaning during rain or low battery voltage. Experiments were

conducted in Pakistan's climate using two pairs of photovoltaic (PV) panels, one with the

SCM and one without, over six weeks. Dust density and performance parameters were

measured. Results showed that without the SCM, increasing dust density led to an 85%

reduction in output power, 80% in short-circuit current, and 86% in efficiency. In contrast,

the PV pair with the SCM maintained consistent performance. The proposed SCM

proved cost-effective, with a payback period of 2.04 years, offering a practical solution

for improving solar panel efficiency and longevity [15].

Mitigating power losses in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems due to dust accumulation is a

critical concern, especially in dry regions prone to high aerosol levels and frequent

sandstorms. These conditions often result in a persistent layer of dust on solar arrays,

aggravated by limited rainfall. This research investigates the effectiveness of a dry-

cleaning approach for solar panels, employing an automated robotic cleaning system

featuring a unique silicone rubber foam brush mounted on an aluminum core. The study

aims to advance dust mitigation technologies for solar panels through robotics. The

results demonstrate that the robotic system, incorporating the silicone rubber foam brush,

efficiently reduces the detrimental impact of dust on solar panel power generation. This

innovation not only enhances power output but also proves to be cost-effective and gentle

23
on the solar panel surface, showing promise as a valuable tool for addressing dust-related

efficiency challenges in solar energy systems [16].

This paper addresses the challenge of dust accumulation on solar panels, which can

decrease their efficiency and even lead to permanent damage. The solution involves an

autonomous vacuum cleaning system comprising two key components: a Robotic

Vacuum Cleaner and a Docking Station. The Robotic Vacuum Cleaner employs a two-

stage cleaning process and is designed to work effectively on both inclined and slippery

surfaces. It follows a carefully crafted control strategy to navigate and clean the solar

panels. Importantly, it monitors its battery voltage and, when needed, autonomously

returns to the Docking Station for recharging, drawing power from the same solar panels

it cleans. This innovative system is not only cost-effective but also robust, making it

suitable for cleaning interconnected arrays of solar panels, regardless of their inclination,

and enhancing their efficiency and longevity [17].

The accumulation of dust on solar panels poses a significant challenge, diminishing their

efficiency by obstructing sunlight from reaching the solar cells underneath. To maintain

optimal performance, regular cleaning is imperative, but in regions with limited water

resources, this can be both challenging and expensive. Solar photovoltaic (PV)

conversion is a widely adopted and efficient means of harnessing solar energy, yet

numerous factors, including dust and dirt, can impact its effectiveness. Implementing

effective cleaning mechanisms can result in a remarkable 25% enhancement in energy

output and a 15 to 20% increase in conversion efficiency.

24
This research offers a comprehensive overview of the dust-related issue and delves into

recent advancements in automated cleaning systems designed for solar PV modules. It

investigates various approaches, encompassing electrical, mechanical, chemical, and

electrostatic methods, with the primary goal of pinpointing research gaps in the realm of

automated cleaning systems for solar panels. By addressing these challenges, we can

pave the way for more efficient and sustainable utilization of solar energy, especially in

regions where water scarcity presents a significant obstacle to maintaining the cleanliness

of solar panels [18].

25
 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

3.1 Methodology:

Table 3.1 is the flow chart of the processes followed under the methodology. This shows

how the project has been moved from stage one to the final stage.

Table 3.1: Flowchart of Methodology

Research and Analysis System Design

Remote Monitoring and Control System

Control Development

Prototype Development Optimization and

Refinement

Documentation and Validation and Testing

Deployment

26
3.2 CAD Modeling and Design Considerations:

3.2.1 CAD Modelling:

We used solid works (2022) for 3D design, the cleaning mechanism will be mounted on a

sturdy frame that spans the entire solar panel array. The frame will have support for the

motion system, which enables the cleaning mechanism to move smoothly along the

exterior of the panels.

The cleaning mechanism itself will consist of wipers that will make contact with the solar

panels. which is connected to a motor for controlled movement.

The sensors will be strategically placed on the frame and connected to the central control

unit. The control unit will have a user interface, such as a touch screen or buttons, to

allow users to monitor the system's status and make adjustments if necessary. The

following are the project's mechanical part designed components.

The solar panel subframe holds paramount significance as it provides structural stability,

optimal positioning for sunlight exposure, and protection against environmental elements,

contributing to efficient energy production. Its design influences maintenance

accessibility, panel cooling, and aesthetic integration, while ensuring electrical safety and

compliance with regulations. Fig 3.1 shows the images of sub-frame. The length of

subframe is 30 inches and width 20 inches. By safeguarding panels from physical stress

and supporting different technologies, the subframe plays an important role in the

longevity, performance, and overall success of solar installations.

27
 Fig 3.1: Sub Frame

Chains hold notable importance as they serve as versatile mechanical components that

transmit motion and power efficiently across various applications. Their ability to link

and transmit rotational force makes them vital in machinery, vehicles, and industrial

systems. Chains ensure precise timing in mechanisms like engines and conveyors,

enhance traction in bicycles and motorcycles, and enable lifting in cranes and hoists.

Their durability, load-bearing capacity, and adaptability to diverse environments

contribute to the reliability and functionality of countless mechanical systems,

underscoring their essential role in modern engineering and manufacturing. Fig 3.2 shows

the chain and sprocket system.

28
 Fig 3.2: Chain and Sprocket

The final assembly of the prototype is obtained after mating all the components. The

final assembly front, top and side views can be viewed by the following Fig 3.3, Fig

3.4, Fig 3.5.

Fig 3.3: Front View of Final Assembly

29
 Fig 3.4: Top View of Final Assembly

Fig 3.5: Side View of Final Assembly

3.2.2 Design Considerations:

Designing an efficient automatic solar cleaning system entails various crucial

considerations. First and foremost, it should be compatible with a wide range of solar

panel types and sizes, including photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal panels. Selecting an

appropriate cleaning mechanism, such as gentle water jets, is paramount to avoid

damaging the panels while effectively removing dirt and debris. Incorporating an

automated control system for scheduling and activation is essential for seamless

30
operation. To enhance sustainability, the system should be energy-efficient, relying on

solar power, batteries, or a combination thereof, thus reducing external power

dependency. Safety features must safeguard the system against extreme weather

conditions like storms or heavy snow. Water efficiency, recycling mechanisms, and

minimized environmental impact are also vital aspects to consider. The inclusion of

sensors for cleanliness assessment and malfunction detection, coupled with easy

maintenance and repair access, ensures long-term reliability. A balance between initial

cost, operational efficiency, and increased panel efficiency over time should guide the

design. Durable materials that withstand outdoor elements and UV exposure, as well as

seamless integration with existing or new solar installations, complete the holistic

approach to creating a highly effective and dependable automatic solar cleaning system.

3.3 Solar Cleaner Components:

3.3.1 Components:

Following are the components which are used for making the automatic solar panel

cleaning system.

3.3.2 Solar Plate:

Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic panels, are innovative devices that harness the

power of sunlight to generate electricity. These panels consist of semiconductor materials,

typically silicon, which convert sunlight into an electric current through the photovoltaic

effect. When photons from sunlight strike the solar cells, electrons are set in motion,

creating a flow of electricity. We are used solar panel have 75 watts and Dimension have

length 20 inch and Hight have 30 inches. Solar plate is shown in the following Fig 3.6.

31
 Fig 3.6: Solar Plate

3.3.3 Battery:

Batteries are essential energy storage devices that play a vital role in our modern world.

They store electrical energy in a chemical form and can release it when needed to power

various devices and systems. From small household gadgets to electric vehicles and grid-

scale energy storage, batteries. We are used 12-volt battery and is shown in Fig 3.7.

32
 Fig 3.7: Battery

3.3.4 Power Switch:

A power switch is an electronic component or device that is used to control the flow of

electrical power in a circuit. It serves as a means to turn a circuit or electrical device on

and off, allowing the user to control the power supply to various devices or systems.

Power switches can be as simple as mechanical switches or more complex electronic

components, depending on the application and requirements. The power switch used is

shown in the following Fig 3.8.

33
 Fig 3.8: Power Button

3.3.5 Dc to Dc Buck Convertor:

A buck converter, categorized as a DC-DC converter, serves the purpose of decreasing

the input voltage to achieve a lower output voltage level. This power electronics circuit

enjoys broad usage across diverse applications demanding a reduced voltage with an

elevated current capacity. The term "buck" is derived from the concept of diminishing or

"bucking" the voltage.

At its core, the operation of a buck converter revolves around the utilization of a switch,

typically a transistor, to rapidly alternate the input voltage between an on and off state.

By skillfully managing the duty cycle of this switch, denoting the proportion of time it

remains in the on state versus the off state, precise control over the average output

voltage is achieved. The following Fig 3.9 shows the Dc-to-Dc buck convertor:

34
 Fig 3.9: Dc to Dc Buck Converter

3.3.6 Arduino:

If you are referring to the Arduino platform, please see my previous response for

information about what Arduino is and how it works. Arduino is an open-source

electronics platform that includes boards with microcontrollers, an integrated

development environment (IDE), and a programming language. It is widely used for

various electronics projects and provides an accessible platform for beginners and

experienced electronics enthusiasts alike. Fig 3.10 shows the image of Arduino used in

the system.

35
 Fig 3.10: Arduino

3.3.7 RTC Module:

An RTC module, or Real-Time Clock module, is an electronic component that provides

accurate timekeeping in real-time, even when the main power to a device or system is

turned off. It is designed to keep track of the current time and date, making it useful for

applications that require precise timing, scheduling, or logging events. Fig 3.11 shows the

image of RTC used in the system.

36
 Fig 3.11: RTC Module

3.3.8 DC Motor:

A DC (Direct Current) motor is an electrical device that transforms electrical energy into

mechanical energy through the principles of electromagnetism. These motors are widely

used in various applications due to their simplicity, controllability, and reliability. They

are commonly found in household appliances, industrial machinery, robotics, electric

vehicles, and more. Fig 3.12 shows the image of DC motor used in the working system.

37
 Fig 3.12: DC Motor

3.3.9 Water Tank:

A water tank is a vital container designed to store and hold water for various purposes.

These tanks come in various sizes and materials, depending on their application. From

small domestic tanks used for household water supply to large industrial tanks for storing

water in factories or for firefighting, water tanks serve a crucial role in water

management. Fig 3.13 shows the image of water tank used in the system.

Fig 3.13: Water Tank

38
3.3.10 Water Pump:

A water pump is a mechanical apparatus employed for transferring water from one place

to another. It plays a fundamental role in various applications, ranging from simple

domestic use to complex industrial processes. Water pumps are crucial for providing a

continuous and reliable water supply in many settings.

Water pumps work on the principle of creating a pressure difference that pushes water

through pipes or hoses. The pump creates this pressure difference by either increasing the

water's velocity or raising its pressure, depending on the pump type. Water pump used in

the system is shown in the Fig 3.14.

Fig 3.14: Water Pump

3.3.11 Wiper:

A solar panel clean wiper, is a specialized device designed to keep solar panels clean and

free from dust, dirt, and debris. As solar panels are exposed to the elements, they can

39
accumulate various contaminants, which may reduce their efficiency and overall

performance. The solar panel clean wiper helps maintain the panels' productivity by

automatically removing these impurities. Fig 3.15 shows the type of wiper used in the

system.

Fig 3.15: Wiper

3.3.12 Limit Switch:

A limit switch is an electromechanical component employed in a wide range of industrial

and commercial settings to identify the presence or absence of an object and generate an

electrical signal when specific physical boundaries or positions are attained. The

fundamental role of a limit switch revolves around overseeing and regulating the motion

of machinery or equipment. Fig 3.16 shows the image of limit switch used in the cleaning

system.

40
 Fig 3.16: Limit Switch

3.3.13 Frame:

The solar panel frame is a critical structural component that provides support and

protection for the solar panel assembly. It is typically made from aluminum or steel and is

designed to hold the solar cells, glass, clean mechanism and other components securely in

place. Fig 3.17 shows the image of frame for the solar plate.

41
 Fig 3.17: Frame
3.3.14 Pipe:

A pipe is a tubular hollow structure used to convey fluids (liquids or gases) from one

point to another. Pipes are essential in various industries and applications, including

plumbing, water supply, irrigation, transportation of oil and gas, and many more.

We are using pipe form water supply to clean mechanism to clean solar panel. Fig 3.18

shows the pipe used in the cleaning system. It is connected to the pressure nozzles.

Fig 3.18: Pipe

42
3.3.15 Spray Nozzle:

A spray nozzle is a device used to control the flow of a liquid or gas and convert it into a

spray or fine mist. It is commonly used in various applications, solar panel cleaning,

gardening, cleaning, cooling, painting, and more. Spray nozzles come in different types

and designs, each tailored to specific purposes and requirements. Fig 3.19 shows the

pressure nozzles used in the system.

Fig 3.19: Spray Nozzle

3.3.16 Ball Bearing:

A "ball bearing" is a type of rolling-element bearing used to reduce friction in mechanical

systems. It consists of small metal balls (usually made of steel or ceramic) held within a

circular raceway. The balls help facilitate smooth rotation and reduce the amount of

friction and wear between moving parts. Fig 3.20 shows the image used in the system to

rotate the shaft.

43
 Fig 3.20: Ball Bearing

3.4 Cost:

The expense associated with automatic solar panel cleaning systems can fluctuate based

on the system's dimensions and specifications. Nonetheless, these systems are typically

regarded as a valuable investment due to their potential to enhance the effectiveness of

solar panels and lead to cost savings on energy expenditures. The cost of automatic solar

panel cleaning systems can range from a few thousand rupees to several lakhs of rupees.

The exact cost will depend on the size and type of system, as well as the features that are

included.

The cost of the project has been declared below in Table 3.1:

Table 3.1: Total Project Cost

Component Price (Rupee)

Solar Panel 6500

44
 Battery 5000

Power Switch 150

Dc to Dc buck convertor 1000

Arduino UNO 2000

RTC module 700

IBD2 motor driver 1800

Dc Motor 2000

Water Tank 500

Water Pump 350

Limit Switch 250

Sub Frame 3000

Chain and Sprocket 1000

Pipe 50

Spray Nozzles 100

Bearings 300

45
3.5 Mechanism:

The project's mechanism is depicted via the following Table 3.2:

Table 3.2: Flowchart of Working Mechanism

Start

Active All sensors and micro

controller

Start the system with Bluetooth

manually or by RTC module at a
selected time

Start Cleaning

End

46
3.6 Maintenance:

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems require regular maintenance to ensure that they

are operating properly. This maintenance can be performed by the solar panel owner or

by a qualified technician. The frequency of maintenance will depend on the type of

system and the environment in which it is operating.

47
 CHAPTER 4

Results and Analysis

4.1 Results

The empirical findings offer compelling evidence that the envisioned solar panel cleaning

system performs admirably in accordance with its intended objectives. It is important to

acknowledge that the efficiency of the system, as well as its sweeping capabilities,

exhibit noteworthy variations based on the particular composition of sand employed in

the experiments.

A remarkable feature intrinsic to this proposed cleaning system is its independence from

water usage. This pivotal attribute renders the system highly applicable and effective in

regions where access to water resources is limited or geographically distant. Noteworthy

also is the system's cost-effectiveness, achieved through a design that harnesses readily

available components, ensuring both affordability and accessibility.

A comprehensive appraisal of the proposed solar panel's performance, spanning

conditions of normal operation, dust-covered exposure, and post-cleaning restoration, is

meticulously presented within the accompanying table. By meticulously presenting and

analyzing these findings, the study underscores the ingenuity, operational efficiency, and

pragmatic value of this pioneering solar panel cleaning approach. As the world pivots

towards sustainable energy solutions, this system holds the potential to play a substantial

role in optimizing energy generation and utilization while minimizing environmental

impact.

48
 Table 4.1: Computation of Output Voltage Under Different Conditions

Context Output Voltages (V)

Normal Condition (Without Dust) 36.5

Condition 1 33.2

Condition 2 33.3

Condition 3 32.3

Condition 4 32.5

After Cleaning 36.2

The data presented in Table 4.1 unequivocally demonstrates that the proposed cleaning

system yields nearly identical voltage levels subsequent to the cleaning process. This

observation underscores the system's consistent and reliable performance in maintaining

optimal voltage output.

The programming intricacies of the solar panel cleaning system have been systematically

elucidated through a visual representation in the form of a flow chart, this graphical

representation serves to comprehensively convey the procedural steps and logic

underpinning the operation of the solar panel cleaning system. By providing a visual

roadmap of the programming sequence, the flow chart enhances the clarity and

accessibility of the system's programming architecture.

49
4.2 Analysis:

A static structural study was carried out using the ANSYS to assess the subframe model's

performance and structural integrity. The analysis's goal was to evaluate the subframe's

resistance to mechanical loads and environmental conditions. The deformation, stress

distribution, and safety considerations of the subframe were identified by this

investigation. The findings showed that the subframe had stress concentrations that were

well within permissible bounds and adequate structural strength to withstand projected

operational circumstances. The research improved the overall resilience and

dependability of the solar panel installation by validating the subframe's design and

offering insightful information about how it would behave under various loading

situations. The following figure4.1, fig 4.2, fig 4.3 are the results of analysis of frame of

the whole prototype.

Fig 4.1: Total Deformation of the Subframe

50
 Fig 4.2: Equivalent Stress of the Subframe

Fig 4.3: Equivalent Elastic Strain of Subframe

A relative velocity study of the shaft driving the system was done in an effort to

guarantee efficient and smooth motion inside the system. This ANSYS-based research

sought to determine the relative speeds and interactions. Important information on

possible velocity differentials and any occurrences of unfavorable wear or stress buildup

was supplied by the analysis. This study contributed to the lifespan and effectiveness of

the entire system by not only ensuring optimized performance but also by providing a

thorough knowledge of the mechanical dynamics regulating the motion of these essential

components. The results are shown in the following fig 4.4, fig 4.5, fig 4.6.

51
Fig 4.4: Total Deformation of The Driving Shaft Due to Relative Velocity

Fig 4.5: Total Deformation of The Driving Shaft Due to Relative Velocity

Fig 4.6: Campbell Diagram of Relative Velocity on The Driving Shaft

52
4.3 Limitations:

➢ The chain and sprocket system's continuous motion may lead to wear over time,

necessitating regular maintenance to ensure efficient performance.

➢ Harsh environmental conditions, such as dust, moisture, or extreme temperatures,

could impact the chain and sprocket system's reliability and longevity.

➢ Dependence on Bluetooth connectivity introduces the risk of signal interference

or connectivity issues, impacting remote control and monitoring

➢ Reliance on RTC scheduling for system activation could lead to inaccuracies if

RTC drift occurs, affecting cleaning cycles.

➢ Expanding the system to a larger scale might introduce new challenges in terms of

maintaining synchronization and communication between components.

➢ Integrating electronic components might necessitate adherence to regulatory

standards for electronics, potentially adding complexity.

53
 CHAPTER 5

Conclusion
In conclusion, the development and implementation of the Automatic Solar Panel

Cleaning System present a significant stride towards optimizing solar energy production

and efficiency. The system's integration of Arduino-based automation, RTC scheduling,

contamination detection, and water spraying mechanism exemplifies the potential of

technology-driven solutions to address real-world challenges. The project's prototype

successfully demonstrated the feasibility of improving energy yield by mitigating the

adverse effects of dust and dirt accumulation on solar panels. As the world increasingly

embraces renewable energy, the significance of maintaining optimal energy generation

cannot be overstated. However, while this system represents a promising advancement,

ongoing research and development are essential to refine its performance, adapt to

evolving technologies, and address diverse environmental contexts. As solar energy

continues to play a pivotal role in sustainable energy strategies, innovations like the

Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System are poised to contribute to a greener and more

energy-efficient future.

54
 REFERENCES

[1] N. Maindad, A. Gadhave, S. Satpute, and B. Nanda, "Automatic solar panel

cleaning system," in 2nd International Conference on Communication &
Information Processing (ICCIP), 2020.
[2] D. Chirag, G. Mayank, J. Mandipsinh, P. J. I. J. O. A. E. Parimal, and R.
Development, "Design And Development Of Solar Panel Cleaning Machine,"
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology,
2017.
[3] Ö. Akyazi, E. Sahin, T. Özsoy, and M. Algül, "A Solar Panel Cleaning Robot
Design and Application," European Journal of Science and Technology, pp. 343-
348, 10/31 2019.
[4] K. A. S. Nikhath Anjum, Meghana . P, Smt. Thilagavathy R, "Automatic
Cleaning of Solar Panel" NCESC vol. 6, no. 13, 2018.
[5] L. S. Ram Jatan Yadav, Devashish, Rishabh Tomar, Vipul Rana, "Domestic Solar
Panel Cleaning System and effect of Enviranmental Dust in PV Modules,"
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) vol. 9, no. 2,
July 2020 2020.
[6] M. Habib et al., Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System Based on Arduino for
Dust Removal. 2021, pp. 1555-1558.
[7] Y. S. Prajwal Gajbhiye, Vinay Choudhary, Achal Ranpise, Disha Raut, Khushal
Manik, Mr. Bhupendra Kumar, "AUTOMATIC SOLAR PANEL CLEANING
SYSTEM," International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering
Technology and Science vol. 5, no. 1, p. 7, January 2023.
[8] N. F. Zainuddin, M. Mohammed, S. Al-Zubaidi, and S. I. Khogali, "Design and
development of smart self-cleaning solar panel system," in 2019 IEEE
International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems
(I2CACIS), 2019, pp. 40-43: IEEE.
[9] F. Mustafa, A. Abd Sahb, A. S. Al-Ammri, and A. Ghazi, "Self cleaning control
system for PV solar panel street light," in IREC2015 The Sixth International
Renewable Energy Congress, 2015, pp. 1-6: IEEE.
[10] Y.-B. Park, H. Im, M. Im, and Y.-K. J. J. o. M. C. Choi, "Self-cleaning effect of
highly water-repellent microshell structures for solar cell applications," Journal of
Materials Chemistry vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 633-636, 2011.
[11] B. Manju, A. Bari, C. J. I. J. o. A. i. S. R. Pavan, and Engineering, "Automatic
solar panel cleaning system," International Journal of Advances in Scientific
Research and Engineering (ijasre)vol. 4, no. 7, 2018.
[12] M. Anderson et al., "Robotic device for cleaning photovoltaic panel arrays," in
Mobile robotics: Solutions and challenges: World Scientific, 2010, pp. 367-377.

55
[13] A. S. Alghamdi, A. S. Bahaj, L. S. Blunden, and Y. J. E. Wu, "Dust removal from
solar PV modules by automated cleaning systems," vol. 12, no. 15, p. 2923, 2019.
[14] K. Dhanalakshmi, S. M. Raj, K. S. Kumar, and R. J. A. o. t. R. S. f. C. B.
Keerthivash, "Solar Panel Cleaning Robot Using Wireless Communication," pp.
17107-17116, 2021.
[15] K. P. Amber, I. Hussain, A. Kousar, M. A. Bashir, M. W. Aslam, and B. J. T. S.
Akbar, "A self-cleaning device for pole mounted solar photovoltaic installations,"
vol. 23, no. 2 Part A, pp. 739-749, 2019.
[16] B. Parrott, P. C. Zanini, A. Shehri, K. Kotsovos, and I. J. S. e. Gereige,
"Automated, robotic dry-cleaning of solar panels in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia using a
silicone rubber brush," vol. 171, pp. 526-533, 2018.
[17] G. Aravind, G. Vasan, T. G. Kumar, R. N. Balaji, and G. S. Ilango, "A control
strategy for an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner for solar panels," in 2014
Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference (TIIEC), 2014, pp. 53-61: IEEE.
[18] P. Patil, J. Bagi, and M. Wagh, "A review on cleaning mechanism of solar
photovoltaic panel," in 2017 International Conference on Energy,
Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS), 2017, pp. 250-
256: IEEE.

56
 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations should be placed at the end. Sample is given below:

BoUGS: Board of Undergraduate Studies

ENC: Electronics Engineering Department

UMT: University of Management & Technology

57
ANNEXURE 1

58
 ANNEXURE 2

Arduino Code:
// ok final with reverse forward Auto/ Manual with Mob app
#include <DS3231.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial BT(10,11 ); // Rx ,Tx
const int L_PWM = 5;
const int R_PWM = 6;
int limit_down = 7;
int limit_up = 9;
int Pump_Pin = 8;
char BT_data = 't';
uint8_t volatile state=0;
uint8_t volatile state1=0;
int count=0;
int Mode;
int flag1=0, flag2=0;
DS3231 rtc(SDA, SCL);
Time t;
int Hor, Hor1, Hor2;
int Min, Min1, Min2;
int Sec;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
BT.begin(9600);
Wire.begin();
rtc.begin();
pinMode(limit_down, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(limit_up, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(Pump_Pin, OUTPUT);

59
 pinMode(L_PWM, OUTPUT);
pinMode(R_PWM, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(L_PWM, LOW); //off
digitalWrite(L_PWM, LOW); //off
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH); // off
// rtc.setTime(14, 50, 0); // Set the time
// rtc.setDate(2, 8, 2023); // Set the date
Serial.println("Ready");
}
void loop()
{
t = rtc.getTime();
Hor = t.hour;
Min= t.min;
Sec = t.sec;
Serial.println(rtc.getTimeStr());

Serial.println(rtc.getDateStr())
if(BT.available() > 0)
{
BT.println("Connected");
BT_data = BT.read();
// Serial.println(BT_data);
}
if ( BT_data =='1' && digitalRead(limit_up))
{
BT.println("FORWARD");
digitalWrite(L_PWM, HIGH);
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, LOW);
Serial.println("1");
}
else if(!digitalRead(limit_up))
{ digitalWrite(L_PWM, LOW);

60
 digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH);}
if ( BT_data =='2' && digitalRead(limit_down))
{
BT.println("REVERSE");
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(R_PWM, HIGH);
}
else if(!digitalRead(limit_down))
{digitalWrite(R_PWM, LOW);}
if ( BT_data =='S')
{
BT.println("Stop");
digitalWrite(L_PWM, LOW);
digitalWrite(R_PWM, LOW);
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH);
}
// RTC Auto Mode Cleaning
if( Hor == 06 && (Min == 00 || Min == 00) && digitalRead(limit_up)) //Set Wash time
{
digitalWrite(L_PWM, HIGH);
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, LOW);
}
else if(!digitalRead(limit_up))
{ digitalWrite(L_PWM, LOW);
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH);}
if( Hor == 06 && (Min == 02 || Min == 02) && digitalRead(limit_down)) //Set time
Start Position
{
digitalWrite(R_PWM, HIGH);
digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH);
}
else if(!digitalRead(limit_down))
{ digitalWrite(R_PWM, LOW);

61
 digitalWrite(Pump_Pin, HIGH);}
////////////////////////////////////////////////
delay(50);
}

62