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CHEMISTRY CLASS NOTES

TOPIC: Structure of Atom Lecture No.: 01

➢ Atom
Atom is derived from the Greek word ‘a tomio’. It means indivisible/undividable
/uncuttable.

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➢ Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Atomic theory was given by John Dalton. “Every matter is composed of extremely light
indivisible particle is called an atom.”

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➢ Characteristics of atoms
1. Hard spherical and elastic

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2. Can’t be further divided & are indivisible

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3. Atoms can’t be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
4. All atoms of an element are identical in mass and properties.
5. For stable existence, atoms are combined to form molecules. 𝐻 + 𝐻 → 𝐻2 , 𝑁2 , 𝐶𝑙2
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6. A chemical Reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
➢ Modern Atomic Theory
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1. Atom is no longer indivisible

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2. Atoms of the same element have different atomic masses and different properties
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(Isotopes).
3. Atoms of different elements have the same atomic masses (Isobars).
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4. Atoms are the smallest particle that takes place in the chemical reaction.
➢ Cathode Rays
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Cathode rays was discovered by William Crookes and Julius Plucker.

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• Gas is introduced into the discharge tube at very low pressure and then it is electrically
sparked. Some invisible radiation is released from the cathode and move towards the
anode and these radiations produce greenish fluorescence on the wall of discharge it is
known as cathode rays.

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➢ Properties of Cathode Rays

1. Travel in straight lines
2. It has kinetic energy
3. In the electric field it is attracted towards a positive pole which means it is negatively
charged.
4. It is able to rotate a light paddle wheel
5. It is able to ionize the gases
6. Able to penetrate a thin metal sheet
7. Produces fluorescence effect on zinc.
➢ Anode Rays

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Positive rays canal rays were discovered by Eugene Goldstein.

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•
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Residue of cathode rays introduced in discharge tube at very low pressure by using a
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perforated cathode in the middle of the discharge tube then it is electrically sparked.
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Some glow is produced behind the cathode. It is known as Anode rays.

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➢ Properties of Anode Rays

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1. Travels in straight lines.

2. It has kinetic energy.
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3. In the electric field, it is attracted towards the negative pole. It means it is positively
charged.
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4. Positive rays recovered from hydrogen (containing only protons).

5. Can penetrate thin metal sheet.
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6. Produce fluorescence
7. Can ionize the gases.
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Note:- Cathode ray deflects more as they are lighter in mass compared to anode rays.

X-Rays → Electromagnetic wave, uncharged and discovered by Röntgen

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➢ Subatomic or Fundamental Particles (Stable Elementary particle)

Proton, Electron, Positron, Antiproton, Neutrino, because it is stable outside of the atom.
Proton, Electron are the main stable fundamental particles.
➢ Unstable fundamental particles
Free neutrons are unstable fundamental particles. Its average life is 17 min.
Meson’s are instantaneous particle.

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