INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES

FOR
PE AND HEALTH

Demonstration
DEMONSTRATION
What is Demonstration Method?
Demonstration method is a visual approach to examining information, ideas and
processes.
It is a teaching method that allows students to see the teacher actively engaged as a
learner and a model rather than merely telling them what they need to know.
 Learning by doing
 Skills can be developed by Imitation
 The perceptions help in imitation

Advantage
 Involves various senses that make learning permanent
 Teacher invite cooperation of pupils
 Develop interest and motivation for active participation
 Helps achieve psychomotor objectives
 Increases leadership and self-confidence among demonstrators

Disadvantage
 Can only be used in skills subject
 Only the attention of the learners is invited towards the activity demonstrated
 Due to poor economic condition of the government schools, there is sarcity of the
audio-visual aids and equipment

Brainstorming
BRAIN STORMING
Brainstorming is a large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on
a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas.
Use
• Discover new ideas thoughts and responses very quickly.
Advantages
 Leads to a very animated and energizing session.
 More reserved participants feel free to contribute.

Dis-Advantages
 It takes time particularly if it is a large group.
 May consume a lot of material e. G. Flipcharts or writing materials.
 Requires high-level facilitation skills.

Case Studies
CASE STUDIES
“Case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies,
institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods.
The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of
phenomena that provides an analytical frame -an object – within which the study is
conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates”.
-G. Thomas, 2011

Advantage
 Make decision making easier
 Improve the analytical quality of decisions
 Reduce the time required to make decisions
 Increase the frequency of correct decisions.
 Deeper understanding
 Fact-driven

Disadvantage
 Lack of generalization
 Lack of clearly defined methods
 Time-consuming
 Costs
 Bias in data collection and analysis

Cold Call
COLD CALL
Increased thinking and participation in learning; improved momentum and pace;
more strategic checking of mastery; and greater inclusion.

Advantage
 Ability to communicate directly with prospects
 It can encourage participation in the class and keep students on their toes.

Disadvantage
 Can potentially increase students’ feelings of discomfort and anxiety if not used
carefully.
 It creates tension in the classroom and only adds to the stress that is guaranteed
to come with school.

Discussions
DISCUSSIONS
Discussion is important to learning in all disciplines because it helps students
process information rather than simply receive it. Leading a discussion requires skills
different from lecturing. The goal of a discussion is to get students to practice
thinking about the course material. Your role becomes that of facilitator. You design
and facilitate the discussion rather than convey information.

Advantage
 Emphasis on learning instead of teaching
 Participation by every body
 Develop democratic way of thinking
 Increase knowledge
 Made interest
 Generate new ideas
 Develop leadership quality
 Develop Problem solving ability
 Create motivation and confidence

Disadvantage
 More time and effort
  May not be end with solution
 Teacher may not be able to guide and provide true leadership
 It may create emotional stress
 Only a few students may dominate the whole discussion
 All topics are not able to teach through this method

Drill and Practice

DRILL AND PRACTICE
Programs present materials to be learned through repetition
The cycle:
 An item is selected.
 The item is displayed.
 The learner responds.
 The program judges the response.
 The learner receives feedback about the response.
 Examples:
 Flashcard Queuing, games, vocabulary exercises, etc.

Advantages
 Competition (against other learners, the computer,Oneself, the clock)
 Cooperative learning (team effort)
 Multiple modes and display variety
 Goal setting and scoring
 Reinforcement of basic sills
 Immediate feedback

Disadvantages
 Drill and kill (from overuse)

Jigsaw
JIGSAW
Allows individuals or small groups to become responsible for a subcategory of a
larger topic. After researching and developing their idea, each individual or small
group then has the responsibility to teach it to the rest of the group or class.

Advantages
 It is an efficient way to learn the material.
 Builds a depth of knowledge.
 Discloses a student’s own understanding and resolves misunderstanding.
 Builds on conceptual understanding.
 Develops teamwork and cooperative working

Disadvantages
 Uneven time in expert groups.
 Students must be trained in this method of learning.
 Requires an equal number of groups.
 Classroom management can become problem.
 Some students don’t want to participate no matter if they are essential to the
group or not.

Role Play
ROLE PLAY
Role-play is a technique that allows students to explore realistic situations by
interacting with other people in a managed way in order to develop experience and
trial different strategies
In a supported environment.
Uses
 Exploring and improving interviewing techniques and examining complexities and
potential conflicts of groups.
 To consolidate different lessons in one setting.

Advantages
• Good energizers.
• Promotes empathy of trainees for other situations.
• Encourages creativity in learning.

Disadvantages
 Participants might be reluctant.
 May not work with trainees who do not know each other well.
Simulation
SIMULATIONS
A teaching method that tests your student’s knowledge, skill levels, and problem
solving abilities by placing them in scenarios where they must actively solve a
problem or problems. Using simulation in the classroom promotes the use of critical
and evaluative thinking.

Advantages
 It is learner friendly
 It allows students to make accurate assumptions
 It can be used for all levels of teaching and learning.
 Learning simulations also lower the cost and provide an innovative approach in
which teachers teach and students learn.

Disadvantage
 There is always room for error.
 The biggest drawback of using simulation is maintenance, and updates can be
costly. Every technology gets outdated real quick.
 The more we lean on technology, the higher the need is to train people to keep
up and handle the technology.

K-W-L
K-W-L (Know-What to Know-Learned)
A KWL Chart is reading strategy that helps to guide students through text. It also
helps to organize thoughts in a graphical (visual) form.

The KWL serves three purposes:

 Assess and connect text with prior knowledge
 Reveals the purpose of reading to the student
 Allows student to assess their comprehension on the
 Topic.
“ Helps student to organize thoughts before, during and after reading.

Advantages
 Useful or readers who struggle to stay focused
 Useful for introducing a new topic/unit of learning,
 Helps to engage learner in lesson/unit instead of passively engaging.
 Can be used in various age groups and subjects.

Disadvantages
 May discourage asking questions.
 ‘K’ column can be difficult if students have NO prior knowledge of the topic.
 Students may find this task difficult if they lack memory, thinking, and unable to
think beyond the text.
 Students may get bored and refuse to complete
 Exercise.

1.