Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STERAM OF POWER
Final Thesis
Groupe memebers
No Name ID sigenature
1. yibeltal alamir............. cesr/0775/09……….
2. mikiyas ……… ……....
3. sebesib lera ……….. ………
4. tarekegn ………. ……….
5. tadiyos ………. ……….
This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a bachelor degree at this
University.
Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other
qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated.
Where we have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed.
Where we have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the
exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely our own work. We have acknowledged
all main sources of help.
This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
Mr.Ahunim A.
We would like to acknowledge our deep gratitude to Mr. Ahunim Abebe, our project advisor, for
his patient guidance, sparing valuable time in giving information and suggestions all through, for
successful completion of the project the stage it is by now.
For our document and progress of the thesis to arrive at it‟s currently stage, many individuals
give us their forwarding contribution since the beginning. We express our deep sense of gratitude
and sincere thanks to Faculty of electrical engineering for giving such an opportunity and for its
contribution in giving project room.
Last but not least, we want to thank our friends Senait. A, Wondimu.M, Yenesew and Zeleke.M
who treasured us for our hard work and encouraged us and finally to God who made all the
things possible for us till now.
Declaration of Authorship..................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................................iv
List of figure....................................................................................................................................vii
List of Table....................................................................................................................................viii
List of Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ix
Abstract..............................................................................................................................................x
Chapter One.......................................................................................................................................1
Introduction........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background.............................................................................................................................1
1.3. Objectives...............................................................................................................................3
Chapter Two.......................................................................................................................................6
2. Review of Literatures....................................................................................................................6
Chapter Three.....................................................................................................................................9
Chapter Four.....................................................................................................................................28
Chapter Five.....................................................................................................................................34
5.1. Conclusion............................................................................................................................34
References........................................................................................................................................36
Appendix A......................................................................................................................................37
Appendix B......................................................................................................................................38
Appendix C......................................................................................................................................39
List of figure
List of Table
Table 1: Material cost of automatic over voltage protection for home appliance ................. ..37
Table 2: Specifications for DC Relay .......................................................................................... 38
Table 3: Basic Transistor Region of Operation ........................................................................... 39
AC Alternating Current
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
DC Direct Current
DVD Drive Video Disk
DPST Duple Pole Single Throw
EMF Electromagnetic Force
ETB Ethiopian Birr
IC Integrated Circuit
LED Light Emitting Diode
OV Overvoltage
POT potentiometer
RMS Root Mean Square
SPST Single Pole Single Throw
TV Television
VCC Common Collector Voltage
VCE Common Emitter Voltage
The results of simulation obtained indicate that the system presented has the potential to control
over voltage or avoiding equipment damage for every home appliance automatically when the
AC mains above 240 the system automatically break the circuit and bellow that the normal
condition running.
Introduction
1.1. Background
In most cases mains supply of electrical power may vary over voltage condition. These over
voltage or surge voltage may cause permanent damage of electrical equipments in every home.
So automatic over voltage protection of home appliance is so important to prevent the electrical
equipment from damage. In this project we are using simple electronic devices. The outputs of
the designed circuit directly connected to the load or the appliance together with relay. When
over voltage comes the relay disconnects the load from over voltage. In this case the load or the
electrical appliance is protected from over voltage.
Electronic and electrical appliances used in most homes in the country are designed to operate at
a nominal 230 V AC, which ought to be acceptable within certain tolerable upper limits.
Excessive fluctuations beyond these limits may cause the appliance to malfunction or get
irreparably damaged. Most protective devices are imported as well as expensive. The circuit
presented is a relatively cheap automatic voltage protector for home appliance that senses
undesirable and harmful fluctuations in mains voltages and disconnects the appliance whenever
the mains voltage supply goes above the pre-settable and safe tolerable limits or „window‟. The
appliance is automatically reconnected when mains power returns to normal within that
„window‟. By utilizing zener diode we can detect excessively high mains voltages to the load and
a switching relay capable of switching high currents, R. B. Standler, Protection of Electric
Circuits from Overvoltage [4].
Voltage fluctuation is a serious issue in every home. Due to some reasons our supply voltage may
rise above 110V or 230V. Flow of this high electricity may lead to the damage of our home
electrical devices [1].When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper design
limit, this is known as overvoltage. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration,
the overvoltage event can be transient a voltage spike or permanent, leading to a power surge.
Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage,
and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices
Final Thesis 2015
are rated. For example an electric light bulb has a wire in it that at the given rated voltage will
carry a current just large enough for the wire to get very hot (giving off light and heat), but not
hot enough for it to melt. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the voltage supplied: if
the voltage is too high, then the wire may melt and the light bulb would have "burned out".
Automatic over voltage protection system for home is designed to insure protection of home
devices like fan, light lamps, television, refrigerator, single phase motor and all other things we
need to protect in case of over voltage in main supply.
Overvoltage (OV) can happen due to many reasons, depending on the electrical system [11].
Some typical are: lightning strike on an overhead line, where by the very high lightning voltage
travels up & down the line, solar storms hitting the upper atmosphere can interact with the earth's
magnetic field to induce rapidly oscillating voltage in electric lines, sometimes causing
devastating over voltage resonance in the network, when a substantial fraction of a running load
is suddenly switched off, the supply system voltage suddenly rises. Eventually, the generator
controllers sense it & restore it to normal, usually in about 1-5 seconds, when a big capacitor
bank is switched on the capacitive switching surge creates OV. It dies down usually by about 100
millisecond. Same thing happens when a very long cable without any connected load is switched
on, due to capacitance of unloaded cables and in exams, especially during the lab work, the most
common reason of OV is due to nervous students connecting wires to the wrong voltage terminals
[9].
Our Mains AC domestic power may be full of ups and downs or fluctuations, which may be quite
fatal to our sophisticated appliances like TV sets, DVD players, computers, light bulbs etc.
Electrical and sensitive electronic equipment are not immune from noisy and detrimental mains
power supply. Voltage surges, spikes and transients in excess of in very short duration of
microseconds, power outages, and brownouts, mains over voltage conditions can cause
unprotected appliances either in the home or office to malfunction. A huge number of domestic
and industrial appliances have sustained irreparable damage as a result of both excessively high
voltage and noisy fluctuating mains supplies. To peremantely alleviate such electrical equipment
damage designing automatic over voltage protection system would be feasible.
1.3. Objectives
The general objective of the project is to design automatic over voltage protection system for
home appliances.
Our methods of work are organized and accomplished through a sequence of stages. Prior to all,
we have reviewed related literatures. Then we have made the general block diagram for our
system that enables as to easily analyze each components of the system. We have carefully
Figure 1. 1: Methodology
Design and simulate automatic over voltage protection circuit using protuse or Meltism
software.
It is significant to know that this design is limited to low amps electrical appliance rating cannot
be used to control industrial motors and the like that have large ratings.
This project contains five chapters. The first chapter describes the introduction part of the project
with statement of the problem and its objectives. The second chapter describes about literatures
related to automatic over voltage controller. The third chapter explains about system description
and over all operation of automatic over voltage controller. The fourth chapter describes the result
and discussion of project simulation. The fifth chapter deals about conclusion and
recommendation.
Chapter Two
2. Review of Literatures
Over voltage protection or Control systems provides various potential benefits in case of
preventing permanent equipment damage or adding equipment safety including enhanced user
comfort, operational flexibility and better facilities management [10]. There is a growing
This paper “Double relay based sag, swell, over and under voltage protection and detection
scheme”: Claude Lyons protection Proposes a scheme against voltage sag, swell, over voltage
and under voltage to address the difficulties faced due to voltage fluctuations. Voltage sag and
swells in the supply are detected and the relay circuit operates accordingly. This relay circuit
along with a simulated graph has been shown. The passage of current through the circuit to be
protected is allowed to flow only when no faults are observed. Hence the protective relay circuit
prevents the output load from the hazardous effects of overvoltage and under voltage [1].
In the paper” Piezoelectric Voltage Regulator for electrical Appliances”: T.A.Jonsen describes
the Piezoelectric Materials, on applying pressure undergoes changes with its dimension and
produces electricity .They experience mechanical deformations when placed in an electric field
and become electrically polarized under mechanical loads. In voltage regulator,
electromechanical mechanism is applied for regulating voltages. Its design is more reliable, but
complexity with heating element w.r.t to coil voltage regulator and more efficient for home
appliances. They had gone through basic designed model for Piezoelectric Voltage Regulator. Its
nature and characteristics depends on the dimension and piezoelectric material coefficient and
layers. It is the combination of longitudinal piezoelectric transducers and transverse piezoelectric
The Paper “Voltage Regulator”: A review”, X. Guo, DK Tiller, GP Henze and CE describes a
method by which automatic voltage regulation to 0.15 percent. May be obtained for such
purposes as the operation of photometric standard lamps on an ordinary outside supply varying
by as much as 10 per cent. The lamp is placed a cross an unbalanced Wheatstone bridge of which
two opposite arms are composed of tungsten filament lamps. The increase of resistance of these
lamps, due to the extra current passing through them when the outside voltage rises, causes a shift
in the balance of the bridge such that the voltage across the photometer lamp remains unaltered if
the values of the resistances in the arms be properly proportioned. The power taken is about 40
times that used in the regulated circuit [9].
In the paper “Voltage multi-stability in distribution grids with power flow reversal”:Hung D.
Nguyen, Konstantin Turitsyn (2014), describe in their study that high levels of penetration of
distributed generation and aggressive reactive power compensation with modern power
electronics may result in the reversal of active and reactive power flows in future distribution
grids. The voltage stability of these operating conditions may be very different from the more
traditional power consumption regime. Stability characteristics of distribution networks with
reversed power flow were also studied. After introducing a universal algebraic approach to
characterize all the solutions of the power flow equations, we show that new solutions appear in
the reversed power flow regime even in the simplest three bus systems. Some of these solutions
are shown to be stable and the system may exhibit a phenomenon of multi-stability, where
multiple stable equilibrium co-exist at the given set of parameters, and the system may converge
to an undesirable equilibrium after a disturbance. These predictions are validated with dynamic
simulations of two different systems. Under certain conditions the new states are viable and may
be characterized by relatively high voltages. Possible approaches towards reactive power/voltage
regulation as well as permissible distributed generation capacity in future power systems are
proposed and discussed in the end of the paper.
Therefore from the above literature review it is clear that scholars and researchers do their own
voltage regulator mechanism in distribution and transmission lines but no one could make high
Chapter Three
Having investigated such problem and reviewing related literatures, we finally proposed an
automatic over voltage protection as described in general block diagram shown in figure 3.1
bellow .The components and devices used in our system are explained in the sections below.
Power Supply
A classic 12V regulated DC supply based on 7812 IC is required. This circuit works on 12 V
DC supply, we need a step down transformer of 12 V 300mA.It converts input 230 AC voltage to
12V DC as an output. Then this ac voltage is rectified using a rectification circuit with 4 diodes
connected in a bridge form. The output after the diode is 12V DC which is regulated using
regulator 7812. This regulated output of 12V DC is used in the circuit.
Electrical power transformer is a static device, which transforms electrical energy from one circuit to
another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual induction between to
windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency but in
different voltage level. Mutual induction between two or more winding is responsible for
transformation action in an electrical transformer. The alternating current through the winding
produces a continually changing flux or alternating flux surrounds the winding. Now if we bring
another coil nearby this first one, there will be an alternating flux linkage with that second coil. As
the flux is alternating, there will be a rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time in the
second coil. By Electromagnetic Induction, there must be an EMF induced in the second. If the
circuit of the latter winding is closed, there must be electric current flows through it. In order to
choose the required transformer the power rating, current rating and the voltage level should be
considered.
According to our design we need a step down transformer which changes 230 volt AC in to 12 volt
DC needed. Therefore we select step down transformer having power rating of 250 watt and the
primary current rating of 54.5m amperes and the secondary current rating of 1 ampere.
Rectifier
Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down
transforme.The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts AC into pulsating
DC. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is
used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
TR D D
1 1 2
1N400 1N400
7 7
R
1
D D
3 4
TRAN- 1N400 1N400
2P2S 7 7
The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the
current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional
wave is the converted into unidirectional wave.
Capacitive Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the DC output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is
maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, DC voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage [10].
TR D D
1 1 2
1N400 1N400
7 7 C
1
D D
3 4
TRAN- 1N400 1N400
2P2S 7 7
Voltage Regulator
7812 three terminal voltage regulator is used for supply voltages and reference voltages for the
circuit. Voltage regulator is an electrical or electronic device that maintains the voltage of a
power source within acceptable limits. The voltage regulator is needed to keep voltages within
the prescribed range that can be tolerated by the electrical equipment using that voltage. Voltage
regulators are used in electronic equipment in which excessive variations in voltage would be
detrimental.
Electronic voltage regulators utilize solid-state semiconductor devices to smooth out variations in
the flow of current. In most cases, they operate as variable resistances; that is, resistance
decreases when the electrical load is heavy and increases when the load is lighter. As the name
itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator
designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 12v
is required. In order to obtain this voltage level, 7812 voltage regulator is to be used. The first
number 78 represents positive supply and the number 12 represents the required output voltage.
Relay
The coil is on the energizing side; and the relays contacts are on the contact side. When a relays
coil is energized, current flow through the coil creates a magnetic field. The magnetic coil attracts
a ferrous plate, which is part of the armature. One end of the armature is attached to the metal
frame, which is formed so that the armature can pivot, while the other end opens and closes the
contacts.. For instance, relays might be described as Single-pole, single-throw (SPST), or
doublepole, single-throw (DPST). These terms will give an instant indication of the design and
function of different types of relays.
General purpose relays are electromechanical switches, usually operated by a magnetic coil. They
operate with AC or DC current, at common voltages such as 12V, 24V, 48V, 120V and 230V,
and they can control currents ranging from 2A-30A.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks
(depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed
when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the
connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off,
the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in
industrial motor starters. The relay driver circuit is shown in the Figure bellow.
RL1
12V
D1
DIODE
R1 Q1
2N1711
The relay coil is connected between the positive rail and the collector of the transistor. When the
input signal passes through the resistor R1 to the base of the transistor Q1, it conducts and
activates the relay RL1. Since a relay coil is not only an electromagnet but also an inductor [2], a
fly back diode D1 in parallel with a resistor is used to eliminate fly back, which is the sudden
voltage spike seen across an inductive load when its supply voltage is suddenly reduced or
removed. The diode also clamps the voltage across the coil to about 0.7V protecting the transistor
and other associated components. The stored energy dissipates quickly in the diode and the
resistor.
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the
current through another pair of terminals [6]. Our article explains how a transistor work and the
working of transistor as a switch. At present, transistors are applied in most of the electronic
equipments for switching purposes.
The huge electrical networks are also switched by simple transistor switching circuit (Most of the
Power electronics circuits). Here we are discussing about NPN transistor switching circuit. To
realize the exact working principle, an LED (Light Emitting Diode) is connected to the collector
of NPN transistor. It glows according to the base current.
Bipolar transistors have four distinct regions of operation, defined by BJT junction biases [8].
Forward-active (or simply, active): The base–emitter junction is forward biased and the
base- collector junction is reverse biased. Most bipolar transistors are designed to afford the
greatest common-emitter current gain, βF, in forward-active mode. If this is the case, the
collector–emitter current is approximately proportional to the base current, but many times
larger, for small base current variations.
Design Automatic Over Voltage controller For Home Appliances 15
Final Thesis 2015
Reverse-active (or inverse-active or inverted): By reversing the biasing conditions of the
forward-active region, a bipolar transistor goes into reverse-active mode. In this mode, the
emitter and collector regions switch roles. Because most BJTs are designed to maximize
current gain in forward-active mode, the βF in inverted mode is several times smaller (2–3
times for the ordinary germanium transistor). This transistor mode is seldom used, usually
being considered only for failsafe conditions and some types of bipolar logic. The reverse bias
breakdown voltage to the base may be an order of magnitude lower in this region.
Saturation: With both junctions forward-biased, a BJT is in saturation mode and facilitates
high current conduction from the emitter to the collector (or the other direction in the case of
NPN, with negatively charged carriers flowing from emitter to collector). This mode
corresponds to a logical "on", or a closed switch.
Cutoff: In cutoff, biasing conditions opposite of saturation (both junctions reverse biased) are
present. There is very little current, which corresponds to a logical "off", or an open switch.
RC
VC=VCF=0.2
VC
RB
Q1
BC548
D1
LED-BIRY
Consider the above figure in which base terminal of the NPN transistor is closed then the
transistor is said to be in ON state (similar to a short circuit between Vcc and Ground) so the
collector voltage is very low (0.02V approx.).
Whole current from Vcc will flows through the transistor, no current flow through the LED
because current chooses low resistance path.
VCC
RC
VC=VCC
VC
RB
Q1
BC548
D1
LED-BIRY
Consider the second figure above, when the voltage at the base terminal removed (open circuit),
the transistor become OFF (means an open circuit between Vcc and Ground) then its collector
voltage will be Vcc (Supply voltage).Since the transistor is in OFF state, the whole current will
flows through the LED, Then the LED glows. Here the output voltage very large but no collector
current including base current. But there is large collector current including base current.
Diode
A Diode is the simplest two-terminal unilateral semiconductor device. It allows current to flow
only in one direction and blocks the current that flows in the opposite direction. The two
terminals of the diode are called as anode and cathode. The most common function of a diode is
to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while
blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed
Zener diode
A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same
manner as an ideal diode, but also permits it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is
above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage", "Zener voltage",
"avalanche point", or "peak inverse voltage".
The device was named after Clarence Zener, who discovered this electrical property. Strictly
speaking, a Zener diode is one in which the reverse breakdown is due to electron quantum
tunneling under high electric field strength the Zener effect. However, many diodes described as
"Zener" diodes rely instead on avalanche breakdown as the mechanism. Both types are used with
the Zener effect predominating under 5.6 V and avalanche breakdowns above. Common
applications include providing a reference voltage for voltage regulators, or to protect other
semiconductor devices from momentary voltage pulses.
Zener diodes are a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction.
What makes them different from other diodes is that Zener diodes will also allow current to flow
in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value. This breakdown voltage is
known as the Zener voltage. In a standard diode, the Zener voltage is high, and the diode is
permanently damaged if a reverse current above that value is allowed to pass through it. Zener
diodes are designed in a way where the Zener voltage is a much lower value. There is a controlled
breakdown which does not damage the diode when a reverse current above the Zener voltage
passes through a Zener diode.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic
pnjunction diode, except that an LED also emits light. When a LEDs anode Lead has a voltage
that is more positive than its cathode lead by approximately 0.6 to 2.2 Volts, current often flows
and light is often emitted. On the other hand, when an LEDs anode lead has a voltage that is less
positive than its cathode lead by approximately 0.6 to 2.2 Volts, current often does not flows and
light is often not emitted.
Small rating LEDs has many advantages over incandescent light sources lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
According to Mason, C. R. Retrieved October 9, 2011 there are three main categories of
miniature single die LEDs: Low-current: Typically rated for 2 mA at around 2V (approximately
4 mW consumption). Standard: 20 mA LEDs (ranging from approximately 40 mW to 90 mW) at
around [3].
1.9 to 2.1 V for red, orange and yellow
3.0 to 3.4 V for green and blue
2.9 to 4.2 V for violet, pink, purple and white
Resistor
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor. A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
A good regulated AC to DC power supply circuit is essential for any electronic circuits. Also a
bridge rectifier power supply is also necessary. Firstly we need to know what a bridge rectifier is.
A rectifier circuit employs the conversion of AC voltage to DC voltage. Full wave bridge
rectifiers have the benefit that they transfer both half cycle of ac input into dc output and also
efficiency is two times greater than that of half wave rectifier. Bridge rectifier circuits are put into
practice using diodes such as 1n4001, 1n4007 etc. below is the circuit schematic of rectifier
regulated power supply using 78xx voltage regulator IC. 78xx is a positive voltage regulator and
available at different output voltages as 7805 for5v, 7812 for 12v ,7809 for 9v, 7815 for 15v etc.
hence in our case we have selected 7812 for 12v.
The over voltage protection circuit is capable of measuring and monitoring voltages from187 to
230v AC. In this project the voltage can be increased or decreased by using the variable
potentiometer. The secondary voltage of the transformer is 12v AC and connected to the bridge
rectifier, therefore the DC output is approximated as shown in equation 3.1.
From equation 3. 1 the VAC is the RMS transformer voltage and the 0.7v is voltage drop across
the rectifier. As there are two diodes conducting for each half cycle, therefore there will be two
rectifier voltage drops.
The 220v or 230v AC to 12v AC steps down transformer is used for our system. The voltage
transformer will pass through rectification process before fed to a 12v DC. Assume the
transformer has 120 turns of coil in the primary, therefore secondary winding turn‟s calculated
using equation 3.2.
……………………………………………3.2
turns
The above calculation shows that the secondary transformer has7 turns and the turn ratio of
transformer is N1:N2 (120: 7).
The step down transformer is a transformer that has low voltage in the secondary than the voltage
in the primary. But in case of current it would step up i.e. the current at the primary is lower than
the current at the secondary side of the transformer.
Assume the secondary current is 1A, and then the calculation will verify using equation 3.2 as
follows:
The above calculation shows that the step down transformer has step up the primary current from
54.5mA to 1A at the secondary.
Given data:
According to various sources, the ripple voltage of a full wave bridge rectifier is listed in equation
3.3
...............................................................................3.3
= ,
Let time taken=
Where:
T =is the time taken
C= is the capacitor
=ripple voltage
V input =10.3 v DC, obtain when the main supply reaches to 240 AC and above
=5.15v, which is the cut of voltage that makes Q1 ON state
Finally we can design the power supply circuit as such:
In electric circuit, mechanical switch are not used. The switching action is performed by the
transistor with an input voltage switching the circuit. When the base voltage is zero, BJT will be
in cut off IC =0, VOUT=VCC (open switch) When base voltage is 5V DC or 12v DC BJT can be in
saturated (closed switch) with VOUT=VCE=Vsat~0.2v.
The transistor is said to be in a saturated condition when the BE base emitter junction is in
forward biased, and there is an enough base current to produce high collector current. In this case
the transistor is said to be closed or on. The formula used is shown in equation 3.4
Voltage divider rules as shown in equation 3.5 states that the voltage across the resistor in series
circuit is equal to the value of the resistor multiply by the total impressed voltage across the series
elements divided by the total resistance of the series elements.
.............................................3.5
VCE=?
………………………………3.7
The actual base current flowing, IB SAT must be higher than the calculated base current IB to
ensure base saturation.
After calculating the necessary parameters the next step is drawing or modeling of the system.
Here what we are made is simply showing the drawing or the nature of the system what resembles.
Chapter Four
From our system design we get the following result, for the automatic over voltage protection.
Model for both simple and practical over voltage protection has been simulated in protuse
software. Its parameter such as C and R for Filter design has been calculated accurately, modeling
(designed) and then simulated. These parameters are varied and the resulting over voltage and
normal voltage condition has been studied.
For this simulation system process we use protuse simulation software, there we get the following
results from our design.
Under this case no surge voltage means over voltage that come from the AC mains therefore the
load or the electrical appliance get supply from the mains and works or function. According to
our design the circuit trip only above 240 or over 4% of the supply mains .therefore the
simulation diagram above indicate that the normal operation of the system that is below 239 ac
mains the lamp is ON state or supply is there .
As shown on the Tables 1 located in Appendix A summarize the parts used in each components
specification module, along with their cost. The total parts cost from those table comes out to be $
48.15 for automatic over and under voltage protection.
Labor
We take an assumption to estimate the labor cost, the time spent by both engineers other worker
on the project per month. The total number of hours worked on design 6 hour, fabrication 3 hour,
and for testing 4 hour then the totals time required implement an over and under voltage
protector is equal to 13 hours. Let assume with an engineering dream salary in our country
context $ 400 per month when convert in per hour of $ 0.56/hour and other workers $ 0.4, then
total labor cost for implementing an automatic over voltage protection comes out to be
The current cost of a 250W automatic voltage stabilizer in the market is ETB 1500-1700 .As
shown in table 1 in appendix A, the cost involved in constructing the automatic over voltage
Chapter Five
5.1. Conclusion
Going through the planning, flow process, design and software implementation, the system has
been a tough one, the chapter one to four has actually tried as much as possible to explain vividly
almost all (if not all) what is involved in the construction of this project. After the complete
design of the system, the deviation between the expected result and the actual result was very
Hence we have a automatic over voltage home appliance controller with the following features:
Low maintenance, fully automat Simple to use, Consume very low energy and, ideal for
continuous operation
This thesis is deals with the designing of automatic over voltage controller. As we tried to show
the overall cost analysis, the cost of our automatic over voltage controller is much less than the
currently available in the market and advantage to reduced foreign currency out flow. The
automatic over voltage designing part includes simulation. The key point that we have
determined is that controlling the lamp circuit or making turn OFF the lamp circuit when over
voltage happen otherwise ON. The controller design including, selection of suitable power
electronics device like, switching devices, capacitors transistors, relays, resistors and others based
on the key features of the system.
Designing controlling part of the proposed system, as being the main task of, has been achieved
with great success ,supported by simulation results .This project is a design of cheaper ,efficient
and low cost automatic over voltage controller. It can be easily upgraded, but it has not high
power handling capability it only designs for small power which has 250 watt home appliances.
The future work includes, implementing the hard ware and also studying various types of
controller mechanisms, such as microcontrollers, arduino, and any other moderate controllers
should be applied and it would be nice .It is simple design additions such as circuit protection and
a closed loop control system could greatly improve the performance of this protection system and
also should improve the handling capacity of high rating machines in every industry. And also
under voltage control, frequency control together over voltage with automatic control will be
developed in the next.
Taking four major course in the final year second semester is very challenged to achieve the
project goals due to overloading and shortage of time ,therefore we recommended that in final
year final semester no need of any additional major course to achieve the project goals.
References
[1]. Claude Lyons. (2007), “Energy saving and equipment life prolongation by voltage
reduction background”, Accessed on May 23 2007
[2]. Elliot, Rod. "Nature and specification of relay ". Elliott Sound Products. Retrieved 7
June 2012.
[3]. Mason, C. R. “LED and their types",. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
[4]. R. B. Standler, Protection of Electric Circuits from Overvoltage, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc, First edition, New York, pp.3~33, 1989. .
[5]. Slater, A.I.,“Sensitivity Analysis of Frequency and Voltage Stability in Islanded
. Microgrid”, presented at the 23rd Session of the CIE, New Delhi, vol. 1, 1995,
Published by International Commission on Illumination, Vienna
Appendix A
Table 1: Material cost analysis for automatic over voltage protection for home appliance
No Description Quantity Price per unit $ Total Price in
$
1 Transformer 230VAC, at 250W 1 14 14
2 Pot resistance 2 5 10
3 12v relay 1 2.5 2.5
4 breadboard 1 10 10
5 Capacitors 1 0.4 0.4
6 Resistors, 3 0.25 0.75
7 Transistor (NPN),BC187 2 2 4
8 Connecting cables 2 meter 0.7 1.4
9 Diodes 5 0.5 2.5
Appendix B
Appendix C