A PROJECT REPORT

ON

SIMULATION OF DVR FOR POWER QUALITY

IMPROVEMENT BY USING ULTRA CAPACITOR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our college ….. affiliated to …… and
also the special thanks to Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department for providing us
the golden opportunity to do this amazing and most valuable project on the topic
“SIMULATION OF DVR FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY BY USING ULTRA
CAPACITOR”.
A very special gratitude to our project supervisor Mr…… for guiding us right from the beginning
till the end. He has been a great teacher and a supervisor without whom the completion of this
project seemed to be much more difficult.
Not only to our college and our teachers but to our every friends and family members, we
would like to appreciate from bottom of my heart, who supported us and guided us and most
importantly build our confidence until the finalization of the project.

MEMBER NO 1
MEMBER NO 2

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 DECLARATION
This project named “SIMULATION OF DVR FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY BY
USING ULTRA CONDUCTOR” is performed as it was the part of course in Electronic and
Electrical Engineering. This project was on the supervision of Mr….. From college ….. affiliated
to …….(university name).
This project is done by our team members under the direct supervision of Mr…. and in this
project none of the contents were copied from any other project file or from any other sources
and the work was done following all rules and conditions.
Since this project is submitted to university so we do not expect anyone copying this project
without referring the university authorities. In case of finding of unnecessary use or uninformed
use of this project, legal action will be taken.

Team members:
Member 1
Member 2

Supervised By:
Name………..
Signature

Department Head:
Name of HOD:………..
Signature………………

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ABSTRACT
With the improvement in technologies and advancement in electronic system a large quantity
of works are performed using electronic appliances. And with the increase in demand is
creating a larger demand in the energy sources which is causing unusual voltage variations in
frequent amount. Also causing the damage to a greater number of equipments with many
human damages along with the excessive loss in economy. To reduce the problem for the
costumer end for voltage fluctuations DVR can be the best option for this.
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a device that can be best option in distribution and
transmission grid for injecting 3-phase voltage that is in series and synchronize with the
distribution feeder voltages that reduces the problem of voltage fluctuations basically voltage
swell and voltage sag. The main function of DVR is to find and solve the issues for sag in the
voltage of the distribution power source so that the loads remain free from these power
reliability issues. Ultra capacitors has been used extensively now a days for its most popular
benefit as it is capable of storing and discharging energy very quickly and effectively. As Ultra
Capacitors have symbolic characteristics having less energy density and greater power density
for the reduction of voltage sag, it might be the best option for the power quality improvement.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………………………........................02
DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….03
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..04
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………..…07
1.1 Background of the Project………………………………………………………………………………………………..08
1.2 Problems of Statement……………………………………………………………………………………………………..08
1.3Objectives of the Project……………………………………………………………………………………………………09
1.4 Scope of the Project………………………………………………………………………………………………………….09
1.5 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….09
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………………10
CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGIES………………………………………………………………….13
COMPONENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13
3.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)……………………………………………………………………………………….12
3.2 Ultra Capacitor (UCAP)……………………….……………………………………………………………………………..13
3.3 By-Directional DC-DC Converter and Controller………………………………………………………………...15
3.4 PI controller………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……16
3.5 Microcontroller………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
3.6 Filter…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17
3.7 multimeter…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
3.8 Power Supply Unit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…17
3.9 Breaker………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
TERMINOLOGIES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
3.10 Sag……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
3.11 Swell…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
3.12 Voltage Fluctuation………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18
3.13 Fault………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19

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3.14 Over voltage…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...19
3.15 Under voltage………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
3.16 Harmonics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM……………………………………………………………………………………….20
4.1 Circuit Description………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…20
4.2 Flow Chart of the System…………………………………………………………………………………………………..23
4.3 Simulation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
CHAPTER 5: TESTING AND RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………….25
5.1 Testing and Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25
5.2 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………………29
6.1 Advantages………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
6.2 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
6.3 Future Works…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
CHAPTER 7: BIBLOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………………………31

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INTRODUCTION
1. Background of project
In modern world power generation has not been an issue but with the production of more energy
comes the responsibility of maintenance of better power quality. Since the technology has been
advancing day by day with a rapid process and we the person of our world are lacking behind in coping
with these technologies but along with that challenge of coping we are also facing the most problematic
situation that has been a real issue in running in parallel with these technologies i.e. poor quality of
power in our distribution grid that was caused by many factors such as increasing load in the consumer
side also due to dense population the transformers had to be added and also due to charging of
transformers there may occur the fluctuations in voltage i.e. voltage sag or voltage swell condition
appeared which created a bigger problems in the user end as it not only disturbed in production of
mass products also it caused damaged to many equipments which caused a lot of loss in the economic
aspect. As with the massive production comes the heavy consumption of energy and that consumption
can only be possible with the modern appliances and with the advancement of technology in the
electrical field. To match the consumption with the generation there lays a thick bridge known as power
quality which satisfies the every consumer. The common power quality disturbance known to be a
serious issue are voltage sag and harmonic distortion which has been a major reason in resulting in
production loss, damage of equipments and overall the excessive amount of financial loss. some of the
abnormal electrical conditions occurred in both sender end and customer end which are able to disturb
a process are voltage sags, outages of phase, voltage interruption, lighting loads causing transients,
switching of capacitor, harmonics . Among all of those voltage fluctuations are most frequent. Voltage
fluctuations are considered as one of the frequent problem which is causing either over voltage or under
voltage condition lasting from fraction to few cycles. Starting of a motor, lightning strikes, clearing of
faults, are considered as the reason for fluctuation voltage fluctuations. So to overcome all of these
problems there has been a suitable device known as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) whose major
concern is to protect the sensitive load from supply-side short-term voltage disturbances other than
outages. Ultra capacitor has been the major component for the simulation of DVR.

2. Problem of statement
With the increasing in consumer side, the demand of the energy has been increasing rapidly
and the degradation of the power quality is increasing a lot and the maintenance has been a
major issue. With the increasing problems in the voltages and harmonic distortions, it has been
causing a serious damage in equipments along with heavy losses in economy which has been
affecting the costumer in every aspect possible. So to overcome this issue and to provide the
efficient and reliable power source to the costumer end DVR systems is proposed which uses
the ultra capacitor as the main component to maintain the reliability of the source by
maintaining the sag and swells during the voltage variability.

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3. Objectives of the project
The project is mainly conducted for maintaining the reliability of power supply by simulation of
DVR using ultra capacitor as a main component. Some of the major objectives of the project are
as follows:

 To provide the regularity in power supply with any voltage variations.

 For protecting the equipments from voltage variation and with any harmonic distortion.
 With the proper supply of energy source, the production in costumer end will be highly
effective, resulting in less maintenance of equipments and the increase in economic
gain.

4. Scope of the project

Since power quality has been a major concern in the industry and every sector, it has been very
essential for quality improvement of the power supply as now the world has been stepped in
the advanced technology and every sector has been revolutionized to modern equipments
where a quality power supply is must to do a minor work. So with the regular and reliable
supply of energy an impossible work can be done with ease using our modern technology. Also
with the constant power supply, problems regarding the equipments will be reduced causing
the efficiency in the production in industry and helps in increment of the economy. And all this
can be obtained with the proposed project where ultra capacitor is used as a major component.

5. Methodology
Here in the beginning, review regarding the literature and research was done and the idea
about the project was gained also the ideas regarding the components was acquired so that the
proper arrangement of the components could be done. Following, the block diagram, which
was the most essential part of the project where all the process regarding the project is shown
in process. As all the ideas were gained, the circuit diagram was created through which the
whole project was conducted. Here we used the suitable programming so that our project
could give the best result. As the circuit diagram was prepared we used the correct
programming so that simulation was performed. After completing the development of circuit
diagram and simulation in MATLAB we developed the prototype of the project using PCB board.
Now following simulation, system mechanism and performance was observed. If valid
command was given by the user than it provided the regular power source even if the
disturbance had occurred. This system is very beneficial to the industries and for the user as
equipments can be protected from voltage variations and the industries can perform work

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regularly obtaining high product and gaining high profit. Here is the flow diagram of the work
that has been performed according to the steps done.

introduction Literature Components and Circuit simulation

review terminologies design

conclusion Testing, fabrication

results and
discussion
Fig. flow chart of the
project

LITERATURE REVIEW
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The power quality varies with the variations in the section of utilization. In context of power
provider, power quality is considered as the proper regulation and best reliability of power in
case of frequency and voltage whereas in case of costumer side it is considered as the ability to
utilize the distributed power with proper magnitude and constant reliability of power. Power
quality consists of wide varieties such as efficiency, environmental issues, and uninterruptability
in supply. Power quality can be basically categorized into two groups one is short term i.e. if
the power quality problem lasts less than a minute then it is considered as a short term
whereas if the power quality issues last more than one minute then is denoted as long term.
(Bollen, 2000)
With the advancement in technology the requirements has increased a lot and now in the
modern world as we prefer to call the electronic world almost all the work are done with the
help of electronic machines. Not a single thing we can imaging that can’t be done by electronic
machines. Even man shaped robots are built for perfect work to be done and in 100% accuracy.
So to operate those electronic appliances large energy source is required not only that along
with bulk energy sources a quality power sources should be provided so that those appliances
can perform at it best. (hui yan, 2004)
As we see with the increase in population the demand of everything is increasing rapidly and
for meeting those demands lager amount of industries shall be required and again larger
demand of energy sources with quality power supply is required. So this project is proposed to
improve quality of energy supply by simulating the DVR using ultra capacitor as its main
component. (Hingorani, 2003)

To provide the constant power source to the costumer many of the projects were performed,
many projects were launched but none of them gave the best output. Even the ideas of storage
of ac supply were brought out by the scientist but could not succeed. Direct current was
introduced as the power source that could give the regular power supply without any harmonic
and voltage fluctuations but due to its high expenses it could not be reliable for regular use. In
case of power system, in distribution system, it has many nonlinear loads, so that the causes
many disturbance in the path loosing purity of the supply waveform which causes in the
disturbance in the voltage regularity and fluctuation occurs frequently. (KHAN, 2009)

Voltage sag was considered as a most common power quality problem which caused an
immediate smaller period reduction in voltage magnitudes which is in the range in between
0.1p.u. to 0.90p.u. as per to nominal voltage. To reduce the difficulties in the distribution
system and to minimize the problems regarding the voltage fluctuation and the harmonic
distortion a dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) was introduced. The main purpose of dynamic
voltage restorer (DVR) was to maintain the distribution voltage at per the required amplitude

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during the short period when the fault has occurred. Compensating voltage was given in series
to the faulty load side, in this way maintenance was done. (Ali O Al-Mathnani, 2008)
The refillable energy storage has been in reducing rate by the advancement in technologies
such as wind, solar power, and electrical vehicles. Various types of reloadable energy storage
technologies which are based upon ultra-capacitors, batteries, superconducting magnets are
built for unification into advanced power application such as DVR. Various projects has been
conducted such as matrix converter based DVR. In matrix converter based DVR, energy storage
device is not required in case of disaster purpose of the grid but there has been a major
drawback such as larger cost, larger energy requirement. So viewing all this, ultra capacitor has
been chosen as one of the best among all the energy storage technologies that required the
support of active power in the span of milliseconds to seconds. (N.H. Woodley, 1999)
The main purpose of this project is to fill the missing pieces that could not filled in the earlier
period such as integration of ultra capacitors with DVR system. Also the experimental
conformation of the ultra capacitor, dc-dc converter, inverter and there bond. The main
function is interfacing the filter with the dc-dc converter so that the harmonics can be
discarded. Also the invention of inverter and dc-dc converter controls to provide power energy
reluctant as well supporting the active and reactive power to the distribution grid. (Rosli
Omar, 2008)

In this project, the concept of improvement of the power source was done by the simulation of
DVR using ultra capacitor. Since the use of heavy automation increasing in almost all the
industries which causes the massive time save and in most profitable way. Short circuits,
starting larger motors, sudden changes in load, also the energization of transformers may cause
the voltage sag. Here a dynamic voltage restorer is a series compensation device composed of
an energy source system with a dc link (ultra capacitor), an inverter, a filter circuit, and a series
voltage injection transformer. (C. benachaiba, 2009)
Along with the main component such as ultra capacitor, bidirectional mode DC-DC convertor is
an essential aspect in this project. The main function of bidirectional mode DC-DC convertor is
to transfer the power between two dc buses in bidirectional path. Here in this project it has the
functionality of an assemblage circuit in energy system for ultra capacitor as large range of
voltage occurs during the charging and discharging process. Since it is bidirectional it has a
greater role in both voltages sag and voltage swells. During sag condition it has the ability to
hold the power generated during the sag condition whereas during swell condition it has the
ability to absorb the additional power from the grid. So the bidirectional DC-DC converter works
in boost mode during discharging and as buck during charging. (Jing Shi, 2010)

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In case of DVR, the active power as well as reactive power was independently controlled. It is a
bidirectional system so it could perform the both functions as absorbent or creation of active
and reactive power. This bidirectional functionality can be achieved as DVR has the ability to inject a
series voltage of desired magnitude and phase. As DVR injects harmonics into the system from voltage
source converter so a filter is required for its protection. In the integrated ultra capacitor DVR, a three
phase supply voltage is connected to the sensitive load via line impedance. The three phase voltage
source inverter which is connected in grid is responsible for voltage fluctuations. The simulation was
done in MATLAB. This method is best for improving the quality of power during the distribution process
as with the use of ultra capacitor the DVR can improve the energy power quality either by absorbing the
power or by releasing power so that the voltage fluctuation can be minimized. (M.R. Banaei, 2006)

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COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGIES
1. DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)

Fig 1.power circuit of DVR

The above figure clearly shows the basic operation principle of DVR .Here the DVR measured
the faulty voltage by the help of control unit and to maintain the voltage and solve the problem
of voltage fluctuation it injected the required missing voltage in series to the distribution line
and provided the load voltage unchanged during sag. During the sag process the phase angle
and the amplitude of the injected voltage varied that allowed the control of active and reactive
power exchange between DVR and the distribution system. During the design of DVR some of
the considerations were required during various voltages. During the normal supply voltage,
the DVR operated in a standby mode with zero voltage injection but if ultra capacitor was to be
charged then, the DVR operated in self charging mode. During voltage sag the DVR injected the
voltage to the grid whereas in case of voltage swell the DVR drew the active power from the
source and supplied the reactive power to the load. During the fault on the downstream of the
DVR, the converter bypass by-passed temporarily using thyristor switches to protect the DVR
against over current.
With the increase in customer end also increases the demand of the power source and
simultaneously increases the number of transformers and causes of faults occurring in voltage.
So the method has been developed to overcome all of these problems. Dynamic voltage

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restorer is a process of overcoming voltage sags and swells by providing a required voltage in
quadrature with the line current that occurs in electrical power distribution. It consists of the
inductance and capacitor and an isolation transformer. The main purpose of DVR is to inject or
absorb required real and reactive power at the load side. So basically a DVR is a DC to AC power
converter that injects three-phase AC output voltages in series and synchronizes with the
transmission line voltages. DVR is a series compensation device connected to the ac system by
injection transformer. During faulty state it was able to restore sensitive load voltage to its ideal
state value. The injected voltage of the DVR connected in series can be calculated as
VDVR=VLOAD+ZTHIL-VTH
Where, Vload is the required load voltage magnitude, ZTH is the load impedance, IL is the load
current and VTH is the source voltage during sag and swell condition.

2. ULTRA CAPACITOR
The main distinguishing feature of ultra capacitor among all other capacitors types are the
electrodes used in this capacitor. It was based on carbon technology where it created a very
large surface area with an extremely small separation distance. According to the energy storage
mechanism, ultra capacitor can be classified into mainly three categories, double layer
capacitor, metal oxide electrode super capacitor and organic polymer electrode ultra capacitor.
As compare to other capacitor ultra capacitors stored less energy but it had the specialty that it
released it much faster as the discharging principle was not dependent on any chemical
reaction taking place also it has the specialty that it can be used over and again without
degeneration as no physical or chemical changes occurred during charge storage.

Fig 2.ultra-capacitor model

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During charging condition, the positive attracted electrolyte anion and negative attracted
carbon. And during discharging, it released all energy stored in it gradually. So it was best
suitable for the short term high power applications.

3. BY- DIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER AND CONTROLLER

Ultra capacitor is an advanced form of capacitor but like other capacitor it cannot be coupled to
the dc link of the inverter due to the variation of the voltage profile during discharging of
energy so there required a bidirectional dc-dc converter that maintained a stiff dc link voltage
as ultra capacitor voltage decreased during discharging and increased during charging. The
main function of dc-dc converter was to be able to withstand the power generated during
discharge mode as depending upon the duration of the voltage sag the grid decided the
amount of active power support. Whereas just the opposite during voltage swell mode the dc-
dc converter was able to absorb the additional power from the grid. So from this it was clear
that the dc-dc converter acted as a boost mode during discharging period where as acted as
buck mode wile charging.

Fig 3.Bidirectional DC-DC converter with UCAP energy storage.

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 Fig 4. UCAP design using MATLAB.
As for the example of clear understanding of how dc-dc converter works along with UCAPs I
have illustrated one experiment. In the above figure, for the optimal performance of DVR the dc
link voltage needed was 220v so the three UCAPs were connected in series with the applied
voltage of 144v that acted as input to the bidirectional DC-DC converter so during the discharge
mode of ultra capacitor dc-dc converter was designed to be operated in boost mode so the
output voltage were regulated in 220v. Similarly during the charging mode of ultra capacitor
the bi-directional dc-dc converter acted as buck mode and drew energy from the grid and
charged the ultra capacitor and again it was regulated at 220v.
4. PI CONTROLLER
The PI controller is considered as most popular variation more than that of full PID controllers.
PI control is mostly required for non-integrating processes i.e. it is considered as a method that
gradually returns to the same output given the same set of inputs and disturbances. The main
purpose of PI controller is for the power quality enhancement.

1.7 MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller is one of the best modules which is chosen for the project as per the suitability of the
project. The main components of microcontroller can be listed as timers, various types of ROM, RAM,
I/O ports, CPU, etc. here the CPU is considered as the most important component and has the ability to
operate the system. The memory that I s provided to the controller unit has the function to store the
program code and database for the system. Since CPU is considered as the brain of the system so it
performs the overall operation as it gets all the data that is feed to the input side and according to the
input given it instructs the other components to perform accordingly. It simplifies the process of the
system to obtain a reliable and effective operation. Here as per the project it first gathered the faulty
information and selected which fault has occurred and according to that if there was voltage swell then
it gave the signal of accepting the excessive voltage to the ultra capacitor and in case if it was voltage

16
sag than it provided the signal to the UCAP to inject the required voltage to the distribution grid. And all
of the process is controlled my microprocessor.

1.2 FILTER
Filter is one of the most important parts in this circuit diagram. The main function of this filter is
to separate the harmonics that was sent by the series inverter during occurrence of voltage sag
condition. As during sag condition the grid consists of less voltage which may cause damage to
the equipments so that voltage less than of normal voltage is obtained from the ultra capacitor
where the voltage had been stored either during voltage swell condition or during normal
voltage condition. In both cases that ultra capacitor had been in charging condition. So as the
voltage has been released by the ultra capacitor it contained the harmonics which must be
removed during the synchronizing to the load voltage so that the disturbance is the load
voltage is reduced. And that filtration of the harmonics from the injected voltage is done by
filter.
1.3 MULTIMETER
Since the most and outmost purpose of this project is to maintain the load voltage during the
faulty condition on the distribution grid. There might be voltage lag or voltage swell in the
distribution process and to maintain that UCAPs-DVR inject or absorb the required voltage to
the grid. So to have knowledge during the prototype project we have to visualize the voltage
fluctuation in the grid. Also to provide proper amount of voltage to the system the details about
the voltage is required. So multimeter was the best option for those works.
1.4 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
Power supply unit was considered as one of the most important part of the project as it provides the
required power to the overall system and to all the equipments required. The main components
required for the power system were voltage regulator, capacitive filter, and transformer. The main
functions of these components were to remove noise, to gain the constant voltage and to gain the
required stepped down voltage. With the obtained voltage the supply was provided to the various
components to perform the activities.

BREAKER
Breaker is one of the most essential components in DVR-UCAP system. The main function of
this breaker is to break or connect the series inverter with the three phase isolation
transformer. When there is a voltage fluctuation in the distribution grid then according to the
type of fault either voltage sag or voltage swell the DVR-UCAP system either injects the
required voltage of acquires the required voltage to maintain the grid voltage to normal
voltage. In this condition the breaker works as a normal bridge for the passage of required
voltage but when there occurs fault and higher current flows to the DVR-UCAP system then this
breaker opens the alternative path to flow the current so that high current doesnot damage the
DVR-UCAP system.

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TERMONOLOGIES
1. SAG
It is defined as a reduction in rms voltage or currents to between 0.1 t o0.9 p.u. at the power
frequency for time period of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. Voltage sag is a most common problem
that has been facing by the industrial customers frequently. Most of the voltage sags were
found to be from the range of 0.5p.u. To 0.9 p.u. and below 0.5 p.u. the voltage sag is very rare
and normally the time period for that sag lasts ranging from 32 milliseconds to 200
milliseconds. Voltage sag mainly occurred due to two aspects. One is due to external aspect
such as construction works or the animals’ creation a problem on the transmission or
distribution line. And the other main aspect is the during the larger motors turning on, or the
grounding problem or the short circuit in the system.

2. SWELL
It is defined as a quick increase in the rms voltage or current to between 1.1p.u. and 1.8p.u. which is
provided by the system , that is considered to be above the normal value, with duration of more than
one cycle and less than few seconds. It is the just opposite of voltage or current sag. The main cause of
the voltage swell is when the larger motors are turned OFF. Due to the voltage swell, most damage are
done in the machinery equipment causing larger economic loss.

3. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION

It is a voltage variation in which the voltage shows the change in magnitude and/or phase angle
in time period of of seconds or less. Excessive voltage fluctuation leads to light flicker. Voltage
fluctuation is mainly caused due to various reasons i.e. external reasons and internal reasons. In
case of external reasons during construction work or when the animals or birds disturbed the
transmission or distribution line that caused voltage sag. In case of internal aspects, when the
larger motor is turned on then it causes voltage sag. Similarly voltage swell occurs during the

18
turning off of larger motors. So voltage sag and voltage swell is the main reason of voltage
fluctuation which ranges from 0.1p.u. To 1.8p.u.
4. FAULT
It is an event occurred on the power system and effected the normal operation of the power
system. The major faults occurred in power system are on transmission line where the faults
such as voltage sag and voltage swell, harmonic distortion, etc occurred. This faults that
occurred in the system consisted of many disadvantages such as damaged of costly
equipments, also sometimes the loss in the human life.
5. OVERVOLTAGE
The voltage that appears to be greater than the normal service voltage is known as overvoltage.
It may be caused from switching and lightning surges.
6. UNDERVOLTAGE
The voltage that appears to be less than the normal service voltage is known as under voltage.
7. HARMONICS
With the increase in non linear loads there causes a integral multiple of frequencies in voltage
and currents that is considered as harmonics. Harmonic frequencies are considered as one of
the main causes of power quality problems.
8. TRANSIENTS

With the sudden changes of state there causes a fault for very short period of time and that is
considered as transients.

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DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM
1.1 CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
The following block diagram shows the combination of dynamic voltage restorer along with the
UCAP energy storage.

Fig 5. Block diagram of DVR with

UCAP energy storage
Here is a simple block diagram
showing the connection of every
device with each to give the basic
concept of the project. Here the ac
supply has been provided to the distribution grid. the distribution gird is than connected to the
three phase isolation transformer. As this projects proposed the concept of improvement of
power source that has been effected in this distribution grid due to various reasons such as
charging of transformer also connection of heavy load on the costumer side. This causes the
voltage variation in the distribution grid and causes various problems. So to overcome this a
ultra capacitor is connected with the bidirectional DC-DC converter and that dc-dc converter is
again connected to the series inverter known as DVR and the another terminal of the series
inverter (DVR) is connected to the three phase isolation transformer. During this process the
faulty voltage gets corrected and the normal voltage is passed to the three phase sensitive load.

20
Fig 6. Model of 3-phase series inverter (DVR) and its controller

21
 Fig 7. circuit diagram of DVR along with ultra capacitor
This circuit diagram is for the improvement of the power source that has been provided by the
distribution grid but due to various reasons there occurs voltage disturbance or voltage
fluctuations in the grid. In this system the ac source is providing ac power to the distribution
grid and with the grid it is transmitted to the three phase transformer. During this process many
faults may occur that causes voltage fluctuations such as voltage swell and voltage sag may
occur. So to overcome this we used DVR along with the ultra capacitor as the main component
so as the incoming power source always obtained the regularity in the voltage. There occurred
two types of faults in the grid i.e. voltage swell and voltage sag. When load side voltage was
decreased i.e. generation of sag that caused the fault for the period of 0.1s to 0.2s time period.
Now the DVR was connected in milliseconds to make up the load voltage and it injected the
required voltage to get the constant load voltage. During this process the injected voltage
consisted of harmonics so in order to remove those harmonics ad that may affect the load
voltage a filter is provided. Similarly in case of voltage swell condition the UCAP-DVR absorbed
the active voltage and the magnitude of the source voltage was reduced but in that condition
the load voltage remained constant.

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1.8 FLOWCHART OF THE SYSTEM
start

Ac supply

Distribution grid

Three phase isolation

transformer

Is fault approved No

Yes
Three phase sensitive load
Series inverter

ground

dc-dc converter

Ultra-capacitor

Fig 9. Flow chart of the system

Based on the project mechanism the flow of the system was created. Here at first the ac was
provided to the distribution grid. Then the power is supplied to the three phase isolation
transformer through distribution grid. Here if any fault had occurred then fault approved signal
is given to the micro controller so the signal is yes so further steps had to be taken. With the
faulty condition the signal is provided to the series inverter and to the ultra capacitor. Then
according to the fault condition the ultra capacitor either injects or accepts the required voltage
to maintain the load voltage to normal voltage. So the voltage is provided back to the three
phase isolation transformer and the by maintaining the normal voltage the synchronized
voltage is sent to the three phase sensitive load.
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Incase if there occurs no fault in the distribution load during the distribution grid transmission
than the power bypasses the faulty condition and directly goes to the three phase sensitive
load and further to the ground.
1.9 SIMULATION
Here the proposed project “simulation of DVR for power quality improvement using ultra
capacitor” was implemented using MATLAB. Fig 7 shows the simulation of the proposed
system. The basic purpose of this project was to imitate the voltage fluctuation i.e. voltage sag
and voltage swell that occurs in the distribution grid and for this ultra capacitor based DVR
system was applied. In this control system the output voltage obtained was compared with the
input voltage and DVR system voltage.
It is one of the fine projects that can remove the disturbances that has been causing in the
system grid. It can further be enhanced by with the use of other components so as to be able to
handle the higher power surges such as of lightning without disturbing the grid.

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TESTING AND RESULT
As the simulation of this integrated ultra capacitor along with the dynamic voltage restorer and
DC-DC converter is carried out in MATLAB for three phase and 50 Hz system. Fig 7 shows the
simulation circuit for the three phase DVR circuit along with the DC-DC converter and three RL
load were connected. Here the ac supply was provided from the grid system and was passed
through distribution grid. Now the power was supplied to the three phase isolation
transformer. Between supply and load an injection transformer of 1:1 ratio was placed. Here
the primary side of the transformer was connected to the distribution grid load whereas the
secondary side of the transformer was connected to the inverter circuit. Now as fault was
denoted i.e. voltage sag occurred then the lagging of active power of the grid was met by the
DVR power Pdvr, which was almost equal to the input power to the inverter Pdc which was
provided by the ultra capacitor. The condition such as the lagging of active power between the
grind and the load in case of voltage sag was met then the addition voltage was injected to the
grid voltage through the ultra capacitor which had stored the power and is always in the
charging condition. During the voltage sag condition the grid reactive power decreased whereas
the reactive power of the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) increases to compensate for the
reactive power loss in the system. This can be applied to single phase system. But in case of
three phase voltage sag case, maximum active power support is required.
Here the three phase voltage sag/swell simulation of source voltage and source current. Here
50% of three phase voltage sag/swell occurred at the utility grid, which was initiated to 0.2s and
was till 0.4s with total voltage sag/swell duration of 0.2s.
Here are the simulation results obtained during the simulation of the project. We had proposed
two different conditions during the simulation process one by applying DVR and another case
was without application of DVR. In the first case the three phase fault was applied to the system
having the fault resistance of 0.66 ohm and for the timing of 200ms. In this case the graph
obtained was not smooth that told that there was disturbance in the grid. But in case of second
simulation process same process was continued as above but UCAP-DVR was applied to the
system at the load side and we obtained the smooth graph that there occurred no disturbance
in the grid line. This clearly showed that with the introduction of UCAP-DVR system to we could
minimize the fault condition in the distribution grid i.e. voltage sag and voltage swell problems
could be compensated.
During simulation of the circuit UCAP-DVR mainly operated in three modes. Protection mode,
standby mode and injection/boost mode.
1. Protection mode.

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When the fault occurred in the system, there obtained the high current that rushes in the
system which causes damage to the UCAP-DVR system so to protect the system from high
current load and from high inrush current the UCAP-DVR will be isolated and the next was
opened for the flow of that high current so that no damage can be to the system.
2. Standby mode.
This condition is obtained when no fault is occurred in the system or the grid and is operation in
normal condition; in this case the UCAP-DVR may go to standby mode or may inject very small
voltage to compensate the voltage loss.

3. injection/boost mode
When the system detects voltage swell or voltage sag, then the UCAP-DVR goes in series with
required magnitude and either accepts the over voltage or inject the voltage to the grid voltage
so that the required normal voltage is obtained.

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DISCUSSION
This project is related to the most emerging problem that has been arising in the distribution
grid which has been causing a lot of trouble in costumers end as well as the provider side. Since
in modern period almost all the work procedures has been involved to electronic devices and
for the use of those materialistic devices and to gain the maximum profit out of the efficient
use of those devices is a must. As we see now days in almost every household purpose an
electrical system has won to do every minimum work. Also the larger factories and companies
has been totally dependent on either electrical equipments such as larger motors in factories
gaining higher power to the office devices such as computers, each and every devices requires a
proper electrical source to operate. But with the increase in population the requirement has
been increased in larger amount causing the problem such as shortage of proper power supply
and also occurring a lot of disturbances in the distributed power supply. Various types of faults
has been occurring and providing the troublesome to the sender as well as receiver end. Some
of the major problems consisting of harmonic distortion on the grid, voltage fluctuation which
has been a major issue. Due to these problems many equipments has been damaged a lot are
in the urge of damage also the factories are facing a lot of losses daily and many factories are in
the face of closing it. Not only the economic losses have been identified but also the human
losses have been recorded doe to the improper functioning of the larger equipments which has
been a greater issue.
So to overcome all these problems and to provide the better functioning of the materials and
providing better service to the customer end this project has been proposed. Here in this
project the power supply that has been sent by the sender side through distribution grid may
contain many faults or may arise many issues. That grid is connected to the primary side of the
three phase of an isolated transformer and the secondary terminal of the transformer is
connected to the inverter. There lays the whole UCAP-DVR system consisting of series inverter
(DVR), boost/buck converter (DC-DC converter), Ultra capacitor (UCAP), a filter, pulse
controller, breaker, PI controller, etc. This simulation is done in MATLAB, also consisting of
microcontroller where the program code had been added, if there occurred any fault in the grid
power then the microcontroller detected the fault also it detected the type of fault and the
signal was passed to the UCAP-DVR system. If the fault detected was of voltage swell the
microcontroller gave the signal to accept the additional voltage from the grid power and was
stored in the ultra capacitor. But when the fault detected was of voltage lag then
microcontroller gave the signal to inject the addition voltage to the grid so as to maintain the
power in the distribution grid. In this process the magnitude of the voltage has to be same as
that of grid power so it was maintained in that magnitude. As the injected voltage contained
harmonics so to get removed from those harmonics a filter was provided in UCAP-DVR system
which then provided a healthy voltage to the grid and that voltage was supplied to the

27
costumer end. The use of the breaker is also applied in the UCAP-DVR system as when the fault
had occurred due to high current load then there occurred a high inrush of current which may
cause damage to the UCAP-DVR system so as to protect from high current damage a breaker is
added. When high current is supposed to be inrush during fault then that breaker isolates the
UCAP-DVER device and opens an alternate path. But there also lies another condition that if the
incoming power had no disturbance then the UCAP-DVR system went to standby state or small
amount of voltage was injected so as to compensate the voltage loss. So in this way the power
in the grid could be improved.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This project gave the idea of improving the power quality of the distribution grid and solving
the most common fault that occurs in the grid i.e. voltage fluctuation by the use of ultra
capacitor which is a rechargeable energy storage integrating with the dynamic voltage restorer
system. Here UCAP-DVR integration system compensated the voltage fluctuation i.e. voltage
sags and voltage swell without depending upon the grid to resolving the faults occurring on the
grid. The simple concept of this project is an ultra capacitor was connected to a bidirectional dc-
dc converter and through this a series inverter was connected as series could not be connected
directly to the ultra capacitor. Here advanced integrated controller was also connected so as to
detect the fault in the incoming grid and to provide proper signal to UCAP-DVR so that DVR
could provide the active power to the grid during the voltage sag. Average current mode
control was used to regulate the output voltage of the dc-dc due to its inherently stable
characteristics. And all this was done on MATLAB for proper and easy functioning.
ADVANTAGES
As every theories and projects have its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the
advantages are listed below:

 It provided the reluctant and reliable power to the system without any voltage
fluctuations.
 As there occurs no voltage fluctuations in the distribution grid the life expectancy of
equipments in the user end will be increased and will work in maximum accuracy.
 With the reliability in the voltage the industries will be gaining a lot of profit and will be
helping in the increase in economy.
 Also due to voltage fluctuation many important data had been lost, but this problem will
be resolved.

DISADVANTAGES
None of the proposals have only advantages there exist some disadvantages. Some of the
disadvantages of this system are as follows:

 Since it consists of ultra capacitor, the initial cost is much higher.

 It is able to maintain the smaller voltage fluctuations but is unable to control the higher
surges such as of lightning.
FUTURE WORKS

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Since it is one of the best methods for improving the quality of power of the distribution grid
but it can be further improved as it mainly focuses on the voltage variation and maintains the
voltage sag or voltage swell to its normal operating voltage. It can be made more advanced to
be able to handle the higher power surges such as of lightning without disturbing the grid.

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Hingorani, N. (2003). Introducing Custom Power. In 1995 Distribution Custom Power Task (pp. 41-48).
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hui yan, j. l. (2004). study of series power quality compensator with feedback control stretegy for
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M.R. Banaei, S. H. (2006). Inter-line dynamic voltage restorer control using a novel optimum energy
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