Catalog

ABBREVIATION OR ACRONYM···········································································3
ABSTRACT·······································································································4
CHAPTER ONE·································································································6
1. INTRODUCTION·····························································································6
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY·································································6
1.2 Statement of the problem··············································································7
1.3 Objective of the study··················································································8
1.3.1 General objective of the study································································8
1.3.2 Specific objective···············································································8
1.4 Research question······················································································8
1.5 Significance of the study··············································································8
1.6. Scope of the study·····················································································9
CHAPTER TWO································································································10
2. Review of related literature················································································10
2.1 Definitions of sustainable agriculture······························································10
2.2 Concepts of sustainable agriculture·································································10
2.3 Types of sustainable farming········································································11
2.3.1. Perma cultural farming············································································11
2.3.2. Argo-ecological farming·····································································12
2.3.3. Biodynamic farming·········································································12
2.3.4. Organic farming··············································································12
2.4. The role of soil fertility maintenance in sustainable agriculture.······························13
2.5. Goals of sustainable agriculture····································································13
2.6.major factor that affect sustainable use of agricultural land·····································13
2.6.1 Physical factors that affect agricultural land use··········································13
2.6.2 Socio economic factors·······································································14
CHAPTER THREE·····························································································16
3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY···········································································16
3.1.General Description of the study Area····························································16
3.1.1.Geographic Location and Topography·····················································16
 3.1.2. Land forms, soil and ,vegetation····························································17
3.1.3.Land use and agricultural practice··························································17
3.2. Research methodology···············································································18
3.2.1. Source of data·················································································18
3.2.2. Sampling techniques and sampling size···················································18
3.2.3. Method of data collection···································································19
3.4. Methods of data analysis············································································19
4.Work plan and budget schedule·············································································20
4.1.work plan·······························································································20
4.2.budget schedule·······················································································20
REFERENCES··································································································21

ABBREVIATION OR ACRONYM
FAO food and agriculture organization
AWARDO Aroresa woreda agricultural and rural development office
IFOAM international federation of organic agriculture movement
WCED the world commission on environment and development
ABSTRACT

Sustainable agricultural land means a land which we use to increase productivity of the country.
Most of people in Ethiopia involves in agricultural activity and agriculture share highest part of
Gross Domestic Product ( GDP).This strong reliance on agriculture as an economic driving force
entails that the natural resources of agriculture. The main significance should be management of the
country to meet the desired sustainable rural and economic development goal on the basic of its
agricultural economy (Mulugeta,2004).The purpose of this study was to assess factor affecting
sustainable agricultural land use in Aroressa Woreda in the case of fechena Keble.
The research design used for this study was a descriptive design. Data was collected by use of a
questionnaire, both closed and open ended and unstructured interview.
Data would be analyzed mainly using of qualitative and quantitative data techniques.
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sustainable agriculture land means a land which we use to increase productivity of the country.
Most of people in Ethiopia involving in agricultural activities and agriculture share highest part of
gross domestic product (GDP).Ethiopia is a country in which the economy is mainly depend on
agriculture to facilitate the all necessity country of its citizens because of 85 % of the country’s
population live in a country side. For many decades agricultural production in Ethiopia has been
intimately associated with natural resource like land, water, climate and biodiversity on which
capability to produce food, feed and income is fundamentally based. This strong reline on
agriculture as on economic driving force entails that the natural resource of agriculture. The main
significance should be management of the country to meet the desired sustainable rural and
economic development goal on the bases of its agricultural economy (Mulugeta,2004)Sustainable
agriculture is used to practice that meet current and future societal needs for food and feed
ecosystem service and human health, maximizing the net benefit for people, without compromising
the ability of future generation to meet their own needs by improving the natural resource.
(USAID,1988),(WCID,1987),(Smyth, and Dumanski,1993),and (Tillmanet,al,2oo2).Sustainable
agricultural system aim at developing new farming practice that are also safe and not degraded the
environment(Lighthouse et,al,2009).Productivity, security protection, viability and acceptability are
the main factors of sustainable land management,(Dumanski,1997).
Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem
service, the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. Sustainable
agriculture has integrated system of plant and animal production practice having a site specific
application that will last over the long term, for example, satisfy human food and fiber need,
enhance environmental quality and the natural resource base upon which the agricultural economy
depends, make the most efficient use of non-renewable resource and non-farm resource and
integrate, where appropriate natural biology cycle and controls, sustain the economic viability of
farm operations and enhance the quality of for farmers and society as whole.
4
Major of sustainable agricultural land use are intensive farming, topography, deforestation high
population growth and density. This leads the agriculture and agricultural productivity of the area
POOR.SO more land needed for agriculture.
But now agriculture has become intensive owning to the shortage of the land ,then population seeks
to find other uses as result many hectare of land degraded due to soil erosion, deforestation
overgrazing poor agricultural practice such as shrinking of small and largely less productive land,
lack of investment and land including investment an irrigation, urbanization and road building
expose soil to erosion(FAO,1998).Therefore, Aroresa woreda is one of the woreda which found in
Ethiopia , Sidama Region in which the most population lives using agricultural products.
That is why a researcher selects the woreda and its Keble to assess of factors affecting sustainable
agricultural land use.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Land is a chief resource and source of wealth of a given country. The productivity of land varies
from one place to another depending on variation in such natural factors as climate, relief, and soil
fertility and manmade factors such as land tenure system, level of technology and unwise use of
land resources. When human being in position to use an improved technology with favorable
physical condition of the area, can produce enough and even excess food and industrial raw
material. But lack of sustainable land use such as over cultivation, overgrazing, deficient and poor
irrigation practices lead to land degradation. Moreover, land use planning, cultivation and soil
management have considerable impact on productivity and utilization of land In Ethiopia, the
current status shows that natural resource (Land resource) management is becoming poorer. for
instance, the most important element which helps to maintain land resource status is forest have
been cleared for the explanation of cultivated land and meeting the demand for fuel. The rate of
deforestation is higher than forestation. This has led to loss of soil through accelerated erosion. On
the other hand the performances of agricultural activities have been very poor crop lands,
production and yields have declined and stagnated from year to year (Akililu, 2006).
The importance of land is not limited only to agriculture production but it can be used for various
kinds of activities. The use of land in the study area appears largely used for crop production and
animal rearing. Although, inappropriate use of farm land and lack of modern or scientific practices
to increase productivity and to decrease the rate of soil erosion and land degradation. As mentioned
before, land is very important resources where human and other life lives on. It is source of
everything which is important for life existence. Therefore, the researcher aimed to practically show
5
factors affecting sustainable land use.
Most of studies and literature have excluded or given little attention in assessment of factors
affecting sustainable agricultural land that reduce agricultural income. So there is knowledge gaps.
By considering the gaps of different researchers conducted on to assessment of factors affects
sustainable use of agricultural land, this study focused on filling this research gap by focusing on to
assessment of factors affecting sustainable agricultural land use in Sidama region, Aroresa woreda
in the case of fechena Keble.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to assess the factors affect sustainable use of agricultural land
in Sidama Region, Aroresa woreda in fechena Keble.

1.3.2 Specific objective

1. To identify the major factors affecting sustainable use of agricultural land in fechena Keble.
2. To find out the methods that used by local community to make their agricultural land use
Sustain

1.4 Research question

1. What are major factors affecting sustainable agricultural land use in the Keble?
2. What are the methods used by local community to their agricultural land properly?

1.5 Significance of the study

The main purpose of this study is to produce academic research. Moreover, it serves as a base for
other study which is related to this issue. It may indicate some possible direction for the problems
and factors that affects sustainable agricultural land use. This study may use as a source of
information regarding the factors affecting sustainable agricultural land use. The study may add
new ideas to already existing practice and it also used as base for further research on similar issue.

1.6. Scope of the study

The scope refers the area of study and what study concerned about the study area is limited in one
woreda, Sidama region, Aroresa woreda in fechana Keble. The study will be concerned on the
factors affecting sustainable agricultural land use.
6
CHAPTER TWO

2. Review of related literature

2.1 Definitions of sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is a method of agriculture that attempts to ensure the profitability of farms
while preserving the environment.
Sustainable agriculture is efficient production of safe, high quality agricultural in a way that
protects and improve the natural the social and economic condition of farmers their employees and
local communities and safeguards the health and welfare of all farmed species( www.saiplat form
org.) sustainable agriculture to satisfy human need, while maintaining of enhancing the quality of
the environmental and considering natural resources(FAO,1989).Sustainable agriculture is also
heart of a new social contract between society as a whole and its farmers.
However, implementing sustainability remains a hard event. The concept of sustainability has yet to
be made operational in many agricultural situations and it is currently imperative to effect a
comprehensive assessment that integrates broader ecological, economic and social dimensions to
achieve sustainable agricultural (Glassman, 1998). It also a system well sustained to adaptation.
According to Synergist et.al.,(1998), Fliessbachet.al.,(2007) and Niggle (2009), sustainable
agriculture improved soil quality and higher content of organic matter in the soil also reduce
vulnerability to extreme events such as drought, flooding, water logging and erosion.
According to smith et, al (2011) and Niggle (2009) sustainable agriculture is high biodiversity also
helps reduce the occurrence and severity of weeds and pest outbreaks and plant and animal
diseases.
According to the definition by IFOAM (2008), sustainable agriculture is a production system that
sustains the health of soil, ecosystem and people. It relies on ecological process, biodiversity and
cycles adapted to local condition, rather than the use of inputs with effects.

2.2 Concepts of sustainable agriculture

The concepts of sustainable agriculture are to better maintain environmental health, economic
profitability and social equity.
Achieving this ideal can difficult, since so many elements affects the function and integrity of agro
7
ecosystems central to all sustainable system is issue of time. While sustainable agriculture is an
ideal goal that many people aspire to achieving this may be extremely difficult in practices since
sustainable agriculture involves many different elements and dimensions, some of which many
come in to conflict with another. UF/IFAS sustainable agriculture, agricultural ecology and cover
crops program (http;//agro ecology. ifas.ufl:edu/)The concepts of sustainable agriculture is a
response to the decline in the quality of the natural resource base associated with modern
agriculture.
The sustainability concept has promoted major adjustments in conventional agriculture to make it
more environmentally, socially and economic viable. The school of natural resources and
environment is involved in a collaborative effort in land and water management to find ways that
agriculture and natural environment systems can support each other. The focus of this research is to
identify practices that will lead to sustainable agricultural systems in harmony with the natural
environment and compatible with urban-industrial development. UF School of natural resources
and education, agro ecology program (http;//snre.edu. programs/agroecology.htm)According to
USDA Farm Bill (1990),sustainable agriculture means an integrated system of plant and animal
production practices having a site-specific application that over the long term will;
Satisfy human food and fiber needs.
Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource.
Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.
Sustain the economic viability of farm operation.

2.3 Types of sustainable farming

1. Parma cultural farming.

2. Agro-ecological farming.
3. Bio-dynamic farming.
4. Organic farming.

2.3.1. Parma cultural farming

Parma cultural farming is system of agricultural and social design principles on simulating or
directly utilizing the patterns and feature observed in natural ecosystem (Bill Molise and David
Holmgren (1978).According to Million (2008),permaculture is a philosophy of working with rather
than against nature of protected and thoughtful observation rather than protected and thought less
labor and looking at plants and animals in all their function rather than treating any area as single
product system.
Permaculture can be understood as the growth of agricultural ecosystems in a self-sufficient and
8
sustainable way. This form of agriculture draws inspiration from nature to develop
synergetic farming systems based on crop diversity, resilience, natural productivity, and
sustainability.
2.3.2. Argo-ecological farming

Argo-ecological farming is the study of ecological process applied to agricultural production

system. According, to Dalgaard (2002), Argo-ecology is the study of the interaction between plants,
animals, humans and environment within agricultural system.

Agro-ecology is the “ecology of the food system” and a farming approach that is inspired by natural
ecosystems. It combines local and scientific knowledge and applies ecological and social
approaches to agricultural systems, focusing on the interactions between plants, animals, humans,
and the environment.

2.3.3. Biodynamic farming

Biodynamic farming is a form alternative agriculture very similar to organic farming, but it includes
various esoteric concepts drawn from the idea of Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925).

Biodynamic has much in common with other organic approaches. It emphasizes the use of manures
and composts and excludes the use of artificial chemicals on soil and plant.

Biodynamic farming practices and farming methods include avoiding chemical soil fertilizers to

enhance soil fertility, consideration of biological organisms (from living organisms in the soil to
animal health), diverse crop rotation, cover crops, green animal manures, as well as meeting certain
guidelines for perennial

2.3.4. Organic farming

Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than
choosing not to use pesticide, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotic and growth
hormones. It also the product of the environment minimizing soil degradation and erosion, decrease
pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health (Canadian organic
standard,2006).
Organic farming is  a technique, which involves the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in
natural ways. This process involves the use of biological materials, avoiding synthetic substances to
maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby minimizing pollution and wastage.
9
2.4. The role of soil fertility maintenance in sustainable agriculture.

Maintenance of soil fertility is crucial to achievement of sustainable agriculture as the soil contain
the nutrients, store the water and provides the rooting medium essential for plant growth
consequently the mummer in which soil are managed has a major impact on productivity and
sustainability(Schools et,al.,1994).

2.5. Goals of sustainable agriculture

1. Providing a more profitable farm income.

2. Promoting environmental stewardship.
3. Promoting stable prosperous farm families and communities.
4. To meet society food and textile need.

2.6. major factor that affect sustainable use of agricultural land

The rapid change in the characteristics of land use in introduction region of the mid-west has led to
public concern in recent year as are suit policy makers have attempted to forge navel ways to cope
with associated with less farmland and the encroachment of urban or suburban sprawl impact fee
agricultural zoning and proffered tax tremendous for agricultural land uses (Dialectal,2005).

2.6.1 Physical factors that affect agricultural land use

2.6.1.1 Climatic factor

Climate plays significant role in agriculture. Plant requires sufficient heat and moisture for their
growth. Norma region having maximum of less than ten degree centigrade are not sustainable for
plant growth.
It also a changes in temperature and rainfall, shifting pests and diseases, and increasingly frequent
extreme weather events will affect food production and security globally. Emissions from food
production could be reduced by encouraging healthier diets, reducing food waste, and
changing farming and land management practices

2.6.1.2 Soil factor

Soil is a critical part of successful agriculture and

10 is the original source of the nutrients that we use
to grow crops. The nutrients move from the soil into plants that we eat like tomatoes. Nutrients are
also a part of the food animals (like cows) eat. ... This allowed farmers to use the same soils for a
very long time.
The richness of soil another important physical factors affecting agriculture. Soil differs in respect
of physical and chemical composition.
Soil may be fine or coarse, peruse or non-peruse. Generally fine soil like loam or silt very fertile.
The chemical composition of the soil determines its productivity.

2.6.1.3 Topographic factor

The nature of topography plays a significant role in developments of agriculture. It determines

extents of soil erosion, methods of cultivation and model of transportation in the mountainous or
hilly regions soil erosion is common. Terrain restricts use of machinery and development of means
of transportation. However, in the flat region there is no such problem plain region have fertile
soils. The flat topography facilitates use of machines means of transportation can be easily
Developed in the plain area. Moreover, dense population in the plain regions provide cheap
agricultural larboard huge market for the products of the aerial plains their river valley and the
deltas are very suitable for agriculture.(www.preservatives.com/ what is the factors that affect
agriculture).
Topography affects agriculture as it relates to soil erosion, difficulty of tillage and poor
transportation facilities. ... In areas where the pressure on soil is great, even the slopes of mountains
are terraced into small farms to provide agricultural land.

2.6.2 Socio economic factors

2.6.2.1 Economic factors

The most important factors that affect agricultural land use

Market: is an important economic factory in agriculture the distance from the market determining
the cost of transportation.
Fundamental factors that affect agricultural land markets are discussed, such as land market
institutions and regulations, transaction costs, credit market constraints and levels of profitability,
the legal means of contract enforcement and land use alternatives.

Transport facilities: the development

11
of efficient means of transportation widens the market for
agricultural products.
In short, transport enables agriculture and emboldens the farmer to invest more and increase
production. And without this transport system, large quantities of painstakingly farmed
produce would be laid to waste.

Capital: agriculture in the modern term is becoming mechanized. This involves huge capital
investments purchase of machinery, fritters, pesticide and high yielding variety seeds require plenty
or money.
Human capital directly influences agricultural productivity by affecting the way in which
inputs are used and combined by farmers. Improvements in human capital affect acquisition,
assimilation and implementation of information and technology.

Labor: the supply of labor determines the character and types of agriculture. Intensive cultivation
requires a large supply of cheap and efficient labor is essential for cultivation of crop rice, tea,
cotton and rubber. Thus the factor of availability of labor also plays a vital role in agriculture
(www1011215).Rapid population growth is one of the major causes of the degradation of natural
resources in the environment. The influence of population in the environment is depends on
population size average number of units of resource per person use and environmental degradation
and population per unit of resource(Miller,1996).Common agricultural policy different studies have
an analyzed agricultural policy measure that have been implemented to support farmers in
developed countries market price support production suicides factor sub sides both coupled and
decoupled payment (sol halger,1996;D,wbrt et, al 2001.comfol).

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. General Description of the study Area

3.1.1. Geographic Location and Topography

12

Aroresa is one of the woredas in the sidama Region. Aroresa woreda Located at the eastern tip of
the sidama Region like a pen Sula, Aroresa is bordered on the south and southeast by that Region,
on the northwest by Bensa, and on the north by chere. The woreda is 174 km away from the city of
Hawassa and 295 km away from Addis Ababa. Aroresa had 20 kilometers of all-whether roads no
kilometers of dry -whether roads, for any average road density of 23 kilometres per 1000 square
kilometres .Geographically the woreda located 6° 19’ 60.00''N latitude and 39° 00' 0.00'’ E
longitude. Aroresa woreda is in Ethiopia and has an elevation of 2419 m.a.s.l.

Figure 3.1.1Study Area Map source: madda walabu university GeES GIS Lab.

3.1.2. Land forms, soil and, vegetation

Aroresa woreda due to its land forms, with regard to the highly, mountainous, plain, valley and
highly relief and depression. The soil type also differ, the majority soil is characterized by about
32% chromic canbisoil,2% leptosoil,8% Eutric Nitosoil,16% chromic luvisoil and,42% Eutric
fluvisoil because of the landform of the watershed huge amount of organic matter. The study area
13
has different agro-climatic and topographic environments. The distribution of vegetation also goes
in line with this agro-climatic and topographic land scope.The most known of vegetation highly
dominated trees species like, banboo, hagnia abssinia and pinas patula.(AWARDO,2018)
3.1.3.Land use and agricultural practice
According to Aroresa woreda agricultural and rural development office,(AWARDO,2021),95 % of
population is living on rural areas, where agriculture is the typical employment sector, smallholding
peasant agriculture is dominant economic activities in areas and average landholding size is around
1.5 hectares HH the dominant agricultural activity of the study area is composed mixed crop system
and livestock system, also farming system and traditional system.
The land use and agricultural practice in the study area agro-forest dominated, special coffee and
Enset. (AWARDO,2018).

3.2. Research methodology

3.2.1. Source of data

In the study both primary and secondary data source would be included. The primary data from
respondents, agricultural office and also the secondary data was collected from textbook, magazine,
internet access and other published and unpublished materials.

3.2.2. Sampling techniques and sampling size

Among the different types of sampling techniques the researcher would be used simple random
sampling techniques. In this study probability sampling techniques is employ from probability
sampling. The researcher used simple random techniques as this method has no personal bias and
every person have right to be select and it gives reliable and accurate information. Aroresa woredas
has 17kebele from these Keble the researcher select MDMV.
MN fechena Keble purposive, because of the factors affecting sustainable agricultural land use.
This Keble is low compared to other Keble. According, to 2007 population census Aroresa woreda,
fechena kebele has 5600 total population. Among those population 640 population are household
and researcher would be selected 60 respondent as sample size due to limitation of time and
financial.
n=N (1+N (e) 2
n= 640/ 1 + 640 (0.1275)2
n= 640/1 + 2304 (0.01625625)
n=640 *0.01625625 +1 =10.75375 14
n= 640/10.75375
n= 59.514
Where:
n = required sample size
N = Total households
e= Marginal error,
Random sampling technique was used to ensure control as a mean of increasing precision and
representativeness (ensuring equal chance of being selected for every household and to minimize
any bias) to get reliable data for the study.

3.2.3. Method of data collection

In order to achieve the study objectives the researcher was used both primary and secondary data
collection.
Primary source of data would be obtained from questionnaire and interview. While secondary data
was collected through documents like books, newspaper, public documents, published and
unpublished materials.

3.4. Methods of data analysis

In this study qualitative and quantitative method would be used to explain the data. The qualitative
method includes presentation and table form. The qualitative includes description and
interpretation.

4. Work plan and budget schedule

4.1. Work plan

No Activities Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

1 Consultation x
2 Literature xx
3 Preparation of the proposal 15 xx
4 Data collection X
5 Data analysis X
6 Report submission x
7 Presentation x
4.2. Budget schedule

No Item Total cost in birr

1 Stationery materials 150
2 Transport expense 200
3 Supervision 100
4 Contingency 160
5 Grad sub total 610

REFERENCES

Aklilu,A;(2006).Caring for the land best practices in soil and water conservation in
Beressawatershed,Highlands of Ethiopia. Tropical resource
Management papers,No.76
Dalgared,Porter and Hutchings( 2002).Agroecology scaling and interdisciplinary.
Dumaski,(1999).J.Dumanski Criteria and indicators of land quality and
sustainable land management.
FAO(1989).Sustainable development and natural resource management.
FAO(1998). World reference Base for soil resource. Rome : Food and Agriculture
organization of the united nation.
Gliessman, 1998 S.R. GliessmanAgroecology : Ecological process in
sustainable agriculture 1998, Ann Arbor press,chelsea.
Holmgren, David(2006). “The Essence of permaculture”.
IFOAM (2008), International federation of organic agriculture movements.
16
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