A Project Report

On:

DESIGNING OF AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR HOME

APPLIANCES
For the partial completion of the necessity of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By

GOWTHAMKUMAR KILAPARTHI (117006029)

Member 1 (Roll-No)
Member 2 (Roll-No)

Supervised By:
Name of the supervisor
Subject: Microcontrollers Lab (BEICEI1506R03)

ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT
SASTRA UNIVERSITY
TAMILNADU, INDIA
2015
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We like to thank our college insert college name affiliated to Sastra University, Tamilnadu,
India for providing the great support and help throughout the project. We like to present our
deep thanks to Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Department head
Mr/Mrs..Insert… for providing us inspiration and golden chance for executing this project.

We like to provide deep gratitude towards our project supervisor Mr/Mrs…Insert. for helping
us from starting to completion phase of project with heartful support and guidance. Entire project
is executed under his supervision and without whom completion of this project would not be
possible.

Also, we like to appreciate our teachers, staffs and friends as well as family members for guiding
and supporting us while conducting the project. Their assistance and help provide us the
confidence and ability to successfully execute this project.

Gowthamkumar Kilaparthi (Reg-no.)

Member1 (Reg-no.)
Member2(Reg-no.)

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 DECLARATION
The project entitled “Designing of Automatic System for Home Appliances” is conducted for
the partial fulfillment of Bachelor degree in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
under the guidance of Mr/Mrs Supervisor name from Insert college name affiliated to
Sastra University Tamilnadu, India.
We ensure that this is a genuine work done by us without copying content from other sources
following the university guidelines and norms. This project is solely done by us under the
assistance of supervisor following his rules and direction for accomplishing it successfully.
This project is expected not to be copied or used without referring to consent of university as it is
submitted as the genuine resources of university. Legal action will be taken if any violation or
unnecessary use of this executed work.

Team members:
Gowthamkumar Kilaparthi (Reg-no.)
Member1 (Reg-no.)
Member2(Reg-no.)

Supervised By:
Name: …………………..
SIGNATURE:

Department Head:
Name of HOD: ………………
Signature: ……………..

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 ABSTRACT
The home automation system is mainly concerned on the monitoring as well as controlling of the
attributes of home like home appliances, entertainment system, climate, lighting, etc. Alarm
system and access control system also lies in the home automation system to make the home
smart and automated. The user interfaces like desktop, internet and mobile phone can be used for
the system controlling purpose. It effectively controls electrical appliances like refrigerators,
washing machines, lighting system, fans, heaters, etc. making the lives of people easy with the ne
and high technology devices. Mainly the home automation systems are designed based on RF, IR
controller, ZigBee and Bluetooth technology having a particular and certain ranges. As these
technologies work in only certain ranges, so it’s not effective when the user is in out of range of
these devices. So, to cope with the problem, there is the need of an effective system that can
control the home appliances. Concerning to this issue, the project is proposed with the use of
GSM module which only needs to be transmit message containing command to the GSM
technology of the system, then the system starts its operation after verifying the command is
valid. The controller unit used in the project is PIC controller which effectively processes the
command and gives signal to the relay modules for the controlling of loads connected to the
system. This is an effective system that helps to reduce the electricity wastage.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................ii
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Project......................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem of Statement.............................................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives of the Project........................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope of the Project...............................................................................................................2
1.5 Methodology..........................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGIES............................................................8
3.1 Relay......................................................................................................................................8
3.2 LED........................................................................................................................................8
3.3 GSM module..........................................................................................................................9
3.4 Microcontroller......................................................................................................................9
3.5 Voltage Regulator IC...........................................................................................................10
3.6 Rectifier................................................................................................................................10
Chapter 4: Design of the System...................................................................................................12
4.1 Circuit description and design..............................................................................................12
4.2 Relay....................................................................................................................................14
4.3 LEDs....................................................................................................................................14
4.4 Power Supply Unit...............................................................................................................14
4.5 Microcontroller....................................................................................................................15
4.6 GSM module........................................................................................................................15
4.7 Flowchart of the System......................................................................................................15
4.9 Simulation............................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 5: FABRICATION, TESTING AND RESULT.........................................................20
5.1 Fabrication...........................................................................................................................20
5.2 Testing and Results..............................................................................................................20

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 5.3 Discussion............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................22
6.1 Advantages...........................................................................................................................22
6.2 Disadvantages......................................................................................................................22
6.3 Future works........................................................................................................................22
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................23

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Methodological chart.......................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Block representation of the home automation system...................................................12
Figure 3: Circuit design.................................................................................................................12
Figure 4: Power supply circuit.......................................................................................................13
Figure 5: Flowchart of the proposed system..................................................................................16
Figure 6: Simulated circuit with first LED (load) on....................................................................17
Figure 7: Simulated circuit with second LED (load) on................................................................18
Figure 8: Simulated circuit with the third LED (load) on.............................................................18
Figure 9: Simulated circuit with fourth LED (load) on.................................................................19
Figure 10: Simulated circuit with all LEDs (load) on...................................................................19

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
For extracting the knowledge regarding the project, the article is referred (ElShafee & Hamed,
2012). In the home automation system, many technologies for performing the wireless
communication to control the home or electrical appliances can be employed to make the system
more effective. With the developing technology, people want to live their standard life. The
installation of automatic system enhances the comfortability and permits the control over the
lighting, air condition, ventilation and heating systems applied in home. By controlling these
components, total cost of the system can be reduced by saving the energy from its wastage.
Many communication technologies like IoT, internet, etc. are integrated in the home automation
system to provide the efficient controlling of the electrical devices or components. The
automation system can also be used for the offices with some integration to the system as well, it
is not only limited to home. The commands are provided to the automation system through the
used communication technology and the received command or data by the controller unit
processes it to determine which operation is to be done. Then according to this, the system
commands the output devices to conduct their work as the user demand to do. Other than the
GSM technology, the other wireless communication devices have some limitations like
Bluetooth and Zigbee modules has particular range for their operation, so they operate when the
user is out of their range. So, the GSM modem can address the issue related to long range. The
message is transmitted by the user’s phone where through the message, user sends command that
will be ready by the controller and makes the effective controlling of the connected home
appliances for making life easy and effectively managed. The system is very applicable when
people left the appliances tuned on at home in order to save the energy. Furthermore, with the
use of relay module that instantly open or close the contacts between two circuits. The
automation system can be used by disabled and elderly peoples to control the loads remotely
whenever the devices need to be turned on and off so that the electricity up to maximum range
can be saved. With the growing as well as advanced technologies, the home can be fully
automated which will help people to save their time and energy. Electricity cost will also be
reduced with the use of low power consumption module. The flexible, reliable and robust system
will bring comfort to the peoples. People do not have to worry about controlling the electrical
appliances.

1.2 Problem of Statement

With the advanced technology and busy schedule of person, the people want more comfortable
and luxury in their life either it is in home or in office. Being busy, people mostly forgot to turn
off the electrical appliances and goes to work or wherever they want to go to. So there exists
electricity wastage and increases the cost for it as well. Elderly and disabled people also cannot
be able to turn on and off the electrical appliances as per their requirement. For tackling the
electricity wastage issue, many home automation systems are designed and developed by
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controlling the loads. Many technologies like, IR controller, RF technology, ZigBee and
Bluetooth modules are used for making the communication between the components. These
technologies have certain distance to work, out of the certain ranges, they cannot provide
services. Thus, it also cannot control the load out of the ranges of these technologies used in the
automatic system. So, to eliminate this issue and effectively control the loads, the GSM based
home automation system is proposed that operates in long ranges as well. It helps to control the
load saving the electricity from its wastages as the GSM based system also provide service in the
long distances.

1.3 Objectives of the Project

The project is mainly conducted for designing an automation system for home that is based on
the GSM technology. Some other secondary aims of the project are:

 To effectively control the home appliances not concerning to the distances.

 To save the electricity and time as well by controlling the loads.
 To utilize the GSM technology to transmit the message to control the home appliances as
their need.

1.4 Scope of the Project

The project focuses on the designing of an automatic system for the home that controls the home
appliances effectively. With the GSM technology one can control the loads remotely. The system
can work over the long distance and helps in preventing the unnecessary electricity wastage.
Time of busy people in this busy world can be saved as they do not have to go to the particular
places to switch on/off the loads to want to turn on. This system will be faster than the manual
operation as the GSM module facilitates the wireless communication between the user’s phone
and the system’s GSM module. The system is more effective and it is also cost-effective because
the components used in this project are not expensive and consumes less power for their
working. The proposed system will also make easy for the elderly and physically disabled
people. The system can work in the long range even if the user is very far from the system. It
does not have range issues thus making the design more useful and more effective.

1.5 Methodology
In the beginning of this project, research and literature review regarding the project is done and
knowledge about the components is gained for conducting the project work. Following that,
selection of necessary components to make the system more effective is done based on their
working mechanism. The block representation for the system is prepared by arranging the
considered components. After that, utilizing Proteus software, the circuit configuration is
designed by using the nominated suitable components to ensure the accurate working of the
components to achieve the project goals. To show the flow of the processes needed to write the
program, the flowchart using various shapes is developed which is followed by the simulation of
the prepared circuit to determine the circuit feasibility as per its requirements. The simulation is
run for controlling of each load one by one to assure the configuration of system’s circuitry for

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its fabrication development. Circuit simulation nis followed by the inspection of system
mechanism and its performance. The project is about the controlling loads through an automatic
system which is especially prepared for the home. In case of the valid command given by the
user, the controlling or switching operation of loads is done otherwise the system checks for the
valid command to perform the controlling operation. The system is then fabricated and tested to
get the desired results. The system is very beneficial for automating the home where the user can
control the operation of the home appliances automatically from wherever they are.

Componen Testing,
Literature t& Circuit Results
Simulation Fabrication Conclusion
Srudy Terminolo Design and
gies Discussion

Figure 1: Methodological chart

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Technology is advanced in these days and it’s growing faster. It would be beneficial for the
people’s life in the social community by making a system with the utilization of recent
technologies. In this research, the secure, flexible and cheap automation system for house was
designed and implemented. It utilized cell to conduct the automation process. The Arduino BT
was used and at its outport and input pins other electrical loads were interfaced through relay.
The wireless communication was established among the Arduino BT board and smart phone.
The design of system was found to be relatively cheap that permitted the loads or devices which
were to be controlled with small difference. For allowing the access to the loads used in home by
the authorized users, the password was employed for the security. (M. Tazil, R. Piyare, 2011)

In previous years, digital technology enabling network has been introduced in the home for
making the home automated and smart by controlling the devices used in house. Many exciting
and new opportunities are facilitated by the new and digital technology. It helps in enhancing the
device connection in home to control them form the home automation purpose. In order to
monitor and control of the devices enabling the network, the internet could be added as it has
been fast expansion. But the system for the automation of home was becoming slow for its
adoption. So, this paper proposed the identification of cause of issue related to slow
implementation. It also worked on the evaluation of Zigbee potential so that the above-
mentioned error could be addressed by implementing the framework of effective automation
system. In daily life, the control of the appliances was needed. With the developed and advanced
technology, various electrical appliances are used inside house, so there was need to control the
appliances more effectively. The mobile technology had possibility of incorporating a highly
advanced technology i.e., mobile for the communication purpose in the automation system. (I.
Jacob Raglend, Carelin Felix, 2011)

The design of wireless remote controller system was described and implemented in this research
to automate the home. The GSM module was introduced in this project to perform the wireless
communication among the user and the system. With the use of TC35 module, the proposed
controller could control the power used in house remotely from anywhere and anytime they
wanted to. A remote receiving module and controller centre i.e., controller unit were utilized in
this project for making the wireless remote controller. An implementation of the prototype
fabrication for the controller system was done and the outcomes of the experiment showed the
controlling of home appliances could be done by the controller with proper flexibility and it was
easy. (Gaoming Xu, Yan Ye, Taijun Liu, Tiefeng Xu & Gang Cao, 2011)

The fastest growing application and business in industries, banking sectors, security, customer
service, maintenance business is the M2M communication of devices in machines in the mobile
network. So, in this paper, the implementation of the control system design was done with the
use of GSM module as the network for the cellular communication. It incorporated the GSM

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modem, controller and appliances that needed to be controlled remotely in order to use the
system for the wide application range. this paper described the implementation and detailed
description of an individual element. Two loads were inspected in an experiment with the PC
based environment for the verification of the M2M design’s principle working. (A. Alheraish,
2004)

This paper was about the interactive automation system for the house based on speech controller,
internet and GSM technologies. Available latest technologies should be used to make the home
automation. Regarding this, the project illustrated the design as well as implementation of an
automatic system for the home using the technologies such as speech recognition, internet and
GSM were employed. The mentioned technologies were merged to obtain a proper system for
the home automation wirelessly. It was user friendly, powerful, cheap and complete system that
could monitor the appliances in real time and control remotely. (A.Z. Alkar, M.K. Ozcan, M.B.
Tosun, A.A. Kayalar, B. Yuksekkaya, 2006)

In these days, the home automation system is developing and growing for providing services to
disables, elderly and for the people living alone. It is like a supporting system for those people.
In addition to that the population of the world is getting older as well and the automation system
should be complied with usage convenience and standards of house. Concerning to these, the
wireless system was designed for the home automation purpose. It used less power consumed
and cheap communication devices like Zigbee, RF and voice command recognition for the
automation. The system was developed considering the controlling of loads of office or home
and lighting through the voice commands. The testing and verification of system was done by
testing the DPCM decompression and compression speech signals, Zigbee test, and response test
for the recognition of voice. Test was done for the female and male subjects of 35 with various
accent. Individual person sent 35 various voice commands therefore in overall 1225 commands
were provided among which 79.8% commands were correctly and accurately recognized.
(Subhas Mukhopadhyay, Gourab Sen Gupta & Humaid AlShu'eili, 2011)

With the reduced cost of the mobile as it is advancing day by day, it is probable to integrate the
mobile phones in the home automation system. This project proposed a home automation system
on the basis of mobile where the system comprises of cell phone with home server, cellular
modem and capabilities of java. The loads used in home operated as per the commands given by
user through cellular modem and they were controlled through home server. The controller and
cell phone with SMS/GPRS was used to build the home server that permitted the user for
monitoring as well as controlling the variables associated with the home using mobile phones
capable of understanding and coding into Java. The design of continuous power supply for the
controller to send and receive data in mobile, software for processing command based on
message and AT modem driver were designed in this project with the java application for
enabling the sending of commands and receiving the alerts. (W.L. Xu, X. Gui & M. Van Der
Werff, 2005)

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The system for the remote controlling as the monitoring system for automating the home is
growing rapidly with the advanced technology. In this paper, the home automation system with
monitoring and controlling features were reviewed. The monitoring system and light controller
system was proposed with the technology use of Bluetooth and GSM. It was focused on
minimizing the consumption of power with the implementation of the IR sensor to control the
electrical appliances such as fans, lights, etc. through a message. For mitigating the charge used
for the communication with the loads, the microcontroller was connected with Bluetooth module
however it works in certain range. For the abnormal conditions like high temperature, detection
of intrusion, etc., the system alerted the user by sending message as per the user’s need. (S.R.N
Reddy & Vini Madan, 2012)

This paper elaborates the designing as well as implementing secure automatic system for home
which was flexible and cost-effective. The system bases on the technology of GSM modem as
the message transmission device. It comprises of two components where first one was
microcontroller unit as the main component of the automation system acting as the bridge
between the actuators, sensors and GSM module. The second major component was GSM
module that established the communication interface among the user and system. It exchanges
the signals and message via SMS. The hardware connection among the controller unit and
actuators and sensors was done. The proposed systems provided the long-range operation of the
system with the telecommunication devices, multimedia, security and power supply components.
An authentication of the system exchanged message was done with the username and password
for the security purpose. Through this system, the configuration of the automation system could
be easy with the use of user-friendly interface, RS232 protocol. (Ahmed ElShafee, H.
ElKamchouchi, 2012)

For the management of consumption of household electricity, an idea of adaptive control system
was described. The project mainly focused in decreasing the total consumption of electrical
energy per household for reducing the electricity bills. A component-oriented framework was
used for providing a high adaptability to various kinds of user for accessing the web browser and
smart phones. The components interact with every electrical device. The benefits of available
technologies and various tools such as mobile platforms, web services, controllers, etc. with the
integration of AI. Other services could also be sued in this system that might be meter data
management systems. The project could monitor and manage the storage of energy with the
utilization of renewable energy sources. Therefore, the system assists in offloading the power
grid to the end user from granularity at the lowest level. (Bojan Bogovac, Dejan Milinkov, Dejan
Milinkov & Mihály Sági, 2012)

In this research, a proposal for designing and developing an intelligent home automation system
to meet the modern and standard requirements in order to satisfy the user’s living standards was
made. Real-time audio-visual systems supports the activities of home security that only gave
access to the authorized people to the house. In this system, easy controlling the switch on and
off the electrical loads from any room of house were considered. The accommodation of the

6
internet and telephone dialing for the remote controlling of the home appliances were also
presented. With the installation of PC based home assistant system software, the regular
activities could be monitored as per the programmed data in the database of the system. Wind
energy and solar energy also supports to use the requirements of electrical energy in a flat. With
the automatic rotation of the solar panel angle and the fixing of wind mill on the terrace
maximized the saving and storing of the electrical energy. Moreover, in case the intruder was
detected, the alerting message to the user was sent by triggering the sound system through the
automatic pre-programmed code. (A. Cellatoglu, K. Balasubramanian, 2008)

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 CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGIES
In order to have knowledge related to the terminologies, components, and working mechanism of
the components, (N.Sriskanthan, F.Tan, & A.Karande, 2002) is referred.

3.1 Relay
The relay is generally a switch that operates by the electricity. The relay comprises of both input
and operating terminals where at the input terminals, multiple or single control signals are
passed. The switch can be used as the combinations, to break and make contacts. They can be
utilized for controlling a circuit with low power control signals and wherever many circuits or
load are to be controlled through single signal. Initially, they were employed for the telegraph
circuits used in long-range acting as signal repeaters. The coming signals were refreshed to
transmit it to another circuit for the processing of signal. In the computers and telephone
exchanges, relay are widely used for conducting the logical operations. Electromagnet are used
by the relay for the opening and closing the connections. There are various types of relays which
are coaxial relay, contactor, force-guided contacts relay, latching relay, machine tool relay,
mercury relay, overload protection relays, polarized relay, reed relay, solid-state relay, time
delay relay, etc. Among the various relays, soli-state relay (SSR) is used in the electronics
engineering that operates in similar way with the high reliability. The SSR utilizes triac, thyristor
and other switching devices for switching the connected device. The control signal activates the
relay to perform its operation. The relays operate on the electromagnetic induction principle
where the iron and copper coil acting like electromagnet.

3.2 LED
The LED (light emitting diode) is a source of light that emits from a semiconductor diode. When
current starts to flow through it, light is emitted through the semiconductor. The electron holes
recombine with semiconductor’s electron that releases the energy in terms of photons. The
determination of light color of electron is done with the need of energy for crossing the
semiconductor’s band gap. With the light emitting phosphor on the semiconductor component or
use of many semiconductors, a white light can be obtained. In 1962, the first LED which was
infrared was utilized in the circuit for the remote control which had various consumer
electronics. The early visible LEDs used to limit to red and with less intensity but the modern
LEDs cab be found of intermediate, low and high output as light, IR wavelength, ultraviolet and
visible as well. In 7-segment displays, incandescent bulbs and lamps, the early developed, the
first developed LEDs is mostly utilized. However, the newly developed LEDs are developed by
considering the light of high output and intensity that will fit in the lighting of outdoor area and
room. In the developed communication technologies, the LED’s switching rates are utilized and
it has been used to develop many kinds of sensors and displays. They are widely utilized in
medical devices, lighted wallpaper, flashes for camera, traffic signals, lighting system,
headlamps, etc. LEDs has its advantages over the other sources as it is compactable, enhanced

8
robustness, long service life, faster switching, less consumption of power, etc. The LEDs can
also be utilized for the art lighting, auto0motive purposes and in electronics industries.

3.3 GSM module

The GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and it is a widely used mobile
network. It is used in the cell phones in various regions of world. The difference in TDMA (time
division multiple access) is used in the GSM and the TDMA is mostly used term among CDMA,
GSM and TDMA. It is used to compress as well as digitize the data that is then sent data through
a channel based on the time slot. The GSM works on frequency band of 1900 MHz, 1800 MHz,
900 MHz and 850 MHz. Furthermore, it is a part of telecommunication, they are Enhanced data
GSM environment, general packet radio service, high speed circuit switches data, etc. GSM
transmits voice and mobile data wirelessly and it was developed in 1970 at Bell laboratories. The
GSM is capable of transmitting data rates of 64-120 Mbps. As per the implemented environment,
every cell’s coverage region can be varied. The GSM has some features which includes SMS
(shot message service), speed of high quality, international roaming, enhanced efficiency of
spectrum and it can be compatible with ISDN (integrated services digital network). It supports
FDN (fixed dialing number), real time clock with the management for alarm, new facilities,
utilizes encryption for making the secured phone calls. It also provides the end-to-end security
and security of the GSM subscriber is assured. It needs a SIM card for the operation of the GSM
technology and it can provide facility over a network area and it can also be connected to a
desktop by the connection of Bluetooth, USB and serial.

3.4 Microcontroller
A chip microcomputer that is fabricated from the fabrication of VLSI is known as
microcontroller device. It is also called as embedded controller. There are several
microcontrollers present and available in the market having various length of words like
microcontroller of 128 bits, 64 bits, 8 bits and 4 bits. The microcontroller is used for controlling
the working of embedded system used on motor vehicles, electrical appliances, robots, machines
and other appliances. It comprises of processor, peripherals and memory. For the devices which
requires a certain controlling by the users, the microcontrollers are applied. It consists of
components needed to calculate, display, measure and store the information are comprised in the
controller unit. The architecture of microcontroller is comprised of:

 CPU (central processing unit): Central processing unit is the brain of the microcontroller
that fetches and decode the provided information and accomplishes the allocated task.
The microcontroller components are integrated into a system through the use of the CPU.
It decodes the instruction or command fetched by the programmable memory.
 Memory: The memory chip is mainly used for storing the information, program as well
as data and it has similar function in microcontroller as it works in microprocessor. The
microcontroller component consists of flash memory, random memory access (RAM),
read only memory (RAM), EPROM, EEPROM, and so on for the program storing
purpose.

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  Peripherals or I/O ports: Peripherals used in the system are connected with the
microcontroller unit at its I/O ports in order to control the operation of components. Some
I/O devices are LED, LCD, buzzer, motors, printers, etc.
 Serial ports: The ports of the microcontroller that enables the serial interfaces with other
communication devices are called serial ports.
 Analog to digital converter (ADC): The ADC component is utilized for the conversion of
analog signals into digital form where the input provided must be in analog form for
obtaining the required digital form of signal. The production of digital signal is required
for the digital usage that includes measurement components mainly sensors.
 Digital to analog converter (DAC): This converter performs the exact operation of ADC
converter for obtaining an analog signal by inputting the digital signals. It is used for the
supervision of analog components i.e., motors, etc.
 Timers: There is one or more than one timer are in-built in the microcontroller unit. it is
used for controlling the operation of counting and timing for the controller. Mainly the
timers or counters are implemented for counting the external pulses and they functions in
oscillations, modulations, measurement of frequency, clock operation, pulse production,
etc.
 Interpret control: The interpret control is utilized to provide the delayed control to an
executing program. It can be provided to the microcontroller externally or internally.

3.5 Voltage Regulator IC

A voltage regulator IC provides a regulated voltage by removing the fluctuation in power supply.
It is an integrated circuit that may be negative feedback. This voltage regulator regulates DC or
AC voltages. This electronics component can be used in the power supply to stabilize the
constant supply to be used by the components. There are various series of the voltage regulator
IC i.e., 78XX series where 7805 regulator IC is used to obtain +5V dc voltage. A 7812 voltage
regulator IC is used to acquire 12V power supply. With the use of the voltage regulators, the
voltage needed to operate the components as per their requirement. With the use of the proper
voltage regulator IC, the heating problem of components can also be avoided. Installation of
voltage regulators may be also done at the substation or across the distribution line in order to
provide the steady and needed voltage power to the customers. With the use of diode and resistor
in series, a voltage regulator is made. The change in the voltage at diode will change because of
input variation according to the V-I characteristics of diode. This design is okay in case the
efficiency and control of voltage is not necessary. This kind of voltage regulator is feasible for
the regulation of low voltage for the less power consumed devices.

3.6 Rectifier
Rectifier, an electrical component used to convert the ac current into dc in one direction and this
process is called rectification process. Inverter performed the reverse operation in the rectifier. It
can be used for other purposes however; rectifiers are mainly found to be used in only generating
the direct current for the transmission system with high voltage dc power and DC power supply.

10
Also, including the generation of direct current for the power source, rectification can also serve
in other roles as well like in the radio signal detectors and flame rectification in the gas heating
system for detecting the flame presence. The output voltage may need extra smoothing for the
production of steady and uniform voltage based on the rectifier circuit’s configuration and ac
type. To use the rectifiers in power supplies and computer device, a constant and steady voltage
is needed and for this a rectifier output needs to be smoothed with the use of an electronic filter
(resistors, choke, capacitors, etc. and for this the voltage regulator is also used to obtain a
regulated and stabilize power supply.

11
 Chapter 4: Design of the System
The selection of the components and designing of the overall system are done by referring to
(SATTI, ROY, & REDDY, 2009).

4.1 Circuit description and design

Figure 2: Block representation of the home automation system

Figure 3: Circuit design

12
 Figure 4: Power supply circuit
The circuit for the home automation system is prepared based on the GSM module for the
wireless communication. The circuit designing work is done in Proteus software by utilizing its
library to drag the required components to conduct the project work. Here, the components like
microcontroller (Arduino Uno), relay, GSM module, LEDs as loads used in home and power
supply components such as voltage regulator, transformer, rectifier, etc. are dragged to the
design window and the connection between those components are made. The 0 and 1 pins of the
microcontroller is connected with the TX and RX pins of the GSM modem for performing the
wireless communication from user to the system for the controlling of loads. Furthermore, to
each relay, each load i.e., LED are connected. The power supply components such as step-down
transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator IC and capacitors are linked together so that the constant
and regulated power supply is obtained for the continuous and non-interrupted operation of the
home automation system.

The automation system is made to be kept at the home in order to control the working or
operation of the home appliances for saving the electricity and eventually reducing the electricity
cost as well. The loads are connected with the microcontroller through the relay. After that, the
power for the system is supplied by making sure that the power is continuous and irrupt-able.
The message to the GSM module is sent through the mobile phone whose number is registered
for the system. Then it reads and processes the received messaged to check whether the
command is valid. After the system identifies the valid command which will control the
respective load. For the switching action, the relay is used in this project which amplifies the low
signals obtained from the controller unit to switch on and off the respective appliances. People
can control the home appliances remotely by saving time as well as electricity cost. The
automation system brings easiness for the elderly, handicapped people, kids whoever is unable to
get to the switch for its activation or its monitoring. The system can be operated from anywhere
and at anytime with the use of GSM technology for the wireless transmission of message that

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contains command for the controlling of electrical appliances. The command is stored to the
system database for determining the valid and correct command. Furthermore, by supplying the
continuous power to the required components, the system continues to work. In this project, the
LEDs are employed as loads which are normally used in the home. When the invalid or incorrect
command is provided to the system, its operation starts from getting the messages from the
user’s phone until it gets the correct one.

4.2 Relay
The relay in this project is utilized for performing the switching of the loads for the home
automation system as per its requirement. Relays operated under the electromagnetic attraction
principle where the relay energized the electromagnetic field when the circuit detect fault in the
current for producing a temporary magnetic field. The induced magnetic field rotates the relay
armature to close or open the connection among two circuits. It controls electric circuit through
the closing and opening of the contacts. Solid-state relay is used in the electronics circuit for
performing the switching operation of load as per its need. The relay operates according to the
obtained control signal to perform the proper switching. It provides fast and reliable operation,
and it is very commonly used electrical device to connect or disconnect the connection between
the circuits in accordance with the received signals from the programmed controller unit.

4.3 LEDs
Various LEDs are invented till now and it is more advanced with the growing technology. The
light is emitted by the LEDs when the electron holes recombine with the electrons. Several LEDs
such as high brightness, uv, wavelength visible, etc. LEDs are easily available in the market. The
color of the light is determined by the gap between the energy present in semiconductor. LEDs
are used in the lighting, medical devices, traffic signals, etc. due to its robustness, fast switching
operation when compared with incandescent light, low power need, compact, etc. In this project,
LEDs are used to act as load and their switching is controlled with the use of GSM technology
and relay module. The necessary power to each component is provided. The information
received from the GSM module is process and the control signal is sent to relay module which
will control the working of loads as the user’s demand for its use.

4.4 Power Supply Unit

Power supply unit must be continuous and error free to provide the required power to the system
and electronics and electrical components. The circuit for the power supply comprises of
capacitive filter to remove noise and ripples, voltage regulator to obtain a constant, stable and
regulated voltage and transformer to step down the high voltage into required voltage. By
configuring these components, a regulated and stabilized power can be obtained which is then
passed to various components in order to perform the working of each component as per the need
of these components. With the continuous, stabilized and regulated power supply, system
operation without any interruption.

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4.5 Microcontroller
The suitable controller module is selected for the project according to the suitability of the
project. The microcontroller consists of components like timers, various types of ROM, RAM,
I/O ports, CPU, etc. where the CPU controls the operation as it is the main components or brain
of the controller unit. The memory included in controller unit is used to store the program code
and database for the system. The CPU performs all operation as the program is developed to
instruct the components by processing the obtained data or information from the input devices
and it provides control signals to output devices to ensure their work as we want them to be. It
simplifies the process of the system to obtain a reliable and effective operation. The controller
used in this project first reads the information and processes it and decide which load is to be
turned on/off after which it sends the signal to respective LED acting as load.

4.6 GSM module

The GSM module used in this project used to transmit the command via SMS for taking control
over appliances for its switching. The GSM modem works on the basis of the AT commands
initialized for sending, receiving, reading the message via message. This technology is mostly
used in various parts of world. It provides long range operation as well so the system can also
work in the long range to perform the work. Regarding this project, one from far away the
system send message containing command to the system’s GSM module in order to control the
loads so that the electricity wastage can be minimized. For the message transmission between the
controller and GSM modem, the same baud rate to both of these components needed to be
provided which is 9600 bps.

4.7 Flowchart of the System

Based on the mechanism of the system, the flowchart to represent the flow of operation during
programming is developed. At first, the power to the system is turned on. The program then
starts by initializing the microcontroller. The component initializes for the further process after
initializing the microcontroller. Then the GSM module gets the message sent from the mobile
phone in order to control the appliances used in the home. After reading the message received
from the phone, the microcontroller starts to process it for checking if the command is valid or
not with the command stored in the system’s database. In case of valid command, the system
starts the respective relay to activate or turn on or off the load as per the requirement of the user,
otherwise, the system continues to check for the valid message by getting the message from the
user’s phone or registered phone number. This is how the system is designed to work for
controlling the loads in the houses.

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 Figure 5: Flowchart of the proposed system

4.9 Simulation
After designing the circuit and developing the flow of the process, the simulation of the designed
circuit is done. Here, 4 LEDs are used as loads which are connected through the connection of
relays to switch on/off them whenever they are needed to. The simulation process is started in
Proteus software where the LEDs are found to be glowing on and off according to the provided

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command. It is found that when the GSM module of the system gets command as the message
for turning on the respective LED, the LED glows on and off with the use of relay that facilitates
secure and fast operation. The simulation is run for each LED acting as load to observe their
effective operation. Likewise, the system is simulated with all LEDs on and all LEDs off.
Similarly, the LEDs turn off when the system gets command for turning off the LED. But in case
of invalid command from the user, the system didn’t respond as the message is found to be as an
invalid command by comparing the command with the database of system to perform the
switching action. In this way, it is confirmed that the prepared circuit can perform its operation
effectively and efficiently.

Figure 6: Simulated circuit with first LED (load) on

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Figure 7: Simulated circuit with second LED (load) on

Figure 8: Simulated circuit with the third LED (load) on

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Figure 9: Simulated circuit with fourth LED (load) on

Figure 10: Simulated circuit with all LEDs (load) on

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 CHAPTER 5: FABRICATION, TESTING AND RESULT
5.1 Fabrication
For the fabrication of automation system for home, the PCB board is utilized. Initially, the PCB
board is fabricated for assembling the components as per the circuit diagram. For this, a copper
board is taken and it is then cut into required size to make the PCB board. The circuit layout is
also imprinted in the glossy paper after which the printed circuit layout and required size of
copper board is brough together and hot iron is applied on them. It is made sure that the ironing
is done properly on each side of the board. After completing the ironing process, etching process
in done by dipping the ironed board into the ferrous chloride solution. The excessive copper is
removed from the board and tracing is done. The board is dried and necessary holes in it are
drilled for the placement of the component according to the designed circuit. Then the
components are mounted on it along its correct placement. Furthermore, the use of jumper wires
and soldering iron as well as wire is done to make the connection between the components with
the microcontroller. Here, GSM module, relay, LEDs, microcontroller unit, power supply unit
components such as transformer, voltage regulator IC, etc. are connected in the fabricated PCB
board. Finally, a fabricated PCB board is obtained along with the assembly of the components.

5.2 Testing and Results

Once the components are connected and assembled on the PCB board, it is tested for the
continuity check for finding the short circuit connection if any. This test is done to ensure the
fabricated model has correct circuitry configuration to further continue the testing of the overall
system. After ensuring the correct circuit configuration, the components are checked initially to
ensure they work as per their need in this project. The GSM module is tested and it is made sure
that it successfully receives the message sent through the user’s phone. After that, the relay
operation is tested in breadboard where its connection to load is done and power is given. The
relay is found to be working accurately for switching on and off the load. After that, the system
is begun to test in real time by supplying power to the power supply unit in order to check the
performance of the system. For testing the system, the message to the GSM module is sent that
processes the obtained message and the system starts to act as per the command. The respective
relay for the corresponding load is then triggered to turn on/off the load regarding the operation
of the controller unit. This operation is performed by the system when the command is found to
be correct and valid when comparing with the information stored in the system database. The
system repeats its process until the continuous supply to the system is provided. Thus, the
automatic system to monitor and control the operation of home appliances is designed and
developed through this project. With this system, one can remotely control the loads they want
to.

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5.3 Discussion
The project related to the design of an automation system for controlling the loads used in home
through remotely. The project is based on the operation of GSM module which helps to perform
the wireless communication between the system and user. The various components needed to
perform the system operation are considered. Considering those components, the circuit design
by making connection between them is prepared utilizing the library of Proteus software.
Necessary and correction connections are established to ensure the components works accurately
to acquire the goals of the project. To show the flow of operation during the programming for the
controller unit, flowchart is prepared. Through the simulation of the system, an accurate
operation of system is obtained as the LEDs taken as loads in this project are simultaneously
switched on and off as per the provided command. During the project, it is observed that the
switching operation of the load is not done. With the proper research on this matter, the suitable
relay module is connected with the loads and microcontroller for the amplification of low signal
to switch the loads on and off. The proper connection of the GSM module with the controller
unit is ensured for the serial communication between those components to read the information
by the microcontroller. Furthermore, same baud rate of 9600 bps is defined to controller unit and
GSM modem so that the serial communication between these components can be done. For
tackling with the issues, other resources such as books, journals, articles, etc. are referred and
studied. The rectifier and voltage regulator components in the power supply circuit are added to
obtain an error free power supply and stabilized as well as regulated constant power to the
system and other components to provide them needed power to operate it properly.

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 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The designed home automation system provides the facility for remotely controlling the home
appliances. The system can be used by the disabled, elderly and children who cannot reach to the
switch board and switch on and off the load whenever it is required. With the implementation of
GSM module in the automatic system, the system becomes more compatible where a person
doesn’t have to switch on/off the loads manually and it allows the transmission of message over
a long range or distance. The GSM module doesn’t have particular range unlike ZigBee,
Bluetooth, etc. technologies. GSM modem can send message through their phones to the GSM
module of system for doing the operation. For the immediate action, a fast and easy module
known as relay is used. Upon testing the system, it is found that the system operates correctly
and controls the load for the valid command. Otherwise, for the invalid command, the system
doesn’t respond and continuously checks for the valid command to control the home appliances.
This system saves time of a person and electricity usage saving cost for the electricity. The
whole operation for the system is automated to effectively control the loads according to its need
and requirement. The performance of the system is also found better addressing the issues
related to short distance. This system can be very applicable in home to make the home
automated and smart with the growing advanced technologies.

6.1 Advantages
Every system has advantage of its own, some of the merits of this system are listed below:

 With the automatic system, one’s time can be saved.

 It prevents the unnecessary electricity wastages and saves the electricity cost.
 The physically disabled people can use this home automation system in their home to
control the operation of loads.
 The system is very economical and cost-effective.
 Can perform fast operation with the provided valid command.

6.2 Disadvantages
The project also has some limitations and some of them are listed below:

 The GSM sim module needs to be recharged simultaneously.

 The power to system should be provided continuously as the system stops working once
the power is turned off. So, backup power supply for this system should be prepared.

6.3 Future works

For the further enhancement in the project, the more components and sensors can be employed
for the security purposes like fire detecting sensor, temperature sensor, sensors for access
control, etc. can be used. The internet can be implemented in this project in order to avoid the
recharging the balance for GSM module as it takes money for the messaging. The high-tech
modules can be used for assuring the proper operation for the system.

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