CAREER EPISODE 1

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR AND RECTANGLE COVERED

ANTENNA ARRAY IN C-BAND
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Name of University: {Insert}
2. Organization’s identity: {Insert}
3. Subject: {Insert}
4. Location: Sydney, Australia
5. Position: Service Engineer
6. Supervisor’s name: {Insert}
7. Period of project: {Insert}
1.2 BACKGROUND
1.2.1 NATURE OF PROJECT
From the earlier days antenna was regarded to be an important device considering the
telecommunication and networking field. This device was first developed in the early 1950s.
With the applicability of this component, it was further improvised and made further
development as a microstrip antenna and that was performed by the applicability of the
technology regarding PCB and was developed in the year the 1970s. Along with the applicability
of these antennas further research was made by the various scientist and researchers and the
concept consisting of the adding of the various shaped antennas along with the resonant antenna
was performed in about 1984 and the idea considering this method was generated by Allen Buck
in the laboratory of University of Massachusetts. Also, the concept considering the patch antenna
was introduced by Bob Munson in the year 1972 and was regarded as the grounded substrate
dielectric and was generally applied for the frequency that was lesser than 1GHz. In this case, the
shapes of the patches were generally circular and rectangular. And till today, various researches
have been conducted for the betterment of the antenna as per the requirement.
This project was generally conducted for making the comparison regarding the circular shaped
and rectangular shaped antenna to observe which of the shaped- antenna consisted of better
properties and could be applied with greater efficiency and this comparison was made in the case
of C-band. Here mostly the study regarding the circular patch was performed ranging from the
frequency value of 4GHz to 8GHz. For the performance of this design along with simulation,
HFSS software was selected. Regarding the designing of the system various parameters were
acquired regarding the circular-shaped antenna that included the pattern of radiation, return loss
along with gain, and ratio regarding axial. By performing the simulation of these parameters, the
impact regarding the distance considering the element was performed and the number of the
elements along with the phase was checked.
1.2.2 OBJECTIVE
The performance of the project was done to acquire and to match certain aims and objectives
regarding the system. They are presented as follows
 To acquire the values considering various parameters of the circular-shaped antenna.
 To present the modification of the nature of the antenna as per the change in the
substrate.
 To acquire the reduction of the patch regarding the circular shape as compared to the
rectangular shape antenna.
1.2.3 PROJECT WORK
I initiated the project by conducting a review of various project files along with many books and
articles for a better understanding of the methods and objectives of the project. I conducted the
selection of the required devices as per the design. I designed the respective circuit and
conducted the operation of simulation by the use of appropriate software. I then performed the
implementation process in the hardware and made sure every component was functioning
perfectly. Then, I conducted the performance of job management along with the report writing.
1.2.4 HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATION
The figure presented shows the organizational chart considering the designed project.

University

College name

HOD

Project Supervisor

Regis Giovani Silva Duarte

Other Team members

Figure1: Chart considering the organizational nature of the designed system

1.2.5 DUTIES
As per the development of the project many duties were to be performed to develop the project a
successful one. Among various duties performed some of them are listed as follows
1. To develop the concept regarding the performance of the project and with the initial idea for
the designing of the system by performing the study regarding the many files related to the topic
along with various journals and articles.
2. To perform the activity regarding the collection of the necessary components and devices for
the development of the circuit design.
3. To perform the research regarding various source files for the appropriate selecting of the
necessary software.
4. To conduct the operation related to the designing of the circuit by the application of the
associated software.
5. To acquire the associated results as per the simulation conducted and to perform the
comparison work regarding the acquired result and the results of the rectangular patch acquired
from the literature.
1.3 PEA
1.3.1
I initiated the operation of the design of the project by acquiring the appropriate knowledge
regarding the project. For the achievement of the proper idea of the project title, I assembled
various source files consisting of a similar project title or the same project title. I also gathered
various files regarding this topic from various other sources such as articles and journals. I also
performed detailed research in the case of the internet and gathered a lot of content related to a
similar topic. In the prior case, I absorbed the idea regarding the techniques to be applied in the
system so that an appropriate design could be developed. Also, I performed a better
understanding in the context of the other source file resulting in the conduct of proper selection
of the components along with the software and detailed knowledge regarding every property of
the antennas that were gained. With the information gathered, I came to know about the history
of the antenna and the improvements that had been conducted since the initialization of the
antenna was acquired. I also developed the idea regarding the improvement sectors to be
performed by the proper study of this system so that this system could be used appropriately and
in a more reliable manner in the coming years.
1.3.2
I conducted the work regarding the information gathering of the project title considering various
source files and after the completion of the studying part, I started performing the work related to
the selection process in regards to the associated components and devices to be applied in the
system for the designing process. Also, I conducted the selection of adequate and necessary
software for the performance of the designing and the simulation work along with the equation
calculation activity. For the conduct of selection of the components, at the initial, I selected the
necessary substrate for the designing process that was considered to be suitable for the circular-
shaped antenna. Also, I performed the selection regarding various others components necessary
for the designing process such as antenna and oscilloscope and various other components.
During the selection, mainly I considered various factors such as cost-effectiveness, easy
availability along with portability nature, and the most essential factor its efficiency regarding
the operation of the design. If any of these conditions failed to get satisfied, I exchanged those
components with the other components consisting of similar properties and satisfied these terms
regarding selection. I also conducted the selection of the appropriate software applied in the
system for the process of designing.
1.3.3
I started to perform the activity regarding the designing process of the circular and rectangular-
shaped antenna by providing the geometrical shape regarding both of the cases as follows

Figure2. Geometry presenting Circular and rectangular-shaped patch antenna

I considered L as the length regarding the rectangular-shaped antenna and W is considered as the
patch width. h was regarded as the dielectric’s thickness. εr was regarded as the dielectric
constant. Also, c was considered as the light’s speed and f r as the frequency of the resonance, and
wavelength was regarded as λ. Now for determining the length and width I presented
c
L= (1)
2 √ εr f r

( )
1 /2
c ε r +1
W= (2)
2fr 2

In the case of circular-shaped antenna, I presented the equation for obtaining the radius “a” as
k mn c
a= (3)
2∏ f r √ ε r

I selected the dielectric substrate for the designing of the system having the permittivity of the
range from 2.1 to 25. Regarding the design, I applied FR 4 substrate having a permittivity of 4.4
and tanδ of 0.02. I also applied the R03006 substrate having a permittivity of 6.5 and tanδ of
0.0025 and the R03200 substrate having a permittivity of 10.2 and tanδ of 0.0035. in the case of
rectangular antenna, the substrate thickness was considered as ….cm, and width was acquired as
…cm and length as …cm respectively. The rectangular-shaped antenna developed by the polar in
is presented in figure 3 as below
Figure3. Rectangular-shaped antenna developed by polar
Figure4. The design regarding circular-shaped antenna using HFSS fed by coaxial and microstrip
line
I also conducted the study regarding the antenna where I conducted the design regarding linear
array and planar array. The uniform array was considered as the linearly-spaced similar elements
consisting of similar magnitude having linearly progressive phases from every element. The
array for linear phase is presented in figure 5 as below
Figure5. Linear phased array’s design
I performed the calculation of the AF by implying the formula of
sin ⁡(Nψ/2)
AF= (5)
Nsin(ψ /2)
Ψ is considered as the array for phase function and is obtained by applying the equation
ψ=βdcosƟ+ α (6)
Now I conducted the design regarding the planar array. This planar array provided the directional
beams consisting of symmetrical patterns having the lower sidelobes and acquiring the greater
directivity value considering the other elements. The design regarding the planar array is
provided in figure 6 as below
Figure6. The design regarding the planar array
Now, placing the N similar arrays in the equal distance in y-direction then rectangular array was
achieved. I considered the array placed at equal distance in y-direction having the shift of phase
of βy in every row. I also assumed the current distribution is similar in x-directed arrays and the
absolute values considered the factor regarding (n=1,2,….N) then I acquired the value of AF in
the case of total MxN array as

( )( )
( ) sin ( N
2 )
ψX ψ Y
sin M
2
AF ( Ɵ, ø )= . (7)
Msin ( ) Nsin ( )
ψ X ψY
2 2

Here, ψx and ψy are considered as the phase function for the array and could be acquired by
applying the equation
ψ x =d x sinƟcosø + β x (8)
ψ y =d y sinƟcosø + β y (9)
Regarding the proposed array, a similar substrate considering permittivity value of 10.2 and
thickness (h) of 0.127 cm is applied.
1.3.4
I concluded the part regarding designing and conducted the simulation part in both cases. At
first, I conducted the simulation regarding return loss for both the shaped antennas. In the case of
circular shapes, the resonance occurred ib three frequencies i.e. …GHZ, …GHz, and …GHz,
and acquired the return loss value ranging from …Db to …Db. In the case of rectangular-shaped,
it resonated in …GHz and acquired the value of …GHz. This showed that circular-shaped
exploited better in C-band considering to rectangular-shaped antenna. The simulation figure
regarding this is presented in figure 7
Figure7. Simulation result regarding return loss for the circular and rectangular-shaped C-band
Figure 8 and 9 shown below represents the axial ratio in the case of circular and rectangular-
shaped antenna by microstrip and coaxial cable.
Figure8. Simulation result presenting axial ratio for circular-shaped antenna
Figure9. Simulation result presenting axial ratio for rectangular-shaped antenna
In the case of circular-shaped, the axial ratio was smaller than 3Db for all resonant frequencies
and circular polarization was acquired. In the case of rectangular-shaped, the axial ratio was
higher than 3Db for its resonating frequency and linear polarization was acquired. I also
conducted the simulation for the pattern of radiation and achieved the value of …Db and …Db in
the case of circular and rectangular-shaped antennas respectively. This showed that there was not
much change in the pattern of radiation in both the cases and is presented in figure 10 as below
Figure10. The pattern of radiation in the case of circular and rectangular-shaped antenna
Also, I conducted the simulation regarding loss of return for R03200 (ε=10.2) resonating for
4.48, 5.27 and 7.8 GHz, R03006 (ε=6.4) resonating at 4.87 and 7.7 GHz and FR4 (ε=6.4)
resonating at 6.6 GHz and found out that the substrate having higher permittivity value consisted
of the better return loss of …..Db as compared to all the substrates applied i.e. for FR4. The
simulation regarding the return loss is presented in the figure below
Figure11. Simulation regarding return loss considering circular-shaped antenna for all the
substrates
I also performed the simulation regarding planar array by the application of HFSS software.
Figure 12 presented below shows the arrays providing the beam steering for both shaped antenna
Figure12. Condition by changing the spacing for inter-element regarding both-shaped antenna (a)
distance for inter-element of 0.4λ and (b) distance of inter-element of 0.6λ
In this case, the gain regarding the circular-shaped was considered to be greater than that of the
rectangular-shaped antenna.
Number of element Gain for circular sector patch Gain for rectangular patch
4
6
10
14
Table1. Gain value regarding circular and rectangular-shaped antenna for N=4, 6, 10, and 14

Circular sector Rectangular sector

pitch pitch
Array directivity Gain Directivity Gain
configuration
4 (linear)
10 (linear)
4 (planar)
9(planar)
Table2. Linear vs planar regarding circular and rectangular-shaped antenna

Simulated array Simulated array

Element shape and Rectangular (W= Circular sector Circular sector
dimension L=) A= A=
substrate ε=2.5 ε=10.2 ε=10.2
h= h= h=
Element number 2*2 2*2 3*3
Inter-element spacing 0.5λ 0.6λ 0.4λ
Gain
Directivity
Table3. The comparison regarding the simulated array

1.3.5
I executed the conduct in the case of simulation of the circuit design that was performed
regarding the comparison of the antenna consisting of two various shapes i.e. circular and
rectangular in the C-band. I conducted the design of this project by using the HFSS software. I
conducted the design regarding both of the shaped antennas and simulated every parameter
consisting of the antenna. Then I performed the comparison regarding the acquired results of
both antennas. In the case of return loss, the circular-shaped antenna consisted of a higher value
as compared to the other component. Regarding the axial ratio, the value for circular-shaped
antenna acquired the value lesser than 3Db and for rectangular-shape, the value was higher than
3 Db. In the case of the pattern of radiation, the values were almost similar for both cases so
there was no change in the gain for both parameters. I also conducted the simulation regarding
the linear array and planar array and acquired the results as per the design. From this design, it
could be concluded that the circular-shaped exploited proper for C-band than the rectangular-
shaped antenna.
1.3.6 ISSUES AND SOLUTION
1.3.6.1
In the starting, I conducted the designing of the circular and rectangular-shaped antenna by
applying the substrate having the higher permittivity value, and with the conduct of the design I
found out that none of the designs acquired the better value of return loss. So I illustrated the
problem to my project supervisor. He observed deeply and gave the idea regarding the
application of substrate consisting of lesser value of permittivity so I applied FR4 substrate
having the permittivity of 6.4 and acquired the better value of return loss in the case of circular-
shaped antenna. And by the application of the substrate, the comparison was made and a better
result was acquired.
1.3.6.2
In the initial, I performed the simulation of the design regarding the parameter of return loss only
in both of the shaped antennas and I acquired similar results for both the cases which were not
considered to be a comparative factor regarding our design. So I studied further collecting the
other sources file and acquired the idea regarding the comparison of other parameters. So as per
the idea gained, I performed the simulation for other parameters such as return loss and axial
ratio and found out that the circular-shaped antenna was much better as compared to the
rectangular-shaped antenna in both cases.
1.3.7 CREATIVE WORK
I started the technique for distinguishing the linear and planar array to acquire better results for
circular and rectangular-shaped antennas.
1.3.8 TEAM MANAGEMENT
I was chosen as the captain of our group who was considered as the responsible person regarding
every activity performed in the case of the project conduct. I properly managed the period
regarding the completion of the project as I conducted the plan of subdivision of the work for all
the group members as per the knowledge acquired. I also continuously performed the meeting
regarding the further work performance of the project. From the meeting, various ideas regarding
the improvement of the project along with the solution regarding the raised problems were
resolved.
1.3.9 CODE AND ETHICS
I conducted this project considering all the rules that has to be implied during the performance
and accepted all regulations regarding the conduct of the project.
1.4 SUMMARY
The project for the comparison of every parameter of the circular-shaped and the rectangular-
shaped antenna was performed to acquire the improved reliability and efficiency result among
both of them. The design of the system was acquired by applying the HFSS. The parameter
regarding the circular-shaped has better parameters and was more reliable for the application in
the case of communication and networking. Considering the same frequency the circular-shaped
antenna consisted of reduced dimension. Also, the return loss was found to be better in the
circular-shaped and was in the range of …Db to …Db. Also, the axial ratio was lesser than 3Db
in the case of circular-shaped antenna.
I found to have improved my skills regarding professional engineering during the performance of
the project. I acquired the leadership quality along with the proper speaking ability. I also
achieved knowledge regarding project documentation. I was able to acquire knowledge regarding
the HFSS software after the completion of the design process.