RESEARCH

Questions

20 basics terminology in Research

1. Hypothesis: A testable statement predicting the outcome of a research study.

2. Variable: A factor or condition that can be changed or controlled in an experiment.
3. Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
4. Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed as the outcome in an
experiment.
5. Control Group: The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment,
used as a baseline for comparison.
6. Experimental Group: The group in an experiment that receives the experimental treatment.
7. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT): A type of experimental design where participants are
randomly assigned to different groups.
8. Sampling: The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population for a study.
9. Population: The entire group of individuals that a study aims to describe or generalize to.
10. Survey: A research method involving the collection of data from a sample of individuals through
self-reporting.
11. Quantitative Research: Research that focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis.
12. Qualitative Research: Research that explores non-numerical data, often through interviews,
observations, or content analysis.
13. Literature Review: A comprehensive examination of existing research on a particular topic.
14. Methodology: The systematic approach and set of procedures used in a research study.
15. Ethics: The principles and guidelines that ensure research is conducted responsibly and with
integrity.
16. Peer Review: The process by which scholarly work is evaluated by other experts in the field
before it is published.
17. Validity: The extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure.
18. Reliability: The consistency and stability of research measurements or observations.
19. Citation: The acknowledgment of the source of information used in a research paper, typically
following a specific style guide.
20. Conclusion: A summary of the key findings and implications drawn from a research study.
21. Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is
substantiated through empirical evidence.
22. Abstract: A concise summary of a research paper or article, typically found at the beginning.
23. Null Hypothesis: A statement that there is no significant difference or effect.
24. Statistical Significance: The probability that an observed result occurred by chance, often
compared to a significance level (commonly denoted as "alpha").
25. Bias: Systematic errors in research that can affect the validity and reliability of results.
26. Cross-Sectional Study: A type of observational study that analyzes data from a population at a
specific point in time.
27. Longitudinal Study: A type of observational study where data is collected from the same
subjects over an extended period.
28. Peer-Reviewed Journal: A scholarly publication where articles are reviewed by experts in the
field before publication.
29. Correlation: A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change
together.
30. Thesis Statement: A concise summary of the main point or claim of an essay or research paper,
usually found in the introduction.
31. Methodological Rigor: The thoroughness and accuracy in the design and execution of a research
study.
32. Case Study: An in-depth analysis of a specific individual, group, event, or situation.
33. Confounding Variable: A variable that is not the focus of the study but can affect the results,
leading to inaccurate conclusions.
34. Meta-Analysis: A statistical technique for combining the findings from multiple studies to assess
overall patterns.
35. Descriptive Statistics: Statistical measures that summarize and describe essential features of a
dataset, such as mean, median, and mode.
36. Informed Consent: Ethical principle ensuring that participants are fully aware of the study's
purpose, risks, and procedures before agreeing to participate.
37. Peer-Reviewed Conference: A scholarly conference where research is presented, discussed, and
evaluated by peers in the field.
38. Pilot Study: A small-scale study conducted before the main research to test the feasibility, time,
cost, and potential pitfalls.
39. Replication: The process of repeating a study to verify or challenge its results, enhancing the
reliability of findings.
40. Research Design: The overall plan or structure of a study that outlines its logical and systematic
organization.
Basic Math

10 problem and Solution of direct proportion

1. Speed and Time:

If a car travels at a constant speed of 60 miles per hour, how much time will it take to cover 240
miles?
Solution

2. Work and Time:

If it takes 4 workers 8 hours to complete a project, how many hours will it take for 6 workers to
complete the same project?
Solution
3. Cost and Quantity:
If 5 notebooks cost $10, how much will 8 notebooks cost?
Solution
4. Distance and Time:
A train travels 300 kilometers in 5 hours. How far will it travel in 8 hours at the same speed?
Solution
5. Height and Shadow Length:
A tree casts a shadow of 10 feet. If a person standing nearby casts a shadow of 2 feet, how tall is
the person?
Solution
6. Produce and Cost:
If 3 kilograms of apples cost $6, how much will 5 kilograms cost?
Solution
7. Fuel Consumption:
A car consumes 30 liters of fuel for every 150 kilometers. How much fuel will it consume for a
300-kilometer journey?
Solution
8. Painting a Wall:
If it takes 4 hours to paint a wall using 3 gallons of paint, how many hours will it take to paint the
same wall using 5 gallons?
Solution
9. Watering Plants:
If 6 liters of water are needed to water 9 plants, how much water is needed for 15 plants?
Solution
10. Photocopying Pages:
If it costs $0.05 to photocopy 2 pages, how much will it cost to photocopy 10 pages?
Solution
10 problem and Solution of indirect proportion

1 Speed and Time:

If a car travels at a constant speed, and the time it takes to cover a certain distance decreases, how does
the speed change?

Solution
2 Work and Time:

If a certain amount of work can be completed in a fixed time, how does the time change if more workers
are added?

Solution
3 Cost and Quantity:

If the cost of producing a certain quantity of goods remains constant, what happens to the cost per unit
as the quantity increases?

Solution
4 Distance and Time:

If a person is walking at a constant speed, how does the time taken change as the distance they need to
cover increases?

Solution
5 Amount and Concentration:

If a certain amount of solute is dissolved in a solution, what happens to the concentration of the
solution if more solvent is added?

Solution
6 Population and Resources:

If the population of a city increases, but the available resources remain constant, how does the per
capita resource availability change?

Solution
7 Work and Efficiency:

If a task requires a certain amount of work, how does the time needed to complete the task change if
the efficiency of the worker increases?

Solution
8 Pressure and Volume:

If the pressure of a gas is kept constant, how does the volume change as the temperature increases?

Solution
9 Investment and Return:

If the initial investment in a business is fixed, how does the percentage return on investment change as
the profits increase?

Solution
10 Harvest and Crop Density:

If a certain amount of crops can be harvested from a field, how does the yield per plant change if the
planting density is increased?

Solution
10 problem and Solution of compound proportion

1 Speed, Time, and Distance:

If a car travels at a certain speed, it takes 4 hours to cover a certain distance. How much time will it take
to cover twice that distance at the same speed?

Solution
2 Work, Time, and Efficiency:

If a certain amount of work is completed in 6 hours with 4 workers, how many hours will it take for 8
workers to complete the same amount of work at the same efficiency?

Solution
3 Investment, Interest, and Time:

If $5000 is invested at an annual interest rate of 8%, how much interest will be earned in 3 years?

Solution
4 Proportions and Ratios:

If 2 liters of a solution are mixed with 3 liters of another solution to get a desired ratio, how much of
each solution is needed to make 10 liters of the final mixture?

Solution
5 Ages of Family Members:

The sum of the ages of a father and son is 45. If the father is 3 times as old as the son, what are their
ages?

Solution
6 Geometry and Similar Triangles:

Two similar triangles have sides in the ratio 3:5. If the smaller triangle has a base of 6 cm, find the base
of the larger triangle.

Solution

7 Currency Exchange:

If the exchange rate is 1.5 dollars for 1 euro, how many euros can be obtained for $100?

Solution
8 Volume and Scaling:

If the volume of a cube is 64 cubic units, what will be the volume of a cube with edges twice as long?

Solution
9 Density and Mass:

The density of a substance is 2 g/cm³. If the mass of the substance is 10 g, what is its volume?

Solution
10 Joint Variation:

The cost of renting a car is $30 per day plus $0.20 per mile driven. If a person rents the car for 5 days
and drives 300 miles, what is the total cost?

Solution
Direct Proportion: In a direct proportion, two quantities are related in such a way that
when one quantity increases (or decreases), the other quantity also increases (or
decreases) by a constant ratio. The general form of a direct proportion is y=kx, where y
and x are the two quantities, and k is the constant of proportionality.

Example: If the speed of a car is directly proportional to the distance traveled, then as
the distance increases, the speed also increases, maintaining a constant ratio.

Indirect Proportion (Inverse Proportion): In an indirect proportion, two quantities are

related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases,
and vice versa, maintaining a constant product. The general form of an indirect
proportion is xy=k, where x and y are the two quantities, and k is the constant of
proportionality.
Example: If the time taken to complete a task is inversely proportional to the number of
workers, then as the number of workers increases, the time taken decreases, and vice
versa.

Compound Proportion: A compound proportion involves more than two quantities

and expresses a relationship where the product of the means is equal to the product of
the extremes. The general form of a compound proportion is a:b=c:d, indicating that
the ratio of a to b is the same as the ratio of c to d.

Example: If 2:3a:b=2:3 and =4:5c:d=4:5, then it is a compound proportion if ad=bc.