Design - and - Development - of - Condition - 150519190518 72784

Design of online UPS for home
Declaration
we ,the undersigned ,declare that this project shall be our original work ,and the Project work
has not been presented for a degree in this or any other universities ,and all sources of materials
that will be used for the project work will have been fully acknowledge.
Name Signature
1.Elias Mandefro
2.Maru Yehualaw
3.Simeneh Abie
4.Yohannes Berihun
Date of Submission 06/10/2008

This Project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
Project Advisor Signature

Mr. Teketay Mulu
It is approved that this BSc project has been written in compliance with the formatting rules laid
down by the faculty of electrical and computer engineering.
Examining Committee Members Signature Date

Chairman ……………….. ………………. …………….
Examiner 1………………. ………………… …………….
Examiner 2…………… … ………………….. …………..
i
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who supported the conduct of this
project by providing us benchmark information, direction, and insights to fulfill this project. We
would like to acknowledge Faculty of electrical and computer engineering members who
encouraged us to dig out more about the project. We would like to thank our project adviser Mr.
Teketay Mulu who extended exceptional support to the conduct of this project. Finally we would
like also to thank the electrical and computer engineering staff members who helped us to attain
succession of this project.
Power and control engineering ii

Abstract
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) play an important role in interfacing critical loads such as
computers, communication systems, medical/life support system, homes and industrial controls
to the utility power grid. They are designed to provide clean and continuous power to the load
under essentially any normal or abnormal utility power condition. Among the various UPS
topologies such as online UPS, offline UPS and line interactive UPS, online UPS is widely used.
The power interruption in each home causes loss of data, extra cost, wasting of time and loss of
equipment’s. To solve this problem design & simulation of online uninterruptable power supply
using solar and grid with single phase controlled rectifier, battery and inverter is essential.
Then Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs) provide immediate power back-up to sensitive
electronic and electrical equipment’s, where an unexpected power loss could lead to unwanted
outcomes. The UPS system gives continuous power supply from three alternatives such as grid,
solar and battery. Those three power sources are used when one of the sources fails at any time
and this improves the reliability of power system in home.
On-line UPS consists of converter (rectifier), inverters, lead acid batteries and transfer bypass
switch. The rectifier supplies a regulated direct voltage for feeding the inverter and for charging
the storage battery. The inverter converts the supplied direct current in to alternating current and
feeds the load with a regulated sinusoidal alternating voltage. The bypass transfer switch used to
change the state of the source depending on power availability.
In this project the simulations has been studied using MATLAB software and analyze the output
waveforms for various values of the elements used in the circuit according to the designed
parameter.
Keywords: UPS, inverter, solar module and battery, automatic transfer switch
Power and control engineering iii

Table of Contents
Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................ ii
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figure.................................................................................................................................. vi
List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Project ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective of the project ......................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Methodology of the project ................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Expected Outcomes and Significance of the Project ............................................................ 4
1.5.1 Expected Outcomes of the Project.................................................................................. 4
1.5.2 Significance of the project .............................................................................................. 4
1.6 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Major assumptions ................................................................................................................ 5
1.8 Feasibility of the Systems ..................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 14
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OVERALL OPERATION ....................................................... 14
3.1 System Description ............................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Overall System Operation ................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Materials Requirements for the Project ............................................................................... 15
3.3.1 Hardware Requirement ................................................................................................. 15
3.3.2 Software Requirement .................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Cost Breakdown for the Project .......................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 17
Power and control engineering iv

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 17

4.1 Modeling of the project ....................................................................................................... 17
4.2 System Components and Operations................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 AC power supply .......................................................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Solar panel .................................................................................................................... 18
4.2.3 Charge Controller ......................................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Rectifier ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.2.5 Diode ............................................................................................................................ 20
4.2.6 Thyristors ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) .................................................................... 21
4.2.8 Capacitor ....................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.9 Resistor ......................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.10 Battery ........................................................................................................................ 23
4.2.11 Invertor ....................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.12 Automatic transfer switch to Emergency / Standby Source ....................................... 26
4.3 System Design and Analysis ............................................................................................... 27
4.3.1 Solar PV system design ................................................................................................ 27
4.3.2 Design on single phase rectifier.................................................................................... 31
4.3.3 Analysis of lead acid battery &its parameters .............................................................. 37
4.3.4 Designing of Single Phase Bridge Inverter .................................................................. 41
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 43
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 43
5.1 The design and simulation................................................................................................... 43
5.1.1 The simulation software ............................................................................................... 43
5.1.2 The uninterruptable power supply system circuit design ............................................. 43
5.1.3 Math lab modeling and Result analysis ........................................................................ 44
5.1.4 Overall internal circuit of UPS system at normal condition ......................................... 47
5.1.5 Overall internal circuit of UPS system during main supply fails ................................. 49
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................. 51
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ................................... 51
6.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 51
6.2 Recommendations for future work ...................................................................................... 52
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 53
Power and control engineering v

List of Figure
Figure 1. 1: Methodology for designing online ups ........................................................................ 4
Figure 2. 1: Operation block diagram of offline UPS ................................................................... 10
Figure 2. 2: Block diagram of offline ups on both power supply & failure ................................. 10
Figure 2. 3: Block diagram of a typical line-interactive UPS system ........................................... 11
Figure 2. 4: Block diagram of a typical series–parallel line-interactive UPS ............................... 13
Figure 3. 1: System description .................................................................................................... 14
Figure 3. 2: Block diagram of online UPS .................................................................................... 15
Figure 4. 1: Block diagram of online UPS.................................................................................... 17
Figure 4. 2: AC power supply ....................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 3: Solar panel ................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 4. 4: Solar charge controller .............................................................................................. 19
Figure 4. 5: Rectification process ................................................................................................. 20
Figure 4. 6: Diode symbol ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 4. 7: Thyristor .................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 4. 8: A typical capacitor..................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4. 9: Rated resistor ............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 4. 10: Lead acid battery ..................................................................................................... 24
Figure 4. 11: Converting of DC to AC ......................................................................................... 25
Figure 4. 12: Two source system using one automatic transfer switch ........................................ 26
Figure 4. 13: Series connection of lead acid battery ..................................................................... 40
Figure 4. 14: Single phase Bridge Inverter ................................................................................... 42
Figure 5. 1: Simulink model of a solar module with battery ...................................................... 444
Figure 5. 2: Solar module out put ................................................................................................. 45
Figure 5. 3: Simulink model of a rectifier..................................................................................... 45
Figure 5. 4: AC input and out puts of a rectifier ........................................................................... 46
Figure 5. 5: Simulink of inverter................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5. 6: Simulation result of inverter ...................................................................................... 47
Figure 5. 7: Overall simulation at normal operated condition ...................................................... 48
Figure 5. 8: Overall simulation output normal operated condition ............................................... 48
Figure 5. 9: Overall simulation during main supply fails ............................................................. 49
Figure 5. 10: Overall simulation result during main supply fails ................................................. 50
Power and control engineering vi

List of table
Table 3. 1: Cost analysis of the project ......................................................................................... 16
Table 4. 1: Parameters of lead acid batteries ................................................................................ 39
Power and control engineering vii

List of Acronyms
A Ampere
AC Alternating current
Ah Amperes hour
ATS Automatic transfer Switch
CSI Current Source Inverter
DC Direct current
THD Total harmonic distortion
EMI Electromagnetic induction
H Hour
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
Idc Direct Current
IEC Integrated Electronic Circuit
IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor
Im Maximum Current
IPO Input Process Output
Isc Short Circuit Current
IT Information Technology
KV Kilo volt
KVA Kilo volt ampere
KW Kilo Watt
KWH Kilo Watt Hour
MOSFET Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
MW Mega Watt
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PI Proportional Integral
PV Photo Voltaic
PWM Pulse width modulation
PLL Phase locked loop
SOC State Of Charge
SPWM Sinusoidal pulse width modulation
Power and control engineering viii

T2FL Type two Fuzzy Logic

THD Total Harmonic Distortion
UPS Uninterruptible power supply
Vdc Direct Voltage
Voc Open Circuit Voltage
VSI Voltage source inverter
W Watt
W/ft2 Watt Per Square Feet
WP Peak Watt
Power and control engineering ii

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
This project provides guidance on the design, simulation and use of online uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS).In our country powers failed due to the power fluctuation .This problem cause
shortage of electric power, data losing, and wastage of time and damage of electrical equipment.
In order to minimize this problem we design and simulate the on line UPS. UPS plays an
important role in interfacing critical loads such as computers, communication systems,
medical/life support systems, home and industrial controls to the utility power grid. They are
designed to provide clean and continuous power to the load under essentially any normal or
abnormal utility power condition. Among the various UPS topologies or configurations, on-line
UPS, also known as inverter-preferred UPS offers the best line-conditioning performance and the
most protection to the load against any utility power problems.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), uninterruptible power source or sometimes called a
battery backup is a device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected
equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available. A
UPS is inserted between the source of power (typically commercial utility power) and the load
which is protected. When a power failure or abnormality occurs, the UPS will effectively switch
from utility power to its own power source almost instantaneously [12]. While not limited to any
particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically used to protect computers, communication
equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause
damages, data loss. UPS units come in sizes ranging from units which will back up a single
computer without monitor to units which will power entire data centers.
Conventional UPS topologies can mainly be categorized into three different types [12]:
1. Off-line
2. line-interactive and
3. On-line
In offline UPS under normal operation, a small amount of power is being converted from AC to
DC to maintain battery charge. When input AC power goes out of specification, the inverter
converts the DC power to AC to support the load. When the input power goes out of
specification, there is a power disturbance in output voltage as the power failure is detected, the
1
relay operates, and the output of inverter turns on to begin to supply the load. Though offline
UPSs are very inexpensive and has high efficiency normal operation has following disadvantages
[12].
 The offline UPS is normally only applied to single-phase (workstation-level) non-
critical loads.
 Its limitations, especially the generator incompatibility make it unsuitable for three-
phase applications.
 Its application is limited for only low power applications
Line interactive resembles the offline UPS topology, but inserts a transformer or inductor in
series between the utility power source and the load. This inline inductor enables the UPS
inverter to “interact” with incoming power and provide a measure of power conditioning to the
load. This “buck-and-boost” circuitry helps with high and low input voltage conditions. Like
the offline UPS, the line-interactive UPS can be inexpensive and efficient because they only
support the entire critical load during power disturbances, and only for the duration of the
battery. The line interactive UPS has following drawbacks [12].
 Dynamic load changes cause power to be extracted from the battery. The resulting
frequent hits on the battery can shorten battery life.
 Line-interactive UPS cannot completely isolate the critical load from the input line
without operating on battery.
 Small perturbations in frequency and power quality can get passed directly to the
critical load
 It can’t be used for high power applications [7].
Among different types of UPS systems, the on-line UPS is the superior topology which not only
overcomes the draw backs of the offline and line interactive UPS but also has better
performance, power conditioning and load protection. Incoming AC power is rectified to DC
power to charge battery of the UPS. The output inverter takes the DC power and produces
regulated AC power to support the critical load. Battery is charged during normal operation.
When the input power is out of specifications the batteries provide power to support the inverter
and critical load.
Following are the advantages of online UPS
 The critical load is completely isolated from the incoming AC input power.
Power and control engineering 2

 The critical load is always being supplied by the output inverter, which is always being
supplied from the internal DC battery. When input power fails, there is no transitional sag
in the output voltage because the inverter is already operating on DC input.
 The output inverter usually contains a step up or an isolation transformer. This enables
the UPS to be electrically isolated and provide common mode noise protection for the
load.
 A fault on the input line causes the UPS to go to battery power, but the UPS rectifier will
not allow power from the DC battery to flow upstream [7].
But, in this project focused only in the on-line UPS .Because it doesn’t have any switching time
(zero switching time) from normal operation mode to backup operation mode and vice versa. It is
more reliable & has high level of efficiency.
1.2 Statement of the problem
In our country especially in homes power outage or interruption of power is a frequent
phenomenon. Because of this power interruption, most critical loads or sensitive loads do not
operate properly and this causes loss of data, unwanted loss of money, loss of productivity, loss
of equipment, and decrease working time. The main power supply at the rural area is frequently
fluctuates and this leads to outage of power for certain period of time. These notions motivated
the conduct of this project by designing and simulation of uninterruptible power supply system
for home from grid and solar.
1.3 Objective of the project
1.3.1 General objective
The main objective of this project is to design and simulate uninterruptible power supply system
for home from utility power and solar.
1.3.2 Specific objective
 To system size the pv module
 To design online UPS that supplies power to loads for long duration frequent power
interruptions (rectifier, inverter, battery).
 To simulate the UPS system based on designed parameters.

1.4 Methodology of the project

For successful completion of this project some steps will be followed to carry out different tasks.
Different literature was revised relating to this project and data was collected about condition and
design parameter of UPS. Based on this parameter system model will be designed .Some
software will be selected to develop the software programming.
The following ideas are methods& procedures that were followed while doing this project.
Figure 1. 1: Methodology for designing online ups
1.5 Expected Outcomes and Significance of the Project

1.5.1 Expected Outcomes of the Project
The expected outcome of this project is to give uninterruptible power supply system for home
without any power disruption by automatically changing the power supply system from main
supply to battery or vice versa.
1.5.2 Significance of the project

People live in rural area can get enough amount of power without any interruption and can
change them self by working at any time. Even though the project is taken as a sample in home a
UPS system is essential in hospitals, educational sectors and any industries. Ones the UPS
system is installed it gives reliable power supply system for home since the battery store enough
power from the solar daily and from main supply during night time.
Designing online UPS for home has the following significant.
 There will be minimizing of some extravagancy in electrical equipment in the
area.
 Avoid /reduce cost of interruption (failure of equipment’s, decrease working
time, outage of power in home).

1.6 Scope of the project

This project focuses on power failure problems only in home. In this area because of the power
failures (interruption) we are going to design and simulate the online ups. This online ups works
just by using the power to the load is continuously supplied via the rectifier/charger and inverter.
In the absence of AC input power supply, the inverter and battery maintain continuity of power
to the load. The duration of this mode is the duration of the preset UPS backup time. When the
AC line returns, a phase-locked loop makes the load voltage in phase with the input voltage and
after that the UPS system returns to the normal operating mode.
1.7 Major assumptions
The major assumptions that we consider are:
The peak power produced by each solar module should be 220W
The peak voltage produced by each battery should be 24V
The total power required should be 3000Watt
The tolerance of the solar module should be 5.3%
The materials used in the simulation like rectifier, resister, capacitor, inverter, inductor
and Automatic transfer switch are ideally operate accurately.
The sunshine hour per day and days of autonomy should be 6 hour and 3 days
respectively.
Even though the above assumptions are considered the assumptions may be modified
depending on the situation of the system and the required applications.
1.8 Feasibility of the Systems

This project reduces the effect of power instability in home, reliable, cheap and it gives fast
response to change power supply to the customer without any interruption. So this project is
more acceptable in the society since power instability is currently occur in any industry, home
and any organization that uses electric power. Also these project mainly acceptable in rural areas,
because rural areas are faced by power outage problem as compared to city.

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The advances in power electronics during the past decades have resulted in a great variety of
topologies and control strategies for UPS systems. UPS provides uninterrupted, reliable, and
high-quality power and used to protect the sensitive electrical equipment’s from any damage.
Online UPS is one part of UPS used in solving that sensitive electrical equipment’s when a
power interruption is happened. This project deals with online UPS for home. The online UPS
operates in to three operation modes. Normal mode of operation, stored energy mode of
operation, and bypass mode of operation. During normal mode of operation the ac power line to
the load is continuously supplied rectifier and inverter. In fact, a double conversion i.e. AC/DC
and DC/AC takes place. The AC/DC converter charges the battery set and supplies power to the
load via the inverter. In the absence of ac power line the stored battery voltage maintain
continuity of power to the load for 2-4 hours and averagely three (3) hours discharging time.
During bypass mode of operation a manual switch is usually operate for the case of maintenance
of online UPS.
S. Martínez, M. Castro, R. Antoranz, and F. Aldana, proposed on: Off-line uninterruptible
power supply with zero transfer time using integrated magnetics
An offline uninterruptible power supply (UPS) or emergency power system with zero transfer
time is presented. The principal application is to personal computers and systems. The power
transformer, a tri port-like transformer, acts as an inverter and as a voltage stabilizer with no
external loading coil. It is made with commercial EI scrap less laminations. The battery charging
circuit is integrated into the transformer and improves the dynamic output response during line-
mode operation. The result is robust, short-circuit-proof equipment with harmonic distortion of
lower than 3%, a static output stability better than 1.5%, and a very high reliability.
Bekiarov S.B., Emadi, A. proposed on Uninterruptible Power Supplies: Classification,
Operation, Control, and Dynamics
Critical load applications always rely on UPS systems to uphold continuous power during
abnormal grid conditions. In case of any power disruption, an offline UPS system starts
powering the load to avoid blackout. However, this process can root the momentous inrush
current for the transformer installed before the load. The consequences of inrush current can be
the reduction of output voltage and tripping of protective devices of the UPS system.

Furthermore, it can also damage the sensitive load and decrease the transformer’s lifetime. To
prevent the inrush current, and to avoid its disruptive effects, this research suggests an offline
UPS system based on a current regulated inverter that eliminates the inrush current while
powering the transformer coupled loads. A detailed comparative analysis of the conventional and
proposed topologies is presented and the experiment was performed by using a small prototype
to validate the performance, and operation of the proposed topology. An offline UPS topology is
sometimes named as line-preferred and involves of a main switch to connect the load directly to
the utility, a battery that can be charged using a charger/rectifier, an inverter to power the load
from the battery during abnormal grid conditions, and an alternate switch to connect the load to
the UPS system. The power rating of the charger is about 20% and the inverter is about 100%,
hence the overall power capacity of this topology is about 120% of the output power. The major
advantages of an offline UPS system are; high efficiency, small size, simple design, and low
cost. In addition to the several advantages, some of the negatives associated with this topology
are the absence of isolation for critical loads and the power provided to the load is not controlled,
hence the load is not guarded from any of the transient occurrence at the utility side.
Ho, W.J., Lio, J.B. and Feng, W.S. proposed on: Economic UPS structure with phase-
controlled battery charger and input-power-factor improvement
A digital signal processor based real-time implementation of a type-2 fuzzy logic (T2FL)
controller on an on-line uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is presented. The UPS consists of
three main power circuits. Power circuits are non-linear structure and contain uncertainties.
Conventional controllers cannot be enough to overcome uncertainties. In this study, type–2 fuzzy
controller which has high performance for modeling uncertainties has been developed as control
algorithm to control the UPS system. The system was also controlled with proportional–integral
(PI) controller to show the superiority of the proposed type–2 fuzzy controller. When compared
with the performance of both controllers in terms of their dynamic responses, it was observed
that the T2FL controllers have faster dynamic response under transient loading conditions than
PI controllers.
Karve, S., proposed on: Three kinds of UPS topology
With uninterruptible power supplies now used in critical applications across every industrial
sector, a standard terminology to describe types and performance measures has become essential.
The author outlines how the international standards community has responded to this need by

introducing IEC 62040-3 which distinguishes three types of UPS topology: passive standby, line
interactive, and double conversion. These three topologies are described. For low power ratings
(less than 2 kVA) all three topologies, as defined by the standards, are used. For medium to high
power ratings, the case for the passive standby and the line interactive is, at best, marginal, in
spite of their significantly lower cost. The vast majority of sales to medium to high-power rating
applications are represented by double conversion UPSs (95% from a few kVA upwards; 98%
above 10 kVA). The dominance of the double-conversion topology is attributable to its almost
total lack of weaknesses, combined with the capacity to meet the needs of sensitive loads at these
power ratings-a consequence of UPS being connected in series with the utility power sources.
Features of uninterrupted power supply
 On-line operation, which means zero switching time from normal to backup mode
and vice versa,
 Regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total harmonic distortion (THD)
independent of the changes in the input voltage or in the load, linear or nonlinear,
balanced or unbalanced,
 Low THD sinusoidal input current and unity power factor,
 High reliability,
 Bypass as a redundant source of power in the case of internal failure,
 Low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and acoustic noise,
 Electric isolation of the battery, output, and input,
 Low maintenance,
 Low cost, weight, and size,
 Continuity of power,
 Reasonable conditioning of the power,
 Good conversion efficiency,
 Adequate protection to critical equipment, and
 Distortion reflected on incoming sources should be minimum.
The advances in power electronics during the past three decades have resulted in a great variety
of new topologies and control strategies for UPS systems. The research has been focused mainly
on improving performance and expanding application areas of UPS systems. The issue of
reducing the cost of converters has recently attracted the attention of researcher’s. Reducing the

number of switches provides the most significant cost reduction. Another form of cost reduction
is to replace active switches such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, and thyristors with diodes. Not only are
diodes more reasonable than the controlled switches, but there is also a cost reduction from
eliminating gate drivers for active switches and power supplies for gate drivers. Another way of
reducing cost is to develop topologies that employ switches with lower reverse voltage stresses
and lower current ratings, which means less silicon and smaller switching losses resulting in
lower cost and higher efficiency.
Applications areas of UPS systems
 Industrial processing,
 Medical facilities,
 Life support systems,
 Data storage and computer systems,
 Emergency equipment,
 Telecommunications, and
 On-line management systems.
Types of UPS
UPS systems are classified into three general types: static, rotary, and hybrid static/rotary. Static
UPS systems are the most commonly used UPS systems. They have a broad variety of
applications from low-power personal computers and telecommunication systems, to medium-
power medical systems, and to high-power utility systems. Their main advantages are high
efficiency, high reliability, and low THD. Configurations of the main types of the static UPS
systems are [12, 2]:
 On-line,
 off-line,
 line-interactive
Off-Line UPS (Standby UPS)
The offline UPS is also known as standby UPS or line preferred UPS. Offline UPS offers only
the most basic features, providing surge protection and battery backup. The protected equipment
is normally connected directly to incoming utility power. When the incoming voltage falls below
a predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered
from an internal storage battery. The SPS then mechanically switches the connected equipment

on to its DC-AC inverter output. The switchover time can be as long as 25 milliseconds
depending on the amount of time it takes the standby UPS to detect the lost utility voltage. The
UPS will be designed to power certain equipment, such as a personal computer, without any
objectionable dip or brownout to that device. Off-line UPS will supply power only when power
failure [9].
Figure 2. 1: Operation block diagram of offline UPS

The load is supplied with power from the AC line directly without any power conditioning. The
AC/DC converter charges the battery set. It is rated at a much lower power rating than the
rectifier/charger in an on-line UPS since it is not required to meet the power demand of the load.
This, in turn, makes the off-line UPS systems more reasonable than the on-line UPS systems.
The inverter is rated at 100% of the load’s demand. It is connected in parallel to the load and
stays standby during the normal mode of operation. It is turned on only when the primary power
is out of a given preset tolerance or is not available at all. During this mode of operation, the
power to the load is supplied by the battery set via the inverter for the duration of the preset
backup time or until the AC line is back again.
Figure 2. 2: Block diagram of offline ups on both power supply & failure [2]

Line interactive UPS (Continuous UPS)

As shown in Figure below, a line-interactive UPS system consists of a static switch, a series
inductor, a bidirectional converter, and a battery set.
A line-interactive UPS system can operate either as an on-line UPS or as an off-line UPS. For an
off-line line-interactive UPS, the series inductor is not required. However, most of the line-
interactive UPS systems operate on-line in order to either improve the power factor of the load or
regulate the output voltage for the load.
Figure 2. 3: Block diagram of a typical line-interactive UPS system

The power flows during normal Mode of Operation from the AC line to the load. The
bidirectional converter plays the role of a charger for the battery set. It can also keep the output
voltage relatively stabilized and sinusoidal or improve the power factor of the load with a proper
PWM control. The current taken from the AC line is mainly the current for the load. In fact, no
additional harmonics are injected from the UPS into the AC line. This is an important advantage
compared to the conventional on-line double conversion UPS. In order to enable better
regulation for the output voltage during this mode, a bulk constant voltage transformer can be
added to the output; however, it is heavy, large, and expensive [12].
In Stored-Energy Mode of Operation, the bidirectional converter operates as an inverter and
supplies the load with power from the battery set. The static switch disconnects the AC line in
order to prevent back feed from the inverter. The duration of this mode is the duration of the

preset backup time or until the AC line returns with in the tolerance. The main advantages of the
line-interactive UPS systems are a simple design and, as a result, high reliability and lower cost
compared to the online UPS systems. They also have good harmonic suppression for the input
current.
On-Line UPS (double conversion supply)
On-line UPS systems appeared during the 1970s. They consist of a rectifier/ charger, a battery
set, an inverter, and a static switch (bypass). Other names for this configuration are inverter-
preferred UPS and double-conversion UPS. The online UPS is ideal for environments where
electrical isolation is necessary or for equipment that is very sensitive to power fluctuations.
Although once previously reserved for very large installations of 10 kW or more, advances in
technology have now permitted it to be available as a common consumer device, supplying 500
watts or less. The initial cost of the online UPS may be somewhat higher, but its total cost of
ownership is generally lower due to longer battery life. The online UPS may be necessary when
the power environment is "noisy", when utility power sags, outages and other anomalies are
frequent, when protection of sensitive IT equipment loads is required, or when operation from a
complete-run backup generator is necessary [3].
The basic technology of the online UPS is the same as in a standby or line-interactive UPS.
However it typically costs much more, due to it having a much greater current AC-to-DC
battery-charger/rectifier, and with the rectifier and inverter designed to run continuously with
improved cooling systems. It is called a double conversion UPS due to the rectifier directly
driving the inverter, even when powered from normal AC current. In an online UPS, the batteries
are always connected to the inverter, so that no power transfer switches are necessary. When
power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power
steady and unchanged. When power is restored, the rectifier resumes carrying most of the load
and begins charging the batteries, though the charging current may be limited to prevent the
high-power rectifier from overheating the batteries and boiling off the electrolyte. The main
advantage to the on-line UPS is its ability to provide an electrical firewall between the incoming
utility power and sensitive electronic equipment [11].

Figure 2. 4: Block diagram of a typical series–parallel line-interactive UPS

The rectifier/charger continuously supplies the DC bus with power. Its power rating is required
to meet 100% of the power demanded by the load as well as the power demanded for charging
the battery bank. The batteries are usually sealed lead–acid type. They are rated in order to
supply power during the backup time, when the AC line is not available. The duration of this
time varies in different applications. The inverter is rated at 100% of the load power since it must
supply the load during the normal mode of operation as well as during the backup time. It is
always on; hence, there is no transfer time associated with the transition from normal mode to
stored energy mode. This is the main advantage of the on-line UPS systems. The static switch
provides redundancy of the power source in the case of UPS malfunction or overloading. The
AC line and load voltage must be in phase in order to use the static switch. This can be achieved
easily by locked-phase control loop. There are three operating modes related to this topology:
normal mode, stored energy mode, and bypass mode.

CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OVERALL OPERATION
3.1 System Description
The system description of the project covers the integration of the following electronic
components that comprise uninterruptable power supply system. This project utilizes the input,
process, and output (IPO) paradigm as reflected in Figure 3.1 which comprises the design of the
solar module, rectifier, inverter, power supply (ac source or solar module), switch, and load.
• Transformer
• Capacitor
• Switch
• solar module
• Power supply Process • Uninterruptible power
• Diodes supply system for home
• Transistor • .ATS
• invertor • Simulation
Software
Input Output
Figure 3. 1: System description
3.2 Overall System Operation

In the block diagram shown below, main supply, solar module, rectifier, battery, controller,
inverter, and switch are interconnected to supply power continuously to the load at normal or
abnormal condition. At normal condition the home gets power from the utility whereas fault
occurs at the utility side the load gets power from the battery automatically by using automatic
transfer switch. The battery charges from both the main supply and the solar module so that it
can give power for a long period of time by converting DC to AC using inverter.

General block diagram of online ups
Figure 3. 2: Block diagram of online UPS
3.3 Materials Requirements for the Project

3.3.1 Hardware Requirement
There are different materials are required to design online UPS. From these materials the
following are used for this project.
 Rectifier (single phase controlled rectifier by combining Thyristors),
 Solar module (1Soltech 1STH-220-P),
 Battery (24V lead acid type),
 Inverter (by combining four IGBT),
 Transformer(single phase step up transformer),
 Transfer bypass switch,
 Capacitor (10F),
 Resistor (0.001ohm), and
 Inductor (0.001H).
3.3.2 Software Requirement
In this project there are two software applications. This software’s are like MATLAB software
with version 7.8.0.347 (R2015a) and Visio software with version 2015.

The MATLAB software will be used for simulating and analyzing the design work. So using this
software we can compare the results discuss what we have expect the output with the given
input. And the second software which is visio2015 takes to draw the different diagrams.
3.4 Cost Breakdown for the Project

The quantity of hardware materials with their unit price is shown in the table 3.1. However, this
costing is for reference only if in case some future works will use the outcome of this project to
be implemented physically.
Table 3. 1: Cost analysis of the project
Items Quantity Unit price in Birr Total Price in Birr
Automatic transfer switch 1 1500 1500
Rectifier 1 43 43
Transformer 1 176 176
Capacitor 1 45 45
Invertor 1 350 350
Battery 1 350 350
Diode 4 9 36
Solar module 3 2000 6000
Other cost 400
Total 13 8900

CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Modeling of the project

In the block diagram shown in figure 4.1 below, Utility power supply, bridge rectifier, solar
panel, charge controller, battery, inverter, and automatic transfer switch are interconnected to
give continuous power supply for home. The battery charges from the utility power and solar
panel to give supply for the load when the utility power fails and achieved using automatic
transfer switch. The automatic transfer switch is normally closed and it prefers the utility power
but when fault occurs at the utility side changes the ATS position to the inverter side with zero
crossing time. The inverter is used to convert the dc source from the battery to ac source since
loads at home uses ac source. The battery is used to store the energy in order to use when utility
power supply fails and it charges from both utility power and solar module .The AC main supply
converted to dc using rectifier since battery stores dc supply. The charge controller controls how
much the battery is charged and discharged.
Figure 4. 1: Block diagram of online UPS

4.2 System Components and Operations

4.2.1 AC power supply
The incoming power source from utility power and it is common single phase 220 voltages
capable of 3000 wattage power in home. This power supply is connected to the energy meter at
each home.
Figure 4. 2: AC power supply
4.2.2 Solar panel

Solar Panel is a packaged connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used
as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial
and residential applications. Solar panels use light energy photon from the sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer based cells or thin
film cells based on non-magnetic conductive transition metals, telluride or silicon. Electrical
connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and or in parallel to provide a
desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain
silver, copper or other nonmagnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected
electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Each panel is rated by its DC output
power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. Depending on
construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range of light frequencies, but
usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet and low or diffused light).
Hence, much of the incident sun light energy is wasted by solar panels, and they can give far
higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light [11].

Figure 4. 3: Solar panel [11]
4.2.3 Charge Controller

A solar charge controller or regulator is a small box consisting of solid state circuits PCB which
is placed between a solar panel and a battery. The main function is to regulate the amount of
charge coming from the panel that flows into the battery bank in order to avoid the batteries
being overcharged. Solar charge controller has three basic functions:
 To limit the voltage from the solar panel and regulate so as not to overcharge the battery.
 Do not allow the battery to get into deep discharge mode while dc loads are used.
 To allow different dc loads to be used and supply appropriate voltage.
The smart charge controller is designed with a view to decrease the battery charging time,
making it capable of charging more than one battery at a time and getting the desired current
from the PV panel.
Figure 4. 4: Solar charge controller
4.2.4 Rectifier
The first stage of an AC frequency rectifier is the conversion of a single-phase AC power supply
to a smooth DC voltage and current. Simple bi-stable devices, such as the diode and thyristors,
can effectively be used for this purpose. Rectifier is that special type of converter that converts
AC to DC. The purpose of an AC/DC rectifier in a UPS system is to produce DC voltage with
quality sufficient for proper operation of the DC/AC inverter at the back end of the UPS system
[8].

Figure 4. 5: Rectification process [8]
4.2.5 Diode
The most common function of a diode as shown in Figure 4.6 is to allow an electric current in
one direction (forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (reverse
direction). In electronics a diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts electric
current in only one direction [5].
Figure 4. 6: Diode symbol
4.2.6 Thyristors
A thyristor is normally four layer three-terminal device. Four layers are formed by alternating n –
type and p – type semiconductor materials. Consequently there are three p – n junctions formed
in the device. It is a bi stable device. The three terminals of this device are called anode (A),
cathode (K) and gate (G) respectively. The gate (G) terminal is control terminal of the device.
That means, the current flowing through the device is controlled by electrical signal applied to
the gate (G) terminal. The anode (A) and cathode (K) are the power terminals of the device
handle the large applied voltage and conduct the major current through the thyristor. For
example, when the device is connected in series with load circuit, the load current will flow
through the device from anode (A) to cathode (K) but this load current will be controlled by the
gate (G) signal applied to the device externally [9]. A thyristor is on – off switch which is used to
control output power of an electrical circuit by switching on and off the load circuit periodically

in a preset interval. The main difference of thyristors with other digital and electronics switches
is that, a thyristor can handle large current and can withstand large voltage, whereas other digital
and electronic switches handle only tiny current and tiny voltage.
Figure 4. 7: Thyristor [9]
4.2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

IGBTs are a three-terminal power semiconductor switch used to control electrical energy.
Applications of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) are still expanding in industrial and
utility systems. IGBT is an attractive power device integrated with circuits to protect against
over current, overvoltage, and overheating. The main application of IGBT is for use as a
switching component in inverter circuits, which are used in both power supply and motor drive
applications. The advantages of using IGBT in these converters are simplicity and modularity of
the converter, simple gate drive, lower switching loss, improved protection characteristics in case
of over current and short circuit fault, galvanic isolation of the modules, and simpler mechanical
construction of the power converter [9]. These advantages have made the IGBT the preferred
switching device in the power range below 1 MW.
The followings are the common application of IGBTs converters
 In Power supply applications include uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) IGBT

gives constant voltage constant-frequency power supplies,
 induction heating systems,
 switch mode power supplies,
 welders,
 cutters,
 traction power supplies, and
 Medical equipment.

Characteristics of the IGBT converters

 Low-noise operation,
 small size,
 low cost, and
 high accuracy.
Controlled rectifiers have a wide range of applications, from small rectifiers to large high voltage
direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. They are used for electrochemical processes, many
kinds of motor drives, traction equipment, controlled power supplies, and many other
applications.
4.2.8 Capacitor
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a potential difference exists across the conductors, an electric
field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the conductors.
Figure 4. 8: A typical capacitor
4.2.9 Resistor
Resistors are used to maintain a constant relation between current flow and voltage. Resistors are
used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and to transform a current
signal into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses. The electrical behavior of a resistor
obeys Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some resistors are sensitive to heat, light, or
other variables. Variable resistors, or rheostats, have resistance that may be varied across a
certain range, usually by means of a mechanical device that alters the position of one terminal of
the resistor along a strip of resistant material. Figure 4.9 shows an electronic symbol of resistor.

Figure 4. 9: Rated resistor
4.2.10 Battery
The most important features of the UPS systems are their reliability and availability. The
component that influences this characteristic most considerably is the battery. Batteries must
carry the power supply to the load when the AC line fails. If they are not capable of doing this,
the whole UPS system fails, regardless of how well designed the power electronic circuit is. In
addition, batteries usually determine where the UPS systems will be placed because they require
more space and have a weight greater than all the other components of UPS systems. In many
cases, batteries constitute considerable parts of the cost of the whole systems [10]. There are a
variety of batteries in use, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. There are two main
categories of batteries:
(1) Primary Batteries: sometimes also called single-use, or “throw-away” batteries because they
have to be discarded after they run empty as they cannot be recharged for reuse. Examples of
primary batteries are:
 Carbon Zinc (aka. ‘Heavy Duty’),
 Alkaline,
 Lithium Cells,
 Silver Oxide Cells, and
 Zinc Air Cells.
(2) Secondary Batteries: mostly called rechargeable batteries because they can be re-energized
(recharged) for reuse. Examples of rechargeable batteries are:
 Lead-Acid battery,
 Rechargeable Alkaline battery,
 Nickel-Cadmium battery,
 Nickel-Metal Hydride battery, and
 Lithium Ion battery.

Figure 4. 10: Lead acid battery

Battery Selection
The selection of the physical batteries (battery) (cells) is dependent on several factors:
 Type of battery (sealed, vented, lead acid, NiCad, etc.),
 Expected life of the battery,
 Usage of the battery (number of charge/discharge cycles),
 Dimensions and weight of the battery,
 Construction materials,
 Connectors and terminals,
 Ambient environment and conditions,
 Maintenance requirements, and
 Seismic characteristics.
4.2.11 Invertor
The word ‘inverter’ in the context of power-electronics denotes a class of power conversion (or
power conditioning) circuits that operates from a dc voltage source or a dc current source and
converts it into ac voltage or current source [9]. The inverter performs the opposite function of a
rectifier. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early
mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus was "inverted", to
convert DC to AC. Electrical power is usually transmitted and used in the form of alternating
current. However, some kinds of electrical generation and storage devices produce direct current,
examples being PV modules and batteries. An inverter is a power electronic apparatus which
converts DC to AC, allowing the DC power from these generators to be used with ordinary AC
appliances, and/or mixed with the existing electrical grid.

Figure 4. 11: Converting of DC to AC [9]

A DC-AC power inverter is a circuit which modifies an input varying or non-varying direct
current (DC) to an alternating current (AC) of a specified voltage and frequency, and a regulated
DC voltage. The inverter output voltage should be pure sinusoidal. But, the output voltages of
inverter are none sinusoidal being square or quasi square wave forms &hence contain much
harmonic components. Filters may be used to reduce harmonic components. A better means of
harmonic reduction is to use pulse width modulation (PWM) of switches in the voltage
controlled storage. Inverter may be classified:
1. Based on switching configuration
 Half bridge inverter
 Full bridge inverter
2. Based on the source current &voltage
 Current Source Inverter (CSI)
 Current Source Inverter (CSI), which is connected to large inductor.
 Input current to the inverter remains constant
 Input voltage can reverse but the current can’t reverse
 Easier to protect the device against any shoot through fault
 Circuit is rugged and reliable.
 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), which is connected to large capacitor
 Input voltage to the inverter is constant
 The voltage can’t reverse but the current can reverse. (i.e. it can supply or
sink current)
 Anti-parallel diodes are essential components of VSI

 Dead time is required

 Fast Devices are used
3. Based on the output phase
 Single phase inverter
 Three phase inverter
4.2.12 Automatic transfer switch to Emergency / Standby Source

ATS is an electrical switch that switches a load between two sources. This type of switch senses
one of the sources has lost and automatically changes its position. Utility source is the normal
power line and solar source is a separate supply that providing emergency power. Both circuit
breakers are normally closed. The load must be able to tolerate the few cycles of interruption
while the automatic transfer device operates. They are more expensive but safer to operate, and
the use of fuses for over current protection is avoided.
Figure 4. 12: Two source system using one automatic transfer switch

4.3 System Design and Analysis

4.3.1 Solar PV system design
Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges
from 100 to 320 watts [11]. Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce
electricity from a range of light frequencies, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range
(specifically, ultraviolet and low or diffused light). Hence, much of the incident sun light energy
is wasted by solar panels, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with
monochromatic light. Selecting modules requires an understanding of module attributes and
specifications. The solar module can be selected based on the following considerations: power
rating, power tolerance, module efficiency, temperature coefficient, price, reliability,
manufacturing location, external loads, and integrated features [11].
Power rating
All solar panels are rated by the amount of DC (direct current) power they produce under
industry-standard test conditions. This so-called nameplate rating is expressed in watts, and
represents the panel’s theoretical power output under ideal conditions. Most solar panels on the
market today have nameplate power ratings ranging from 200 to 350 watts, with higher power
ratings viewed more favorably than lower power ratings. Even though hardly any solar power
systems experience ideal conditions for more than a few moments at a time, a panel’s nameplate
power output rating is a consistent unit of measure for comparison purposes.
Power tolerance
Although the nameplate rating is the industry-standard way to represent a solar panel’s power
output, the fact is that there are some power capacity variances to which every manufacturer’s
panels succumb as they roll off the assembly line. That’s where power tolerance comes in. It’s a
statistical way of representing how much higher or lower the power output of a given panel
might deviate from its nameplate rating. Power tolerances are typically expressed as a plus-or-
minus percentage (e.g., ±6%) or alternatively as a range (e.g., 0%/+6%). Generally speaking,
narrower power tolerance ranges are preferable to wider ones, as are power tolerances whose
nameplate rating represents a lower bound on the range rather than an average within the range.
Efficiency
Efficiency (expressed as a percentage) is a quantification of the degree to which a solar panel
converts solar radiation into electricity, with the remainder dissipated as unproductive heat. The

most efficient commercially available solar panels on the market today have efficiencies slightly
more than 20%, whereas most panels fall into the 14%-16% efficiency range. The higher a
panel’s efficiency, the more kilowatt-hours of energy it will produce per watt of nameplate
power capacity. The practical implication of solar panel efficiency is that a smaller number of
high efficiency panels can generate the same amount of solar electricity as a larger number of
similarly-sized standard efficiency panels. That can be an important decision criterion if you
have limited roof space and large energy bills. Module efficiency is a function of power output
per square foot (W/ft.2). The higher this value, the more energy a specific footprint can produce.
Module outputs range from about 11 to 19 watts per square foot. For example, let’s say the
usable shade-free area on your rooftop measures 240 square feet (20 by 12 feet). Using modules
that produce 15 W per square foot yields a 3.6 kW array. Module dimensions also come into play
when determining actual array wattage. Common 60-cell modules are about 65 by 39 inches
wide. For our example, we could fit two rows of six modules in a portrait configuration. If a
module wattage is 265 watt (with an efficiency of about 15 W/ft.2), our array will be 3.18 kW.
Temperature coefficient
The final performance-related metric for you to consider is a solar panel temperature coefficient.
While all solar panels are designed to love the light, excessive heat can actually be a panel’s
Achilles’ heel. The standard test conditions under which panel nameplate ratings are measured
are performed at a temperature of 77°F. The temperature coefficient quantifies how much a
panel’s power capacity decreases at ambient temperatures warmer than that. For example, many
standard grade solar panels may produce 1% less electricity for every 4°F temperature rise above
77°F—just on the basis of temperature alone. That’s why considering panels with less sensitive
temperature coefficients can really make a long-term difference in the performance of your solar
system.
Solar Panel Durability
Finally, we come to the durability metrics that are worth considering when selecting a solar
panel. These metrics assess how well the panel will physically hold up over time when faced
with a variety of real world environmental conditions.
Snow load
In northern climates, snowy winters not only affect a solar system’s performance by occasionally
blanketing the panels with snow, but they also can create a significant load of extra weight on a

panel’s surface that could comprise its structural integrity. Solar panels are rated by their ability
to withstand such snow-induced pressures. The higher the pressure rating of a solar panel, the
more resilient it is to snow load.
Wind load
Much like snow loading, strong winds can buffet and apply strong pressures to the surface of a
solar panel that could cause damage. A solar panel’s ability to withstand wind-related pressures
is important in most climates, with a higher wind load rating signifying a panel’s ability to
withstand stronger winds than a comparable panel with a lower wind load rating.
Price
Module price is a factor for most folks. The good news is that module prices have dropped
dramatically over the last few years. In 2008, modules were approximately $4 per watt; it is now
common to find them for less than $1 per watt. Total system costs followed the same trend—in
2008, they hovered around $8 per watt; now, the average cost is less than $4 per watt (before
incentives; assuming professional installation).
Solar PV system sizing
Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy
consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows: We are
going to design a solar PV that can produce 3000watt because in a normal home the utility power
is 3000watt so that the solar PV should generate this power to give continuous power supply for
home. If the PV module used for 6 hours daily with in 3000watt load demand since most of the
time all equipment’s may not be used at the same time and duration of time may vary depending
on this 3000watt load should be required for 6 hours in a day as an average .
Total watt hours needed per day =total power needed by load *daily usage hour per day
=3000watt*6hours per day
=18000watt-hour
=18KWH
Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of
PV module, the total peak watt produced is needed. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on

size of the PV module and climate of site location. We have to consider “panel generation
factor” which is different in each site location. Take average sunshine is 6hours per day.
Total peak watt produced =3000watt per day/sunshine per day (6 hours)
=500watt
By considering different factors the power produced by PV module increase or decrease by
±5% or the power tolerance is increase or decrease by ±5%.
Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Currently available PV module can produce 100 to 320watt,we select 220watt to generate
500watt .Therefore the number of PV modules =500/220
=2.2727, then three PV modules are required.
Number of PV modules required=3
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels.
If more PV modules are installed, the system will perform better and battery life will be
improved.
If fewer PV modules are used, the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and
battery life will be shortened.
Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the
inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same
nominal voltage as your battery. For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to
handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-
30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then
inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to
the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting. For grid tie systems or grid
connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for
safe and efficient operation.
Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the
solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which
type of solar charge controller is right for our application. Make sure that solar charge controller
has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array. For the series charge controller type,

the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller
and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit
current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Solar charge controller sizing
PV module specification
Pm = 220 Wp
Vm = 29.2Vdc
Im = 4.85 A
Voc = 36.6 A
Isc = 8.08A
Since the solar modules are connected in serious to produce 3000watt so that the current passing
through each is equal then ,the solar charge controller rating can be calculated as:
Solar charge controller rating = (1 strings x 8.08A) x 1.3
= 10.54A
So the solar charge controller should be rated 16A at 24v
4.3.2 Design on single phase rectifier

Power input = power output, assume efficiency is 100 %
The input power is 3000watt but including tolerance of 5.3%, the input power should be
3.1578947KVA
Pin=Vdc x I 1.0
Where Pin = power input
Vdc = dc output voltage
I= output current
1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Vdc= 𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝜋
(1+cos 𝛼) 1.1
Where 𝛼 = firing angle
Take α = 450 (the firing angle)

𝑉𝑚
Vdc= (1+cos 450), but Vm = √2 × Vs
𝜋
=√2 × 220
= 311.127 V
311.127
Vdc = (1+ cos450)
𝜋
= 99.0347 (1+0.707) V
= 169.06≈170V
From the above expression equation (1.0) the current can be calculate as follows:
I=Pin÷Vdc But, the voltage Vdc = 170 V and the input power Pin =3157.8947VA
3157.89474VA
Idc=
170 V
= 18.57A ≈ 19 Amp
Lead-Acid battery
Secondary lead-acid batteries are the most popular rechargeable batteries worldwide. Both the
battery product and the manufacturing process are proven, economical, and reliable. However,
because they are heavy, Lead-Acid batteries are not being used in portable, consumer
applications. Recycling of Lead-Acid batteries is the environmental success story of our time,
approximately 93% of all battery lead is being recycled today in reused in the production of new
Lead-Acid batteries. In a lead-acid cell the active materials are lead dioxide (PbO2) in the
positive plate, sponge lead (Pb) in the negative plate, and a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in
water as the electrolyte [10]. The chemical reaction during discharge and recharge is normally
written:
Discharge
PbO2+ Pb + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Re-charge
This reaction gives the ideal proportions by weight of the reactants to deliver capacity at a very
low discharge rate when the amounts of PbO2, lead and sulfuric acid would be simultaneously
depleted to zero. Life is limited normally by the positive plate which is least efficient. An excess
of negative active material (Pb) is designed into the negative plate to extend wet life and cycle
life. An excess of sulfuric acid is, also present in the electrolyte in most cells to maintain proper
acidity for long life.

As a result of recharge, the lead sulfate returns to lead dioxide on the positive plate and sponge
(clean) lead on the negative plate. The efficiency of the recharge reaction can be 100%; but it
depends on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. When the efficiency of the reaction is less
than 100%, the electrolysis of water occurs.
Methods of charging lead-acid batteries
Proper recharging between discharges is an important key to obtaining optimum life from any
lead-acid batteries. Lead acid charging uses a voltage-based algorithm that is similar to lithium-
ion. The charge time of a sealed lead acid battery is 12–16 hours, up to 36–48 hours for large
stationary batteries. With higher charge currents and multi-stage charge methods, the charge time
can be reduced to 10 hours or less; however, the topping charge may not be complete. Lead acid
is sluggish and cannot be charged as quickly as other battery systems.
Lead acid batteries should be charged in three stages, which are
1. constant-current charge,
2. Topping charge and
3. Float charge.
The constant-current charge applies the bulk of the charge and takes up roughly half of the
required charge time; the topping charge continues at a lower charge current and provides
saturation, and the float charge compensates for the loss caused by self-discharge.
The battery is fully charged when the current drops to a pre-determined level or levels out in
stage 2. The float voltage must be reduced at full charge. During the constant-current charge, the
battery charges to 70 percent in 5–8 hours; the remaining 30 percent is filled with the slower
topping charge that lasts another 7–10 hours. The topping charge is essential for the well-being
of the battery and can be compared to a little rest after a good meal. If deprived, the battery will
eventually lose the ability to accept a full charge and the performance will decrease due to
sulfation. The float charge in the third stage maintains the battery at full charge. The switch from
Stage 1 to 2 occurs seamlessly and happens when the battery reaches the set voltage limit. The
current begins to drop as the battery starts to saturate, and full charge is reached when the current
decreases to the three percent level of the rated current. A battery with high leakage may never
attain this low saturation current, and a plateau timer takes over to initialize the charge
termination. The correct setting of the charge voltage is critical and ranges from 2.30 to 2.45V
per cell. Setting the voltage threshold is a compromise, and battery experts refer to this as

“dancing on the head of a needle.” On one hand, the battery wants to be fully charged to get
maximum capacity and avoid sulfation on the negative plate; on the other hand, an over-
saturated condition causes grid corrosion on the positive plate and induces gassing. To make
“dancing on the head of a needle” more difficult, the battery voltage shifts with temperature.
Warmer surroundings require slightly lower voltage thresholds and a cold ambient prefers a
higher level. Chargers exposed to temperature fluctuations should include temperature sensors to
adjust the charge voltage for optimum charge efficiency. If this is not possible, it is better to
choose a lower voltage for safety reasons [4].
Once fully charged through saturation, the battery should not dwell at the topping voltage for
more than 48 hours and must be reduced to the float voltage level. This is especially critical for
sealed systems because these systems are less able to tolerate overcharge than the flooded type.
Charging beyond what the battery can take turns the redundant energy into heat and the battery
begins to gas. The recommended float voltage of most low-pressure lead acid batteries is 2.25 to
2.27V/cell. (Large stationary batteries float at 2.25V at 25°C (77°F.) Manufacturers recommend
lowering the float charge at ambient temperatures above 29°C (85°F).
Not all chargers feature float charge. If the charger stays on topping charge and does not drop
below 2.30V/cell, remove the charge after 48 hours of charge. Whereas the voltage settings
apply to low-pressure lead acid batteries with a pressure relief valve of about 34KPa, cylindrical
sealed lead acid, such as the Hawker Cyclone cell, requires higher voltage settings and the limits
should be set according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Failing to apply the recommended
voltage will cause a gradual decrease in capacity due to sulfation. The Hawker Cyclone cell has a
pressure relief setting of 345KPa and this allows some recombination of the gases generated
during charge. Aging batteries pose a challenge when setting the optimal float charge voltage
because each cell has its own age-related condition. Weak cells may go into hydrogen evolution
as part of overcharge early on, while the stronger ones undergo oxygen recombination in an
almost starved state. Connected in a string, all cells receive the same charge current and
controlling individual cell voltages is almost impossible. A float current that is too high for the
faded cell might starve the strong neighbor and cause sulfation due to undercharge. Companies
have developed cell-balancing devices, which are placed on the battery and compensate the
differences in cell voltages that occur as a result of cell imbalance.

Ripple voltage imposed on the voltage of large stationary batteries also causes a problem. The
voltage peak constitutes an overcharge, causing hydrogen evolution, while the valleys induce a
brief discharge that creates a starved state that results in electrolyte depletion. Manufacturers
typically limit the ripple to five percent, or 5A for a 100Ah battery. Much has been said about
pulse charging of lead acid batteries. There are apparent advantages in reducing sulfation;
however, manufacturers and service technicians are divided on the benefits, and the results are
inconclusive. If sulfation could be measured with accuracy and the pulses applied as a corrective
service, then the remedy could be beneficial. Assumptions without knowing the underlying
results can be harmful. Most stationary batteries are kept on float charge. As the terminal voltage
drops due to self-discharge, an occasional topping charge replenishes the lost energy. In essence,
the battery is only “borrowed” from time to time for brief moments. This mode works well for
installations that do not draw a load when on standby. Lead acid batteries must always be stored
in a charged state. A topping charge should be applied every six months to prevent the voltage
from dropping below 2.10V/cell. With AGM, these requirements can be somewhat relaxed.
Additional charging methods of lead acid batteries are commonly given the following names:
1. Constant current - one current rate,
2. Constant current - multiple decreasing current steps,
3. Constant potential,
4. Modified constant potential with constant initial current,
5. Modified constant potential with a constant finish rate,
6. Modified constant potential with a constant start and finish rate, and
7. Taper charge (Ferro-resonant type chargers).
In most industrial field application, the charging methods are numbers 4, 6 and 7. Number 4
charging is found in on the uninterruptible power system, road vehicles, utility, and telephone
applications. The charge circuit has a current limit and this value is maintained until a
predetermined voltage is reached. Then the voltage is maintained constant until the battery is
called on to discharge. Decisions must be made regarding the current limit and the constant
voltage value. This is influenced by the time interval when the battery is at the constant voltage
and in a 100 percent state-of-charge. For this “float” type operation with the battery always on
charge, a low charge current is desirable to minimize overcharge, grid corrosion associated with
overcharge, water loss by electrolysis of the electrolyte, and maintenance to replace this water.

Effect of operating parameters on battery life

Discharge capacity, power and energy requirements of the battery subsystem can be delivered by
a variety of lead-acid batteries during early charge-discharge cycles of the battery’s life.
However, the sub-system cost per cycle can be decreased substantially in most applications by
selecting a battery design with good charge stand capability, with a long operating life and with a
capability for many repetitious charge-discharge cycles.
In some cases the battery design features which increase life tend to decrease the initial capacity,
power and energy output, but the rate of decay of capacity with the number of cycles delivered
can be significantly less. The photovoltaic system designer should therefore make certain that
battery design features match the system operating and life requirements [10]. Operating
parameters which influence battery life are depth of discharge, number of cycles required per
year, and charging control.
 Increasing depth of discharge decreases cycle life,
 Increasing the number of cycles performed per year decreases the wet life, and
 Excessive overcharging leads to increased positive grid corrosion active material
shedding and shorter wet life.
Environmental effects on battery life
Operating temperature of the battery has a profound effect on operating characteristics and the
life of a lead-acid battery. Discharge capacity is increased at higher temperatures and decreased
at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures, the fraction of theoretical capacity delivered
during discharge increases. This increase in capacity per unit weight of active material decreases
cycle life because more charge input and more discharge output is required for each cycle. High
temperature also increases local action or self-discharge .The rate of chemical local action
processes would be expected to double for each 10°C increase in operating temperature. One
measure of local action is the current at a predetermined float voltage.
Battery Temperature
Many chemical reactions accelerate at higher temperatures and this is very true in a lead acid
battery. The resistance and viscosity of the electrolyte are reduced at higher temperatures and
thus reduce the voltage drop (loss) within the cell and maintain the terminal voltage at a higher
value. Because of the above, lead acid batteries have an increase in running capacity at elevated
temperatures and reduced capacity at lower temperatures. End of charge voltages of a lead acid

battery at a given current rate will vary inversely with temperature. The higher voltage is normal
just as lower voltages are normal when the temperature is high and the terminal voltage is
suppressed. Always temperature compensates the finish charge voltage settings if in extreme
temperature settings. It is very hard to add the last 20 percent of charge to any lead acid battery
with end of charge voltages that are set too low. Temperature compensating charging can add to
a battery’s life. Lead acid batteries that operate at lower average life temperatures don’t have the
running capacity during each discharge use, but have a longer time of life to do its job if properly
recharged. Batteries that operate at higher temperatures give better than rated capacity at the cost
of shorter operational life.
4.3.3 Analysis of lead acid battery &its parameters

Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle
battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or
cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store
sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days.
From the above analysis the dc voltage is 170 V& total power is 3.157894KVA, and then the
current produced by the lead acid battery must be equal to the output current of rectifier.
Therefore the current produced by the lead acid battery;
I= 19Amp
Then, it must be designed a lead acid battery with a terminal voltage of 170 V. To determine the
number of cells, by considering one lead acid battery cell generates 2volt at the terminal of the
battery.
One cell=2volt
? =170Volt
Number of lead acid battery cells = (1 cell× 170𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠)÷ 2𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
= 85 cells
Those, 85cells must be connected in series to make lead acid batteries of 170V.The calculated
current value of the lead acid battery is I = 19 A. This current indicates the flow of energy from
the lead acid battery and this battery is rated in Ampere-hours (Ah) i.e. lead acid battery is
determined by Ampere-hours.

Battery capacity (Ah) = Current drawn (I) x Time (H) 1.2

Time = Battery capacity / Current drawn
Charging current = Battery capacity / Time, but charging current=current drawn
Calculation parameters of lead acid battery
To determine which lead acid battery charger is needed the following requirements must be
applied. The total number of battery can be calculated by dividing the total number of voltage to
battery voltage. Number of batteries=170v/24v
=7 number of batteries
1. Determination of the battery voltage - 170 volt
2. Determination of how many batteries are to be charged =seven (7), each contains twelve lead
acid battery cells to produce 24v.
3. What are the battery capacities (Ah, Amp-hours)?
Add them together 7×(109Ampere×0.91743Hour) = 699.99 ≈700 Ah
4. The required re-charge time = (2 hours minimum, 4 hours maximum), assume 3 hours.
5. Check the discharging time using "Peukert's Formula".
It is T = C / Ik 1.3
Where t is a discharging time
C is total battery capacity
I is the discharging current
K is the Peukert coefficient, the battery recharge efficiency / loss factor (typically 1.1 -1.3)
C = 700Ah, I= 109A, let k = 1.1
T = C / Ik
700𝐴ℎ
=
(109𝐴)1.1
= 4.01715 hour this is 100% discharging efficiency

6. Calculate the discharging time at 80% efficiency = 4.01715 hour × 80% = 3.2138 hours and in
20% efficiency to allow for this battery it becomes a 0.803 hour.
7. Generally the battery has 170 volt, 109 amp, and 7 Batteries in one battery bank.
Note that: Much too big a charger could damage the battery and too small will take longer to re-
charge [10].

Generally, the parameters of lead acid batteries with calculated values are shown in the table 4.1
below:
Table 4. 1: Parameters of lead acid batteries
Power capacity(KVA) 18.52631
Battery voltage(V) 170
Battery current(Amp) 109
Number of lead acid battery(cell) 7
Number of cells in lead acid battery 85
Battery capacity(Ah) 700
Charging time(Hour) 3
Charging current(Amp) 109
Re-charging time(Hour) 3
Battery Connections
By definition, a battery is a cell or group of cells connected in a series configuration. The cell of
a lead acid battery provides the chemical means to store electrical energy by filling the cell
cavity (jar) with a positive (lead peroxide) and negative (lead) plate/s immersed into an acid
solution (sulfuric acid). The plates are kept from touching (shorting) one another by means of a
plate separator. Each of the plate elements contribute to the cell’s total voltage and reverse their
position from the anode to the cathode depending on the battery / cell charge or discharge
condition in a circuit. Normally, we consider lead acid cells to produce 2.0 volts for every cell
connected in series, thus a 85-cell battery is a 170 -volt battery. A 7 battery is needed to a 170-
volt battery and each battery has 24V used in operations. This list goes on and actually can reach
very high voltages some of which are found in UPS battery cabinets or open battery racks with
cell counts of 180 to 240 cells yielding 400 to 500 plus volts. It is a handy law of physics to
have each lead acid cell nominally yielding two volts because it makes the math somewhat easier
by halving or doubling.

+ + + + + + +
m m m m m m m
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Battery7 Battery1 Battery2 Battery3 Battery4 Battery5 Battery6
Figure 4. 13: Series connection of lead acid battery

Calculation of Battery Size and Number of Cells in Series
Number of Cells and Cell Voltage - the number of cells is estimated based on the maximum
battery voltage and float charge voltage [13].
The minimum battery voltage is the minimum system voltage (including voltage drops across
cables). The minimum cell voltage is given by:
The nominal battery voltage is Vdc = 170Vdc. The cell charging voltage value is 2 – 2.5 Vdc/cell
and the discharging voltage is 1.75-2Vdc/cell.
Then suppose, cell charging voltage is Vc = 2.25Vdc/cell, the end-of-discharge voltage is Vend=
1.85 Vdc/cell, and the minimum and maximum load voltage tolerances are Vlmin = 10% and
Vl,max= 20% respectively.
The maximum number of cells in series is:
Vdc(1+Vl,max)
Nmax= 1.4
Vc
Where Nmax is maximum number of cells in sires
Vdc is the dc voltage
Vl,max is the maximum load voltage tolerances
Vc is cell charging voltage
Vdc(1+Vl,max)
Nmax =
Vc

170 V(1+0.2)
= 2.25
= 90.667cells
Therefore, maximum number of cells in series is 91 cells.
The minimum number of cells in series is:
Vdc(1−Vl,min)
Nmin= 1.5
Veod
Where Nmin is minimum number of cells in sires
Vdc is the dc voltage
Vl,min is the minimum load voltage tolerances
Veod is the end-of-discharge voltage
Vdc(1−Vl,min)
Nmin =
Veod
170 𝑣(1−0.1)
= =82.7027 cells
1.85
The selected number of cells in series is 83 cells.
Therefore, the number of cells in series is between 83 cells & 91 cells.
4.3.4 Designing of Single Phase Bridge Inverter

Performance Parameters of Inverters
The amplitude of the fundamental component and harmonics in the ac output voltage are given
by:
1
Voh= 4πVi (−1) (h−1)/2cos (hα1) 1.6
h
h= 1, 3, 5…
For α1= 0 square wave operation is achieved. In this case, the fundamental ac output voltage is
4
given by Vo1 = Vi
𝜋
Where Vo1 is the fundamental output voltage value
Vi is the input dc voltage value
4
Vo1 = × 170 V
𝜋
= 216.56 V ≈ 217 V
The output current can be calculated as follows
Po = Vo×Io, but Po =Pin

Where Po is output power
Pin is input power
Vo is the output voltage&
Io is the output current

Pin 18526.316 VA
Io = =
Vo 216.56 V
= 85.56 Amps
Figure 4. 14: Single phase Bridge Inverter [9]

CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 The design and simulation
The design of uninterruptable power supply system analysis depends upon the values of the
given electronics circuit of the uninterruptable power supply in the math lab professional
software. In this project the design of uninterruptable power supply system is automatically
protected from the effect of interruption of power by using the circuit concept of the study
through the math lab software. This math lab professional software is properly functional when
the proper designing calculation is correct.
5.1.1 The simulation software

The electronic circuit ancillary components that comprised the complete power supply circuit
were chosen in such a way that they are not completely available in the simulation software list
of components. The choice of components was undertaken based on its availability in the
software package because there are electronic components that are not available and that it is
difficult to implement simulation without the appropriate electronic components, however, the
researchers were able to find alternative components after a series of benchmarking on its cross
reference using the internet.
5.1.2 The uninterruptable power supply system circuit design

The circuit design and simulations for uninterruptable power supply system are conducted to
determine the continuous supply of power to the load without any interruption was observed.
The output of the entire system was checked separately and totally the integrated system by
using static switch in terms of ATS. As we designed previously the output of the solar module,
rectifier, battery and inverter is similar with designed values as shown in the following figures.
The circuit design of UPS system was done by testing the output of the system components
separately such as rectifier, solar module, battery, inverter and the integrated system as a whole.

5.1.3 Math lab modeling and Result analysis

Modeling of solar module
The circuit design of the solar module with the battery is shown in figure 5.1 below. The output
of the battery which is charged from the solar module is the same as the designed value. The
three solar modules connected in series to give 3000watt to charge seven seriously connected
lead acid batteries to produce 170v DC.
Figure 5. 1: Simulink model of a solar module with battery

Result
The output voltage for seven seriously connected batteries when charged from the three seriously
connected solar modules is around 170 voltages. This 170V DC output voltage is analogous or
similar with that of the designed values. The following figure 5.2 shows the minimum DC
voltage and the maximum DC voltages produced from the batteries are 100V DC and 200V DC
respectively. But the nominal voltage produced when battery charged fully is 170V DC.
Vdc=170v

Figure 5. 2: Solar module out put

Rectifier modeling
The rectifier converts AC source in to DC source and its simulation model is shown in figure 5.3
below. The target of rectifier is to give a DC source for the battery that receives AC source from
the main supply since batteries charged by DC source and store DC source. The single phase
bridge rectifier is preferable since it gives continuous dc source at any time. The thyristor type
bridge rectifier is preferable due to its controllability, ability to withstand high voltage and used
as a switch during any fault on the system. The capacitor used to smooth the output of the
rectifier to give a constant dc voltage.
Figure 5. 3: Simulink model of a rectifier

Result analysis
The output of single phase bridge rectifier had checked by using mat lab software and the
simulation result is analogous with the desired values as shown in figure 5.4 below. The full
bridge rectifier converts the AC source in to DC source.
Vac=220V, which is the input source voltage for the rectifier
Vdc=170V, is output voltage from the rectifier
Figure 5. 4: AC input and out puts of a rectifier

Inverter modeling and result
The inverter converts the input DC source that comes from the battery, and solar module in to
AC source because the loads available in home needs AC source so that this inverter converts
and amplifies to the required AC voltage. The IGBT type bridge inverter is controllable and used
to reduce harmonic effect, protect over loading, over current and acts as a switch. The RC and
RL braches are used to regulate voltage and current respectively. The transformer used to step up
the inverter output voltage since the output of the inverter is not adequate to give supply for load
because there is voltage drop across different elements in the circuit.

Figure 5. 5: Simulink of inverter

Result analysis
The input for inverter is DC source, but the load needs Ac source so that inverter converts DC to
AC by meeting the required designed parameters. The expected output of the inverter is around
220 v from 170v DC source and the result is shown below.
Figure 5. 6: Simulation result of inverter
5.1.4 Overall internal circuit of UPS system at normal condition

The integration of grid, solar, rectifier, battery, inverter, and bypass transfer switch gives the
overall system design of UPS system to give uninterruptible power supply for the load in home.

At normal operating condition the load gets source from main supply. The bypass transfer switch
used to change the power supply by changing its position. The overall circuit diagram using mat
lab is shown in figure 5.7 below.
Figure 5. 7: Overall simulation at normal operated condition

Result analysis
Since the load requires AC source the input source for the load is 220v AC source , the
simulation result shows the same result with the input source during normal operated condition.
Figure 5. 8: Overall simulation output normal operated condition

5.1.5 Overall internal circuit of UPS system during main supply fails
When a certain fault occurs at the grid side the load must not interrupted from power source
rather it gets power from the solar or the battery depending on the condition that exist on the
solar module or battery. The mat lab modeling is similar with normally operated UPS system but
the difference only appears from the position of the switch and power source. As soon as the
utility supply fails the load gets source from solar or battery through inverter by moving the
switch to the inverter. During day time the load obtain AC source directly from solar module
produces DC source and converted to AC through inverter. While at night time the load obtains
supply from the battery that was charged from the grid and solar after converted to AC by
inverter. The simulation modeling is shown in figure 5.9 below.
Figure 5. 9: Overall simulation during main supply fails

Result analysis
The simulation result in figure 5.10 below shows the output during main supply fails is almost
similar with the normal operating condition. The output remains the same whether it obtains
power from solar or battery. The output put of a battery depends on by its capacity to charge and
discharge within days of autonomy. The output of solar module depends on the sunshine hours
per day. In addition to change the position of the power supply the bypass transfer switch also

protects the load from overloading, over current, overvoltage and overheating. The output has
slight difference with the normal operating output because there is a voltage drop on the internal
circuit of rectifier, inverter, capacitor, resister and inductor.
Figure 5. 10: Overall simulation result during main supply fails

CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
6.1 Conclusion
UPS systems are the most commonly used in a broad variety of applications from low-power
personal computers and telecommunication systems, to medium-power medical systems, and to
high-power utility systems. An online UPS provide immediate power back-up to the control
circuit for sensitive electronic such as personal computers and other electrical equipment’s. This
project solves the problem of power interruption at any time within minimum cost, high
efficiency and high reliability. Using the application of UPS system in home an individual feels
in comfort at any time without regarding the existence of the utility supply. This UPS system is a
hybrid system within utility and solar, this makes it preferable due to no extra cost is needed
once installed and no harmonic effect on grid system. The importance of UPS system is not only
providing continuous power supply to the load but also it protects the load from damage by
preventing over current and overload conditions using, rectifier, inverter, and bypass transfer
switch.

6.2 Recommendations for future work

Although all goals in this project were met, there are many ways in which this project can be
improved upon.
The project called for producing a 220 volt rms pure sine wave output, therein lies a problem
however, in the way that this project is designed, differing loads will allow the output of this
project to vary from the 220 volt rms output. Even if the simulation performed using mat lab the
whole materials are not available so that it is better to use updated software that contains all
equipment.
Introducing the technology to the people and showing its importance and value on human life
should be considered and create awareness its use in education sector, hospitals, governmental
offices, industries, homes and any organizations.
For the future if the materials are available it must be implemented and used in real world.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Timar, M. Rencz, “Design issues of a low frequency low-pass filter for medical
applications using CMOS technology”, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Design and
Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits and Systems, pp. 325-328, 2007.
[2] Bekiarov S.B., Emadi, A., “Uninterruptible Power Supplies: Classification, Operation,
Dynamics, and Control,” Proceedings of IEEE Transaction on 17thAnnual IEEE Applied
Power Electronic Conference and Exposition vol.1, pp 597-604, 2002.
[3] Emadi, A., “Modeling of power electronic loads in AC distribution systems using the
generalized state space averaging method,” in Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference
of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 1008–1014.
[4] Ho, W.J., Lio, J.B. and Feng, W.S., “Economic UPS structure with phase-controlled battery
charger and input-power-factor improvement,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power
Applications, 144 (4), 221–226, 1997.
[5] Hn, J.W., Lio, J.A. and Feng, W.S, "IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and
Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications,"(ups sizing).
[6] J. B. Jacobsen and D. C. Hopkins, “optimally selecting packaging technologies and
New circuit partitions based on cost and performance,” Applied Power Electronics
Conference, Orleans, LA, February 6–10, 2000, IEEE, New York.
[7] J. C. Wu and H. L. Jou, “A new UPS scheme provides harmonic suppression and input power
factor correction,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 629–635, Dec.1995.
[8] Karve, S., “Three kinds of UPS,” IEEE Review, 46 (2), 27–31, 2000.
[9] Krishnan, R. and Srinivasan, S., Topologies for uninterruptible power supplies, in
Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Hungary, June
1993 pp.122–127.
[10] MIT Electric Vehicle Team, “A Guide to Understanding Battery
Specifications,” 2008.
[11] NONAKA, S. & HARADA, K, “Application of utility interactive photovoltaic
power generation system for UPS,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 47, 271-279,
1997.
[12] S. Martinez, M. Castro, R. Antoranz, and F. Aldana, “Off-line uninterruptible power supply
with zero transfer time using integrated magnetic,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 36, no.
3, pp. 441–445, Aug. 1989.

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Design of online UPS for home

Date of Submission 06/10/2008

Project Advisor Signature

Examining Committee Members Signature Date

Power and control engineering ii

Power and control engineering iii

Power and control engineering iv

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 17

Power and control engineering v

Power and control engineering vi

Power and control engineering vii

Power and control engineering viii

T2FL Type two Fuzzy Logic

Power and control engineering ii

Power and control engineering 2

Power and control engineering 3

1.4 Methodology of the project

Figure 1. 1: Methodology for designing online ups

1.5 Expected Outcomes and Significance of the Project

1.5.2 Significance of the project

Power and control engineering 4

1.6 Scope of the project

1.8 Feasibility of the Systems

Power and control engineering 5

Power and control engineering 6

Power and control engineering 7

Power and control engineering 8

Power and control engineering 9

Figure 2. 1: Operation block diagram of offline UPS

Power and control engineering 10

Line interactive UPS (Continuous UPS)

Figure 2. 3: Block diagram of a typical line-interactive UPS system

Power and control engineering 11

Power and control engineering 12

Figure 2. 4: Block diagram of a typical series–parallel line-interactive UPS

Power and control engineering 13

Figure 3. 1: System description

3.2 Overall System Operation

Power and control engineering 14

General block diagram of online ups

Figure 3. 2: Block diagram of online UPS

3.3 Materials Requirements for the Project

Power and control engineering 15

3.4 Cost Breakdown for the Project

Power and control engineering 16

4.1 Modeling of the project

Figure 4. 1: Block diagram of online UPS

Power and control engineering 17

4.2 System Components and Operations

Figure 4. 2: AC power supply

4.2.2 Solar panel

Power and control engineering 18

Figure 4. 3: Solar panel [11]

4.2.3 Charge Controller

Figure 4. 4: Solar charge controller

Power and control engineering 19

Figure 4. 5: Rectification process [8]

Figure 4. 6: Diode symbol

Power and control engineering 20

Figure 4. 7: Thyristor [9]

4.2.7 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

 In Power supply applications include uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) IGBT

Power and control engineering 21