BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL ENGINEERING
Final Internship report

HOSTING COMPANY: ETHIOPIAN PLASTIC INDUSTRY

Compiled by:
Name of Intern(s) ID No’s
1. Mattathias Waleligne...................................BDU0904658UR
2. Mulugeta Tsegaye................................BDU0904851UR
3. Samuel Mamo................................................BDU0905031UR
4. Seyfe Kebede..................................................BDU0905101UR

Name of Mentor: Mr. Gashaye L and

Mr.Taye A. Duration of Internship: Sep 25–

Dec 30 /2020 G.C

Submission date: 2021 G.C

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ETHIOPIA PLASTIC IND 2021 G.C
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Declaration
We are a 4th year Electrical Engineering student in Bahir Dar institute of technology. We
have taken our internship practice in Ethiopia Plastic Industry (EPI) for a period of Sep-
Dec/2020 with the help of our academic advisors Mr. Gashaye L. and Mr. Taye A. and also
with the guidance of our company advisor Mr.Abreham M.
We declare that our report and project work entitled “Design and Simulation of weight
detector and automatic cutter for single layer blown film extrusion machine” are our own
works and the report compiled according to the internship report writing guideline of Bahir
Dar Institute of Technology and approved by academic advisors.

Name of student signature date

1. Mattathias Waleligne ……………….. ……………….

2. Mulugeta Tsegaye ……………….. ……………….
3. Samuel Mamo ……………….. ………………
4. Seyfe Kebede ………………... ……………….

Name of academic advisors signature date

1. Mr. Gashaye L. ………………. ……………….

2. Mr. Taye A. ………………. ……………….

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 Acknowledgment
First and for most we would like to thank God for helping us to complete the report and
project. Thanks are extended to the Bahir dar Institute of Technology and the University
Industry Linkage for giving the Internship opportunity in Ethiopia plastic industry (EPI).
Thanks are also extended to the Chemical and construction input for writing supportive
letter for EPI to accept us for internship and Ethiopia plastic Industry for accepting us as
intern student and appointing supervisor Mr. Abrham M to help, guide and coordinate us
during the internship period . We are grateful to our advisors Mr. Gashaye L. and Mr. Taye
A. for their support and endorsement of the original report and the role they played by
giving their encouraging ideas, expertise and advice.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to for those electrical engineers Dawit bayu,
Birhanu yitbarek, Kassu atsebahe, Kifle in the hosting company for their understanding and
co-operation during the course of our project work. Finally, we would like to
acknowledge the entire administrator, human resource, workers, technicians, securities,
cleaner’s cafe workers and operators for having and treating us during the internship
period.
Table of Contents
Declaration........................................................................................................i
Acknowledgment..............................................................................................ii
List of Acronyms...................................................................................................viii
Executive summary........................................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................1
1.Background of the Company.......................................................................................1
1.1..................................................................................................Introduction
1
1.1.1...........................................................................Ethiopia Plastic Industry
2
1.2..............................................................Vision, Mission and Objective of EPI
2
1.2.1....................................................................................................Vision
2
1.2.2..................................................................................................Mission
2
1.2.3................................................................................................Objective
3
1.3......................................Overall Organizational Management and Work Flow
3
1.3.1..........................................................................Organizational Structure
3
1.3.2..............................................................................................Work Flow
5
1.4................................................................................Key Stakeholders of EPI
5
1.5.............................................................................Production Process of EPI
5
1.5.1...............................................Main Products of Ethiopia Plastic Industry
5
1.5.2......................................................Major Customers or End Users of EPI
6
1.5.3.............................................................................Major Supplier for EPI
6
CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................8
2.Overall Internship Experience.....................................................................................8
2.1............................................................................Objectives of the Internship
8
2.1.1....................................................................................General Objective
8
2.1.2..................................................................................Specific Objectives
8
2.3.............................................................Work Tasks that We Observed in EPI
9
2.3.1.........................................................Injection and Blow Molding Factory
9
2.3.1.1....................................................................Injection Molding Machine
9
2.3.1.2.........................................................................Blow Molding Machine
11
2.3.2............................................................................................Pipe Factory
14

2.3.3..........................................................................Poly and Printing Factory

19
2.4....................................................Overall System Components And Operations
21
2.4.1............................................................Power distribution of the company
21
2.4.2.........................................................................Control unit of the plant
22
2.4.3.................................................................Protection and Control Devices
24
2.4.4................................................................................Maintenance Section
32
2.4.4.1....................................................................................Induction motor
32
2.4.4.2..................................................Three Phase Induction Motor Rewinding
32
2.4.5...........................................................................Other Electrical Devices
33
 2.5...............................................................................Major Duties of the Intern
35
2.6.....................................................................Challenges Faced and Measures
35
2.6.1................................................................................Challenges we faced
35
2.6.2...................................................Measures Taken to Solve the Challenges
35
3.Benefits Gained from the Internship.........................................................................37
3.1....................................................Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Skills
37
3.1.1.......................................................................The Theoretical Knowledge
37
3.2......................................................................................Team Playing Skills
38
3.3........................................................................................Interpersonal Skills
39
3.5..................................................................................................Work ethics
40
3.6....................................................................................Entrepreneurship Skill
40
CHAPTER FOUR...............................................................................................42
4.Project and Contribution........................................................................................42
4.1....................................................................................................Abstract
42
4.2..................................................................................................Introduction
42
4.3....................................................................................Problem of Statement
43
4.4..........................................................................................General Objective
43
4.4.1....................................................................................Specific objective
43
4.5.................................................................................................Methodology
43
4.6.......................................................................................Project Significance
44
 4.7..................................................................................Component Description
44
4.8.......................................................................................Design and Analysis
45

4.9....................................................................................Result and Discussion

49
4.10..................................................................Conclusion and recommendation
50
5.Conclusion and Recommendation.............................................................................51
5.1....................................................................................................Conclusion
51
5.2..........................................................................................Recommendation
51
5.2.1........................................................................Recommendation for EPI
51
5.2.2..................................Recommendation for the University Industry Linkage
52
5.2.3.....................................................................Recommendation for the BiT
52
Reference.....................................................................................................................53
 List of Figures
FIGURE1. 1 ETHIO-ENGINEERING GROUP LOGO.................................................................................... 1

FIGURE1. 2 ETHIO-ENGINEERING GROUP LOGO.................................................................................... 4

FIGURE2. 1 INJECTION MOLDIN G MACHINE....................................................................................9

FIGURE2. 2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF IMM..................................................................................11

FIGURE2. 3 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF IMM..................................................................................11

FIGURE2. 4 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF IMM..................................................................................12

FIGURE2. 5 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF BMM................................................................................13

FIGURE2.6 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF BMM..................................................................................13

FIGURE2. 7 PRODUCTS OF IMM AND BMM.....................................................................................14

FIGURE2. 8 PIPE FACTORY.............................................................................................................14

FIGURE2. 9 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF PVC MACHINE..................................................................17

FIGURE2. 10 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF SECTION 1............................................................18

FIGURE2. 11 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF SECTION 2............................................................18

FIGURE2. 12 PRODUCTS OF PIPE FACTORY...................................................................................19

FIGURE2. 13 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF PPF................................................................................20

FIGURE2. 14 PRODUCTS OF PPF.......................................................................................................... 21

FIGURE2. 15 COMPONENTS OF PLC..................................................................................................... 23

FIGURE2. 16THERMO REGULATOR...................................................................................................... 29

FIGURE3. 1 STAR DELTA STARTER.................................................................................................38

FIGURE4. 1 ANGULAR MOVEMENT OF PNEUMATIC CYLINDER.......................................................47

FIGURE4. 2 FACE AREA OF PNEUMATIC CYLINDER........................................................................48

FIGURE4. 3 BLOWN FILM EXTRUSION MACHINE............................................................................49

FIGURE4. 4 SIMULATIONS, POWER AND CONTROL CIRCUIT OF THE SYSTEM...............................50

List of table
TABLE2. 1 THE MAIN POWER CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPI.................................... 22
ETHIOPIA PLASTIC IND 2021 G.C
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List of Acronyms

AC…………………………………………... Alternating current

BIT………………………………………….. Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
BMM………………………………………... Blow molding machine
CCII………………………………………….Chemical and Construction Input
Industry
CM………………………………………….. Composite Factory
CPU…………………………………………. Central processing unit
DC…………………………………………... Direct current
EEG…………………………………………. Ethio-Engineering Group
EPI…………………………………………... Ethiopia Plastic Industry
FDRE……………………………………….. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
HDPE……………………………………….. High density Polyethylene
KV…………………………………………... Kilo Volt
LDPE………………………………………... Low density Polyethylene
LED…………………………………………. Light Emitting Diode
LS…………………………………………… Limit Switch
IMM………………………………………… Injection molding machine
I/O…………………………………………... Input Output
METEC……………………………………... Metals and Engineering Corporation
NC…………………………………………... Normally closed
NO…………………………………………... Normally open
PLC…………………………………………. Programmable Logic Circuit
Plc…………………………………………… Private limited company
PF…………………………………………… Pipe factory
PPF………………………………………….. Poly and printing factory
PSF………………………………………….. Profile and selling factory
PVC…………………………………………. Polyvinyl chloride

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i
i
ETHIOPIA PLASTIC IND 2021 G.C
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PPR………………………………………….. Polypropylene Resin

UIL………………………………………….. University Industry Linkage
V…………………………………………….. Volt
VFD…………………………………………. Variable Frequency Drive
°C…………………………………………… Degree Centigrade

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TECHNOLOGY
 Executive summary
Students need to develop the skills associated with working in a real world working
environment to communicate with their customer and to fulfill the obligations of their
future employment. We are happy when we do the internship program in Ethiopia
plastic industry by the help of our academic and company advisers. Ethiopia plastic
industry is responsible for the production of plastics from the industries under Ethio-
engineering group (formerly METEC). The purpose of the industry is to design, manufacture
and sell products to domestic and overseas buyers in conformity with the law. This report
includes the meaning, operating principle and how three phase induction motor is repaired
in winding section of the company, machine starting and control mechanisms with overall
control unit, basic electrical protective and control devices of the company. The report also
includes the overall internship experience, overall benefits that we earned during the
internship period from the hosting company, from every person and the situation we get,
our recommendation for the company and for the university, the challenges that we have been
faced and the measures taken to overcome the challenges. In addition, we developed
social and communication skills, developed how to communicate with different class of
employees (how to communicate with an engineer, operator and technicians) and also, we
developed work ethics like punctuality, working with others team work.
ETHIOPIA PLASTIC IND 2021 G.C
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CHAPTER ONE
1. Background of the Company
1.1 Introd
uction
Ethio-Engineering Group (formerly METEC) is a government owned industrial
enterprise established under the laws of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
/FDRE/ by the decree of the council of ministers. The main aim to establish EEG has
been to make a fundamental difference through a lead role in the industrialization of
Ethiopia. It is working under a free market norms and standards with special commitments
that enable domestic and foreign investors to enjoy partnership and cooperation.

Currently, EEG is comprised of ten semi-autonomous, and integrated manufacturing

industries that are operating in more than nine different sectors. In addition to
supporting the key stakeholders in the public sector, the EEG companies were established
for developing their respective private sector value chains and accelerating the technological
capacity of the country. Most of the EEG companies are situated in the Addis Ababa,
Adama corridor where hig her education institutions, R&D manufacturing and the supplier
ecosystem are forming industry pre- clusters and clusters that are conducive for innovation. The
company’s headquarter is located in the Mexico Square area of Addis Ababa and its plant
facilities are located in the Gerji neighborhood of Addis Ababa. METEC changes its
name into EEG to start afresh and to build customers trust and also to make reforms.

FIGURE1. 1 ETHIO-ENGINEERING GROUP LOGO

Ethio-Engineering group includes:

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TECHNOLOGY
ETHIOPIA PLASTIC IND 2021 G.C
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 Adama Agricultural Machinery Industry

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF 2

TECHNOLOGY
  Akaki Basic Metals Industry
 Bishoftu Automotive Industry
 Corporate R&D center
 Ethiopia Power Engineering Industry
 Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry
 Hi-tech Engineering Industry
 Infrastructure Machinery Engineering Industry
 Metals and Fabrication Industry
 Ethiopian Plastic Industry
From those industries the hosting company for our internship is Ethiopia Plastic Industry
(EPI), which is our internship program held on.
1.1.1 Ethiopia Plastic Industry
Ethiopia plastic industry was established in 1960 by a group of five entrepreneurs. In 1973
the military government took ownership of the major share in the company, leaving the
remaining to the original owners. Consequently, in 1978 the military government
nationalized the company renamed Ethiopia plastic industry (EPI) the company was
incorporated into the Ethio Engineering group (formerly METEC) in 2011. The companies
headquarter and its plant facilities are located in Addis Ababa Gerji area. EPI produces a
wide range of plastic materials PPR pipe and fittings, HDPE pipes and fittings, PVC pipes
and fittings, polyethylene products, such as packaging film, shrinking wrap and shopping
bags, irrigation hose products, bus seat, sprinkler and military plastic products. This
industry is developing and constructing plastic and fiber manufacturing factories for both
private and public sector associations all over Ethiopia in favor of young producer.
1.2 Vision, Mission and Objective of EPI
1.2.1 Vision
 To develop Ethiopia's economy in plastic sector.
 To be a leader in product quality and customer service within the plastic sector.
1.2.2 Mission
 Develop, design and produce military, commercial products and services.
  Develop local production capabilities and create industrial network.
 Increase production capacity of strategically important plastic products.
 Substitute imports with locally produced products.
 Develop and design plastic machinery from sister company and transfer to micro
and small enterprises.
1.2.3 Objective
The main aim of the company is to produce and deliver plastic related:
 Construction materials
 Wrapping and packaging materials
 Different house and utensils up to the maximum satisfaction of its customers in
economically viable and financially profitable manner.
1.3 Overall Organizational Management and Work Flow
1.3.1 Organizational Structure
There are different interrelated task managements in Ethiopian plastic industry.
 Formulate and ensures the implementation of quality policy.
 Provides necessary resources to maintain and improve the system.
 Appropriate internal communication process.
 Ensures if customer interests are handled appropriately.
The management system of Ethiopian plastic industry is subdivided by different staff
management as explained below and all are governed by the executive director.
 EPI
Executive
director

Accounting Quality Quality Maintenance

and finance check check supply and
manager and and utility
assurance assurance manager
manager manager

Injection and
blow Composite Profile and
Poly sheet Pipe factory
molding factory ceiling
manager manager
manager manager factory
manager

HDPE PVC and

and PPR Conduit pipe
pipe factory
factory
FIGURE1. 2 ETHIO-ENGINEERING GROUP LOGO
1.3.2 Work Flow
Every employee in Ethiopia plastic industry is responsible for safety of the machineries, products,
their work and operation in conformance with all workers to make appropriate notification
when problems with the system exist. Ethiopia plastic industry has applied methods for
monitoring the production and applicable measurement for the quality management
system. These methods demonstrate the ability of the process to achieve planned results and
create a check and balance between the upper class and the working labor. Correction &
corrective action are taken appropriately when planned results are not achieved to
ensure conformity of the products.
Some measurements of the process may include: -
 Quality of product
 Conscious efforts of waste and cost reduction
 Check effectiveness and efficiency of workers.
 Capabilities
 Yield of production
1.4 Key Stakeholders of EPI
The military government took ownership of 55% of the company, leaving the remaining
45% to the five Italian entrepreneurs but in 1978 the military government nationalized the
whole company.
1.5 Production Process of EPI
1.5.1 Main Products of Ethiopia Plastic Industry
There are different plastic products from different factories in EPI:
 injection and blow molding factory
Products of injection and blow molding machine are military materials like rifle butt,
military bottle, boots and house hold equipment’s with different size plastic containers like
cups, electric monitor coverage and also construction materials like safety hats,
fittings and so on.
 Pipe factory
In this factory different product like PVC pipes and fittings, HDPE pipe and fittings, PPR
pipes, Flexible and rigid conduits.
 Poly and printing factory
This factory produces Poly roll bags and sheet products like packaging films e.g. stretch
film and bag film.
 Composite factory
 Composite tables.
 Compact substations.
 Power factor cabinet.
 Roof panel.
 Door lock.
 Profile and ceiling factory
 Windows, doors and other fitting materials.
 Different PVC doors and windows as well as PVC ceilings.
1.5.2 Major Customers or End Users of EPI
The company supplies its products mainly to the local market and in a small percentage to
external market. The Company produces many products which have different quality parameters
based on the customer needs. Some of the major customers are:
 Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office
 Addis Home Depot.
 Amhara National Regional State Housing Development Office.
 Construction and Construction Materials Production Enterprises.
 Dire Dawa Housing Development Project Office.
 Ethio Agro-Safe.
 Mageron Construction and Trade plc.
 Oromia National Regional Development Housing Development Office.
 Sur Construction plc.
 Southern Peoples Nations and Nationalities Regional Housing Development Office.
 TekleBirhan Ambaye Construction plc.
1.5.3 Major Supplier for EPI
EPI imports different raw material such as HDPE, LDPE, master batch and machine spare
parts, from different supplier some of them:
 Techno Service
 Thai Plastic
 Quantum Chemical
 Wenter
 CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall Internship Experience
2.1 Objectives of the Internship
2.1.1 General Objective
The objective of the internship is to help us qualified, motivated, practiced and
oriented. Internship should provide us with valuable insights into the professional and
industry oriented side of our field of study. It should enable us to put into practice the
skills, techniques and knowledge acquired in our university through lectures that are
important for success in our future endeavor. In addition:
 It will explore students to be a potential employer.
 To develop Work ethics.
 Students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their carrier.
 Put theory into practice.
 Creating the opportunity to develop attitudes conductive to effective Inter
personal relationships.
2.1.2 Specific Objectives
 Students learn how a professional workplace operates.
 Internship students will gain experience and increase marketability.
 Students will expand philosophy and knowledge in the field
 Identify personal strengths and weaknesses
 Develop the initiative and motivation to be a self-starter and work
independently
 To develop smooth interaction with co-workers.
 Provide students with the soft skills needed in work place and in leadership
positions.
 To builds professional networks.
 To develop an understanding of an organization's various management and
technical Skills, the communications techniques and the decision-making
processes.
2.2 How we did got to the Company
Ministry of education of Ethiopia states that technology student should be sent to different
companies to accomplish the internship program. Our university Industrial linkage plays a
mandatory role to make a suitable situation for all technology students to get into different
areas depending on their stream. The industry linkage has contacts with different
companies and organizations that are accepted the internship program and the students also
allowed searching for appropriate internship company which is nearest to their home town
by them to make suitable condition for internship period.
FDRE Chemical and Construction Input Industry is one of the institutes that have contacts
with the industrial linkage. This institute gives ten positions for electrical and additional
positions for mechanical, chemical and hydraulic student .so we apply for it.
After some time based on their criteria UIL selected 7 students from electrical department
and send us to CCII. Then the institute provides different industries that are available for
our area then we choose EPI, when we finish the process we start working.
2.3 Work Tasks that We Observed in EPI
Among from different working sections of the factory we have been working mainly in
control part of three factories such as injection and blow molding factory, pipe factory and
poly sheet factory and in addition to this we were also involved to some extent motor
maintenance section and power house of the factory.
2.3.1 Injection and Blow Molding Factory
2.3.1.1Injection Molding Machine
The most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts from
both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. A wide variety of products are
manufactured using injection molding, which vary greatly in their size, complexity and
application. The injection molding process requires the use of an injection molding
machine, raw plastic material and a mold.

FIGURE2. 1 INJECTION MOLDING MAC HINE

Raw materials of IMM
 PPR: is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications including
packaging and labeling also to produce plastic parts.
 HDPE injection grand: is a high-density poly ethylene, which is used for
production of heavy task films and materials.
 Master batch: is a solid or liquid additive for plastic used for coloring plastics.
Process description of IMM
During the manufacture of plastic products mixed raw materials are loaded into the hopper
in regular intervals, via a pumping device (Auto loader) which is connected to 220V Ac
electric supply. These raw material flows into the barrel with the combined effect of gravity
and the rotation of the reciprocating screw due to hydraulic motor. The barrel is heated by
five electrical heating bands which take 220V Ac each. Contactors control each heater band by
accepting signal
(v) from manually operated thermo regulator which contain temperature sensor (k-
type thermocouple) to measure each heater band temperature. The part of the barrel
closest to the mold contains molten plastic as the heater band wrapped around the barrel
warm up the plastic material then the mold will close due to hydraulic piston and the barrel
nozzle align with the sprue (passage for molten plastic from the barrel to mold cavity), the
screw begins to rotate with the hydraulic motor again, When the screw rotates the plastic
inputs are moved forward and gradually melt by the time they reach the front of the barrel
then it will be pushed into the mold and at the same time it grabs newly entered plastic
input from the hopper toward the barrel.
At the completion of the rotation process, the screw is pushed forward like a syringe
with a hydraulic piston to compress molten plastic inside the mold. By using timer it will
wait some time to cool the product before opening the mold to harden the plastic product.
When the mold is opening, the injection unit and screw is pulled to the non-operating
position by hydraulic cylinder. While the screw is being pulled back, the rotation of the
screw pushes the plastic material forward to compensate the space generated by the
pulling screw. Finally this process repeated again.
FIGURE2. 2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF IMM
Process Flow chart of IMM

FIGURE2. 3 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF IMM

2.3.1.2Blow Molding Machine
Blow molding is a manufacturing process that is used to create hollow plastic parts by
inflating a heated plastic tube until it fills a mold and forms the desired shape. The raw
material in this process is a thermoplastic in the form of small pellets or granules,
which is first melted and formed in to a hollow tube, called the parson. The parson is then
clamped between two mold halves and inflated by pressurized air until it conforms to the
inner shape of the mold cavity. Lastly, after the part has cooled, the mold halves are
separated and the product is ejected.
FIGURE2. 4 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF IMM
Raw materials of BMM
HDPE blow molding: is also a high-density polyethylene which is also used for
production of heavy task film and materials.
HDPE injection grand and Master batch are also used as a raw material in BMM.
Production process of BMM
First as the injection machine the raw material is prepared according to the ratio from the
quality and inspection workshop. Auto loader will suck the raw material to the Hooper then
the Hooper guides the raw material to the heating zones of the blow molding machine.
Depending on the temperature arrangement the temperature sensor (thermocouple) control
each ten heater band temperature by sending signal to thermo regulators which is
connected to solid state relay which control supply voltage of the heater and adjacent
fans to cool the heater band.
Then the raw material will be melted and guide to the vertical arrangement due to
reciprocating screw which is moved by main motor then the plunger will help to plug and
support the shape of the product. PLC maintains thickness of the product by controlling
the screw speed. It also controls the movement of cutter (one way or two ways). Then the
plungers directly guide to the mold then frame of the mold are move toward the parson
due to hydraulic system which is controlled by solenoid valve then the air (which is
controlled by pneumatic system) pumped raw material to get its shape. Finally after
getting its shape it will eject the product.
 FIGURE2. 5 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF BMM
Process Flow chart of BMM

Receiving production Raw material Machine set up parallelFill hopper with R/M

Turn on
heater

Transport Turn on motor granular plastic melted & move screw thread
/shipping

Packing, labeling & Melted plastic

Final product Quality checked Mold open & finished product taken out
Yes

N
o
Arrange for reuse as raw material
Recycled

FIGURE2.6 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF BMM

Products of IMM and BMM
Military materials like military bottle, rifle butt and cups, chair, construction materials like
safety hats, fittings and so on.

FIGURE2. 7 PRODUCTS OF IMM AND BMM

2.3.2 Pipe Factory
Pipe factory is one of the factories that are found in the Ethiopian plastic industry. This
factory produces different size of pipes and PVC plastics. It produces four types of
pipes, using two different sections. In the first pipe sections there are two types of pipe
product HDPE pipes and PPR pipes. In the other pipe section, it mainly produces PVC
pipes and Conduit for different purpose like sanitation and drainage systems and others
for irrigation and water transportation purpose plus to that conduit for wiring purposes.

FIGURE2. 8 PIPE FACTORY

Raw materials for PF
PVC risen- is a very strong temperature resistance compound with a good strength. It
is a thermoplastic polyolefin which is easy to process into pipes & fittings with superior
chemical & physical properties.
PPR and HDPE: also used as a raw material in pipe factory to produce plastic pipes.
Additives are chemical compounds that are added during polymer production, typically
during compounding to impart desired properties without modifying the molecular
architecture of the base material.
Filler (CaCo3)-for increasing strength
TiO2-for solar energy resistance
Steric acid-for physical appearance
Lubricant-for decreasing friction
Pigment-for coloring purpose
SMS stabilizer-for homogenized those chemicals and for temperature
stabilization.
Section 1: In this section there are two types of pipe product PVC pipes and conduit
pipes produced by using different combination of Raw material.
Process description of section 1
Mixing
It is a process of compounding raw materials used in the production of PVC. The mixer
mixes PVC resign powder, PVC stabilizer powder, calcium carbonate powder, Titanium
dioxide powder and carbon black solid. In order to mix the raw material 120 degree
Celsius heat is required and achieved by friction which is created by high wattage ac
motor. After reaching the required temperature, the blends automatically turn off.
Batching
It is an intermediate storage which sac the blend from cooling chamber by the help of a
small induction motor called sac motor then, feed the blend to extruder by the help of feed
motor. Each sac and feed motor speed is controlled by PLC, before the blend reaches the
extruder, temporarily stored in the hopper.
Extruder
The extruder has temperature controlled zoned barrel in which rotate precious screws
which is rotated by main dc motor. The dry blend is metered into the barrel and screws
which then convert the dry blend into the required melt state by heat, pressure and
shear. In the extruder the thermocouples are connected in order to sense the
temperature of the mixture and it would be visible in controlled display center. In the
extruder, fans are used to cool the material when it is above the set value and the contactor
becomes open. When the temperature is below the set value the contactor closed and heat
supplied into the mixture.
Die and Mandrel
Dies are used to molding purpose of raw materials and give a definite shape of pipes. Dies
adjust the external diameter of the pipe, but mandrel issued to adjust the internal diameter of
the pipe. In this part the die uses electrical heater and thermocouple with temperature
controller in order to control the temperature of the Die.
Vacuum Tank
Vacuum tank (pressure calibration system) used to for maintaining the shapes of the pipe
by sacking the air out of the stainless steel tank which have a great role in keeping the
vacuum inside. Vacuum shaping water tank is provided with a mobile device that moving
left and right with regulating manually or automatically by using device controller.
Bath (cooling)
Bath is used to harden the exterior layer of the PVC and hold the pipe diameter during
final cooling in the controlled water-cooling section and it contains water pump which is
used to pump cool water by using small induction motor. It is a part of processing system
that is used to cool the pipe by spraying water. The purpose of cooling is used to protect
them from bending and to gain definite or appropriate shape of the pipe.
Marking
Marking is used to symbolize trademarks on the PVC product by turning of the marking
wheel. It is achieved by contact between the pipe and the upper driving wheel. Therefore,
the marking speed is the same as extrusion speed which is accomplished by synchronize
the two motors. The tape coming from a roll slides between the stamps and the pipe; the
marking wheel is heated by resistance heater allowing hot stamping.
Haul off
A machine used to pull the pipe at constant speed but, the pulling speed is must
synchronize with feed speed. It is basically work with forward reverse controlling methods.
Speed control is very important when this equipment is used because the speed at which
the pipe is pulled will affect the wall thickness of the product. In these machines a series of
chains are used to pull the pipe. Haul off units are easy to set up due to pneumatic
clamping. These are highly appreciated due to synchronization with extruder and feature
of encoder system.
Cutting Machine
It is processing system that is used to cut the pipe automatically with a length setting by
the operator. In front of the cutter machine there is a rotor encoder that is used to measure
the length of the pipe. This pipe length is sense by position sensor that is controlled by
PLC. And also, there are many switches like limit switch, proximity switch to sense the
position of the pipe to control the movement of the cutter by sending message to PLC then
the PLC send signal (v) by sending output signal to activate the forward reverse
movement of the cutter.
Belling
A machine used to make a joint for connecting two or more pipes. It is a processing system
that is used to bell the corner part of the pipe. Due to the maintenance problem the
machine is not working.
FIGURE2. 9 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF PVC MACHINE
Process flow chart of section 1
 Mixing Batching Extruder

Die and
Mandrel

Haul off Marking Bath (cooling) Vacuum tank

Cutting Belling
machine
FIGURE2. 10 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF SECTION 1
Section 2-there is two types of pipe product HDPE pipes and PPR pipes produced by
HDPE and PPR Raw material.
Process description of section 2
First the material is feed to the extruder hopper manually then start the extruder and increase
the speed to get the required thickness and adjust the temperature of extruder barrel to
get proper melting and homogeneity of pipe molten material. Feed the fitted molten material to
the vacuum tank after that Hook the pipe to the lead line and start the haul off then Set the
haul off speed to control the pipe thickness and vacuum. Adjust vacuum of vacuum Tank to
get proper roundness, smoothness of pipe surface and Set the length of pipe to be cut. The
cutter cuts the pipe after sensing the length set automatically next to this the printer is set
on the pipe to print the pipe details on the pipe finally cut pipes are collected and
bundled.
Process flow charts of section 2
Mixing Batching Extruder Die and
Mandrel

Bath (cooling)
Cutting Haul off and Vacuum
Machine Tank
FIGURE2. 11 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF SECTION 2
Products of PF
The factory has the following products:
 PVC pipes
 HDPE pipes
 PPR pipes
 Conduit pipes.

FIGURE2. 12 PRODUCTS OF PIPE FACTORY

2.3.3 Poly and Printing Factory
Poly and printing factory is the main and crucial factory that exists in Ethiopia plastic
industry. It produces different film products like poly sheet and poly amid. Different poly
sheet product is the major domestic export product in PPF.
One of the most common methods of film manufacture in EPI is Blown Film (also referred to
as the Tubular Film) Extrusion. Blown Film Extrusion is an established process which is
used to manufacture a wide range of commodity & specialized plastic films for the
packaging industry.
Raw Material for PPF
Materials Polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) are the most common resins in use, but a wide
variety of other materials can be used as blends with these resins.
Process description of PPF
First the raw material is mixed according to the required ratio and manually loaded to
hopper then the extrusion process will start. The plastic that is entered through the hopper
will melt by ten adjacent heater band then the main motor will move the screw to push the
plastic material forward. Thermocouples sense each heater band temperature and send signal
to contactors to on
and off the heater supply, which is 220V.Plastic melt is extruded through an annular slit die,
usually vertically, to form a thin walled tube. Air is introduced via a hole in the center of the
die to blow up the tube like a balloon by using small compressor; a high-speed air ring uses
single phase motor as a fun to blow onto the hot film to cool it. The tube of film then
continues upwards, continually cooling, until it passes through nip rolls by the help of
collapsing frame where the tube is flattened to create what is known as a ' lay-flat' tube of
film. This lay-flat is then taken back down the extrusion 'tower' via more rollers. The lay-flat
film is then either kept as such or the edges of the lay-flat are slit off to produce two flat
film sheets and wound up onto reels. Regulation of film width and thickness by
controlling the volume of air in the bubble, output of the extruder and the speed of
the haul off.
Process flow chart of PPF
Receiving poly

LDPE R/M & master

Mixing LDPE with

Machine set up

Film blowing

INSPECTION
NO
YES

Rolling of finished

Yes
Packing and labeling the poly sheet/tubular

Recording of voucher

Transporting

FIGURE2. 13 PROCESS FLOW CHART OF PPF

 Products of PPF
Typical products are like:
 Industry packaging’s e.g. shrink film, stretch film, and bag film or container
liners.
 Poly amid.

FIGURE2. 14 PRODUCTS OF PPF

2.4 OVERALL SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPERATIONS
2.4.1 Power distribution of the company
The factory consumes electric energy to run different machines and equipment’s for processing
of different plastic products. EPI receive 15 KV transmission voltages from transmission line
and directly connected to vacuum breaker in the bus bare three distribution transformers with
capacity of 658.16KVA each and one with capacity of 526.528KVA. Each transformer used
to step down the voltage from 15KV to 380V with different current rating. This power
distributed in to the company is three phase. Four transformers provide three phase power
for four factories the remaining profile and celling factory take power from pipe factory.
Electrical motors and other heavy loads in the company are connected to the three phase
wires. In the case of small loads like heater, lamps, coolant and funs are connected
single phase.
 Supply Rated power
N Factory Voltage Output of
o transformer
Injection and blow
1 molding machine 15KV 380V 658.16KVA
Pipe factory
2 Profile and celling 15KV 380V 526.528KVA
factory
Poly and printing
3 factory 15KV 380V 658.16KVA

4 Composite factory 15KV 380V 658.16KVA

TABLE2. 1 THE MAIN POWER CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EPI

2.4.2 Control unit of the plant

It is the main part of the plant because the overall operating system is controlled and
governed by this unit. Every machine in the company can be controlled in two ways. This
are relay system and PLC system. The relay system is a bulky and an absolute because it is
a mesh manual connection of switches. The PLC is smallest sized equipment that was
invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control and works
by looking at its input and depending up on their stating turning ON /OFF its outputs. EPI
uses PLC for most of its machine and relay system for old machinery like injection
molding machine.
 Programmable logic circuit
Programmable logic controller is a special form of microprocessor-based controller
that continuously monitors the states of devices connected as input. It is a specialized
computer used to control machines and processes. It shares common terms with typical
personal computers like central processing unit, memory, software and communications.
Based up on a user written program, stored in memory, it controls the states of devices
connected as output. In EPI some machines use a Siemens PLC which developed in
Germany that uses step 7 micromanager
software. We have seen this PLC controls the temperature, speed of the motor, movement
of mold and overall operation of the machine.
PLC system has five basic functional components these are central processing unit, power supply
unit, input output module, interface module, and Programming Device.
1. Power supply: - PLCs are generally powered from AC mains and power supply
system converts ac voltages to required Dc voltages.it provide a constant voltage
levels to the I/O modules required for internal operation of PLCs (mainly±5V Dc or ±12V
Dc). It is typically non- redundant. Hence a failure of the power supply can cause the
control system to fail.
2.Input/ Output Section: - The input section or input module consists of devices like
sensors, switches and many other real world input sources. The input from the sources is
connected to the PLC through the input connector rails. The output section or output
module can be a motor or a solenoid or a lamp or a heater, whose functioning is controlled
by varying the input signals.
3. Memory: - The memory function of the CPU stores programs and data that the CPU
needs to perform various operations. It stores the results of the logical operations
performed by the microprocessor.
4.Central processing unit: - The processor (CPU) is the “brain” of the PLC. The CPU
controls all PLC activity and is designed to enables the user can enter the desired program
in relay ladder logic and other programming languages. It organizes all control activity by
receiving inputs, performing logical decisions according to the program, and controls
the outputs.
5. Programming Device: - It is the platform where the program or the control logic is
written. It can be a handheld device or a laptop or a computer itself.
FIGURE2. 15 COMPONENTS OF PLC
Working principle of PLC
Basics of a PLC function are continual scanning of a program. The scanning process involves
three basic steps.
Step 1: Testing input status
First the PLC checks each of input with intention to see which one has status on or off. In
other words, it checks whether a switch or a sensor etc., is activated or not. The
information that the processor obtains through this step is store in memory in order to be
used in the following steps. Step 2: Program execution
PLC executes an instruction based on the program and the status of the input has obtained
in the preceding step, and appropriate action is taken. The action might be activation of certain
outputs and the results can be put off and stored in memory to be retrieved later in the
following steps.
Step 3: Checking and Correction of output status
Finally, a PLC checks up output signals and changes are performed based on the input
status that had been read during the first step and based on the result of the program
execution in step two following execution of step three. PLC returns a beginning of the
cycle and continually repeats these steps.
Uses of Programmable Language Controller:
 Capable of handling of very complicated logic operations.
 Low power consumption.
 Smaller, cheaper and more reliable than corresponding relay control system.
 Easy to couple with the process computers simple programming.
2.4.3 Protection and Control Devices
 Push buttons
Push button is a device that provides control of equipment by pressing a button. These
contacts are operated by a button. Two sets of contacts one normally open (NO) and
another normally closed (NC) when the contacts of push buttons are double type. When the
push button pressed by applying a force the NC contact opens and NO contact closes.
The push button stays in hold condition at as long as it is held pressed. When the
pressure on the push button is released a
spring inside the push button brings the contacts back to their position. Push buttons is
used for a motor start operation and so on.
 Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is a protective device capable of making, carrying and breaking currents
under normal circuit conditions. Also capable of making and carrying for a specified time
and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions, such as those of a short
circuit. It also a device designed to open and close a circuit by no automatic means,
and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined over current without damage to
itself when properly applied within its rating.
Operation of circuit breaker: In order to allow power to pass through the breaker, the
operating lever is placed in the ON position. This mechanically closes the contact in the
breaker. When current pass through the device; a magnetic field is developed in the bar.
The intensity of this fields focuses through a large piece of metal at the end of movable
arm. When the current existed as predetermined amount, the magnetic field will pull to the
right, releasing the lever and the trip mechanism, allowing the spring to pull contact
open.
Function of Circuit breaker
Circuit breakers as over current protection: Circuit breakers provide a level of safety
against over current conditions in electrical circuits.
Circuit breakers as switch: Switches (pass but do not consume electrical energy) are
considered as being control devices, thus one may also say that a breaker is a control
device, or a controller. A circuit breaker can control and protect an electrical circuit.
Circuit breakers as a short circuit: circuit breaker must be able to respond to a short
circuit, which can present a large current flow in a short period of time.
 Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnetic coil and a set
of contacts. An electric signal (Voltage) gets sent to the coil creating a magnetic field,
closing the armature, which closes Normally Open (NO) and opens Normally Closed (NC)
Contacts. Relays tend to be of lower capacity and are usually designed for both normally
closed and normally open applications. Relays can be electromechanical or solid state.
Operation principle of a Relay
When a voltage of the correct value is applied across the coil terminals, the resulting
current flow through the coil produces a magnetic field similar to a bar magnet. The
armature is attracted by the magnetic field and so moves a small distance. This movement
operates the contact(s). The pole piece is magnetically soft. When current flow through
the coil ceases, the pole piece loses its magnetism and the armature returns to its re-
energized position. This allows the contact(s) return to the de-energized or normal
state.
 Over load relay
Overload relay is a device that can protect a motor from damage overloads, over currents,
phase failure and phase imbalances. It is used with contactors and can be found in motor
control centers and motor starters. Based on the principle of operation they are classified
into thermal and electronic overload relay. EPI use thermal OLR for protection of
motors, compressors.
Operation of OLR
A thermal overload relay works in the principle of electro-thermal properties in a bimetallic
strip. It is placed in the motor circuit in such a way that the current to the motor flows
through its poles. The bimetallic strip gets heated up by the current directly or indirectly
and when the current flow exceeds the set value, it bends.
They are always working in combination with contactors. When the bimetallic strips heat
up, the trip contact is activated that in turn breaks the power supply to the contactor coil,
de-energizing it and breaking the current flow to the motor. This tripping time is always
inversely proportional to the current flow through the OLR. Hence higher the current flow
faster shall it trips. Therefore, thermal overload relays are referred to as current dependent
and inversely time-delayed relay.
 Electrical Fuses
It is a device that carries a metal element, usually tinned copper, which will melt and break
the circuit when excessive current flows. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip
that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected.
Short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device failure are the prime reasons for
excessive current. It is placed in series with the circuit to be protected, and automatically
breaks the circuit when over loaded appears.
  Contactor
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching an electrical power circuit
and it is typically controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power level than the
switched circuit, for example a 24-Volt coil electromagnet controls a 380 Volt motor
switch. . A contactor does not provide overload protection. Contactors are used to
electrically turn on or off high current, non-motor loads or in motor loads where overload
protection is separately provided. A contactor has three components these are power
contacts, Auxiliary contacts and Contact springs. Working principle of contactor
When a current is passed through the contactor coil, the electromagnet starts to build up
and produce a magnetic field. Hence, the core of the contactor starts to wind up. This
process helps in energizing the moving contact, the moving and fixed contact make a short
circuit. Thus, the current is passed through them to the next circuit. Thus, completing a
circuit (when the load is wired to Normally Open contacts), or breaking a circuit (when the
load is wired Normally Closed contacts).

 VFD
Inverter (VFDs) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive
systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and
voltage. The two main features of variable frequency drive are adjustable speeds and soft
start/stop capabilities. These two features make VFD’s powerful to control the AC
motors. VFD consists of mainly four sections; those are rectifier, intermediate DC link,
inverter and controlling circuit.
A. Rectifier: - It is the first stage of variable frequency drive. It converts AC power
fed from mains to DC power. This section can be unidirectional or bidirectional
based on their application. It utilizes diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR),
transistors and other electronic switching devices. Converted DC power is uncontrolled
output while using SCR, DC output power is varied by gate control. A minimum of
six diodes (to open & close the phase) are required for the three phase conversions.
Thus, we get six current “pulses” as each diode opens and closes. This is called a “six-
pulse VFD”, which is the standard configuration for current Variable Frequency
Drives.
B. Intermediate DC link: - DC power from the rectifier section is fed to DC link. This
section consists of capacitors and inductors to smooth against ripples and store the DC
power. The main function of DC link is to receive, store and deliver DC power in
variable frequency drive (VFD).
C. Invertor: -This section contains electronic switches like transistors, thyristors, etc. It receives
DC power from DC link and converts into AC power. It uses modulation techniques
like pulse width modulation to vary output frequency for controlling the speed of
induction motor.
D. Control circuit: - It consists of microprocessor unit and performs various functions like
controlling, configuring drive settings, fault conditions and interfacing communication
protocols. It receives feedback signal from motor as current speed reference and accordingly
regulates the ratio of voltage to frequency to control motor speed.
Benefits of AC drive
 High power factor
 Reduced noise and vibration level.
 Large energy savings at lower speed.
 Lower KVA
 Reduction of thermal and mechanical stresses.
 Rectifier
It is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including
semiconductor diodes, silicon controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor
switches. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC
power supplies.
 Temperature Regulator
It is an instrument used to control temperatures, mainly without extensive operator involvement.
It accepts a temperature sensor such as a thermocouple as input and compares the actual
temperature to the desired temperature or set point. It will then provide an output to a
control element for instance contactor, solid state relay.
FIGURE2. 16THERMO REGULATOR
Electrical timer
Timers mostly used in the industries for making the control logics for the process control
and various controlling purpose which needs a time gap. It also plays an important role in
the saving of the energy. Timers also used in the household appliances like Air-conditioner
or washing machines and microwave ovens etc.
Working principle
When we give the supply to the coil of the timers it energizes the coil. The timers
have three basic contacts that is- NO (normally open), NC (normally closed) and
sometimes common. The coil voltage given on the two terminal of the timer is ‘2’ and ‘7’.
These contacts have changed their states after the time has reached to their preset time.
Once the timer coil energizes it starts counting time from 0 to the preset time or preset
time to 0 according to the on delay timer and off delay timer. When accumulated time and
the preset time are equal timer interchange their contacts. The contacts like NC which
closed the circuit in the starting and NO which break the circuit in the starting when time of
the timer has completed they change their status from NC to NO and NO changes to the
NC.
Types of timer
There are two types of the timers are available:
 1. ON Delay Timer
2. OFF Delay Timer
ON-Delay Timers: - are used to switch ON the appliances or equipment’s after certain
delay of the time. When the coil of the timer energizes the timer starts counting from 0 to
the preset time. OFF Delay Timers: - are used to switch off the appliances or devices after
the certain interval of the time. When coil of the timer energizes it start counting the time
from preset to 0.When the preset time and accumulated time is equal. The contacts of the
timer have changed their status.
 Transistor
A transistor is a three-terminal device, where the voltage or current applied to one terminal
controls the current flow between the other two terminals. In EPI Transistor switches can
be used to switch a low voltage DC device (e.g. LED’s) ON or OFF by using a transistor in
its saturated or cut-off state.
 Sensors
A sensor is an electronic device that can transform energy from one form to another form.
So, it is also called a transducer. The main function of the sensor is to identify and
communicate with physical quantities such as temperature, heat, pressure, distance, moisture,
gas, and so on and it provides output in the form of electrical signal to connected control
systems.
List of electrical sensor that has been used in EPI:-
a. Temperature sensor
Temperature sensor uses to detect the temperature and heat energy and convert it into an
electrical signal (in form of voltage or current). In our hosting company k-type
thermocouple is mostly used to sense the heater temperature.
Thermocouple
Thermocouple sensor measures the thermals, which are composed of the two different
metal alloy wires joint at the end connected to a thermocouple thermometer or other
thermocouple capable device at the other end. By combining the two different metals will
generates the strong voltage which is the same capacity as a temperature. In general, the
thermocouple gives the vast measurement ranges and they are worked by using the See
beck effect. The Seebeck effect invested for changing the temperature in the electrical circuit.
The sensor reads the temperature by taking the measurement of voltage output.
b. Pressure sensor
A pressure sensor detects the pressure of air, gas, water and provides electrical signal to
the controller to control the level of pressure. Pressure sensors are used in many
systems like pneumatic, hydraulic, vacuum systems, etc.
Gauge pressure sensor
It is the measurement of pressure relative to the current atmospheric or barometric
pressure. A gauge pressure sensor has the back of the sensing element open (or ‘vented’)
to provide a reference to atmospheric pressure.
c. Proximity sensor
Proximity sensor can easily detect nearby objects without any physical touch even if the
object is not actually touching the sensor. Proximity switches open or close an electrical
circuit when they make contact with or come within a certain distance of an object.
Proximity switches are most commonly used in manufacturing equipment, robotics, and
security systems.
Inductive Proximity Sensor
This sensor enables non-contact detection of metallic objects in machinery or automation
equipment. It uses a coil to generate a high frequency oscillating magnetic field to detect
metallic objects. When a metal target enters the sensing field, eddy currents are induced in
the target, which reduces the signal amplitude and triggers a change of state in the sensor
output. EPI uses this sensor to detect the position of movable mold in BMM.
d. Limit switch
A limit switch detects the physical movement of an object by direct contact with that
object.
e. Position sensor
A position sensor is a device used for measuring the distance traveled by a body starting
from its reference position.
Rotary encoder
Rotary Encoders convert rotational motion to an electrical signal that can be read by some
type of control device in a motion control system, such as a counter or PLC. The
encoder sends a feedback signal that can be used to determine position, count, speed, or
direction. A control device can use this information to send a command for a
particular function.
2.4.4 Maintenance Section
2.4.4.1Induction motor
It is a common form of asynchronous motor that turns the class of input electrical form to
an output mechanical form. Basically the simplest and most rugged electric motor and
consists of two basic electrical assemblies: the wound stator and the rotor assembly. The
induction motor derives its name from currents flowing in the secondary member (rotor)
that are induced by alternating currents flowing in the primary member (stator). The
combined electromagnetic effects of the stator and rotor currents produce the force to
create rotation.
Operation of induction motor
It works on the principle of Lorentz force equation i.e. whenever a current-carrying
conductor is placed in the magnetic field it exhibits some force in it. The working of a
normal AC machine with the rotating armature and stationary field winding when
alternating current supply is fed to the coil of the rotor, it experiences some force due to
the law of the Lorentz force equation. Due to this force, torque will be developed in the
clockwise direction that enables the rotor to rotate. The speed at which the magnetic field
rotates is the synchronous speed of the motor and is determined by the number of poles in
the stator and the frequency of the power supply: ns = 120f/p, where ns = synchronous
speed, f = frequency and p = the number of poles.
2.4.4.2Three Phase Induction Motor Rewinding
During rewinding so many steps are worked out. Those steps are listed below.
 Step1: take the required data from the damaged motors Such as;
 Read name plating data
 Count pole pitch
 Count the number of connection
 Count the number of slot
 Count coil group
 Count the number of phase displacement
 Count the number of turn or coil
  Count the number of parallel wire
 Step2: cutting and removing of the coil inside the damaged motor;
  Step3: placed insulation paper on the cleaned motor slot;
 Step4: placed the coil inside the slot;
 Step5: placed the white insulation in slot;
 Step6: making connection of motor;
 Step7: checking the short circuit, open circuit, ground test, and input-output of the
phase;
 Step8: supporting by insulation to preventing from contacting;
 Step9: varnishing or printing;
 Step 10: finally inserting rotor and making connection (star or delta)
The three phase motor should be given tests for the following defects after rewinding:
grounds, opens, shorts, and reverses.
i. Grounds: - To locate the ground, connect both test leads to the frame of the motor.
If the lamp lights, a winding is grounded. To ensure a thorough test, move the test
lead to each lead of a motor.
ii. Open circuits: - Causes due to a break in a coil or a loose connection at the splices
or jumpers. To locate the opens, connect one test lead to the starting of the motor
lead and one test lead to the ends of that motor lead. If the lamp isn’t lights, a
winding is opened. To ensure thorough test, move the test lead to each lead of
a motor.
iii. Shorts: - A short is a path of very low resistance caused by two wires making
electrical contact. Shorts can occur when the coil wire is scratched during insertion
or care less handling. To locate the ground, connect one test lead to the starting or
ending of one lead of the motor and one test lead to the starting or ending of the
other leads of the motor. If the lamp lights, a winding is shorts. To ensure a
thorough test, move the test lead to each lead of a motor.
2.4.5 Other Electrical Devices
 Transformer
Transformer is an electrical device which is used to step up or down the voltage from the
line voltage to the control circuit voltage. In EPI step down transformers are used for
supplying the cutter machine with high current and decrease the higher KV from the
Ethiopian electric utility to 380v. The normal control power transformer is an iron core
transformer. At the center of
transformer is a laminated core. The primary winding is wrapped around the center of bar
of the core and they are overlaid with the secondary windings. The windings are then
covered with an insulating material.
Operation Principles of Transformer
When the alternating current is applied to the primary coil of the transformer,
magnetic lines of force are produced through the laminated core and in the air
immediately around the transformer. At this line of force expand and contract they cut
through the secondary winding, inducing current in the secondary. The difference between
the primary and secondary voltage is determined by turn’s ratio; i.e. the ratio of the
primary and secondary winding.
 Solenoid valve
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an
electric current through a solenoid which forces the plunger to move. There is different
type of valve like a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-
port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves
can be placed together on a manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control
elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids.
Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature
actuators and rocker actuators are also used.
 Industrial heater
Industrial electric heaters work by converting electrical energy into heat. The heat is
then transferred to the process through various forms of heat transfer like Convective,
conductive and radiant.
 Compressor
A compressor takes atmospheric air or oil, compresses it and delivers at the desired
pressure. Driven by a prime mover (electric motor or diesel engine) it delivers high-
pressure air or oil to storage tanks or receiver.
 Industrial water coolant
This machine uses cooled water as a heat conduction to remove heat from an object, machine,
or other substance by passing cold water over or through it.
2.5 Major Duties of the Intern
Internship provides the opportunities to build a relationship with the company and
communicate with other people in the field worker and gain valuable raw experience. It
gives us the knowledge and experience we need to be confident in our career activities.
We understand that our duties include the following tasks.
 To be involved into the company at the set time.
 Obey the rules of the company: Work the given tasks in the company with the
guidance of the company supervisor.
 Write and submit weekly, monthly and final reports.
2.6 Challenges Faced and Measures
2.6.1 Challenges we faced
We faced a lot of challenges through the course of our internship duration in the
company. Let’s raise some of those challenges that we were able to observe:
 Power loss during production process makes it difficult for us to see detail
practical illustration of different machineries.
 Lacks of modernized machineries on some factories prevent us from knowing
modern technologies.
 Generation of high temperature in the factory due to lack of well ventilated
environment.
 There is no enough manual to guide.
 Nameplates are written in Italy language.
 Some machines operated manually and take a lot of labor.
 There was a difficulty in team work because of COVID-19
2.6.2 Measures Taken to Solve the Challenges
Our role on solving the problem started from the selection or identification of the problem,
which is related to our stream or department and recommend it to the company, university
as we did it throughout our weekly reports and project thesis. Depending on the issues that
concern our department we have tried our best to give theoretical hints on investigating
the above problems.
 We recommend it to the supervisor that the company should have a stand by
generator.
 We advise to get necessary machinery standard on some factories.
 We tell the officials to install roof top ventilators for the health of the workers
and creating a good working environment.
 We refer some of the machine from website but it does not satisfy our interest.
 We design an automated system for single layer blown film extrusion machine.
 We take protective measures to prevent COVID-19 during team work.
 CHAPTER THREE
3. Benefits Gained from the Internship

3.1 Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Skills

3.1.1 The Theoretical Knowledge
Due to the covid-19 situation most machinery in each factory is out of work for a time
being. So, we spent most of our time by asking a question to gain theoretical
knowledge rather than practical one. Beside the contribution of the internship program is
not only for practical but it also upgrades our theoretical knowledge and increases the
ability to apply systematic design procedure to open ended problem and how to
analyses something technically.
In this factory we observe different problems and we asked detail information about to
identify whether it is solvable or not with company’s management. As we search what
situations are in the factory before we were attended there and we compared it with
present condition, there is little bit difference from the previous but that does not keep us
stop doing something. We tried to be familiar with some machines and different
components of machines that we know theoretically. Therefore, these industrial training
can improve our theoretical knowledge which we were taken by different courses. This
practical skill makes us ready to realize, understand and gain theoretical knowledge.
Additionally, we see:
 The process of a plant and its outcome.
 Familiarize more with different sensors that we learned in instrumentation.
 Design the power and control circuit of different system like motor
starting operation.
 The operation of different electric devices like transformer, contactor, motor
and compressor.
 The power distribution of the company.
 Maintenance of induction motor
 Changing different machine parts
3.1.2 Improving Practical Skills
We were got different practical skills from our internship program such as motor
starting mechanism, winding of small induction motor, analyze the wiring diagram to determine
causes of
failure and troubleshooting of circuits practically by the help of workers through
different working sections.
These activities improved our practical skill and became familiar with electrical equipment’s
that we had not seen in our theoretical learning experience. In working procedures, proper
use of materials and identifying the right material for the right purpose. Especially the work
that, we did with in the maintenance working section and trial for motor starting drawing
and connection in motor winding section like Star Delta. This task seems easy but we have
high significant gain in improving skill.
 Exchanging information with others and discussed with our friends.
 We create smooth relationships with electricians.
 We use our time perfectly.
 We take enough time to understand and ask question without hesitation.

FIGURE3. 1 STAR DELTA STARTER

3.2 Team
Playing Skills
It is one of the most requirements for the working of the good company, regardless of
its processing, services, work level, sex and heredity. So, we have learned from EPI a lot
how to improve interactions with our team members. During this three months we have
developed a good playing skill with operators, mentor, electrician, managers and with
other intern students. When activities are done in group the respectability and accuracy
found to be always better than those done individually. Therefore, we really understood team
work is important to strengthen the effort to accomplish the task. Ideas that are raised in
team work help us to see one thing in
different angles and to be a multi directional thinker for elaborating our knowledge
regarding the given issue. In EPI different workers at different team, such as management
team, project team, sales team and so on. Each team has a common mission, vision, goal
beside different work style and behavior. Team playing skills are very important for their
good well-being. It also maximizes general skill such as; good communication, fast decision
making, self-confidence and problem solving skills.

3.3 Interpersonal Skills

Interpersonal communication skill is the best way of learning, exchanging ideas, gathering
information and skills. Furthermore, we can establish mutual respect with all the staff
members peacefully and consideration of each other’s opinions and inputs. In the
company, we tried to develop our interpersonal communication skill by different methods
such as speaking, writing and listening and also, it has the following advantages:

 To improve relationship with others.

 To know the work environment in the company.
 To understand worker’s attitude.
 Increasing productivity of the work we do.
 To become easier to work with teammate
 To create weak links with different persons
 To share life experience

3.4 Leadership Skills

We have seen the great leadership in EPI. In daily activities supervisor always control
and manage all of the workers Such as: operators, Mechanics, Electricians, Power house
controller. The leaders in this company motivate other workers for the productivity and
work satisfaction. From this we have to develop a deep understanding of what is
valuable to us, a leader’s experience and ethics. The most top managerial position in the
factory is managing director but, in this company, there is a practice which transfers
recommendation from top organization structure to bottom and also vice versa. In our
internship activity we have get leadership skill. Such as:
  How to initiate the workers.
 How to employ professional worker.
 How to give service for person.
 How to create the suitable environment for worker to increase production quality
with related profit.
 How to communicate with worker on working issue.
3.5 Work ethics
Any people should have ethics not only in the work place but also in the social life
because it indicates good personality. Work ethics is asset of values on hard work and
diligence it also believes in normal benefit of work and its ability to enhance. Generally,
work ethical employee is a key to productivity. We learn as employee we should have to be
disciplined and ethical in our working environment. Generally, work ethics have broad
definition. Including:
 Punctual (on time).
 Accountable and responsible
 Respecting another worker
 Keep the property of the company
 Finding the development of company
Many employers indicated that a strong work ethics ranks at the top of the least along
with proficiency in chosen professions. Instruction to develop during work ethics arrive the
work position on time, put a positive spin on negative comments, developing a strong work
ethics, honor your commitments, strip to do the job right the first time, respect what others
contribute to the work environment, got to extra time whenever necessary to ensure that
your verbal and written interaction switch others are productive. We understand work
ethics is necessary to get any information about anything and to increase productivity.
When we were in EPI we learn good work ethics to fulfill the given task.

3.6 Entrepreneurship Skill

Entrepreneur is people, who sees a good opportunity for a new business and works hard to
make it grow; entrepreneur is very important for the growth off economy. He/she is the
person who
perceives the market opportunity and then has the motivation drive and ability to mobilize
resources to merit.
Entrepreneurship makes entrepreneur:
 Self-confident
 Creativity
 Leadership ability
 Willing to take risks

As electrical engineering student we have to develop those characteristics to have a bright

future. During the internship period we develop the ability to turn ideas into action.it
includes creativity, innovation and risk taking, as well as the ability to plan and manage
projects in order to achieve objectives and also, we communicate, learn, get passions
and energy effectively.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. Project and Contribution

Design and Simulation of Weight Detector and Automatic Cutter for

Single Layer Blown Film Extrusion Machine
4.1 Abstract
Industries need to use the effective and automated machines to increase the production
rate, to satisfy the customer and to produce quality products. The purpose of this project is
to design and simulate the Blown film extrusion machine production process by detecting
the weight of poly sheet automatically. Measuring the weight manually needs large human
labour and it is difficult to get the weight of poly sheet the customer ordered and also
cutting the poly sheet manually is not safe and it may damage the sheet and the
worker.
For the completion of this project we follow steps to carry out different tasks, we observe
the production process of the machine directly and we use load cells to detect the weight
of the sheet and also, we use pneumatic systems to move the roller carrying the full
product, the new arriving roller and the cutter. Additionally, we use sensors to detect and
control the position of rollers and Cutter.

The project starts working when the load cell detects the set weight. Then by cutting the
sheet it moves the full product out of the production line and replaces the new roller in
the line, eventually the process reset and ready for the next production process.
Key words
Load cell, pneumatic system, cutter, poly sheet
4.2 Introduction
Poly sheet factory is one of the factories that are exists in Ethiopia plastic industry and it
contains different machine that can produce different sheet (single or double) products and
operate different operation like cutting, rolling, sizing etc. from those machines the Blown
film extrusion machine production process operates manually by large human resources
with a long time and the products quality decrease due to the manual operation. We design
a system which can
automate the weight measuring, the cutting, the moving of full product and the replacement of
the new roller.
4.3 Problem of Statement
We observe when the single layer blown film extrusion machine is working then we figured
that there is a problem which can be solved so we ask the operators and electricians to get
more information for instance how they operate the machine and difficulty of operating this
machine. The operators do not have ways to know the exact weight of the product, they
just guess so this cost the company because it needs more labor. When the operators assume
the required weight is reached then he needs at least three additional labors to assist him.
Two labors to lift the product and the other two labors to cut the product and replace new
roller. Those actions must be done at the same time because the machine is running
any delay leads a product loss.
We design a system to overcome this problem. Our system allows the operator to set the
required amount of weight. When the weight of the product is reached to the set
amount the system automatically cuts the product, moves the fully loaded roller and
replaces the new roller.
4.4 General Objective
The main aim of this project is to design and simulate a weight detector and automated
cutter for a blown film extrusion machine to control the variable mass of the product in
order to meet the customer demand and increase the quality of product.
4.4.1 Specific objective
 To design and simulate automated electro-pneumatic system
 To show the simulation and how to implement
4.5 Methodology
To complete this project we followed a certain steps to carry out different task like
problem identification. We use direct observation when the machine operates and
interviewing the operators and workers. We also gather information by searching
on website.
Methods help us to design this project are problem identification, data collection, analyzing
the system and simulate the result.
Based on those parameters the system model is designed and simulated by a simulator
called Festo fluidsim.
4.6 Project Significance
 To minimize product loss
 To satisfy the customer
 To reduce labor cost
 Suitable product weight for transportation
 To create safe working environment for workers
4.7 Component Description
Load Cell Controller: - A load cell controller is a device used in conjunction with a load
cell to convert the electrical signals from the load cell to readable real-world values. It
enables the workers to set the required amount of weight and when the weight reach to
the sated amount it close the system.
Load cell: - Load cell is a sensor or a transducer that converts a load or force acting on it
into an electronic signal. Resistive load cells work on the principle of piezo-resistivity.
When a load/force/stress is applied to the sensor, it changes its resistance.
Limit switch (LS): - A limit switch detects the physical movement of an object by direct
contact with that object. In this system we use five double throw limit switches,
 LS1: - connect to NC State and put it in cutters end position.
 LS2 and LS3: - put in the temporary placement of the full load roller to cause
changes when the roller presses it.
 LS4: - put under the full load roller lifter and connect to the NO state.
 LS5: - put on the full load roller lifter cylinder rod; initially connect in NC state
to cause changes when new roller presses it.
Inductive Proximity Sensor: - This sensor enables non-contact detection of metallic objects in
machinery or automation equipment. It uses a coil to generate a high frequency oscillating
magnetic field to detect metallic objects. When a metal target enters the sensing field,
eddy currents are induced in the target, which reduces the signal amplitude and triggers a
change of state in the sensor output.
Pneumatic valves: - Valves are defined as devices to control or regulate the
commencement, termination and direction and also the pressure or rate of a fluid
under pressure, which is delivered by a compressor or vacuum pump or is stored in a
vessel.
Valves of one sort or another perform two main functions in a pneumatic installation.
 They control the supply of air to power units.
 They provide signal which govern the sequence of operation

Pneumatic cylinder: - is mechanical device which use the power of compressed gas to produce
a force reciprocating liner motion. There are two types of linear acting cylinders,
1. Double acting cylinder
2. Single acting cylinder
Single acting cylinder has a single port (air inlet) to extend the piston; an internal spring is
used to retract the piston on the other hand Double acting cylinder has separate ports to
extend and retract the piston. For this project we use double acting cylinder except for
cutter.

Contactor: - is an electrically controlled switch used for switching an electrical power

circuit and it is typically controlled by a circuit which has a much lower power level than
the switched circuit. We use seven contactors which operate by 24 dc volt.

Pneumatic roller cutter: - pneumatic cutter ensures exact cutting speed each time to
get the consistent cutting result without any break.

Sucker: -works by having less air pressure on one side of the cup than the other side
of the suction cup, when pressure is put onto the suction cup force air out of the area
creating the vacuum. The vacuum created enables to move and lift any product. We use
sucker to protect the winder during cutting operation.
Timer: used in the industries for making the control logics for the process control and
various controlling purpose which needs a time gap. It also plays an important role in the
saving of the energy. Timers also used in the household appliances like Air-conditioner or
washing machines and microwave ovens etc.
4.8 Design and Analysis
Load analysis
Before selecting pneumatic cylinder, it is better to know the true load characteristics by
doing some mathematical analysis. So first we must find actual mass of a cylinder.
Assumption
Length (L) = 1000mm=1m
Cylinder Diameter (D) = 50mm =0.05m
Shaft diameter (r2) = 15mm= 0.015m
Wall thickness (r1) =cylinder diameter-shaft diameter
=0.05m-0.015m
=0.035m
To find volume of hollow cylinder subtract the inner hollow round tube volume from the round
bar volume.
Round bar volume=pi x r12 x L1
= 3.14 x 0.035m2 x 1m
= 0.00385m3
Inner hollow round tube volume=pi x r2 2 x L1
=3.14 x 0.015m2 x 1m
=0.00071m3
Actual volume of hollow cylinder= 0.00385m3 - 0.00071m3
=0.00314m3
M=p x v
=2,710kg/m3 x 0.00314m3 (density of aluminum is 2,710kg/m3)
=8.51kg
Mass of hollow cylinder is 8.51kg
Inside hollow cylinder there is a shaft (solid cylinder) which is also made up of
aluminum Volume of shaft = pi x r12 x L2 (L2= 1300mm=1.3m)
= 3.14 x 0.015m2 x 1.3m

= 0.00092m3
Mass of shaft = 2,710kg/m3 x 0.00092m3 (density of aluminum is 2,710kg/m3)
= 2.5 kg
  Total mass of cylinder =8.51kg + 2.5kg
=11.01 kg Load Force = 11.01 kg x 9.8m/s2
= 107.89 N
 Total mass of precision air cutter with shield =10kg
(assumption) Force = 10kg x 9.8m/s2
= 98N
 Maximum mass of the load

First consider Products per cylinder is 60 kg,

then Maximum mass= 60kg + 11.01kg =

71.01kg

Force= 71.01kg x 9.8m/s2

= 695.89N
Unless you are lifting a load vertically, it can be somewhat difficult to determine the true
load because of external friction. Even if a load is lifted vertically, if it is guided in any way,
there will be additional friction. Calculating the force loss due to sliding friction must
include friction factor:

Ff = Fp × fc

If the sliding surface is level, the perpendicular force is the object’s weight. If the sliding
surface is inclined, the perpendicular force is the product of the cosine of the incline
angle and the object’s weight.

Where Ff = friction force, Fp = force perpendicular to the sliding surface, and fc = the
coefficient of friction.

FIGURE4. 1 ANGULAR MOVEMENT OF PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

  Neglect internal friction

For a cylinder to move the load, it must produce 2X force compared to the load force and
some additional force to decrease friction effect. But in this case two cylinders are used to
move the load.
 Take the angle Θ=600 and coefficient of sliding friction as 0.15
Cylinder 1 perform extend and retract strokes to move the air cutter up and down
The required synchronized double acting cylinder 1 force = 98N + Ff (Ff=16.18N)
= 114.18N,
Cylinder bore size (mm) =12 , piston area (mm2) =113

FIGURE4. 2 FACE AREA OF PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

Cylinder 1 perform extend and retract strokes to move the air cutter up and down
 Double acting Cylinder 2 force is negligible
The required air cylinder 3 & 6 force= 107.89N + Ff (Ff=8.091N)
= 115.98N
Cylinder bore size (mm) =12 , piston area (mm2) =113
 Rod less cylinder 4 force is negligible due to roller mass
The required double acting cylinder 5 force= 695.89N + Ff (Ff=52.191N)
 = 748.08N
Cylinder bore size (mm) =32 , piston area (mm2) =804
Then we will select the appropriate pneumatic cylinder based on the result from the
standard table.

FIGURE4. 3 BLOWN FILM EXTRUSION MACHINE

4.9 Result and Discussion
The system goes a certain step to complete its task.
Step 1: - when the weight of the product is equal to the required amount, the load
controller changes its state from No to Nc and initiates the system. Then the cylinder that
holds cutter and sucker moves down.
Step 2: - as the cutter and sucker moves down the inductive proximity sensor senses it and
change its state to NC. Then the sucker moves up the poly sheet, the new roller holder
cylinder moves down and simultaneously on delay timer energized. After a sated time, the
cutter cutes the poly sheet and at the end position it presses limit switch (LS1) to change
its state to NO. This cause the cutter and sucker holder cylinder to moves up. At the same
time the poly sheet starts rolling on the new roller in temporary place.
Step 3: - after the cutter cuts the product the full load roller lift start moves forward to put
the product in a temporary product placement position. When the full load put in its
temporary position it presses limit switches LS1 and LS2 to change their state from NC to
NO, this causes the cylinder moves backward.
Step 4: - as the full load roller holder cylinder moves back it press limit switch (LS4),
then the new roller replacer cylinder moves the new roller to the rolling place until it
becomes full.
Step 5: - when the new roller place in the rolling place it presses limit switch (LS5)
then LS5 change its state from NC to No, this cause the hole system cycle completes.
Step 6: - workers takes the product and put new rollers for the next cycle.

FIGURE4. 4 SIMULATIONS, POWER AND CONTROL CIRCUIT OF THE SYSTEM

When we run the simulation the load cell senses product weight then it activate the system
then by cutting the sheet it moves the full product out of the production line and replaces
the new roller in the line, eventually the process reset and ready for the next
production process.

4.10 Conclusion and recommendation

As labor force is too expensive and manual work is full of error, to overcome this problem
we design weight detector and autonomic cutter for Blown film extrusion machine.
We recommend that, EPI shall implement this project to automate the blown film extrusion
film machine for the better cost and labor management.
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Concl
usion
Every electrical Engineering students working in such like factories can get good
experience and tangible information that learned theoretically in the class and can do
practically in the factory. This internship program played a great role to break the
convection thought that the student and other skilled labors. We developed our skills
during this practice and confidence to deal with problem arises in the factory, community
and other technological world. The internship program is essential for any electrical
engineer in order to develop Practical problem solving skill, communication skill, team
playing skill, Work ethics and also to become entrepreneur.

During these past three months, we had been able to see different practical aspects,
methodologies. We can generalize that this program prepares the student for the real
working environment and it is phenomenal in producing fit and competent engineer. Other
thing we need to site is the factory's management style, which is really appreciable and
very nice of damage prevention in EPI.
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Recommendation for EPI
During internship period in the company we have observed some encouraging things and
also defects that hold back our hosting company. In this part of our report we will try to
suggest some ideas for our internship hosting company.
 We recommend that the factory should install stand by generator to precede the
work when there is a sudden power cut.

 The project that has been done by the intern students should be seen and put in to
action by the companies.
 The company shall available materials and facilities for the intern students.
 As the machines become malfunctioned there should be enough maintenance for
the machines.
  We strongly recommend that for each machine auto loader should install to suck raw
material directly to the hopper because it requires a high number of labor force to
load the raw material manually.
 Seeing the current actual situation of Ethiopian plastic industries, most of the
industries raw material imports from foreign countries with high cost and long
shipment procedure. So the company must try to import raw material from
internal resources.
 We recommend that by using accurate temperature control
 Improve productivity.
 Reduce internal stresses in mound part.
 Ensure reproducible part properties.
 Meet international safety and environmental standards
5.2.2 Recommendation for the University Industry Linkage
The university industry linkage should work with the industries closely to Prepare problem
solving projects in the industries. Discussing ways for the internship students are to be
treated concerning the benefits the industries can obtain from the students and the UIL
shall train intern students before sending to the company and also better to have a pre
work training program.
Generally, the benefit of this internship program for producing efficient engineers is
unquestionable if properly held. So the universities should work on creating the awareness
of the industries and other concerned people using possible means of communications
including Advertising in media.
5.2.3 Recommendation for the BiT
 For the most suitability and acceptability of students, it is better to communicate
and sign agreement between two organizations, the university and the company.
 The university and hosting company should work hand to hand in every aspect not
only in internship programs.
 The university must work together with the company on problem solving
situations because they can arrive to determinant solutions.
 PLC (programmable logic controller) shall be taken as a course.
Reference
Dr. Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian, “Plastics Waste Management: Processing and
Disposal”, Published by Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd, United Kingdom, First Published,
2016.

John Sutton and Nebil Kellow, “AN ENTERPRISE MAP OF ETHIOPIA”, Published by the
International Growth Centre, United Kingdom, first published, 2010.

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.encoder.com/article/rotary encoder.htm