Samoa

Samoa
Samoa,[note 1] officially the

Independent State of
Samoa[note 2] and until 1997
known as Western Samoa
(Samoan: Sāmoa i Sisifo), is a
Polynesian island country
consisting of two main islands
(Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller,
inhabited islands (Manono and
:
Apolima); and several smaller,
uninhabited islands, including the
Aleipata Islands (Nu'utele,
Nu'ulua, Fanuatapu and Namua).
Samoa is located 64 km (40 mi)
west of American Samoa, 889 km
(552 mi) northeast of Tonga,
1,152 km (716 mi) northeast of Fiji,
483 km (300 mi) east of Wallis
and Futuna, 1,151 km (715 mi)
southeast of Tuvalu, 519 km
(322 mi) south of Tokelau,
4,190 km (2,600 mi) southwest
of Hawaii, and 610 km (380 mi)
northwest of Niue. The capital
:
and largest city is Apia. The Lapita
people discovered and settled the
Samoan Islands around 3,500
years ago. They developed a
Samoan language and Samoan
cultural identity.
Independent State of
Samoa
Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o
Sāmoa (Samoan)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Faʻavae i le Atua Sāmoa

"Samoa is founded on God"
Anthem: O Le Fuʻa o le
:
Anthem: O Le Fuʻa o le
Saʻolotoga o Samoa
"The Banner of Freedom"
1:14
Location of Samoa
Map of Samoa
Capital Apia
:
and largest city 13°50′00″S
171°45′44″W (
https://geohac
k.toolforge.org/
geohack.php?p
agename=Sam
oa&params=13
_50_00_S_171
_45_44_W_typ
e:city)
Official languages Samoan •

English
Ethnic groups 92.6%
(2021) Samoans
7.0%
Euronesians
0.3%
Europeans
0.1% others[1]
Religion 97.9%
(2021) Christianity
:
(official)[2]
54.9%
Protestantism
18.8%
Catholicism
16.9%
Mormonism
7.3% other
Christian
1.7% no religion
0.4% others[3]
Demonym(s) Samoan
Government Unitary
parliamentary
republic
• O le Ao o le Tuimalealiʻifano
Malo Vaʻaletoʻa
Sualauvi IIa
• Prime Fiamē Naomi
Minister Mataʻafa
• Assembly Papali’i Li’o
:
Speaker Taeu Masipau
Legislature Legislative
Assembly
Independence from New Zealand

• Treaty of 14 June 1889
Berlin
• Tripartite 16 February
Convention 1900
• Colonisation 1 March 1900
by Germany
• Occupied by 30 August
New 1914
Zealand
• League 17 December
mandate 1920
• UN 13 December
trusteeship 1946
• Western 1 January 1962
Samoa Act
1961
• Admitted to 15 December
:
the United 1976
Nations
• Name 4 July 1997
change from
Western
Samoa to
Samoa
Area
• Total 2,831[4] km2
(1,093 sq mi)
(167th)
• Water (%) 0.3
Population
• November 205,557[5]
2021 census (176th)
• Density 70/km2
(181.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $1.188 billion[6]
• Per capita $5,962[6]
:
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
• Total $881 million[6]
• Per capita $4,420[6]
Gini (2013) 38.7[7]

medium
HDI (2021) 0.707[8]

high · 111th
Currency Tālā (WS$b)

(WST)
Time zone UTC+13c

(WST)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side leftd
Calling code +685
ISO 3166 WS
code
Internet TLD .ws

:
Internet TLD .ws
a. Head of State.
b. Symbols SAT, ST or T are
in use as well. The terms
Tālā and Sene are
translations of the English
words Dollar and Cent in
the Samoan language.
c. Since 31 December 2011.
[9]
d. Since 7 September 2009.

[10] Although driving is on
the left side of the roadway

centre line, Samoa allows
cars with steering wheels
on either the left or the
right side of the vehicle to
use the roads.
Samoa is a unitary parliamentary

:
democracy with 11 administrative
divisions. It is a sovereign state
and a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations.
Western Samoa was admitted to
the United Nations on 15
December 1976.[15] Because of
the Samoans' seafaring skills,
pre-20th-century European
explorers referred to the entire
island group (which includes
American Samoa) as the
"Navigator Islands".[16][17] The
country was a colony of the
German Empire from 1899 to
:
1915, then came under a joint
British and New Zealand colonial
administration until 1 January
1962, when it became
independent.
History
Early history
Samoa was discovered and

settled by the Lapita people
(Austronesian people who spoke
Oceanic languages), who
travelled from Island Melanesia.
:
The earliest human remains found
in Samoa are dated to between
roughly 2,900 and 3,500 years
ago. The remains were discovered
at a Lapita site at Mulifanua, and
the scientists' findings were
published in 1974.[18] The
Samoans' origins have been
studied in modern times through
scientific research on Polynesian
genetics, linguistics and
anthropology. Although this
research is ongoing, a number of
theories have been proposed.
One theory is that the original
:
Samoans were Austronesians
who arrived during a final period
of eastward expansion of the
Lapita peoples out of Southeast
Asia and Melanesia between
2,500 and 1,500 BCE.[19]
Intimate sociocultural and genetic

ties were maintained between
Samoa, Fiji, and Tonga, and the
archaeological record supports
oral tradition and native
genealogies that indicate
interisland voyaging and
intermarriage among precolonial
:
Samoans, Fijians, and Tongans.
Notable figures in Samoan history
included the Tui Manu'a line,
Queen Salamasina, King Fonoti
and the four tama-a-aiga:
Malietoa, Tupua Tamasese,
Mata'afa, and Tuimalealiifano.
Nafanua was a famous woman
warrior who was deified in ancient
Samoan religion and whose
patronage was highly sought after
by successive Samoan rulers.[20]
Today, all of Samoa is united

under its two principal royal
:
families: the Sā Malietoa of the
ancient Malietoa lineage that
defeated the Tongans in the 13th
century; and the Sā Tupua, Queen
Salamasina's descendants and
heirs who ruled Samoa in the
centuries that followed her reign.
Within these two principal
lineages are the four highest titles
of Samoa - the elder titles of
Malietoa and Tupua Tamasese of
antiquity and the newer Mata'afa
and Tuimalealiifano titles, which
rose to prominence in 19th-
century wars that preceded the
:
colonial period.[20] These four
titles form the apex of the Samoan
matai system as it stands today.
Contact with Europeans began in

the early 18th century. Jacob
Roggeveen, a Dutchman, was the
first known non-Polynesian to
sight the Samoan islands in 1722.
This visit was followed by French
explorer Louis-Antoine de
Bougainville, who named them
the Navigator Islands in 1768.
Contact was limited before the
1830s, which is when English
:
missionaries of the London
Missionary Society, whalers, and
traders began arriving.[21]
19th century
Visits by American trading and

whaling vessels were important in
the early economic development
of Samoa. The Salem brig Roscoe
(Captain Benjamin Vanderford), in
October 1821, was the first
American trading vessel known to
have called, and the Maro
(Captain Richard Macy) of
:
Nantucket, in 1824, was the first
recorded United States whaler at
Samoa.[22] The whalers came for
fresh drinking water, firewood and
provisions, and later, they
recruited local men to serve as
crewmen on their ships. The last
recorded whaler visitor was the
Governor Morton in 1870.[23]
Christian missionary work in

Samoa began in 1830 when John
Williams of the London
Missionary Society arrived in
Sapapali'i from the Cook Islands
:
and Tahiti.[24] According to
Barbara A. West, "The Samoans
were also known to engage in
'headhunting', a ritual of war in
which a warrior took the head of
his slain opponent to give to his
leader, thus proving his bravery."
[25]
In A Footnote to History: Eight

Years of Trouble in Samoa
(1892), Robert Louis Stevenson
details the activities of the great
powers battling for influence in
Samoa – the United States,
:
Germany and Britain – and the
political machinations of the
various Samoan factions within
their indigenous political system.
[26][27] Even as they descended
into ever greater interclan warfare,
what most alarmed Stevenson
was the Samoans' economic
innocence. In 1894, just months
before his death, he addressed
the island chiefs:
There is but one way to

defend Samoa. Hear it
before it is too late. It is
:
to make roads, and
gardens, and care for
your trees, and sell their
produce wisely, and, in
one word, to occupy and
use your country... if
you do not occupy and
use your country, others
will. It will not continue
to be yours or your
children's, if you occupy
it for nothing. You and
your children will in
:
that case be cast out into
outer darkness".
He had "seen these judgments of

God" in Hawaii, where abandoned
native churches stood like
tombstones "over a grave, in the
midst of the white men's sugar
fields".[28]
Studio photo depicting preparation

of the Samoa 'ava ceremony c. 1911
:
Interior of Samoan house, Apia,
Urville 1842
Robert Louis Stevenson's birthday

fete at Vailima, 1894
The Germans, in particular, began

to show great commercial interest
in the Samoan Islands, especially
on the island of Upolu, where
German firms monopolised copra
and cocoa bean processing. The
United States laid its own claim,
:
based on commercial shipping
interests in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
and Pago Pago Bay in eastern
Samoa, and forced alliances, most
conspicuously on the islands of
Tutuila and Manu'a, which
became American Samoa.
Britain also sent troops to protect

British business enterprise,
harbour rights, and consulate
office. This was followed by an
eight-year civil war, during which
each of the three powers supplied
arms, training and in some cases
:
combat troops to the warring
Samoan parties. The Samoan
crisis came to a critical juncture in
March 1889 when all three
colonial contenders sent warships
into Apia harbour, and a larger-
scale war seemed imminent. A
massive storm on 15 March 1889
damaged or destroyed the
warships, ending the military
conflict.[29]
The Second Samoan Civil War

reached a head in 1898 when
Germany, the United Kingdom,
:
and the United States were
locked in dispute over who should
control the Samoan Islands. The
Siege of Apia occurred in March
1899. Samoan forces loyal to
Prince Tanu were besieged by a
larger force of Samoan rebels
loyal to Mata'afa Iosefo.
Supporting Prince Tanu were
landing parties from four British
and American warships. After
several days of fighting, the
Samoan rebels were finally
defeated.[30]
:
Mata'afa Iosefo (1832–
1912), paramount chief and
rival for the kingship of
Samoa
The joint commission of Germany,

the United States and Great Britain
abolished the Samoan kingship in
June 1899.
Exiled orator Lauaki Namulau'ulu

Mamoe (standing third from left
with orator's staff) and other chiefs
aboard German warship taking them
to exile in Saipan, 1909
:
American and British warships
shelled Apia on 15 March 1899,
including the USS Philadelphia.
Germany, the United Kingdom
and the United States quickly
resolved to end the hostilities and
divided the island chain at the
Tripartite Convention of 1899,
signed at Washington on 2
December 1899 with ratifications
exchanged on 16 February 1900.
[31][32]
The eastern island-group became

a territory of the United States
:
(the Tutuila Islands in 1900 and
officially Manu'a in 1904) and
was known as American Samoa.
The western islands, by far the
greater landmass, became
German Samoa. The United
Kingdom had vacated all claims in
Samoa and in return received (1)
termination of German rights in
Tonga, (2) all of the Solomon
Islands south of Bougainville, and
(3) territorial alignments in West
Africa.[33]
:
German Samoa (1900–
1914)
Chiefs from all around Samoa

mourning the 1929 death of Mau
Movement leader, Tupua Tamesese
Lealofi III, after the Black Saturday
killings by NZ soldiers
The German Empire governed the

western part of the Samoan
archipelago from 1900 to 1914.
Wilhelm Solf was appointed the
colony's first governor. In 1908,
when the non-violent Mau a Pule
resistance movement arose, Solf
:
did not hesitate to banish the Mau
leader Lauaki Namulau'ulu
Mamoe to Saipan in the German
Northern Mariana Islands.[34]
The German colonial

administration governed on the
principle that "there was only one
government in the islands."[35]
Thus, there was no Samoan Tupu
(king), nor an alii sili (similar to a
governor), but two Fautua
(advisors) were appointed by the
colonial government. Tumua and
Pule (traditional governments of
:
Upolu and Savai'i) were for a time
silent; all decisions on matters
affecting lands and titles were
under the control of the colonial
Governor.
In the first month of World War I,

on 29 August 1914, troops of the
New Zealand Expeditionary Force
landed unopposed on Upolu and
seized control from the German
authorities, following a request by
Great Britain for New Zealand to
perform this "great and urgent
imperial service."[36]
:
New Zealand rule (1914–
1961)
From the end of World War I until

1962, New Zealand controlled
Western Samoa as a Class C
Mandate under trusteeship
through the League of Nations,
[32][37] then through the United
Nations. Between 1919 and 1962,
Samoa was administered by the
Department of External Affairs, a
government department which
had been specially created to
oversee New Zealand's Island
:
Territories and Samoa.[38] In
1943, this department was
renamed the Department of
Island Territories after a separate
Department of External Affairs
was created to conduct New
Zealand's foreign affairs.[39]
During the period of New Zealand
control, their administrators were
responsible for two major
incidents.
Flu pandemic
In the first incident, approximately

one fifth of the Samoan
:
population died in the influenza
epidemic of 1918–1919.[40][32]
In 1918, during the final stages of

World War I, the Spanish flu had
taken its toll, spreading rapidly
from country to country. On
Samoa, there had been no
epidemic of pneumonic influenza
in Western Samoa before the
arrival of the SS Talune from
Auckland on 7 November 1918.
The NZ administration allowed
the ship to berth in breach of
quarantine; within seven days of
:
this ship's arrival, influenza
became epidemic in Upolu and
then spread rapidly throughout
the rest of the territory.[41] Samoa
suffered the most of all Pacific
islands, with 90% of the
population infected; 30% of adult
men, 22% of adult women and
10% of children died.[42] The
cause of the epidemic was
confirmed in 1919 by a Royal
Commission of Inquiry into the
Epidemic concluded that there
had been no epidemic of
pneumonic influenza in Western
:
Samoa before the arrival of the
Talune from Auckland on 7
November 1918.[41]
The pandemic undermined

Samoan confidence in New
Zealand's administrative capacity
and competence.[32] Some
Samoans asked that the rule of
the islands be transferred to the
Americans or the British.[32]
Mau movement
The second major incident arose

out of an initially peaceful protest
:
by the Mau (which literally
translates as "strongly held
opinion"), a non-violent popular
movement which had its
beginnings in the early 1900s on
Savai'i, led by Lauaki Namulauulu
Mamoe, an orator chief deposed
by Solf. In 1909, Lauaki was exiled
to Saipan and died en route back
to Samoa in 1915.
By 1918, Western Samoa had a

population of some 38,000
Samoans and 1,500 Europeans.
[43]
:
However, native Samoans greatly
resented New Zealand's colonial
rule, and blamed inflation and the
catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on
its misrule.[44] By the late 1920s
the resistance movement against
colonial rule had gathered
widespread support. One of the
Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick
Nelson, a half Samoan and half
Swedish merchant.[45] Nelson
was eventually exiled during the
late 1920s and early 1930s, but
he continued to assist the
organisation financially and
:
politically. In accordance with the
Mau's non-violent philosophy, the
newly elected leader, High Chief
Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his
fellow uniformed Mau in a
peaceful demonstration in
downtown Apia on 28 December
1929.[46]
The New Zealand police

attempted to arrest one of the
leaders in the demonstration.
When he resisted, a struggle
developed between the police
and the Mau. The officers began
:
to fire randomly into the crowd
and used a Lewis machine gun,
mounted in preparation for the
demonstration, to disperse the
demonstrators.[47] Mau leader
and paramount chief Tupua
Tamasese Lealofi III was shot from
behind and killed while trying to
bring calm and order to the Mau
demonstrators. Ten others died
that day and approximately 50
were injured by gunshot wounds
and police batons.[48] That day
would come to be known in
Samoa as Black Saturday.
:
On 13 January 1930, the New
Zealanders banned the
organisation. As many as 1500
Mau men took to the bush,
pursued by an armed force of 150
marines and seamen from the
light cruiser HMS Dunedin, and
50 military police. Villages were
raided, often at night and with
fixed bayonets. In March, through
the mediation of local Europeans
and missionaries, Mau leaders
met New Zealand's Minister of
Defence and agreed to disperse.
[49]
:
Supporters of the Mau continued
to be arrested, so women came to
the fore rallying supporters and
staging demonstrations. The
political stalemate was broken
following the victory of the Labour
Party in New Zealand's 1935
general election. A 'goodwill
mission' to Apia in June 1936
recognised the Mau as a
legitimate political organisation,
and Olaf Nelson was allowed to
return from exile.[49] In September
1936, Samoans exercised for the
first time the right to elect the
:
members of the advisory Fono of
Faipule,[50] with representatives
of the Mau movement winning 31
of the 39 seats.[51]
Independence
As Western Samoa (1962–

1997)
After repeated efforts by the

Samoan independence
movement, the New Zealand
Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24
November 1961 terminated the
:
Trusteeship Agreement and
granted the country
independence as the
Independent State of Western
Samoa, effective on 1 January
1962.[52][53] Western Samoa, the
first small-island country in the
Pacific to become independent,
signed a Treaty of Friendship with
New Zealand later in 1962.
Western Samoa joined the
Commonwealth of Nations on 28
August 1970. While
independence was achieved at
the beginning of January, Samoa
:
annually celebrates 1 June as its
independence day.[54][55]
On 15 December 1976, Western

Samoa was admitted to the
United Nations as the 147th
member state. It asked to be
referred to in the United Nations
as the Independent State of
Samoa.[56]
Travel writer Paul Theroux noted

marked differences between the
societies in Western Samoa and
American Samoa in 1992.[57]
:
As Samoa (1997 onwards)
On 4 July 1997 the government

amended the constitution to
change the name of the country
from Western Samoa to Samoa,
[58] the name it had been called
by in the United Nations since it
joined.[59] American Samoa
protested against the name
change, asserting that it
diminished its own identity.[59]
In 2002, New Zealand prime

minister Helen Clark formally
apologised for New Zealand's role
:
in the Spanish influenza outbreak
in 1918 that killed over a quarter
of Samoa's population and for the
Black Saturday killings in 1929.
[60][61]
On 7 September 2009, the

government changed the rule of
the road from right to left, in
common with most other
Commonwealth countries - most
notably countries in the region
such as Australia and New
Zealand, home to large numbers
of Samoans.[62] This made
:
Samoa the first country in the
21st century to switch to driving
on the left.[63]
At the end of December 2011,

Samoa changed its time zone
offset from UTC−11 to UTC+13,
effectively jumping forward by
one day, omitting Friday, 30
December from the local calendar.
This also had the effect of
changing the shape of the
International Date Line, moving it
to the east of the territory.[64] This
change aimed to help the nation
:
boost its economy in doing
business with Australia and New
Zealand. Before this change,
Samoa was 21 hours behind
Sydney, but the change means it
is now three hours ahead. The
previous time zone, implemented
on 4 July 1892, operated in line
with American traders based in
California.[65] In October 2021,
Samoa ceased daylight saving
time.[66]
In 2017, Samoa signed the UN

treaty on the Prohibition of
:
Nuclear Weapons.[67]
In June 2017, Parliament

amended Article 1 of the Samoan
Constitution to make Christianity
the state religion.[2][68]
In September 2019, with a state of

emergency, Samoa declared a
measles outbreak, which resulted
in the deaths of 83 people.
Following the outbreak, the
government imposed a curfew in
December later during the same
year.
:
In May 2021, Fiamē Naomi
Mataʻafa became Samoa's first
female prime minister. Mataʻafa's
FAST party narrowly won the
election, ending the rule of long-
term Prime Minister Tuila'epa
Sa'ilele Malielegaoi of the Human
Rights Protection Party (HRPP),
[69] although the constitutional
crisis complicated and delayed
this. On 24 May 2021, she was
sworn in as the new prime
minister, though it was not until
July that the Supreme Court ruled
that her swearing-in was legal,
:
thus ending the constitutional
crisis and bringing an end to
Tuila'epa's 22-year premiership.
The FAST party's success in the
2021 election and subsequent
court rulings also ended nearly
four decades of HRPP rule.[70]
In August 2022, Samoa's

Legislative Assembly reappointed
Tuimaleali’ifano Vaaletoa Sualauvi
II as the Head of State for a
second term of five years.[71]
:
Government and
politics
Government buildings in Apia
The 1960 constitution, which

formally came into force with
independence from New Zealand
in 1962, builds on the British
pattern of parliamentary
democracy, modified to take
account of Samoan customs.[72]
The national modern Government
:
of Samoa is referred to as the
Malo.
Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina

Mulinuʻu II, one of the four
highest-ranking paramount chiefs
in the country, became Samoa's
first Prime Minister. Two other
paramount chiefs at the time of
independence were appointed
joint heads of state for life. Tupua
Tamasese Meaʻole died in 1963,
leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole
head of state until his death on 11
May 2007. The next Head of State
:
was Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi,
who was elected by the
legislature on 17 June 2007 for a
fixed five-year term,[73] and was
re-elected unopposed in July
2012. He was succeeded by
Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa
Sualauvi II in 2017.
Tuimalealiʻifano was reappointed
for a second term of five years in
2022.[74]
The unicameral legislature (the

Fono) consists of 51 members
serving 5-year terms. Forty-nine
:
are matai title-holders elected
from territorial districts by
Samoans; the other two are
chosen by non-Samoans with no
chiefly affiliation on separate
electoral rolls. At least, 10% of the
MPs are women.[75] Universal
suffrage was adopted in 1990,
but only chiefs (matai) may stand
for election to the Samoan seats.
There are more than 25,000
matais in the country, about 5% of
whom are women.[76] The prime
minister, chosen by a majority in
the Fono, is appointed by the
:
head of state to form a
government. The prime minister's
choices for the 12 cabinet
positions are appointed by the
head of state, subject to the
continuing confidence of the
Fono.
Prominent women in Samoan

politics include the late Laulu
Fetauimalemau Mata'afa (1928–
2007) from Lotofaga
constituency, the wife of Samoa's
first prime minister. Their
daughter Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa is
:
a high chief and a long-serving
senior member of cabinet, who
was elected Prime Minister in
2021. Other women in politics
include Samoan scholar and
eminent professor Aiono Fanaafi
Le Tagaloa, orator-chief
Matatumua Maimoana and
Safuneitu'uga Pa'aga Neri (as of
2016 the Minister of
Communication and Technology).
The judicial system incorporates

English common law and local
customs. The Supreme Court of
:
Samoa is the court of highest
jurisdiction. The Chief Justice of
Samoa is appointed by the head
of state upon the
recommendation of the prime
minister.
Administrative divisions
Samoa comprises eleven itūmālō

(political districts). These are the
traditional eleven districts which
predate European arrival. Each
district has its own constitutional
foundation (fa'avae) based on the
:
traditional order of title
precedence found in each
district's faalupega (traditional
salutations).[77] The capital village
of each district administers and
coordinates the affairs of the
district and confers each district's
paramount title, amongst other
responsibilities.
For example:
A'ana has its capital at

Leulumoega. The paramount
'tama-a-'aiga' (royal lineage) title
of A'ana is Tuimalealiifano. The
:
paramount pāpā title of A'ana is
the Tui A'ana. The orator group
which confers this title – the
Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based
at Leulumoega.
Ātua has its capital at Lufilufi. The

paramount 'tama-a-'aiga' (royal
lineage) titles of Ātua are Tupua
Tamasese (based in Falefa and
Salani) and Mata'afa (based in
Amaile and Lotofaga). The two
main political families who confer
the respective titles are 'Aiga Sā
Fenunuivao and 'Aiga Sā Levālasi.
:
The paramount pāpā title of Ātua
is the Tui Ātua. The orator group
which confers this title - the
Faleono (House of Six) - is based
at Lufilufi.
Tuamasaga has its capital at

Afega. The paramount 'tama-a-
'aiga' (royal lineage) title of
Tuamasaga is the Malietoa title,
based in Malie. The main political
family that confers the Malietoa
title is 'Aiga Sā Malietoa, with
Auimatagi as the main speaker for
the family. The paramount pāpā
:
titles of Tuamasaga are Gatoaitele
(conferred by Afega) and
Vaetamasoalii (conferred by
Safata).[27]
The eleven itūmālō are identified

to be:
Political districts of Samoa, including minor islands
On Upolu
1. Tuamasaga (Afega)1
2. A'ana (Leulumoega)
3. Aiga-i-le-Tai (Mulifanua)2
:
4. Atua (Lufilufi)3
5. Va'a-o-Fonoti (Samamea)
On Savai'i
6. Fa'asaleleaga (Safotulafai)
7. Gaga'emauga (Saleaula)4
8. Gaga'ifomauga (Safotu)
9. Vaisigano (Asau)
10. Satupa'itea (Satupa'itea)
11. Palauli (Vailoa)
1 including the faipule district of Siumu
2 including islands Manono, Apolima
and Nu'ulopa
3 including the Aleipata Islands and
Nu'usafe'e Island
:
4 smaller parts also on Upolu
(Salamumu, incl. Salamumu-Uta and

Leauvaa villages)
Human rights
Major areas of concern include

the under-representation of
women, domestic violence and
poor prison conditions.
Homosexual acts are illegal in
Samoa.[78]
State religion
:
In June 2017, an Act was passed
changing the country's
constitution to include a reference
to the Trinity. As amended, Article
1 of the Samoan Constitution
states that "Samoa is a Christian
nation founded on God the Father,
the Son and the Holy Spirit".[79]
According to The Diplomat,
"What Samoa has done is shift
references to Christianity into the
body of the constitution, giving
the text far more potential to be
used in legal processes."[80] The
preamble to the constitution
:
already described the country as
"an independent State based on
Christian principles and Samoan
custom and traditions."[80]
Military and police
Samoa has no formal defence

structure or regular armed forces.
It has informal defence ties with
New Zealand, which is required to
consider any request for
assistance from Samoa under the
bilateral Treaty of Friendship of
1962.[81]
:
Officers of the national police
force, the Samoa Police Service,
are regularly unarmed, but may be
armed in exceptional
circumstances with ministerial
approval.[82] In 2022 there are
about 900–1,100 police officers
in Samoa.
Geography
:
Samoa waterfall scenery
:
A map of Samoa
Topography of Samoa
Samoa lies south of the equator,

about halfway between Hawaii
and New Zealand, in the
Polynesian region of the Pacific
Ocean. The total land area is
2,842 km2 (1,097 sq mi),[83]
consisting of the two large islands
of Upolu and Savai'i (which
:
together account for 99% of the
total land area) and eight small
islets.
The islets are:[84]
the three islets in the Apolima

Strait (Manono Island, Apolima
and Nu'ulopa)
the four Aleipata Islands off the
eastern end of Upolu (Nu'utele,
Nu'ulua, Namua, and
Fanuatapu)
Nu'usafe'e, which is less than
1 ha (21⁄2 acres) in area and lies
:
about 1.4 km (0.87 mi) off the
south coast of Upolu at the
village of Vaovai
The main island of Upolu is home

to nearly three-quarters of
Samoa's population, and to the
capital city, Apia.
The Samoan islands result

geologically from volcanism,
originating with the Samoa
hotspot, which probably results
from a mantle plume.[85][86] While
all of the islands have volcanic
origins, only Savai'i, the
:
westernmost island in Samoa,
remains volcanically active, with
the most recent eruptions at Mt
Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le
Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725).
The highest point in Samoa is Mt
Silisili, at 1,858 m (6,096 ft). The
Saleaula lava fields situated on
the central north coast of Savai'i
result from the Mt Matavanu
eruptions, which left 50 km2
(19 sq mi) of solidified lava.[87]
Savai'i is the largest of the

Samoan islands and the sixth-
:
largest Polynesian island (after
New Zealand's North, South and
Stewart Islands and the Hawaiian
islands of Hawaiʻi and Maui). The
population of Savai'i is 42,000
people.
Climate
Samoa has an equatorial climate,

with an average annual
temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F)
and a main rainy season from
November to April, although
heavy rain may fall in any month.
:
[88]
Climate data for Apia

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Average
30.4 30.6 30.6 30.7 30.4 30.0 29.5 29.6 29.9
high °C
(86.7) (87.1) (87.1) (87.3) (86.7) (86.0) (85.1) (85.3) (85.8)
(°F)
Average
23.9 24.2 24.0 23.8 23.4 23.2 22.6 22.8 23.1
low °C
(75.0) (75.6) (75.2) (74.8) (74.1) (73.8) (72.7) (73.0) (73.6)
(°F)
Average
rainfall 489.0 368.0 352.1 211.2 192.6 120.8 120.7 113.2 153.9
mm (19.25) (14.49) (13.86) (8.31) (7.58) (4.76) (4.75) (4.46) (6.06)
(inches)
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[89]
Ecology
Samoa forms part of the Samoan

tropical moist forests ecoregion.
[90] Since human habitation
began, about 80% of the lowland
rainforests have disappeared.
Within the ecoregion about 28%
:
of plants and 84% of land birds
are endemic.[91]
Economy
Central Bank of Samoa
Samoa electricity production by

source
:
Taro, a root crop, traditionally was
Samoa's largest export, generating
more than half of all export revenue
in 1993. A fungal blight devastated
the plants, and in each year since
1994 taro exports have accounted
for less than 1% of export revenue.
The United Nations has classified

Samoa as an economically
developing country since 2014.
[92] As of 2017 Samoa's gross
domestic product in purchasing-
power parity was estimated at
$1.13 billion U.S. dollars, ranking
the country 204th in the world.
The services sector accounted for
:
66% of GDP, followed by industry
and agriculture at 23.6% and
10.4% respectively.[93] For the
same year, the Samoan labour
force was estimated at 50,700.
[93]
The Central Bank of Samoa

issues and regulates Samoa's
currency, the Samoan tālā.[94] The
economy of Samoa has
traditionally depended on
agriculture and fishing at the local
level. In modern times,
development aid, private family
:
remittances from overseas, and
agricultural exports have become
key factors in the nation's
economy. Agriculture employs
two-thirds of the labour force and
furnishes 90% of exports,
featuring coconut cream, coconut
oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as
it is known in Samoan), and copra.
[1]
Sixty percent of Samoa's

electricity comes from renewable
hydro, solar, and wind sources,
with the remainder produced by
:
diesel generators. The Electric
Power Corporation set a goal of
100% renewable energy by 2021.
[95]
Agriculture
In the period before German

colonization (from the late 19th
century), Samoa produced mostly
copra. German merchants and
settlers were active in introducing
large-scale plantation operations
and in developing new industries,
notably cocoa beans and rubber,
:
relying on imported labourers
from China and Melanesia. When
the value of natural rubber fell
drastically, about the end of the
Great War (World War I) in 1918,
the New Zealand government
encouraged the production of
bananas, for which there is a large
market in New Zealand.[96]
Because of variations in altitude,

Samoa can cultivate a large range
of tropical and subtropical crops.
Land is not generally available to
outside interests. Of the total land
:
area of 2,934 km2 (725,000
acres), about 24.4% is in
permanent crops and another
21.2% is arable. About 4.4% is
Western Samoan Trust Estates
Corporation (WSTEC).[97]
The staple products of Samoa are

copra (dried coconut meat),
cocoa beans (for chocolate),
rubber, and bananas.[98] The
annual production of both
bananas and copra has been in
the range of 13,000 to 15,000
metric tons (about 14,500 to
:
16,500 short tons). If the Asiatic
rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were
eradicated, Samoa could produce
in excess of 40,000 metric tons
(44,000 short tons) of copra.
Samoan cocoa beans are of very
high quality and are used in fine
New Zealand chocolates. Most
are Criollo-Forastero hybrids.
Coffee grows well, but production
has been uneven. WESTEC is the
biggest coffee producer.
Other agricultural industries have

proven less successful.
:
Sugarcane production was
originally established by Germans
in the early 20th century. Old train
tracks for transporting cane can
be seen at some plantations east
of Apia. Pineapples grow well in
Samoa, but have not moved
beyond local consumption to
become a major export.[99][100]
Demographics
A Samoan family
:
Samoa reported a population of
194,320 in its 2016 census.[5]
About three-quarters of the
population live on the main island
of Upolu.[72]
Health
A measles outbreak began in

October 2019. By the time the
outbreak subsided in early
January, the number of deaths
reached 83 (0.31 per 1,000,
based on a population of
201,316[101]) and over 4,460
:
cases (2.2% of the population) of
measles in Samoa,[102][103] mainly
children under four years old, and
10 reported cases in Fiji.[104]
Ethnic groups
The population is 96% Samoans,

2% dual Samoan-New Zealander
and 1.9% other, according to a
2011 estimate in the CIA World
Factbook.[93]
Languages
:
Samoan (Gagana Fa'asāmoa) and
English are the official languages.
Including second-language
speakers, there are more speakers
of Samoan than English in Samoa.
[105] Samoan Sign Language is
also commonly used among the
deaf population of Samoa. To
emphasize the importance of full
inclusion with sign language,
elementary Samoan Sign
Language was taught to members
of the Samoa Police Service, Red
Cross Society, and public during
the 2017 International Week of
:
the Deaf.[106]
Religion
Since 2017, Article 1 of the

Samoan Constitution states that
"Samoa is a Christian nation
founded of God the Father, the
Son and the Holy Spirit".[2]
Samoans' religious adherence

includes the following: Christian
Congregational Church of Samoa
31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%,
Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of
:
God 13.7%, The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints 7.6%,
Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%,
Worship Centre 1.7%, other
Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none
0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011
estimate).[1] The Head of State
until 2007, Malietoa Tanumafili II,
was a Bahá’í. Samoa hosts the
seventh (of nine current) Bahá’í
Houses of Worship in the world;
completed in 1984 and dedicated
by the Head of State, it is located
in Tiapapata, 8 km (5.0 mi) from
Apia.
:
Roman Catholic Immaculate
Conception of Mary cathedral.
LDS Apia Samoa Temple
Education
:
The Samoan government
provides eight years of primary
and secondary education that is
tuition-free and is compulsory
through age 16.[107]
Samoa's main post-secondary

educational institution is the
National University of Samoa,
established in 1984. The country
is also home to several branches
of the multi-national University of
the South Pacific and the Oceania
University of Medicine.[108]
Education in Samoa has proved to

:
be effective as a 2012 UNESCO
report stated that 99 per cent of
Samoan adults are literate.[109]
The Human Rights Measurement

Initiative (HRMI)[110] finds that
Samoa is fulfilling only 88.0% of
what it should be fulfilling for the
right to education based on the
country's level of income.[111]
HRMI breaks down the right to
education by looking at the rights
to both primary education and
secondary education. While
taking into consideration Samoa's
:
income level, the nation is
achieving 97.7% of what should
be possible based on its
resources (income) for primary
education but only 78.3% for
secondary education.[111]
Culture
A view of Falefa Valley from Le Mafa Pass,

east Upolu
:
A young man in 'ie toga
The fa'a Samoa, or traditional

Samoan way, remains a strong
force in Samoan life and politics.
As one of the oldest Polynesian
cultures, the fa'a Samoa
developed over a period of 3,000
years, withstanding centuries of
European influence to maintain its
historical customs, social and
:
political systems, and language.
Cultural customs such as the
Samoa 'ava ceremony are
significant and solemn rituals at
important occasions including the
bestowal of matai chiefly titles.
Items of great cultural value
include the finely woven 'ie toga.
[112][113]
Samoan mythology includes

many gods with creation stories
and figures of legend such as
Tagaloa and the goddess of war
Nafanua, the daughter of
:
Saveasi'uleo, ruler of the spirit
realm Pulotu. Other legends
include the well known story of
Sina and the Eel which explains
the origins of the first coconut
tree.
Some Samoans are spiritual and

religious, and have subtly adapted
the dominant religion of
Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a
Samoa and vice versa. Ancient
beliefs continue to co-exist side
by side with Christianity,
particularly in regard to the
:
traditional customs and rituals of
fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture
is centred on the principle of
vāfealoa'i, the relationships
between people. These
relationships are based on
respect, or fa'aaloalo. When
Christianity was introduced in
Samoa, most Samoan people
converted. Currently 98% of the
population identify themselves as
Christian.[114]
Some Samoans live a communal

way of life, participating in
:
activities collectively. Examples of
this are the traditional Samoan
fale (houses) which are open with
no walls, using blinds made of
coconut palm fronds during the
night or bad weather.
The Samoan siva dance has

unique gentle movements of the
body in time to music and tells a
story, although the Samoan male
dances can be more snappy.[115]
The sasa is also a traditional
dance where rows of dancers
perform rapid synchronised
:
movements in time to the rhythm
of wooden drums (pate) or rolled
mats. Another dance performed
by males is called the fa'ataupati
or the slap dance, creating
rhythmic sounds by slapping
different parts of the body. This is
believed to have been derived
from slapping insects on the
body.
The form and construction of

traditional architecture of Samoa
was a specialised skill by Tufuga
fai fale that was also linked to
:
other cultural artforms.
A Samoan fire dancer.
A fale on Manono Island
Tattooing
:
A Samoan woman with a traditional
malu
As with other Polynesian cultures

(Hawaiian, Tahitian and Māori)
with significant and unique
tattoos, Samoans have two
gender specific and culturally
significant tattoos. For males, it is
called the Pe'a and consists of
intricate and geometrical patterns
tattooed that cover areas from the
knees up towards the ribs. A male
who possesses such a tatau is
:
called a soga'imiti. A Samoan girl
or teine is given a malu, which
covers the area from just below
her knees to her upper thighs.[116]
Contemporary culture
Albert Wendt is a significant

Samoan writer whose novels and
stories tell the Samoan
experience. In 1989, his novel
Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was
made into a feature film in New
Zealand, directed by Martyn
Sanderson.[117] Another novel
:
Sons for the Return Home had
also been made into a feature film
in 1979, directed by Paul
Maunder.[118]
The late John Kneubuhl, born in

American Samoa, was an
accomplished playwright and
screenwriter and writer. His play
Think of Garden premiered in
Auckland in 1993 a year after his
death, it was directed by
Nathaniel Lees, is set in 1929 and
is about Samoa's struggle for
independence.[119][120]
:
Sia Figiel won the 1997
Commonwealth Writers' Prize for
fiction in the south-east
Asia/South Pacific region with her
novel "Where We Once
Belonged".
Momoe Malietoa Von Reiche is an

internationally recognised poet
and artist.
Tusiata Avia is a performance

poet. Her first book of poetry Wild
Dogs Under My Skirt was
published by Victoria University
Press in 2004. Dan Taulapapa
:
McMullin is an artist and writer.
Other Samoan poets and writers

include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia,
Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa,
the editor of the Samoa Observer.
In music, popular local bands

include The Five Stars, Penina o
Tiafau and Punialava'a. The
Yandall Sisters' cover of the song
Sweet Inspiration reached
number one on the New Zealand
charts in 1974.
King Kapisi was the first hip hop

:
artist to receive the prestigious
New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll
Award in 1999 for his song
Reverse Resistance. The music
video for Reverse Resistance was
filmed in Savai'i at his villages.
Other successful Samoan hip hop

artists include rapper Scribe, Dei
Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle
whose music video Suamalie was
filmed in Samoa.
Lemi Ponifasio is a director and

choreographer who is prominent
internationally with his dance
:
Company MAU.[121]Neil Ieremia's
company Black Grace has also
received international acclaim
with tours to Europe and New
York.
Hip hop has had a significant

impact on Samoan culture.
According to Katerina Martina
Teaiwa, PhD from the University of
Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture
in particular is popular amongst
Samoan youth."[122] As in many
other countries, hip hop music is
popular. In addition, the
:
integration of hip hop elements
into Samoan tradition also
"testifies to the transferability of
the dance forms themselves," and
to the "circuits through which
people and all their embodied
knowledge travel."[123] Dance
both in its traditional form and its
more modern forms has remained
a central cultural currency to
Samoans, especially youths.[122]
The arts organisation Tautai

Pacific Arts Trust was an informal
collective of visual artists
:
including Fatu Feu'u, Johnny
Penisula, Shigeyuki Kihara, Michel
Tuffery, and Lily Laita in the 1980s
and formalised into a trust in 1995
and is now a leading Pacific arts
organisation directed by Courtney
Sina Meredith.[124][125] Marilyn
Kohlhase ran a Pacific focused
gallery called Okaioceanikart from
2007 to 2013.[126]
Director Sima Urale is a filmmaker.

Urale's short film O Tamaiti won
the prestigious Best Short Film at
the Venice Film Festival in 1996.
:
Her first feature film Apron
Strings opened the 2008 NZ
International Film Festival. The
feature film Siones Wedding, co-
written by Oscar Kightley, was
financially successful following
premieres in Auckland and Apia.
The 2011 film The Orator was the
first ever fully Samoan film, shot in
Samoa in the Samoan language
with a Samoan cast telling a
uniquely Samoan story. Written
and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it
received much critical acclaim
and attention at film festivals
:
throughout the world.
Sport
Samoa (blue) vs. South Africa in

June 2007
The main sports played in Samoa

are rugby union, Samoan cricket
and netball. Rugby union is the
national football code of Samoa.
In Samoan villages, volleyball is
also popular.
Rugby union is the national sport

:
in Samoa and the national team,
nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is
consistently competitive against
teams from vastly more populous
nations. Samoa has competed at
every Rugby World Cup since
1991, and made the quarter finals
in 1991, 1995 and the second
round of the 1999 World Cup.[127]
At the 2003 world cup, Manu
Samoa came close to beating
eventual world champions,
England. Samoa also played in the
Pacific Nations Cup and the
Pacific Tri-Nations. The sport is
:
governed by the Samoa Rugby
Football Union, who are members
of the Pacific Islands Rugby
Alliance, and thus, also contribute
to the international Pacific
Islanders rugby union team.
At club level, there is the National

Provincial Championship and
Pacific Rugby Cup. They also took
home the cup at Wellington and
the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens in
2007—for which the Prime
Minister of Samoa, also chairman
of the national rugby union,
:
Tuila’epa Sa’ilele Malielegaoi,
declared a national holiday. They
were also the IRB World Sevens
Series Champions in 2010
capping a year of achievement for
the Samoans, following wins in
the US, Australia, Hong Kong and
Scotland Sevens tournaments.
Prominent Samoan players

include Pat Lam and Brian Lima. In
addition, many Samoans have
played for or are playing for New
Zealand.
Rugby league is mostly played by

:
Samoans living in New Zealand
and Australia. Samoa reached the
quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby
League World Cup, the team
comprising players from the NRL
and Super League plus domestic
players. Many Samoans and New
Zealanders or Australians of
Samoan descent play in the
Super League and National
Leagues in Britain, including
Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of
Workington Town, Maurie
Fa'asavalu of St Helens, David
Fatialofa of Whitehaven and
:
Setaimata Sa, who signed with
London Irish rugby club. Other
noteworthy players from NZ and
Australia have represented the
Samoan National team. The 2011
domestic Samoan rugby league
competition contained 10 teams
with plans to expand to 12 in
2012.[128][129] Samoa reached the
final of the 2021 Rugby League
World Cup to face Australia.
Samoans have been very visible

in boxing, kickboxing, wrestling,
and sumo; some Samoan sumo
:
wrestlers, most famously
Musashimaru and Konishiki, have
reached the highest rank of Ozeki
and yokozuna.
American football is occasionally

played in Samoa, reflecting its
wide popularity in American
Samoa, where the sport is played
under high school sanction. About
30 ethnic Samoans, many from
American Samoa, currently play in
the National Football League. A
2002 article from ESPN
estimated that a Samoan male
:
(either an American Samoan or a
Samoan living in the mainland
United States) is 40 times more
likely to play in the NFL than a
non-Samoan American.[130]
See also
Geography
portal
Islands
portal
Oceania
portal
Outline of Samoa
Footnotes
:
1. /ˈsɑːmɔːǝ/ SAH-maw-ǝ;[11][12]
British/American pronunciation:
/sǝˈmoʊǝ/ sǝ-MOH-ǝ.[13][14]
2. Samoan: Malo Saʻoloto
Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa; Samoan:
Sāmoa, IPA: [ˈsaːmʊa]
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:
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Further reading
Watson, R M, History of Samoa
(Wellington, 1918)
Meleisea, Malama. The Making of
:
Modern Samoa: Traditional
Authority and Colonial
Administration in the Modern
History of Western Samoa. (Suva,
1987) Institute of Pacific Studies,
University of the South Pacific.
Schnee, Dr. Heinrich (former
Deputy Governor of German
Samoa and last Governor of
German East Africa). 1926.
German Colonization, Past and
Future: The Truth about the
German Colonies. London: George
Allen & Unwin.
Eustis, Nelson. [1979] 1980. Aggie
Grey of Samoa. Adelaide, South
:
Australia: Hobby Investments.
ISBN 0-9595609-0-4.
Stevenson, Robert Louis. A
Footnote to History: Eight Years of
Trouble in Samoa. BiblioBazaar.
ISBN 978-1-4264-0754-3.
Mead, Margaret. 1928, Coming of
Age in Samoa: A Study of
Adolescence and Sex in Primitive
Societies.
Freeman, Derek. 1983. Margaret
Mead in Samoa: the Making and
Unmaking of an Anthropological
Myth.
Urmenyhazi Attila. 2013 Samoan &
Marquesan Life in Oceania: a
:
probing travelogue.
ISBN 9780646909127 –
NLA 6377055 (https://catalogue.nl
a.gov.au/Record/6377055) .
Mallon, Sean. 2002. Samoan Art
and Artists. O Measina a Samoa.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press. ISBN 0-8248-2675-2
Gill, B.J. (1993). "The land reptiles
of Western Samoa" (https://doi.org/
10.1080%2F03036758.1993.107
21219) . Journal of the Royal
Society of New Zealand. 23 (2):
79–89.
doi:10.1080/03036758.1993.1072
1219 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0
:
3036758.1993.10721219) .
External links
"Western Samoa Act, 1961" (ht
tp://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_
act/wsa19611961n68189/) .
New Zealand Law online. 1961.
Samoa
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions
from
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information
from
Wikivoyage
Data from
Wikidata
Government
Government of Samoa (http://w

:
ww.samoagovt.ws/)
Chief of State and Cabinet
Members (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20150905064548/htt
ps://www.cia.gov/library/publica
tions/resources/world-leaders-
1/WS.html)
General information
Samoa (https://www.cia.gov/the
-world-factbook/countries/sam
oa/) . The World Factbook.
Central Intelligence Agency.
University of Colorado (http://u
cblibraries.colorado.edu/govpu
:
bs/for/samoa.htm) Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/201
01119072610/http://ucblibrarie
s.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/sa
moa.htm) 19 November 2010
at the Wayback Machine from
UCB Libraries GovPubs
Samoa (https://curlie.org/Regio
nal/Oceania/Samoa) at Curlie
Samoa (https://www.bbc.co.uk/
news/world-asia-15655855)
from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Samoa
Samoa Tourism Authority (htt
:
p://www.samoa.travel)
Key Development Forecasts for
Samoa (http://www.ifs.du.edu/if
s/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Cou
ntry=WS) from International
Futures
Geographic data related to
Samoa (https://www.openstreet
map.org/relation/1872673) at
OpenStreetMap
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Samoa&oldid=1183488854"
:

Samoa - Wikipedia

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Samoa - Wikipedia

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Samoa,[note 1] officially the

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: Faʻavae i le Atua Sāmoa

Official languages Samoan •

Independence from New Zealand

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

Gini (2013) 38.7[7]

HDI (2021) 0.707[8]

Currency Tālā (WS$b)

Time zone UTC+13c

Date format dd/mm/yyyy

Driving side leftd

Calling code +685

Internet TLD .ws

d. Since 7 September 2009.

the left side of the roadway

Samoa is a unitary parliamentary

Samoa was discovered and

Intimate sociocultural and genetic

Today, all of Samoa is united

Contact with Europeans began in

Visits by American trading and

Christian missionary work in

In A Footnote to History: Eight

There is but one way to

He had "seen these judgments of

Studio photo depicting preparation

Robert Louis Stevenson's birthday

The Germans, in particular, began

Britain also sent troops to protect

The Second Samoan Civil War

The joint commission of Germany,

Exiled orator Lauaki Namulau'ulu

The eastern island-group became

Chiefs from all around Samoa

The German Empire governed the

The German colonial

In the first month of World War I,

From the end of World War I until

In the first incident, approximately

In 1918, during the final stages of

The pandemic undermined

The second major incident arose

By 1918, Western Samoa had a

The New Zealand police

As Western Samoa (1962–

After repeated efforts by the

On 15 December 1976, Western

Travel writer Paul Theroux noted

On 4 July 1997 the government

In 2002, New Zealand prime

On 7 September 2009, the

At the end of December 2011,

In 2017, Samoa signed the UN

In June 2017, Parliament

In September 2019, with a state of

In August 2022, Samoa's

Government buildings in Apia

The 1960 constitution, which

Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina

The unicameral legislature (the

Prominent women in Samoan

The judicial system incorporates