MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMINITES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.
SENIOR ESSAY PROPOSAL ON;
ASSESSING THE MAJOR CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION: IN THE CASE OF SEDEA
MUJA WOREDA ADADA KEBELE.
A SENIOR ESSAY PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT FOR AWARD OF B.A DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDYS
BY : YIBELTAL MISSAW
ID NO.UGR/8634/11
ADVISOR: DERARA KUNBUSHU(MSc)

May 2021
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Bale Robe, Ethiopia

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Table of Contents
List of Tables:................................................................................................................................................................ III
List of Figer................................................................................................................................................................... III
ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................................................ IV
ABSTRACT:.................................................................................................................................................................. V
CHAPTER ONE:.............................................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study.......................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem......................................................................................................................................1
1.3. Objectives of the Study.........................................................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General objectives..........................................................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Research Question................................................................................................................................................2
1.5 Significance of the study........................................................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope of the study..................................................................................................................................................3
1.7 Organization of proposal......... .............................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................................4
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................................................................4
2.1. Basic concepts......................................................................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Soil Erosion....................................................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Causes of Soil erosion.....................................................................................................................................4
2.1.3. Rapid Population Growth...............................................................................................................................4
2.1.4. Deforestation..................................................................................................................................................4
2.1.5. Soil Erosion...................................................................................................................................................5
2.1.6. Overgrazing...................................................................................................................................................5
2.1.7. Wind Erosion.................................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Impact of Soil Erosion on Agricultural Productivity..............................................................................................5
2.2.1. Desertification................................................................................................................................................5
2.3. Soil Erosion in Ethiopia........................................................................................................................................6
2.4 Soil Conservation Mechanisms..............................................................................................................................6
2.5. Soil type and water conservation..........................................................................................................................6
2.5.1.Terracing.........................................................................................................................................................7
2.5.2. Mulching:-.....................................................................................................................................................7
2.5.3. Agro Forestry: -.............................................................................................................................................7
2.5.4. Conceptual Frame Work................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................................................8
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (MATERIALS AND METHODS).........................................................................8
3.1 General Description of the study area....................................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Geographical Location..................................................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Land form ,soil and vegetation......................................................................................................................9
3.1.3 Land use and agricultural practice.................................................................................................................9
3.1.4 Climate............................................................................................................................................................9
3.1.5 Topography.....................................................................................................................................................9
3.1.6 Population size................................................................................................................................................9
3.1.7. Socioeconomic Condition............................................................................................................................10
3.2 Research Design..................................................................................................................................................10
3.3. Research Approach.............................................................................................................................................10
3.4. Types and Data Source.......................................................................................................................................10
3.4.1.Primary source..............................................................................................................................................10
3.4.2. Secondary source.........................................................................................................................................10
3.5. Sampling Technique...........................................................................................................................................10
3.6. Sample Size determination..................................................................................................................................11
3. 7. Data collection methods and tools....................................................................................................................11
3.7.1 Field observation...........................................................................................................................................11
3.7.2. Key informants interview.............................................................................................................................12
3.7.3. Questionnaires.............................................................................................................................................12
3.7.3. Method of Data Processing and Analysis.....................................................................................................12
3.8.Work and budget plan..........................................................................................................................................13
3.8.1. Work plan....................................................................................................................................................13
Table 3.8.1.Time Schedule....................................................................................................................................13
3.8.2 Budget plan...................................................................................................................................................13
3.8.2. Table2: budget Table..................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................................ 14

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List of Tables:
TABLE 3.8.1.TIME SCHEDULE................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.8.2. TABLE2: BUDGET TABLE..............................................................................................................................................................13

List of Figer
FIGURE1: MAP OF SEDEA WOREDA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA..............................................................................................8

III
ACRONYMS
ACED _ Assessment of current erosion damage
CSA _ Central statistical agency
GLASOD _ Global assessment of soil erosion
EPID _ Extension and project implementation department
FAO _ Food and agricultural organization
GEMS _ Global environmental monitoring system
ISRIC _ International soil reference information center
NGOs _ Non-governmental organizations
UNEP _ United nation environmental programme

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Executive Summery
Soil erosion is a serious major environmental problem all over the world, which diminished the capacity of
ecosystem to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries. The main objective of the study is to assess the
major causes and impact of soil erosion and type of soil and water conservation practice in the case of
Sedea Muja woreda, Adada Keble. For the sake of this study both primary and secondary data employed.
The primary data for the study will be obtaineding through interview and own field observation. While, the
secondary data’s are obtaining through journal articles Keble document, published and un published books.
The researchers used purposive sampling techniques to select the study area and simple random sampling
for selecting household survey. The collecting data of the study is analyze qualitatively through opinions and
perceptions of the people at the study area. While, quantitative method of analysis is carry out by using
simple and relevant statistical methods like:- frequency, tabulation and percentage is applying. The result of
this study shows that the farmers have good knowledge about soil erosion problems and good soil
conservation mechanisms. The study revealed that rapid population growth, in appropriate way of
agricultural practice, deforestation, overgrazing and topographic feature of the land are responsible
principal causes for sever soil erosion in the study area. This resulted soil erosion problem which threaten
and reduce the farmers income and hence forced to live under poverty level. Based on the result of the study
I suggest that all farmers should be applying soil conservation methods like; terracing, planting trees, avoid
over grazing, crop rotation and mixed cropping in order to mitigate soil erosion problem and improve
agricultural productivity.

Keywords: soil erosion, conservation

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CHAPTER ONE:

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Soil erosion is the decline in quantity and quality of soil by the agent of wind, water and other agents which
results loss of soil fertility and loss of humus and plant or animal life (Hugget, etal.2004). Soil erosion is a
serious major environmental problem all over the world. The term soil erosion comprises a whole palette of
human induced eroded process out of which soil erosion is considered the most prominent one.
Deforestation, agricultural over utilization and over grazing is according to GLASOD, 1990, the major
anthropogenic factor in soil erosion. The global assessment of human induced soil erosion (GLASOD,
2007), under the united nation program (UNEP), and states that about one-sixth of the earth terrestrial
surface, including one-third of its agricultural land is already affected by human induced soil erosion. About
85% of the soil erosions caused by erosion by wind and water (FAO data select from Old man, 1994 and
Daily, 1997).GLASOD distinguishes for human induced of soil erosion; water erosion, wind erosion,
chemical and physical erosion . According to the Old man etal, 2001-2002and Old man,2003, in Africa 46%
of all human induced soil erosion results from soil erosion by water and 28% from wind erosion. Cause of
soil erosion are report as overgrazing (49%), agricultural mismanagement (28%), deforestation (14%) and
over exploitation of vegetation for domestic and industrial use (13%) ( Stoorvogel and Smaling,2006).
According to Tigist cited from Tadesse (2001), Ethiopia is one of the developing countries where soil
erosion by erosion has reached to almost disastrous level that threatening soil productivity. In addition to this
Kappel, 2006 have stated that Amhara region is one of the vulnerable regions of Ethiopia where soil erosion
is severe because of the arable land is affected by soil erosion is common in wide phenomenon in the
highlands.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

According to agricultural administrative office of Keble (2009), soil erosion is very serious problem due to
high population number which leads to intensified use of all ready stressed land resources and expansion of
production to marginal and fragile lands, which aggravates soil erosion resulting loss of soil fertility and
decline agricultural productivity. The recognized forms of soil erosion in Kebele are erosion, physical and
biological erosion, Stalinization and pollution, where chemical erosion includes both acidification and
lowering of nutrient content. Biological erosion influences both soil physical properties and nutrients,
whilst erosion is cause of both soil erosion and loss of nutrients. All these forms of erosion lead to lowering
of soil fertility and land productivity due to the cause of erosion (Annual report of Keble, 2009).

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The problem of soil erosion and nutrient depletion in the study area was due to the cause un sustainable
management of, deforestation and livestock management. The major problems of soil erosion n in the study
area are caused by due to rapid population increase, deforestation, overgrazing and soil erosion (Carey,
2007). The population growth was become increase from year to year in the same time, increase the demand
of peoples for land and contributes farming on steep and fragile soil leading erosion problems. And also the
forest land is cleared and converted to crop land or vegetation cover is declined by deforestation,
overgrazing and disturbance due to rapid population growth and soil erosion become highly accelerated
(Annual report of Kebele, 2007).
According to agricultural administrative office of Keble(2008), the problem which is caused by production
on steep slopes and fragile soils with inadequate investment in soil conservation or vegetation cover,
irregular and erosive rainfall patterns, decline use of fallow limited recycling of animal dung and crop
residues to the soil and limited application of external sources of plant nutrients. And also farmers due to
carelessness about soil health and lack of information about appropriate alternative way of technologies, the
soil is become erode and loss of soil fertility and become decrease in agricultural productivity from time to
time. The problem is particularly serious at the onset of the rains when ploughed fields are without
vegetation cover. Therefore; knowledge of farmer’s perceptions and attitudes toward soil
Erosion is the most important first step to tackling the above problem. In addition to these efforts to combat
erosion and rehabilitate resources, soil and water conservation and forestry activities have be ongoing and
have progress substantially. And there are no any research made in the study area according the causes of
soil erosion interns of that this researcher will fill this gap.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General objectives:
The general objective of this study is to investigate the major causes and impact of soil erosion and types of
soil and water conservation practices in Adidas kebele

1.3.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives includes:-
 To assess the major causes of soil erosion in the Adada kebele.
 To assess the impact of soil erosion in the Adada kebele.
 To assess types of soil and water conservation practices in the study area.

1.4 Research Question

Based on these objectives the researcher prepares the following research questions:
 What are the major causes of soil erosion in the study area?
 What is the impact of soil erosion on agricultural productivity in the study area?

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  What are soil type and water conservation practice in the study area?

1.5 Significance of the study

In this study the researcher will address the cause of soil erosion on agricultural productivity of local rural
community in Adada Keble. The study will help woreda agricultural office and development agents to
design soil conservation mechanisms and to encourage farmers to be engaged in soil conservation practices
for sustainability consequently this study will be initial farmers to conserve soils, reduce soil erosion
and increase crop production. This study will be suggested possible solutions for farmers and farmers will
practice in different soil and water conservation mechanisms on farm land to mitigate soil erosion hazards.
In addition to this the study will contribute better to understand the present status of soil degradation and
conservation practice in the Kebele and finally its ultimate significance is achieving the main objective of the
study

1.6 Scope of the study

Conducting comprehensive research at national level is very important. But it is difficult to carry out of a
suggest level. Because, it requires huge cost and it consumes much time. Accordingly the study is limit to
the existence of variables, which are exist on the study area like;- rapid population increase, soil erosion,
deforestation overgrazing, wind erosion, loss of soil fertility and decrease agricultural productivity an in
addition to this the study is limit on concepts of the study in order to manage the study in delimit manner. So
the scope of the study is limit geographically to the administrative boundary of Adada Kebele. And also the
study is conceptually focus and limit on the cause and impact of soil erosion and its type of soil and water
conservation practice and also still now soil erosion occur as the major problem in Adada Kebele and try to
make possible solutions in the Kebele.
1.7. Organization of the proposal
This paper is organized into three chapters. The first chapter deals with introduction part which includes:
background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions, delimitation of
the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study and organization of the paper. The second chapter
covers review of related literature. This part would provide the main points of the theoretical framework for
the study that encompass conceptual definition of soil erosion and it relates concepts. The third chapter deals
with physical, socioeconomic, demographic condition of the study area, research design, sample technique,
sample size, method of data collection, data analysis, work plan and budget that will be spend on the study.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Basic concepts
2.1.1 Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral,

industrial or urban purposes. Examples of soil erosion include loss of organic matter, decline in soil
fertility , decline in structural condition erosion, adverse changes in salinity, acidity or alkalinity and the
consequences of toxic chemicals, pollutants or excessive flooding (WWW.env.t.nsw.gov.au>soild erosion
December, 2016 G.C).
Soil erosion is a change in the soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem to
provide goods and services for its beneficiaries. Soil erosion not only lowers the crop yield obtainable on the
basis of intrinsic soil fertility, it can also substantially reduce the response to fertilizers or other inputs. This
lowers the economic margin on fertilizer application, tending to perpetuate the situation of low inputs with
low outputs (Old man, 2004).

2.1.2 Causes of Soil erosion

According to united nation programmed, 2007 soil erosion can be caused by the following factors:
1. Physical factors e. g. loss of fertile top soil due to water or wind erosion.
2. Chemical factors e.g. depletion of nutrients or toxicity due to acidity or alkalinity (salinization) or water
logging.
3. Biological factors, which affect the micro flora and reduce microbial activity of the soil. These factors
reduce soil fertility and crop yields.

2.1.3. Rapid Population Growth

The major cause of soil erosion in Ethiopia is rapid population increase, which leads to severe soil loss,
deforestation, unbalanced crop and livestock production. In appropriate land use systems and land tenure
policies enhance desertification and loss of biodiversity. When the growth of population is become increase
from time to time, the balance between demands for crop, livestock and forest production is disturbe and the
farmer is force to put more land into crop production (Carey, 2006).

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2.1.4. Deforestation

Deforestation is process of removing of trees and other vegetation covering of soil and converting the forest
to another land use. Often leading to erosion and loss soil fertility. This process causing valuable nutrents to
be washed by erosion and leading the soil unable to provide adequate agricultural product (Panda, 2007).

2.1.5. Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is the detachment and transport of solid particles on the soil surface by water and wind. Erode
top soil particles contain a higher percentage of clay minerals, organic matter and nutrients than remaining
(sub) soil itself. This means that even a minor loss of top soil particles contains a higher percentage of clay
minerals per year can reduce soil productivity significantly in the long run. Determinants of direct factors of
influencing of soil erosion are rainfall (erosivity), vegetation (ground cover), topography (surface forms,
slope inclination, exposure to sun) and soil properties (erodibility) (Degraff, 1993).

2.1.6. Overgrazing

Overgrazing is one of the causes for soil erosion , which reduces the usefulness productivity of the land. The
livestock press the sub soil into fine soil which can be carried easily by wind and water. Overgrazing is
caused by having too many animals grazing on land or by not properly controlling the grazing activity of the
animals. A surplus of livestock population in our country is a big strain in grasses and fleder. The treaten of
cattle hardness the soil and prevents new shoots from imerging (Gupta, 2003).

2.1.7. Wind Erosion

Wind erosion is the common cause of soil erosion particularly created in grazing land. It is one of the natural
process leading to desertification. Wind erosion occurs when strong winds blow over light textured soils that
have been heavily grazed during periods of drought. The wind spread required for erosion depends on the
size, weight and wetness of the soil particles. After the flood waters soak in or evaporate, the fine sediments
left on the smooth bare surfaces are susceptible to removal by wind (WWW.derm.qld.gov.au ,April, 2017).

2.2 Impact of Soil Erosion on Agricultural Productivity

The loss of soil fertility by soil erosion makes landless productive for agriculture, creates new desert, pollute
water and can alter how water flows through the land slope, potentially making flooding more common
(Keyzer, 2001). Human induced soil erosion by water erosion is one of the most destructive and certainly

5
most extensive phenomena worldwide and is fast becoming recognized as a key issue in affecting global
food security (Barrow, 1991).

2.2.1. Desertification
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought,
deforestation or inappropriate agriculture. Desertification is also the effect of soil erosion in which relatively
dry area of land becomes increasingly arid typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wild
life. It is caused by a variety of factors such as through climate change and through the over exploitation soil
through human kind under taking M (artimore and Michael, 1989)

2.3. Soil Erosion in Ethiopia

According to Tadesse (2001), land erosion is the process in which the value of the bio physical is affected by
combination of human induced process acting up of the land. In Ethiopia human population has expand more
and more forest land has become clear for expansion of agriculture and other pursuits that degrade the soil
because of many populations are leads to more demand to use land resources and make more likely. In
addition to this inappropriate way of farming system and poor land tenure policies that enhance
desertification as well as soil erosion problem which results loss of biodiversity (Eswaran, 1999).

2.4 Soil Conservation Mechanisms

The mechanism for assessment of current erosion damage (ACED) is developed for two purposes: one is to
supplement existing erosion measurement levels such as a test plots and river gouging stations. The other is
to provide practitioners with a more cost effective tool to assess soil erosion and draw conclusion about
implementation of soil conservation (Herweg and Stillhard, 1999).
In the 1980s, soil conservation in Ethiopia focus on preventing further decline of the remaining soil
resources and to rehabilitate already erosion of soil. The best common way of conserve soil to prevent soil
erosion are includes mulching, construct terracing practice, planting trees and farmers are use counter
ploughing system (Hudson, 1988). Reductions of surface run off by structures or by changes in land
management will also help to reduce erosion. Similarly, reducing soil erosion will usually involve
preventing splash erosion or formation of crusts, or breakdown of structure, all of which will important to
increase soil fertility and agricultural productivity (Stillhard, etal. 2002).

2.5. Soil type and water conservation

Soil conservation is the practice of arresting or minimizing, artificially accelerated soil erosion. Its impotent
has grown because excessive cultivation of soil for agricultural production resulted in erosion.
Agriculturalist use soil in order to growth plants meet the society needs ranging from food and fiber to
drug and complexes industrial chemicals (Ackerman, 2007)

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. To alleviating the problems of soil erosion in Ethiopian farmers are become awareness in order to
conserving and managing the soil properly by applying soil and water conservation practice on their
farm lands like using different traditional soil and water conservation measures of terracing, mulching and
others are practicing on their agricultural land (Hunri. H, 2002).

2.5.1.Terracing
Terracing have been used in many part of the world to reduce soil erosion from cultivated land, terracing is
one of the best way of soil conservation method were cultivation is done interacted leveled selection of land,
in terracing farming is done in a unique step like structure and possibility of water runoff is slow down
(Trench, Arthur-lobs and Roylunnahu, 2004). Terracing is earth in embankments with chemical constructed
across, the slope at fixed vertical interval and all acceptevelhorizontall slope, terrace is constricted to reduce
erosion, to remove excess water surface and to retain maximum amount of moisture for crop production
(Jafftulu, 2011).

2.5.2. Mulching:-
means covering the soil with straw, cut weeds, leaves, stems etc. it helps to protect the soil from the impact
of splash; reduces evaporation (increases the moisture holding capacity of the soil), temperatures regulation
and freezing & thawing of the soil. It also reduces the velocity of runoff and wind.

2.5.3. Agro Forestry: -

a land use system practice where woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit
as agricultural crops. In agro forestry, both ecological and economic interactions are maintained. The most
common agro forestry systems include alley cropping, boundary planting of trees, use of woody perennials
in soil conservation, tree gardens etc. trees can be incorporated within a farming system by planting them on
terraces, contour bounds and as ornamental around the homestead. This reduces soil erosion and provides
additional needs to the farmers like fuel, fruits, forage etc.

2.5.1.3 Check Dam

A check dam is control structure built across the floor of gully, awater may or drauinage channel at
predetermined of intervals, the purpose of check dam built in gully such soil intraping and accumulation
above the chick dams and these reduce the slope of gradint will as the speed of water (Amannuelet,al, 2002).
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2.5.4. Conceptual Frame Work
The researcher identifies both dependent and independent variables. The dependent variables soil erosion.
While, the independent variables are: rapid population growth, deforestation, Wind erosion, soil erosion
and overgrazing.

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (MATERIALS AND METHODS)

3.1 General Description of the study area

3.1.1 Geographical Location
The study will be conduct in Adada Keble, Sedea Muja woreda, south Gondar zone in Amhara regional
states. It is located 740 km from Addis Ababa and 179 km from Bahirdar. The relative location of the study
Keble is bordere in south by Debre Eyesus Kebele, in north by Ziwa Kebele, in west Enshor Keble and in east
Timkete Bahr Kebele. The absolute location of the area is lied at 11˚ 23ʹ 0 ʺNorth, 38 ˚ 34ʹ 29 ʺ in
latitude and longitude respectively. The area of Adada Keble is covers about 2468.75 hectare of total land
area (Agricultural administrative office of Adada Kebele, 2009)

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Figure1: Map of Sedea woreda showing the location of the study area

3.1.2 Land form ,soil and vegetation

A land form of Adada kebele is highland, low land and flat area. In Adada kebele where woody
perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops. In agro forestry,
both ecological and economic interactions are maintained. The most common agro forestry systems
include alley cropping, boundary planting of trees, use of woody perennials in soil conservation, tree
gardens etc. trees can be incorporate within a farming system by planting them on terraces, contour
bounds and as ornamental around the homestead. The vegetation types are highly diverse, ranging from
afro alpine to desert vegetation.( )

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3.1.3 Land use and agricultural practice
Land use and land cover of Adada kebele is important issue of peoples life modification of the terrestrial surface of the
Earth to produce livestock, crop, and forestry production. The agricultural impact of sedea woreda on biodiversity,
climate, water, soil, and air, in particular, and on ecosystem services in general, has been recognized as one of the greatest
environmental concerns for human populations.( )

3.1.4 Climate
The agro climatic condition of the study area is characterized by mostly in woyna dega climatic condition.
The annual average rainfall and temperature was 1100 mm-1420mm and 16.50c respectively. The study area
is also characterized by four seasons locally known as bega, belg, kiremt and mehir. The rainfall patterns in
the study area had two distinct peaks in the year, short rains which occurred from February to march and
long rains which occurred from June Adada Keble document, 2008).

3.1.5 Topography
The topography of the study area is mostly characterized by plain areas with some extent of up and down.
I.e. 55% of the area is plain area while, 45% of the area is up and down. The elevation of the study area is
2761m above mean sea level (Kebele profile, 2010).

3.1.6 Population size

The total population of the study area is the about 6482, in which 3246 were males and 3236 are females.
And there are 800 household heads. The ethnic group in this kebleamhara and is only language spoken by
community in the Kebele (TWAO, 2010)

3.1.7. Socioeconomic Condition

The major economic activity in the study area is dominantly agriculture, which is follow semi intensive. The
maximum land holding size in the area is 2-3 hectare of for culturing of crop as well as for animal rearing.
The income depends on crop (84%), on livestock rearing ((10%) and 2% of them depend on trade. The
major crops which produce in the study area are including: teff, barely, wheat, potato and maize
(Agricultural administrative office of Adada Keble, 2009). Religion is one of the social characteristics
of the study area, which was orthodox tewahdoe, and a dominant religion of Adada Kebele (Keble
document, 2010)

3.2 Research Design

In order to conduct this study descriptive survey design will be applied. A research design is the conceptual
structure with in which research is conduct; it constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data. The descriptive design is found to be suitable because it addresses major objectives and

10
research questions proposed in the study adequately. The researcher are use questionnaires and interviews to
collect data from small holders farmers, which is analyzed by using descriptive statistics.

3.3. Research Approach

The study will be employed a mixed research approach both qualitative and quantitative as a method to
investigate the study. This is because qualitative research enables the researcher to investigate
deepinformation about the present status of phenomena.

3.4. Types and Data Source

In order to achieve the objectiveof the study researcher will use both primary and secondary data sources.

3.4.1.Primary source

Primary data will be collected from farmers through interview, observation and questionnaires.

3.4.2. Secondary source

Secondary sources of data will be collected and obtainied from published and unpublished sources, annual
reports and internet.

3.5. Sampling Technique

The sampling technique use to conduct this study will be purposive and simple random sampling technique.
The reason for the selection of this sampling technique is because there was high severity of soil erosion
present and common that understanding based on the farmers awareness on the impact of soil erosion in the
study area. Therefore; the researcher is specifically selected Adada Kebele rather than other Keble in
purposively .In the area of selecting hose hold survey will be used simple random sample technique. Means,
in the Case of selecting households survey simple random sampling technique will be used.

3.6. Sample Size determination

This study will assess the cause and impact of soil erosion and type of soil and water conservation practice in
Sedea Muja woreda Adada Kebele.Adada Kebele is one of 32 Keble in Sedea Muja woreda and total
population of the study about 6482, in which 3246 are males and 3236 are female,

And there are 800 household heads. And the researcher will take 10% household heads as sample size by
using simple random sampling technique .that means 80 households is include as sample size

The sample size is calculated as follows by using Slovenes formula: -

n=N/I+N (e) 2 .....................source :( solvents 1960)

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Where N=total hose hold

n=sample size n=8536/1+8536(0.17)2 246.69~247.6

E=error of tolerance

Total house hold =8536 8536/1+8536 (0.17)2 247.6

Error =0.17 8536/247.6

Interval=83 n= 34

n=N/1+N (E) 2

3. 7. Data collection methods and tools.

To collect necessary information the researcher willuse the following data collection methods and tools.

3.7.1 Field observation

In contemporary field observation is the important technique to collect original data. This is because
sometimes the information of the research gathered from the informants may contradict with what the real
situation(REFERENCE). Therefore, observation is better to get the information from original sources.
During the field observation the researcher is clearly seen that the land is being under degradation by using
simple tools to employ like writing material such as pen and notebooks to observe information, results the
area changed in to barren land, exposed to rocks with regard to this observation, it is conduct on extent and
situation of erosion and current land

3.7.2. Key informants interview

In order to get detail information from knowledgeable persons who know much about the causes and
consequences of soil erosion in study area, the structured interview is using because most of the informants
in study area can not read and write. So this study will use these methods of data collection and seven
persons to select for interview from the total respondents.

3.7.3. Questionnaires

The research going to employ both open-ended or unrestricted format where respondents are asked questions
and give freedom to decide the detail form and length of answers, and close -end or restrict types which
present assets of fixed alternative from which respondents have to choose an approach.

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 3.7.3. Method of Data Analysis

Data collected for this study will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative data will be
analyzed through organizing the information, opinions and perceptions of the people at the study area.
While, quantitative data will be analyzed using simple and relevant statistical methods like: frequency,
tabulation and percentage.

3.8.Work and budget plan

3.8.1. Work plan

Table 3.8.1.Time Schedule

List of number Activities April May Jun July

1 Topic selection 

2 Topic acceptance 

3 Literature search 
4 Proposal first 
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 draft
5 Comment by 
advisor
6 Proposal final 
draft
7 Submission of 
proposal
8 Search literature 
for research
9 Data collection 
10 Data analysis 
11 Research first 
draft
12 Correction by 
advisor
13 Research final 
draft
14 Research 
submission
15 Defense 

3.8.2 Budget plan

3.8.2. Table2: budget Table

Expense estimation for the research

No Expenses Description Quantity Cost/unit in Total cost in
. Birr Birr
1 Paper Used for documentation of thesis 1 packs 200 200
2 Photocopy For submission of document - 1.00 40.00
3 Printing and Binding For submission of the report and final - 100.0 100.00
document 0
4 Data collection and To collect data from the field and 100 100.00
Preparation preparation
5 Mobile Card For communication 6 10 60.00
6 Transportation fee For travelling to collect data. - - 100.00
7 Pen, Note book For documentation writing, and notes - 10 100.00
Total 700.00

REFERENCE
Ackerman (2007): Ethiopia traditional soil conservation and management
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Agricultural administrative office of Adada kebele (2009), Sedea Muja woreda Ethiopia.
Brady. C and Weil.R (2014): The nature and properties of soil, 14the edition, India
Carey (2006): Soil and environmental protection 10the edition, Newyork (America).
Degraff (2007): Soil conservation and sustainable land use, economic approach royal
Tropical institute, Amsterdam.
Eswaran (1999): Global land resources and population supporting capacity, American journal of alternative
agriculture.
GLASOD (2007): World map of the status of human induced soil erosion, UNEP
14
Herweg, etal (2006): Sustainable land management a new approach to soil and water conservation,
Switzerland.
Hunri. H. (2002): Guidelines for development agents on soil conservation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Kappel (2008): Methods of environmental impact assessment, 3rd edition, London.
Kamar (1998): Soil conservation implementation approach, Kenya.
Keble document, (2010):orthodox tewahdoe, and a dominant religion of Adada Kebele
Keyzer (2001); the effect of soil erosion on agricultural productivity in Ethiopia.
Oldeman (2004): World map of status of human induced soil erosion, Wageningen. Oldeman (1994): The
global extent of soil erosion in green land D.J and Szabolcs.
Parry (1978): Climate change, agriculture and settlement, Dawson and Sons,
Taddesse (2004): Factors influencing adaption of soil conservation measures in southern
Ethiopia, journal of agriculture and development in the tropics and sub tropics.
WWW.derm.qld.gov.au.April, (2017)

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