Audioscripts

SECTION 1
o f f ic ia l : H ello , T o u ris t In fo rm a tio n C e n tre , M ik e s p e a kin g , h o w c a n I h e lp y o u ?
w oman: O h , hi. I w a n te d to fin d o u t a b o u t c o o k e ry c la s s e s . I b e lie v e th e re a re s o m e
one-day classes for touris ts?
o f f ic ia l : W e ll, th e y ’re o p e n to e v e ry o n e , b u t to u ris ts a re a lw a y s w e lc o m e . O K , le t m e
give you some details of what’s available. There are several classes. One very
popular one is at the Food Studio. Example
WOMAN OK.
o f f ic ia l : T h e y fo c u s o n s e a s o n a l pro d u c ts , a n d a s w e ll a s te a c h in g y o u h o w to c o o k
them, they also show you how to choose them. Q1
w oman: Rig ht, th a t s o u n d s g o o d . H o w big a re th e c la s s e s ?
o f f ic ia l : I’m n o t s u re e x a c tly , b u t th e y ’ll b e q u ite s m a ll.
woman: And could I g e t a private lesson there? Q2
o f f ic ia l : I th in k s o ... le t m e c h e c k , ye s , th e y d o o ffe r th o s e . T h o u g h in f a c t m o st o f
the people who attend the classes fin d it's a nice way of gettin g to know one
another.
w oman: I s u p p o s e it m ust be, ye s .
o f f ic ia l : A n d th is c o m p a ny h a s a s p e c ia l d e a l f o r c lie n ts w h e re th e y o ffe r a d is c o u n t o f
20 percent if you return for a further class. Q3
w oman: O K . B u t y o u s a id th e re w e re s e v e ra l c la s s e s ?
o f f ic ia l : T h a t's rig ht. A n o th e r o n e y o u m ig h t b e in te re s te d in is B o n d 's C o o k e ry S c h o o l.
They’re quite new, they just opened six months ago, but I’ve heard good thin gs
about them. They concentrate on teaching you to prepare healthy food, and Q4
they have quite a lot of specialist staff.
w oman: S o is th a t fo o d fo r p e o p le o n a d ie t a n d th in g s lik e th a t? I d o n't k n o w if I’d b e
in terested in that.
o f f ic ia l : W e ll, I d o n 't th in k th e y p a rtic u la rly fo c u s o n lo w c a lo rie d ie ts o r w e ig h t lo ss . It ’s
more to do with recip es that lo ok at specific needs, like in clu ding in gredients
that w ill help build up your bones and make them stronger, that sort of thin g. Q5
w oman: I s e e . W e ll, I m ig h t b e in te re s te d , I’m n o t s ure . D o th e y h a v e a w e b s ite I c o uld
check?
o f f ic ia l : Y e s , ju s t k e y in th e n a m e o f th e s c h o o l - it’ll c o m e up. A n d if y o u w a n t to k n o w
more about them, every Thursday evening they have a lecture at the school. Q6
It's free and you don’t need to book or anythin g, just turn up at 7.30. And that
might give you an id ea of whether you want to go to an actual class.

o f fic ia l: OK, there's one more place you might be in terested in . That's got a rather
strange name, it’s called The Arretsa Centre - that’s spelled A-R-R-E-T-S-A. Q7
wom an: OK.
o f fic ia l: They've got a very good reputatio n. They do a bit of meat and fish cookery but
they mostly specialis e in veaetarian dishes. Q8
wom an: Right. That's certainly an area I'd like to learn more about. I'v e got lo ts of
friends who don't eat meat. In fact, I thin k I might have seen that school today.
Is it just by the market? Q9
Audioscripts

o ffic ia l: That’s rig ht. So they don't have any problem gettin g their in gredients. They're
right next door. And they also offer a special two-hour course in how to use a
knife. They cover all the different skills - buying them, sharpening, chopping Q10
techniques. It gets booked up quickly though so you’d need to check it was
available.
wom an: Right, w ell thank you very much. I’ll go and ...

SECTION 2
Good evening everyone. My name’s Phil Sutton, and I'm chairman of the Highways
Committee. We’ve called this meeting to in form members of the public about the new
regulatio ns for tra ffic and parking we’re proposing for Granford. I'll start by summarising these
changes before we open the meeting to questio ns.
So, why do we need to make these changes to tra ffic systems in Granford? W ell, w e're very
aware that tra ffic is becoming an in creasing problem. It’s been especially noticeable with the
in crease in heavy tra ffic while they'v e been build in g the new hospital. But it's the overall ris e Q11
in the volume of tra ffic of all kinds that’s concerning us. To date there's not been any in crease
in tra ffic accidents, but that’s not something we want to see happen, obviously.
We recently carried out a survey of lo cal resid ents, and their responses were interesting.
People were very concerned about the lack of visibility on some roads due to cars parked Q12
along the sid es of the roads. W e'd expected complaints about the congestion near the school
when parents are dropping off their child ren or picking them up, but this wasn't top of the list,
and nor were noise and fumes from trucks and lo rries, though they were mentioned by some
people.
We think these new tra ffic regulatio ns would make a lot of difference. But we still have a long
way to go. W e've managed to keep our proposals within budget, just, so they can be covered
by the Council. But, of course, it's no good in troducin g new regulatio ns if we don’t have a wav Q13
of making sure that everyone obevs them, and that’s an area we’re still working on with the
help of representativ es from the police force.

OK, so this slid e shows a map of the central area of Granford, with the High Street in the
middle and School Road on the rig ht. Now, we already have a set of tra ffic lights in the High Q14
Street at the iu nctio n with Statio n Road, but we're planning to have another set at the other
end, at the School Road ju nctio n, to regulate the flo w of tra ffic along the High Street.
W e've decided we definitely need a pedestrian crossing. We consid ered puttin g this on
School Road, just outside the school, but in the end we decided that could le ad to a lot of
tra ffic congestion so we decided to lo cate it on the Hiah Street, crossing the road in front of Q15
the supermarket. That’s a very busy area, so it should help thin gs there.
W e're proposing some changes to parking. At present, parking is n’t allowed on the Hiah Q16
Street outsid e the library, but we're going to change that, and allo w parking there, but not at
the other end of the High Street near School Road.
There’ll be a new ‘No Parkin g' sign on School Road, iu st bv the entrance to the school, Q17
forbid din g parking for 25 metres. This should im prove visibility for drivers and pedestrians,
especially on the bend just to the north of the school.

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As far as disabled drivers are concerned, at present they have parking outsid e the
supermarket, but lorries also use those spaces, so we've got two new disabled parking Q18
spaces on the sid e road towards the bank. It's not id eal, but probably better than the
u p

present arrangement.
We also plan to widen the pavement on School Road. We thin k we can manage to get an Q19
extra half-m etre on the bend iust before vou get to the school, on the same sid e of the road.
Fin ally, we’ve in troduced new restrictio ns on lo adin a and unlo ading for the supermarket, so Q20
lo rries w ill only be allowed to stop there before 8 am. That's the supermarket on School Road
- we kept to the exis tin g arrangements with the High Street supermarket.
OK. So that’s about it. Now, would anyone ...

SECTION 3
emma We’ve got to choose a topic for our experim ent, haven't we, Jack? Were you
thin kin g of something to do with seeds?
ja c k T h a t's rig ht. I th o u g h t w e c o uld lo o k a t s e e d g e rm in a tio n - h o w a s e e d b e g in s to
grow.
emma O K . A n y p a rtic u la r re a s o n ? I k n o w y o u 're h o p in g to w o rk in p la n t s c ie n c e
eventually...
ja c k Y e a h , b u t p ra c tic a lly e v e ry th in g w e d o is g o in g to fe e d in to th a t. N o , th e re ’s a n Q21
optio nal module on seed structure and functio n in the third year that I might do.
so I thouaht it miaht be useful for that. If I choose that optio n, I don't have to do a
dissertatio n module.
emma G o o d id e a .
ja c k W e ll, I th o u g h t f o r th is e x p e rim e n t w e c o uld lo o k a t th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n s e e d
size and the way the seeds are planted. So, we could plant different sized seeds in
different ways, and see which grow best.
emma O K . W e ’d n e e d to allo w tim e fo r th e seeds to come up. Q22
ja c k T h a t s h o u ld b e fin e if w e s t a rt now . A lo t o f th e o th e r p o s sib le e x p e rim e n ts n e e d
quite a bit longer.
emma S o th a t'd m a k e it a g o o d o n e to c h o o s e . A n d I d o n ’t s u p p o s e it d n e e d m u c h
e q uip m e n t; w e’re n o t d o in g c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is o r a n ythin g . T h o u g h th a t’s n o t re a lly
an issue, we've got plenty of equipment in the laboratory.
ja c k Y e a h . W e n e e d to h a v e a w o rd w ith th e tu to r if w e 're g o in g to g o a h e a d w ith it
though. I’m sure our aim 's OK. It's not very am bitious but the assignm ent's only ten
percent of our final mark isn't it? But we need to be sure we're the only ones doing Q23
it.
emma Y e a h , it ’s o n ly fiv e p e rc e n t a c tu a lly , b u t it'd b e a b it b o rin g if e v e ry o n e w a s d o in g it.
ja c k D id y o u re a d th a t b o o k o n s e e d g e rm in a tio n o n o u r re a d in g lis t?
emma T h e o n e b y G ra v e s ? I lo o k e d th ro u g h it f o r m y la s t e x p e rim e n t, th o u g h it w a s n 't a ll
that relevant there. It would be for this experim ent, though. I found it quite hard to Q24
follo w - lo ts about the theory, which I hadn’t expected.
ja c k Y e s , I’d b e e n h o p in g f o r s o m e thin g m o re pra c tic a l. It d o e s in c lu d e re f e re n c e s to th e
recent fin dings on genetically-m odified seeds, though.
emma Y e s , th a t w a s in te re s tin g .
ja c k I re a d a n a rtic le a b o u t s e e d g e rm in a tio n b y L e e H a ll.

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emma About seeds that lie in the ground for ages and only germin ate after a fire?
ja c k That's the one. I knew a b it about it already, but not about this research. His Q25
analysis of fig ures comparing the tim es of the fires and the proportion of seeds that
germin ated was done in a lot of detail - very im pressive.
emma Was that the article with the illustrations of early stages of plant development?
They were very clear.
ja c k I thin k those diagrams were in another article.

emma A n yw a y , s h a ll w e h a v e a lo o k a t th e p ro c e d ure f o r o u r e x p e rim e n t? W e ’ll n e e d to

get going with it quite soon.
ja c k R ig ht. S o th e firs t th in g w e h a v e to d o is fin d o u r s e e d s . I th in k v e g e t a b le s e e d s
would be best. And obviously they m ustn't all be the same size. So. how many Q26
sorts do we need? About four different ones?
emma I th in k th a t w o u ld b e e n o u g h . T h e re 'll b e q u ite a la rg e n u m b e r o f s e e d s f o r e a c h
one.
ja c k T h e n , f o r e a c h s e e d w e n e e d to fin d o u t h o w m u c h it w e ig h s , a n d a ls o m e a s ure its Q27
dim ensions, and we need to keep a careful record of all that.
emma That'll be quite tim e-consuming. And we also need to decide how deep we’re Q28
g o in g to p la n t th e s e e d s - rig h t o n th e surf a c e , a f e w m illim e tre s d o w n , o r s e v e ra l
centim etres.
ja c k O K . S o th e n w e g e t p la n tin g . D o v o u th in k w e c a n p la n t s e v e ra l s e e d s to g e th e r in Q29
th e s a m e p la n t p o t?
emma N o . th in k w e n e e d a d iff e re n t o n e fo r e a c h s e e d .
ja c k R ig ht. A n d w e ’ll n e e d to la b e l th e m - w e c a n u s e d iff e re n t c o lo ure d la b e ls . T h e n w e
w ait for the seeds to germin ate - I reckon that’ll be about three weeks, depending
on what the weather's like. Then we see if our plants have come up. and write Q30
down how ta ll they'v e grown.
emma T h e n a ll w e h a v e to d o is lo o k a t o u r nu m b ers , a n d s e e if th e re 's a n y re la tio n
between them.
ja c k T h a t’s rig ht. So ...

SECTION 4
Hi. Today we're going to be lo oking at anim als in urban environm ents and I’m going to be
telling you about some research on how they’re affected by these environm ents.
Now, in evolutio nary terms, urban environm ents represent huge upheavals, the sorts of
massive changes that usually happen over m illio ns of years. And we used to think that only a
few species could adapt to this new environm ent. One species which is well known as being Q31
hiahlv adaptable is the crow, and there'v e been vario us studies about how they manage to
le a rn n e w s k ills . A n o th e r s u c c e s s fu l s p e c ie s is th e D ia e o n , b e c a u s e th e y 're a b le to p e rc h on Q32
ledaes on the w alls of citv build in gs, just like they once perched on cliffs bv the sea.
But in fact, we’re now fin ding that these early im migrants were just the start of a more general
movement of anim als into cities, and of adaptation by these anim als to city life. And one thin g Q33
th a t re s e a rc h e rs a re fin d in g e s p e c ia lly in te re s tin g is th e s p e e d w ith w h ic h th e y 're d o in g th is -
we're n o t t a lk in g a b o u t g ra d u a l e v o lu tio n h e re - th e s e a n im a ls a re c h a n g in g fa st.
Let me te ll you about some of the studies that have been carried out in this area. So, in the
U niv ersity of Minnesota, a biolo gist called Emilie Snell-Rood and her colleagues looked at
specim ens of urbanised sm all mammals such as mice and gophers that had been collected
in Minnesota, and that are now kept in museums there. And she looked at specim ens that

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had been collected over the last hundred years, which is a very short tim e in evolutio nary
terms. And she found that during that tim e, these sm all mammals had experienced a iumo in Q34
brain size when compared to rural mammals. Now, we can’t be sure this means they’re more
intelligent, but sin ce the sizes of other parts of the body didn't change, it does suggest that
something cognitiv e was going on. And Snell-Rood thin ks that this change might reflect the Q35
cognitiv e demands of adju stin g to citv life - having to lo ok in different places to fin d food, for
example, and coping with a whole new set of dangers.
hen over in G e rm a n y at the Max P la n c k Institute th e re 's a n o th e r b i o l o g i s t c a lle d Catarin a Q36
Miranda who's done some experim ents with blackbirds livin g in urban and rural areas. And
s h e 's b e e n lo o kin a n o t a t th e ir a n a to m y b u t a t th e ir b e h a vio ur. S o a s y o u m ig h t e xp e c t, s h e ’s
found th a t th e urb a n b la c k b ird s te n d to b e q u ite b o ld - th e y 're p re p a re d to f a c e u p to a lo t o f
threats that would frig hten away their country counterparts. But there's one type of situatio n Q37
th a t d o e s s e e m to frig h te n th e urb a n b la c k b ird s , a n d th a t’s a n yth in g n e w - a n yth in g th e y
h a v e n 't e x p e rie n c e d b e fore . A n d if y o u th in k a b o u t it, th a t's q u ite s e n s ib le f o r a b ird livin g in
th e city.

Jonathan Atwell, in Indiana University, is lo oking at how a range of anim als respond to urban
environm ents. He’s found that when they're under stress, their endocrin e systems react bv Q38
reducing the amount of hormones such as corticosterone in to their blood. It’s a sensib le-
seeming adaptation. A rat that gets scared every tim e a subway train rolls past won’t be very
successful.
There's just one more study I'd like to mention which is by Sarah Partan and her team, and
they'v e been lo okin a at how squirrels communicate in an urban environm ent, and they'v e Q39
found that a routin e part of their communication is carried out bv waving their tails. You
do also see this in the country, but it’s much more prevalent in cities, possib ly because it's
effectiv e in a noisy environm ent.
So what are the lo ng-term im plicatio ns of this? One possibility is that we mav see completely Q40
new species developin g in cities. But on the other hand. it s possible that not all of these
adaptations w ill be permanent. Once the anim al's got accustomed to its new environm ent, it
may no lo nger need the features it’s developed.
So, now we've had a lo ok ...

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TEST 2

SECTION 1
jim Hello, South City Cycling Club.
wo m an O h , hi. E r ... I w a n t to fin d o u t a b o u t jo in in g th e club .
jim Right. I can help you there. I'm the club secretary and my name’s Jim Hunter. Example
wo m an O h , hi Jim .
jim So , a re y o u in te re s te d in m e m b e rs hip f o r y o u rs e lf?
wo m an T h a t's rig ht.
jim OK. W ell there are basically two types of adult membership. If you’re pretty serio us
about cyclin g, there's the Full membership. That costs 260 dollars and that covers Q1
vou not iust for ordin ary cyclin g but also for races both here in the citv and also in
other parts of Australia.
wo m an R ig ht. W e ll, I’m n o t re a lly u p to th a t sta n d a rd . I w a s m ore in te re s te d in ju s t jo in in g a
group to do some cycling in my free tim e.
jim Sure. That's why most people join. So, in that case you’d be better with the
Recreational membership. That's 108 dollars if you're over 19 and 95 dollars if
you're under.
woman i’m 25.
jim OK. It’s paid quarterly, and you can upgrade it later to the Full membership if
you want to, of course. Now both tvoes of membership in clu de the club fee of 20 Q2
dollars. They also provide insurance in case vou have an accid ent, though we hope
you won't need that, of course.
wo m an No. O K , w e ll, I'll g o w ith th e R e c re a tio n a l m e m b ers hip , I thin k . A n d th a t a llo w s m e
to join in the club activities, and so on?
jim That's rig ht. And once you're a member of the club, you’re also permitted to wear
our kit when you're out cyclin g. It's green and white.
wo m an Y e s , I'v e s e e n c y c lis ts w e a rin g it. S o , c a n I b u y th a t a t th e c lu b ?
jim No, it’s made to order by a company in Brisbane. You can fin d them onlin e: they're Q3
called Jerriz. That’s J-E-R-R-l-Z. You can use your membership number to put in an
order on their website.
wo m an O K . N ow , c a n y o u t e ll m e a b it a b o u t th e rid e s I c a n d o ?
jim Sure. So we have train ing rid es pretty well every morning, and they’re a really
good way of im proving your cyclin g skills as well as your general level of fitness,
but they’re different levels. Level A is pretty fast - you're looking at about 30 or 35
kilo m etres an hour. If vou can do about 25 kilo m etres an hour, vou'd probably be Q4
level B. and then level C are the novices, who stay at about 15 kilo m etres per hour.
wo m an R ig ht. W e ll I re c k o n I’d b e le v e l B. S o , w h e n a re th e s e s s io n s f o r th a t le v e l?
jim T h e re a re a c o u p le e a c h w e e k . T h e y 're b o th e a rly m o rnin g s e s sio n s . T h e re ’s o n e Q5
on Tuesdays, and for that one vou meet at 5.30 am. and the meeting poin t's the
stadium - do you know where that is?
wo m an Y e s , it’s q u ite n e a r m y ho m e , in fa ct. O K , a n d h o w a b o u t th e o th e r o n e ?
jim T h a t's o n T h urs d a y s . It s t a rts a t th e s a m e tim e , b u t th e y m e e t a t th e m a in g a te to Q6
the park.
wo m an Is th a t th e o n e ju s t p a st th e s h o p p in g m a ll?
jim T h a t’s it.

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wom an S o h o w lo n g a re th e rid e s ?
jim They're about an hour and a half. So, if you have a job it’s easy to fit in before you
go to work. And the members often ao somewhere for coffee afterwards, so it’s Q7
quite a social event.
wom an OK. That sounds good. I’ve only just moved to the city so I don’t actually know
many people yet.
jim W e ll, it’s a g re a t w a y to m e e t p e o p le .
w om an A n d d o e s e a c h rid e h a v e a le a d e r? Q8
jim S o m e tim e s , b u t n o t a lw a ys . B u t y o u d o n't re a lly n e e d o n e ; th e g ro u p m e m b ers on
the rid e support one another, anyway.
wom an How would we know where to go?
jim If v o u c h e c k th e c lu b w e b s ite , v o u ’ll s e e th a t th e r o u te fo r e a c h rid e is c le a rly Q9
marked. So vou can iust print that out and take it along with you. Its sim ilar from
one week to another, but it’s not alw ays exactly the same.
wom an A n d w h a t d o I n e e d to b rin g ?
jim: W e ll, b rin g a b o ttle o f w a ter, a n d y o u r p h o n e . Y o u s h o u ld n 't u s e it w h ile y o u ’re
cyclin g, but have it with you.
wo m an R ig ht.
jim A n d in w in te r, it ’s w e ll b e fo re s u n ris e w h e n w e s e t out, s o v o u n e e d to m a k e s u re Q10
vour bike's got lights.
wom an That's OK. W ell, thanks Jim . I’d definitely like to join. So what’s the best way of
going about it?
jim You c a n ...

SECTION 2
Thanks for coming everyone. OK, so this meeting is for new staff and staff who haven’t been
involved with our volu nteerin g projects yet. So basically, the id ea is that we allo w staff to give
up some of their work tim e to help on vario us charity projects to benefit the lo cal community.
W e've been doing this for the last five years and it’s been very successful.
Participatin g doesn’t necessarily in volve a huge tim e commitment. The company w ill pav for Q11
eight hours of vour tim e. That can be used over one or two davs all at once, or spread over
several months throughout the year. There are some staff who enjo y volu nteerin g so much
they also give up their own free tim e for a couple of hours every week. It's com pletely up to
you. Obviously, many people w ill have fam ily commitments and aren’t as available as other
members of staff.
Feedback from staff has been overwhelm ingly positive. Because they fe lt they were Q12
doing something really useful, nearly everyone agreed that volu nteerin g made them feel
more motivated at work. They also liked build in g relationships with the people in the lo cal
community and fe lt valu ed by them. One or two people also said it was a good thin g to have
on their CVs.
One particularly successful project last year was the Get W orking Project. This was aim ed
at helping unemployed people in the area get back to work. Our staff were able to help them Q13
im prove their telephone skills, such as writin g down messages and speaking with confid ence
to potential customers, which they had found quite difficult. This is something many
employers lo ok for in jo b applicants - and something we all do without even thinkin g about,
every day at work.

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W e've got an excitin g new project startin g this year. Up until now, we've mainly focused
on projects to do with education and train ing. And w e'll continue with our reading project in
schools and our work with lo cal charities. But we’ve also agreed to help out on a conservatio n Q14
project in Redfern Park. So if any of you fancy being outsid e and gettin g your hands dirty, this
is the project for you.
I also want to mention the annual Dig ital Inclu sion Day, which is coming up next month. The Q15
aim of this is to help older people keep up with technology. And this year, instead of hosting
the event in our own train ing facility, we’re using the ICT suite at H ill College, as it can hold
far more people.
W e've in vited over 60 people from the Silver Age Community Centre to take part, so we’ll
need a lot of volu nteers to help with this event.
If you're in terested in takin g part, please ao to the volu nteerin g sectio n of our website and Q16
complete the relevant form. We won’t be providin g any train ing for this but you'll be paired
with an experienced volu nteer if you’ve never done it before. By the way, don’t forget to tell
your manager about any volu nteerin g activities you decid e to do.

The particip ants on the D ig ital Inclu sion Day really benefited. The m ajo rity were in their
seventies, though some were younger and a few were even in their nin eties! Quite a few
owned both a computer and a mobile phone, but these tended to be outdated models. Q17
They generally knew how to do sim ple thin gs, like send texts, but w eren't aware of recent
developments in mobile phone technology. A few were keen to learn but most were quite Q18
dism issive at first - they couldn't see the poin t of updating their skills. But that soon changed.
The feedback was very positiv e. The really encouraging thin g was that particip ants all Q19
said they fe lt much more confident about using social media to keep in touch with their
grandchildren, who prefer this form of communication to phoning or sending em ails. A lot Q20
of them also said olavin a onlin e games would help them make new friends and keep their
brains activ e. They w eren't that im pressed with being able to order their groceries onlin e, as
they liked going out to the shops, but some said it would come in handy if they were II or the
weather was really bad. One thin g they asked about was using tablets for thin gs like reading
newspapers - some people had been given tablets as presents but had never used them, so
that’s something we’ll make sure we in clu de this tim e ...

SECTION 3
tu to r A h ... c o m e in, R uss .
ru s s Thank you.
tu to r N o w y o u w a n te d to c o n s u lt m e a b o u t y o u r c la s s p re s e n t a tio n o n nanotechnolo gy -
you’re due to give it in next week, aren't you?
ru s s That's rig ht. And I'm really strugglin g. I chose the topic because I didn’t know much
about it and wanted to learn more, but now I'v e read so much about it, in a way
there’s too much to say - 1could talk for much lo nger than the twenty minutes I'v e
been allo cated. Should I assume the other students don’t know much, and give them Q21
a kind of aeneral in troductio n, or should trv and make them share mv fascin atio n
with a particular aspect?
tu to r Y o u c o uld d o e ith e r, b ut y o u ’ll n e e d to h a v e it c le a r in y o u r o w n m ind .
ru s s T h e n I th in k I’ll g iv e a n o v e rvie w .
tu to r OK. Now, one way of approaching this is to work through developments in
chronolo gical order.
ru s s U h - huh.

104
 Test 2

tu to r O n th e o th e r h a n d , y o u c o uld t a lk a b o u t th e n u m e ro u s w a y s th a t n a n o te c h n o lo g y is
being applied.
ru s s Y o u m e a n th in g s lik e th in film s o n c a m e ra d is p la y s to m a k e th e m w a te r - re p e lle n t,
and additives to make motorcycle helm ets stronger and lighter.
tu to r: E x a c tly . O r a n o th e r w a v w o u ld b e to fo c u s o n its im p a c t in o n e p a rtic u la r a re a , s a y Q 22
medicin e, or space exploratio n.
ru s s T h a t w o u ld m a k e it e a s ie r to fo c us . P e rh a p s I s h o u ld d o th a t.
tu to r I thin k that would b e a g oo d id ea.
ru s s R ig h t. H o w im p o rta n t is it to in c lu d e s lid e s in th e p re s e n ta tio n ?
tu to r T h e y a re n 't e s s e n tia l, b y a n y m e a ns . A n d th e re 's a d a n g e r o f ta ilo rin g w h a t y o u s a y
to fit whatever slid es you can find. W hile it can be good to in clu de slid es, vou could Q23
e n d u p s p e n d in g to o Io n a lo o k in g fo r s u it a b le o n e s . Y o u m ig h t fin d it b e tte r to le a v e
them out.
ru s s I s e e . Another th in g I w a s wonderin g a b o u t w a s h o w to sta rt. I k n o w p re s e n t a tio n s
often begin with 'F irst I'm going to talk about this, and then I’ll talk about that’ but I
thought about asking the audience what they know about nanotechnology.
tu to r: T h a t w o u ld b e fin e if y o u h a d a n h o u r o r tw o fo r th e p re s e n ta tio n , b u t y o u m ig h t fin d
that you can't do anything with the answers you get, and it sim ply eats in to the short
tim e that's available.
ru s s So , m a vb e I s h o u ld m e n tio n a p a rtic u la r w a v th a t n a n o te c h n o lo g y is us e d , to fo c u s Q24
people's attentio n.
tu to r T h a t s o u n d s s e n sib le .
ru s s W h a t d o y o u th in k I s h o u ld d o n e xt? I re a lly h a v e to p la n th e p re s e n t a tio n to d a y a n d
tomorrow.
tu to r W e ll, in itia lly I th in k y o u s h o u ld ig n o re a ll th e n o te s y o u 'v e m a d e , ta k e a s m a ll p ie c e
of paper, and w rite a single short sentence that ties together the whole presentatio n: Q25
it can be something as sim ple as ‘Nanotechnology is already im proving our lives’.
Then start planning the content around that. You can alw ays modify that sentence
later, if you need to.
ru s s OK.

tu to r O K , n o w le t’s th in k a b o u t a c tu a lly g ivin g th e p re s e n ta tio n . Y o u 'v e o n ly g iv e n o n e

before, if I remember correctly, about an experim ent you’d been involved in.
ru s s That's rig ht. It was pretty rubbish!
tu to r Let’s say it was better in some respects than in others. W ith regard to the structure. I Q26
fe lt that vou ended rather abruptly, without rounding it off. Be careful not to do that in
next week's presentatio n.
ru s s OK.
tu to r A n d v o u m a d e v e ry little e v e c o n ta c t w ith th e a u d ie n c e , b e c a u s e v o u w e re lo o kin a Q27
down at vour notes most of the tim e. You need to be lo oking at the audience and only
occasionally glancin g at vou notes.
ru s s Mm m.
tu to r Y o ur bo dy lanauaae w a s a little odd. Every tim e v o u showed a slid e , v o u tu rn e d v o u r Q28
back on the audience so vou could lo ok at it - vou should have been lookin a at vour
laptop. And vou kept scratching vour head, so I found m vself wondering when vou
were next going to do that, instead of listenin g to what vou were saving!
ru s s O h d e ar. W h a t d id y o u thin k o f th e language? I k n e w th a t n o t everyone w a s fam iliar
with the subject, so I tried to make it as sim ple as I could.
tu to r Yes, that came across. You used a few words that are specific to the field, but vou Q29
alw ays explain ed what they meant, so the audience would n't have had anv difficulty
understanding.

105
Audioscripts

ru s s Uh-huh.
tu to r: I must say the handouts vou prepared were well thought out. They were a good Q30
summary of vour presentatio n, which people would be able to refer to later on. So
w ell done on that.
ru s s Thank you.
tu to r W ell, I hope that helps you with next week's presentatio n.
ru s s Yes, it w ill. Thanks a lo t.
tu to r I’ll look forward to seeing a big im provement, then.

SECTION 4
Today, we’ll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusin g on what is called
episodic memory and what can happen if this is not working properly.
Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or ‘episode’. Episodic memories allo w us
to m entally travel back in tim e to an event from the past. Episodic memories in clu de vario us Q31
details about these events, for example, when an event happened and other in form atio n such
as the lo catio n. To help understand this concept, try to remember the last tim e you ate dinner
at a restaurant. The ability to remember where you ate, who you were with and the items you
ordered are all features of an episodic memory.
Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called sem antic memory. This is Q32
the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else - that is vour general
knowledge of the world . To build upon a previous example, remembering where you parked
your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what a car is and
how an engin e works are examples of sem antic memory. Unlike episodic memory, sem antic Q33
memory isn’t dependent on recalling personal experiences.
Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory
processing: encoding, consolidatio n and retrieval.
The initial step is called encoding. This in volves the process of receivin g and registerin g
inform atio n, which is necessary for creating memories of in form atio n or events that you
experience. The degree to which vou can successfully encode in form atio n depends on the Q34
level of attentio n vou give to an event while it's actually happening. Being distracted can
make effectiv e encoding very difficult. Encoding of episodic memories is also in flu enced by
how you process the event. For example, if vou were in troduced to someone called Charlie. Q35
vou might make the connection that vour uncle has the same name. Future recollectio n of
C harlie's name is much easier if vou have a strategy to help vou encode it.
Memory consolidatio n, the next step in formin g an episodic memory, is the process by which
memories of encoded in form atio n are strengthened, stabilis ed and stored to facilitate later
retrieval. Consolid atio n is most effectiv e when the in form atio n being stored can be linked to Q36
an exis tin g network of in form atio n. Consolid atio n makes it possible for you to store memories
for later retrieval indefin itely. Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which Q37
vou trv to retrieve them. Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren’t used
very often.
The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious
recollectio n of encoded inform atio n. Retrieving in form atio n from episodic memory depends
upon sem antic, olfactory, auditory and visual factors. These help episodic memory retrieval Q38
bv actin g as a prompt. For example, when recallin g where vou parked vour car vou mav use
the colo ur of a sign close to where vou parked. You actually have to m entally travel back to
the moment you parked.

106
 Test 2

There are a wid e range of neurolo gical diseases and conditions that can affect episodic
memory. These range from Alzheim er's to schizophrenia to autism. An im pairm ent of episodic
memory can have a profound effect on indiv id uals' lives. For example, the symptoms of
schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by m edication; however, patients’ episodic
memory may still be im paired and so they are often unable to return to univ ersity or work.
Recent studies have shown that computer-assisted games designed to keep the brain activ e Q39
c a n h e l p i m D r o v e t h e ir e p i s o d i c m e m o ry .

Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for in stance bv sharing in tim ate Q40
details about their past: something in divid uals with autism often have problems with. This
mav be caused bv an absence of a sense of self. his is essential for the storage of episodic
memory, and has been found to be im paired in child ren with autism. Research has shown
that treatm ents that im prove memory may also have a positiv e im pact on child ren's social
development.
One study looked at a ...

107
Audioscripts

SECTION
LINDA: Hello, Linda speaking.
MATT Oh hi, Linda. This is M att Brooks. Alex W hite gave me your number. He said you’d
be able to give me some advice about moving to Banford.
LINDA Yes, Alex did mention you. How can I help?
MATT W ell, first of all - which area to live in?
LINDA W ell, I live in Dalton, which is a really nice suburb - not too expensive, and there’s Example
a nice park.
MATT Sounds good. Do you know how much it would be to rent a two bedroom
fla t there?
LINDA Yeah, you should be able to get something reasonable for 850 pounds per month. Q1
That’s what people typically pay. You certainly wouldn't want to pay more than 900
pounds. That doesn't inclu de bills or anything.
MATT No. That sounds alrig ht. I’ll definitely have a lo ok there. Are the transport links easy
from where you live?
LINDA W ell, I'm very lucky. I work in the city centre so I don't have to use public transport.
I ao bv bike. Q2
MATT Oh, I wish I could do that. Is it safe to cycle around the city?
LINDA Yes, it’s fin e. And it keeps me fit. Anyway, drivin g to work in the city centre would
be a nightm are because there's hardly anv parking. And the tra ffic during the rush Q3
hour can be bad.
MATT I'd be working from home but I'd have to go to London one or two days a week.
LINDA Oh, that's perfect. Getting to London is no problem. There's a fast train every
30 minutes which only takes 45 minutes. Q4
MATT That’s good.
LINDA Yeah, the train service isn’t bad during the week. And they run quite late at night.
It’s weekends that are a problem. They're alw ays doing engineering work and you Q5
have to take a bus to Hadham and pick up the train there, which is really slow. But
other than that, BanforcTs a great place to live. I’ve never been happier.

lin d a T h e re a re s o m e n ic e re s t a u ra n ts in th e c ity c e n tre a n d a b ra n d n e w c in e m a w h ic h Q6

has only been open a couple of months. There's a good arts centre too.
m a tt S o u n d s lik e B a n fo rd ’s g o t it all.
lin d a Y e s! W e 're re a lly lu c ky. T h e re a re lo ts o f re a lly g o o d a s p e c ts to livin g h ere . T h e
schools are good and the hospital here is one of the best in the country. Everyone I Q7
know who's been there’s had a positiv e experience. Oh, I can give you the name of
my dentist too in Bridge Street, if you’re interested. I’ve been going to him for years Q8
and I’ve never had any problems.
m a tt O h , O K . T h a n k s!
lin d a I'll fin d h is n u m b e r a n d s e n d it to yo u .
m a tt T h a n k s , th a t w o u ld b e re a lly h e lp ful.
lin d a A re y o u p la n n in g to v is it B a n ford s o o n ?
m a tt Y e s . M y w if e a n d I a re b o th c o m in g n e x t w e e k . W e w a n t to m a k e s o m e
appointm ents with estate agents.
lin d a I could m e e t yo u if y o u like a n d s h o w yo u a ro u n d .
m a tt A re y o u s u re ? W e 'd re a lly appreciate th a t.
lin d a E ith e r a T u e s d a y o r T h u rs d a y is g o o d f o r m e. a fte r 5 .30 . Q9
m a tt T h u rs d a y ’s p re f e ra b le - T u e s d a y I n e e d to g e t h o m e b e fo re 6 p m .
108
 Test 3

lin d a OK. Great. Let me know which train you're catchin g and I’ll meet vou in the cafe Q10
outside. You can't miss it. It's opposite the station and next to the museum.
m a tt B rillia n t. I’ll t e x t y o u n e x t w e e k th e n . T h a n k s s o m uc h f o r a ll th e a d vic e .
lin d a No problem. I’ll see you next week.

SECTION 2
S o if y o u 're o n e o f th o s e p e o p le w h o h a s n 't fo un d th e p e rfe c t p hysic a l a c tivity y e t - h e re a re
some things to think about which might help you make the rig ht decision for you.
The first question to ask yourself is whether you would enjoy train ing in a gym. Many people are
p ut o ff b y th e id e a o f h a vin g to fit a v is it to th e g y m into th e ir b u s y d a y - y o u o fte n h a v e to g o
very early or late as some gyms can get very crowded. But with regular train ing you'll see a big Q11
difference in a relatively short space of tim e.
Running has become in credib ly popular in recent years. That’s probably got a lot to do with the
fa c t th a t it’s a v e ry a c c e s s ib le fo rm o f e x e rc is e - a n y o n e c a n ru n - e v e n if v o u c a n o n ly ru n a Q12
fe w m e tre s to b e g in w ith . B ut m a k e s ure y o u g e t th e rig h t s h o e s - it's w o rth in v e s tin g in a hig h
quality pair and they don't come cheap. Another great thing about running is that you can do it
a t a n y tim e o f d a y o r n ig h t - th e o n ly thin g th a t m a y sto p y o u is s n o w a n d ice.

Swim ming is another really good way to build fitness. What attracts many people is that vou Q13
c a n sw im in a n in d o o r d o o I a t a n v tim e o f ye a r. O n th e o th e r h a nd , it c a n b e q u ite b orin g o r
s o lit a ry - it’s h a rd to c h a t to p e o p le w h ile y o u ’re sw im m in g le n g ths .

C y c lin g h a s b e c o m e a lm o st a s p o p u la r a s ru n n in g in re c e n t y e a rs . T h a t's p ro b a b ly b e c a u s e
as well as im proving their fitness, many people sav being out in the fresh air in a park or in the Q14
c o u n trys id e c a n b e fun , p ro vid e d th e c o n d itio n s a re rig ht, o f c o urs e - o n ly fa n a tic s g o o u t in th e
wind and rain!
Yoga is a good choice for those of you looking for exercise which focuses on developing both a
healthy mind and body. It's a good way of build in g strength and with the rig ht in structor, there's Q15
le ss chance of hurting vourself than with other more active sports. But don't expect to find it
e a s y - it c a n b e s u rp ris in g ly c h a lle n g in g , e s p e c ia lly fo r p e o p le w h o a re n 't v e ry fle xib le .

Getting a personal train er is a good way to start your fitness programme. Obviously there can
be significant costs involved. But if vouVe got someone there to encourage vou and help vou Q16
a c h ie v e v o u r g o a ls , y o u 're le s s lik e ly to g iv e u p . M a k e s ure y o u g e t s o m e o n e w ith a re c o g n is e d
qualification, though, or you could do yourself permanent damage.

W hatever you do, don't join a gym unless you’re sure you’ll make good use of it. So many
people waste lo ts of money by signing up for membership and then hardly ever go. W hat
happens to their good in tentio ns? I don't thin k people suddenly stop carin g about im proving
their fitness, or decid e they have more im portant thin gs to do. I thin k people lose in terest
when they don't think they're making enough progress. That's when they give hope and u p Q 17&Q 18
stop believing they'll ever achieve their goals. Also, what people sometim es don't realis e
when they start is that it takes a lot of determ in atio n and hard work to keep train ing week
after week and lo ts of people don’t have that kind of commitment.
O n e th in g y o u c a n d o to h e lp y o u rs e lf is to s e t m a n a g e a b le g o a ls - b e re a lis tic a n d d o n't Q19 & Q20
push vourself too far. Some people advise w ritin g goals down, but I thin k it’s better to have
a flexible approach. Give vourself a really nice treat every tim e vou reach one of vour goals.
And don't get too u p s e t if you e x p e rie n c e s e tb a c k s it’s a jo u rn e y - th e re are bound to b e
d iffic u ltie s a lo n g th e w a y.

109
Audioscripts

SECTION 3
tu to r O K , Jim . Y o u w a n te d to s e e m e a b o u t y o u r t e x tile d e sig n proje c t.
jim T h a t’s rig ht. I'v e b e e n lo o kin g a t h o w a ra n g e o f n a tu ra l d y e s c a n b e u s e d to c o lo ur
fabrics like cotton and wool.
tu to r W h y d id y o u c h o o s e th a t to p ic ? A
jim W e ll, I g o t a lo t o f u s e ful id e a s fro m th e m us e u m , y o u know , a t th a t e x h ib itio n o f
textiles. But I'v e alw ays been in terested in anything to do with colour. Years ago,
I went to a carpet shoo with mv parents when we were on holid ay in Turkey, and I Q21
remember all the amazing colo urs. C
tu to r T h e y m ig h t n o t a ll h a v e b e e n n a tu ra l d ye s .
jim Maybe not, but for the project I decided to follo w it up. And I found a great book
about a botanic garden in C alifornia that specialises in plants used for dyes.
tu to r OK. So, in your project, you had to in clu de a practical in vestigatio n.
jim Yeah. At first I couldn't decide on my variables. I was going to just look at one type of
fibre for example, like cotton ...
tu to r ... a n d s e e h o w d iffe re n t ty p e s o f d y e s a ffe c te d it?
jim Y e s . T h e n I d e c id e d to in c lu d e o th e rs a s w e ll, s o I lo o k e d a t c o tto n a n d w o o l a n d Q22
nvlon.
tu to r W ith iu s t o n e ty p e o f d v e ?
jim V a rio u s tvo e s . in c lu d in g s o m e th a t w e re n ’t n a tura l, f o r c o m p a ris o n .
tu to r OK.
jim S o , I d id th e e x p e rim e n ts la s t w e e k . I u s e d s o m e re a d y - m a d e n a tura l d ye s , I fo u n d a
website which supplied them, they came in just a few days, but I also made some of
my own.
tu to r T h a t m u s t h a v e t a k e n q u ite a b it o f tim e .
jim Y e s , I'd th o u g h t it’d ju s t b e a m a tte r o f a te a s p o o n o r s o o f d ye , a n d a c tu a lly th a t
wasn't the case at all. Like I was using one vegetable, beetroot, for a red dve. and I Q23
had to chop up a whole pile of it. So it all took lo nger than I'd expected.
tu to r O n e p o s s ib ility is to u s e fo o d c o lo urin g s .
jim I d id u s e o n e . T h a t w a s a y e llo w d ye , a n a rtific ia l o ne .
tu to r T a rtra z in e ?
jim Y e a h . I u s e d it o n c o tto n first. It c a m e o u t a g re a t c o lo ur, b u t w h e n I rin s e d th e Q24
m aterial, the colo ur iu st washed awav. I’d been going to try it out on nylon, but I
abandoned that idea.
tu to r W e re y o u w o rrie d a b o u t h e a lth is s u e s ?
jim I’d th o u g h t if it’s a le g a l fo o d c o lo urin g , it m u s t b e s a fe .
tu to r W e ll, it c a n o c c a s io n a lly c a u s e a lle rg ic re a c tio n s , I b e lie v e .

tu to r So what natural dyes did you look at?

jim W ell, o n e w a s turm eric. T h e colo ur’s great, it’s a really strong yellow. It’s g e n e ra lly
u s e d in d is h e s lik e c urry .
tu to r It's meant to be quite good for your health when eaten, but you might fin d it's not Q25
p e r m a n e n t w h e n i t ’s u s e d a s a d v e - a f e w w a s h e s , a n d it ’s g o n e .
jim R ig ht. I u s e d b e e tro o t a s a d y e f o r w o o l. W h e n I c h o p u p b e e tro o t to e a t I a lw a y s
end up with bright red hands, but the wool ended up iust a sort of watery cream Q26
shade. Disappoin tin g.
tu to r There's a natural dye called Tyrian purple. Have you heard of that?
jim Y e s . It c o m e s fro m a s h e llfis h , a n d it w a s w o rn in a n c ie n t tim e s b u t o n ly b y im p o rta n t
p e o p le a s it w a s s o ra re . I d id n 't u s e it. Q27
tu to r It fell out of use centuries aao. though one researcher managed to get hold of some
recently. But that shade of purple can be produced by chemic al dyes nowadays.
Did you use any black dyes?
110
 Test 3

jim Logwood. That was quite complicated. I had to prepare the fabric so the dye would
take.
tu to r I h o p e y o u w e re c a re fu l to w e a r g lo v e s .
jim Yes. I know the danger with that dye.
tu to r: Good. It c a n b e e x tre m e ly d a n g e ro u s if it’s in g e ste d . N ow , presumably y o u h a d a Q28
lo ok at an insect-based dye? Like cochin eal, for example?
jim Yes. I didn’t actually make that, I didn’t have tim e to start crushing up in sects to get
the red colo ur and anyway they’re not available here, but I managed to get the dye
quite easily from a website. But it cost a fortune . can see why it’s generally just Q29
used in cooking, and in sm all quantities.
tu to r Yes, it's very effective, but that's precisely why it’s not used as a dye.
jim I also read about using metal oxid e. Apparently you can allo w iron to rust while it’s in
contact with the fabric, and that colo urs it.
tu to r Y e s , th a t works w e ll f o r dyin g cotton. B u t y o u h a v e to b e careful a s th e m e ta l c a n Q30
actually affect the fabric and so you can’t expect to get a lot of wear out of fabrics
treated in this way. And the colo urs are quite subtle, not everyone likes them.
Anyway, it looks as if you've done a lot of work ...

SECTION 4
Last week, we started looking at reptiles, in cluding crocodiles and snakes. Today, I’d like us to
have a look at another reptile - the lizard - and in particular, at some studies that have been
done on a particular type of lizard whose Latin name is tiliqua rugosa. This is commonly known
as the sleepy lizard, because it's quite slow in its movements and spends quite a lot of its tim e
dozing under rocks or lying in the sun.
I'll start with a general description. Sleepy lizards live in Western and South Australia, where
they're quite common. Unlike European lizards, which are mostly small, green and fast-
moving, sleepy lizards are brown, but what’s particularly distinctiv e about them is the colo ur of Q31
their tonaue. which is dark blue, in contrast with the linin g of their mouth which is bright pink.
And they’re much bigger than most European lizards. They have quite a varied diet, in clu ding Q32
insects and even small anim als, but they mostly eat plants of varying kinds.
Even though they're quite large and powerful, with strong jaws that can crush beetles and snail
shells, they still have quite a few predators. Large birds like cassowaries were one of the main
ones in the past, but nowadays they're more likely to be cauaht and killed bv snakes. Actually, Q33
another threat to their survival isn’t a predator at all, but is man-made - quite a large number of
sleepy lizards are killed by cars when they're tryin g to cross highways.
One study carried out by Michael Freake at Flinders University investig ated the methods of
navig ation of these lizards. Though they move slowly, they can travel quite long distances. And
he found that even if they were taken some distance away from their home territory, they could Q34
usually fin d their wav back home as Iona as they could see the skv - they didn’t need anv other
landmarks on the around.

Observations of these lizards in the wild have also revealed that their mating habits are quite
unusual. Unlike most anim als, it seems that they're relatively monogamous, returning to the Q35
same oartner vea after year. And the male and female also stay together for a long tim e,
both before and after the birth of their young.
It’s quite interesting to thin k about the possible reasons for this . It could be that it's to do
with protectin g their young - you'd expect them to have a much better chance of survival if
they have both parents around. But in fact observers have noted that once the babies have
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Audioscripts

hatched out of their eggs, they have hardly anv contact with their parents. So, there’s not Q36
really any evid ence to support that idea.
Another suggestio n’s based on the observation that male lizards in monogamous
relationships tend to be bigger and stronger than other males. So maybe the male lizards
stay around so they can give the female lizards protectio n from other males. But again, we're Q37
not really sure.
Fin ally, I'd like to mention another study that in volved collectin g data by tracking the lizards. I
was actually in volved in this myself. So we caught some lizards in the wild and we developed Q38
a tinv GPS system that would allo w us to track them, and we fix ed this onto their tails. Then
we set the lizards free again, and we were able to track them for twelve days and gather data,
not just about their lo catio n, but even about how many steps they took during this period. Q39
One surprisin g thin g we discovered from this is that there were far fewer meetings between
lizards than we expected - it seems that they were actually tryin g to avoid one another. So
why would that be? W ell, again we have no clear evid ence, but one hypothesis is that male Q40
lizards can cause quite serio us inju ries to one another, so mavbe this avoid ance is a wav of
preventing this of self-preservatio n, if you like. But we need to collect a lot more data before
we can be sure of any of this .

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 Test 4

TEST 4

SECTION
MARTH A Hi Alex. It’s Martha Clin es here. James W hite gave me your number. I hope you
don’t mind me calling you.
AL E X Of course not. How are you, Martha?
MARTH A Good thanks. I’m rin gin g because I need a bit of advice.
AL E X Oh yeah. What about?
MARTH A The training you did at JPNW a few years ago. I'm applyin g for the same thin g.
AL E X Oh rig ht. Yes, I did mine in 2014. Best thin g I ever did . I’m still working there. Example
MARTH A Really? What are you doing?
AL E X W e ll, n o w I w o rk in th e c u s to m e r s e rvic e s d e p a rtm e n t b u t I d id m v in itia l tra in in g Q1
in Fin ance. I stayed there for the first two years and then moved to where I
am now.
MARTH A That's the same departm ent I’m applying for. Did you enjoy it?
AL E X I was pretty nervous to begin with. I didn't do well in my exams at school and I
was really worried because I failed Maths. But it didn't actually m atter because Q2
did lo ts of courses on the jo b.
MARTH A Did you get a diploma at the end of your train ee period? I’m hoping to do the one
in busin ess skills.
ALEX Yes. That sounds good. I took the one on IT skills but I wish I’d done that Q3
one instead.
MARTH A OK, that’s good to know. What about the other train ees? How did you get on
with them?
ALEX There were about 20 of us who started at the same tim e and we were all around
the same age - 1was 18 and there was only one person vounaer than me. who Q4
was 17. The rest were between 18 and 2 0 .1made some good friends.
MARTH A I’ve heard lo ts of good thin gs about the train ing at JPNW. It seems like there are
a lot of opportunities there.
AL E X Yeah, defin itely . Because of its size you can work in lo ads of different areas
within the organisatio n.
MARTH A What about pay? I know you get a lower minim um wage than regular employees.
ALEX That's right - which isn't great. But vou get the same number of davs’ holid ay as Q5
everyone else. And the pay goes up massively if they offer you a job at the end
of the train ing period.
MARTH A Yeah, but I’m not doing it for the money - it’s the experience I thin k w ill be really
useful. Everyone says by the end of the year you gain so much confid ence.
ALEX You’re rig ht. That’s the most useful part about it. There's a lot of variety too.
You're given lo ts of different thin gs to do. I enjoyed it all - 1didn’t even mind
the studyin g.
MARTH A Do you have to spend any tim e in college?
ALEX Yes, one dav each month. So you get lo ts of support from both your tutor and Q6
your manager.
MARTH A That's good. And the company is easy to get to, isn't it?
ALEX Y e s , it ’s v e ry c lo s e to th e tra in s ta tio n s o th e lo c a tio n ’s a re a l a d v a n t a a e . Q7

a le x Have you got a date for your interview yet?

m a rth a Yes, it’s on the 23rd of this month.
a le x So long as you’re well prepared there’s nothing to worry about. Everyone's very
friendly.
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Audioscripts

m a rth a I am not sure what I should wear. W hat do you thin k?

a le x Nothing too casual - like ieans. for example. If you've got a nice jacket, wear that Q8
with a skirt or trousers.
m a rth a OK. Thanks. Any other tip s?
a le x Erm , w e ll I k n o w it's re a lly o b vio u s b u t a rriv e in p le n ty o f tim e . T h e y h a te p e o p le Q9
who are late. So make sure you know exactly where you have to get to. And one Q10
other useful piece of advice mv manager told me before I had the in terview for
this iob - is to smile. Even if you feel terrified. It makes people respond better
to you.
m a rth a I’ll have to practise doing that in the m irror!
a le x Yeah - w ell, good lu ck. Let me know if you need any more in form atio n.
m a rth a Thanks very much.

SECTION 2
Hi everyone, welcome to the Snow Centre. My name's Annie. I hope you enjoyed the bus
trip from the airport - we've certainly got plenty of snow today! W ell, you’ve come to New
Zealand’s prem ier snow and ski centre, and we've a whole load of activities for you during
your week here.
Most visitors come here for the cross-country skiin g, where you’re on fairly fla t ground for
m o st o f th e tim e , ra th e r th a n g o in g d o w n s te e p m o u n ta in sid e s . T h e re a re m a rk e d tra ils , b u t Q11
vou can also leave these and ao off on vour own and that's an experience not to be missed.
You can go at your own speed it’s great aerobic exercise if you really push yourself, or if
you prefer you can just glid e gently along and enjo y the beautiful scenery.
This afternoon, you’ll be going on a dog-sled trip. You may have seen our dogs on TV
recently racin g in the win ter sled festival. If vou want, vou can have vour own team for the Q12
afternoon and learn how to drive them, follo wing behind our leader on the tra il. Or if you'd
prefer, you can just sit back in the sled and enjo y the rid e as a passenger.
At the weekend, we have the team relay event, and you’re all welcome to join in . We have a
lo cal school coming along, and a lot of the teachers are takin g part too. Participatio n rather
than winnin g is the main focus, and there's a medal for everyone who takes part. Participants Q13
are in teams of two to four, and each team must complete four laps of the course.
For your final expeditio n, you'll head off to Mount Frenner wearing a pair of special snow
shoes which allo w you to walk on top of the snow. This is an area where miners once
searched for gold , though there are very few traces of their work left now. When the snow
melts in summer, the m o u n ta in slopes are carpeted in flo wers and plants. It's a Iona a s c e n t. Q14
though not too steep, and walkers generally take a couple of davs to get to the summit
and return.
You’ll spend the night in our hut half-way up the mountain. That’s in cluded in your package
for the stay. It’s got cooking facilities, firewood and water for drinkin g. For washing, we Q15
recommend you use melted snow, though, to conserve supplies. We can take your luggage
up on our snowmobile for you for just ten dollars a person. The hut has cooking fa cilities so
you can make a hot meal in the evening and morning, but you need to take your own food.
The weather on Mount Frenner can be very stormy. In that case, stay in the hut - generally Q16
the storms don’t last Iona. Don't stress about gettin g back here to the centre in tim e to catch
th e a irp o rt b u s - th e y 'll p ro b a b ly n o t b e ru n n in g a nyw a y . W e d o h a v e a n e m e rg e n c y lo c a to r
beacon in the hut but only use that if it’s a real emergency, like if someone’s ill or in ju red.

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N ow, le t m e te ll y o u s o m e thin g a b o u t th e d iff e re n t s k i tra ils y o u c a n fo llo w d urin g y o u r

s t a y h ere .

H ig h la n d T r a il’s d ire c tly a c c e s s ib le fro m w h e re w e a re now . T h is tr a il’s b e e n d e sig n e d to g iv e Q17

f ir s t - t i m e r s a n e x p e r i e n c e t h e y ' l l e n i o v r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e ir a a e o r s k ill , b u t it ’s a l s o i d e a f o r
e x p e rts to p ra c tis e th e ir te c h n iq u e .

Then there’s Pine T ra il... if you're nervous about skiin g, leave this one to the experts!
You follo w a steep valley lo oking right down on the river below - scary! But if vouVe fullv Q18
m a s te re d th e te c h n iq u e s n e e d e d f o r hills , it’s g re a t fun.

S to n y T ra il's a g o o d c h o ic e o n c e y o u 'v e g o t a g e n e ra l id e a o f th e b a sic s . T h e re a re o n e o r

tw o tric k y s e c tio n s , b u t n o th in g to o c h a lle n g in g . T h e re 's a s h e lt e r h a lf - w a v w h e re v o u c a n s it Q19
a n d ta k e a b re a k a n d e n io v th e a fte rn o o n s u n s hin e .

A n d fin a lly , L o s e r's T ra il. T h is s t a rts o ff fo llo w in g a g e n tle riv e r v a lle y b u t th e la s t p a rt is q u ite
e x p o s e d s o th e s n o w c o n d itio n s c a n b e c h a lle n g in g - if it’s s n o w in g o r w in d y, c h e c k w ith us Q20
b e fo re v o u s e t o u t to m a k e s u re th e tra il's o p e n th a t d av.

Right, so now if you’d like to follo w me, w e'll get started ...

SECTION 3
ja c k I'v e s till g o t lo a d s to d o fo r o u r re p o rt o n n u tritio n a l fo o d la b e ls .
a lic e M e to o . W h a t d id y o u le a rn fro m d o in g th e p ro je c t a b o u t y o u r o w n s h o p p in g h a b its ?
ja c k W e ll, I’v e a lw a y s h a d to c h e c k la b e ls fo r tra c e s o f p e a n u ts in e v e ry th in g I e a t b e c a u s e
o f m y a lle rg y . B u t b e y o n d th a t I'v e n e v e r re a lly b e e n c o n c e rn e d e n o u g h to c h e c k h o w Q21
h e a lth y a p ro d u c t is.
a lic e T h is p ro je c t h a s a c tu a lly t a u g h t m e to re a d th e la b e ls m u c h m ore c a re fully . I te n d e d to Q22
b e lie v e c la im s o n p a c k a g in g lik e ‘lo w in f a t’ B u t I n o w re a lis e th a t th e 'h e a lth y' v o a h u rt
I'v e b o u g h t f o r y e a rs is fu ll o f s u g a r a n d th a t it's a c tu a lly q u ite h ig h in c a lorie s .
ja c k R e a d y m e a ls a re th e w o rs t ... c o m p a rin g th e la b e ls on s u p e rm a rk e t p iz z a s w a s a re a l
e ye - o p e n er. D id y o u h a v e a n y id e a h o w m a ny c a lo rie s th e y c o n ta in ? I w a s a m a z e d .
a lic e Y e s , b e c a u s e u n le s s v o u re a d th e la b e l re a llv c a re fully , v o u w o u ld n 't k n o w th a t th e Q23
n u tritio n a l v a lu e s g iv e n a re fo r h a lf a p iz z a .
ja c k W h e n m o st p e o p le e a t th e w h o le p iz z a . N o t e x a c tly tra n s p a re n t is it?
a lic e N o t a t a ll. B u t I e x p e c t it w o n ’t sto p y o u fro m b u yin g p iz z a ?
ja c k P ro b a b ly not, no! I th o u g h t c o m p a rin g th e d iff e re n t la b e llin g s ys te m s u s e d b y fo o d
m a n u f a c ture rs w a s in te re s tin g . I th in k th e kin d o f la b e llin g s ys te m u s e d m a k e s a big
d iffe re n c e .
a lic e W h ic h o n e d id y o u p re f e r?
ja c k I lik e d th e tr a d itio n a l d a ily v a lu e s y s te m b e s t - th e o n e w h ic h te lls y o u w h a t p ro p o r tio n
o f y o u r re q u ire d d a ily in t a k e o f e a c h in g re d ie n t th e p ro d u c t c o n ta in s . I’m n o t s u re it's Q24
th e e a s ie s t fo r p e o p le to u s e b u t a t le a s t v o u g e t th e fu ll storv. I lik e to k n o w a ll th e
in g re d ie n ts in a p ro d u c t - n o t ju s t h o w m uc h fat, s a lt a n d s u g a r th e y c o nta in .
a lic e B u t it’s g o o d s u p e rm a rk e ts h a v e b e e n m a kin g a n e ffo rt to p ro vid e re lia b le in fo rm a tio n
f o r c usto m ers .
ja c k Y e s . T h e re ju s t n e e d s to b e m ore c o n s is te n c y b e tw e e n la b e llin g s ys te m s u s e d b y
d iff e re n t s u p e rm a rk e ts , in te rm s o f p o rtio n s iz e s , etc .
a lic e M m m . T h e la b e ls o n th e d iff e re n t b ra n d s o f c h ic k e n fla v o u r c ris p s w e re q u ite re v e a lin g
too , w e re n 't th e y ?
ja c k Y e a h . I d o n't u n d e rs ta n d h o w th e y c a n g e t a w a v w ith c a llin g th e m c h ic k e n fla v o u r Q25
w h e n th e y o n ly c o n ta in a rtific ia l a d d itive s .

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Audioscripts

a lic e I know. I’d at least have expected them to contain a sm all percentage of real chicken.
ja c k Absolutely.
a lic e I thin k having nutritional food labelin g has been a good id ea, don’t you? I thin k it w ill
change people's behavio ur and stop mothers, in particular, buying the wrong thin gs.
ja c k But didn’t that study kind of prove the opposite? People didn't necessarily stop buying
unhealthy products.
a lic e They only said that might be the case. Those fin dings w eren't that c o n c lu s iv e and it Q26
was quite a sm all-scale study. I thin k more research has to be done.
ja c k Yes, I think you’re probably rig ht.

ja c k W h a t d o y o u th in k o f th e tra ffic - lig h t s ys te m ?

a lic e I t h in k s u p e r m a r k e t s lik e t h e id e a o f h a v in g a c o lo u r - c o d e d s y s t e m - re d , o r a n g e o r
g re e n - fo r le v e ls o f fat, s u g a r a n d s a lt in a product.
ja c k B u t it’s n o t b e e n a d o p te d u n iv e rs a lly . A n d n o t on a ll pro d u c ts . W h y d o y o u s u p p o s e Q27 & Q28
that is?
a lic e Pressure fro m th e fo o d m a n u f a c ture rs . H a rd ly surprising th a t s o m e o f th e m a re
opposed to flaggin g up how unhealthy their products are.
ja c k I’d h a v e th o u g h t it w o u ld h a v e b e e n c o m p uls ory. It s e e m s rid ic u lo u s it isn't..
a lic e I know . A n d w h a t I c o u ld n 't g e t o v e r is th e f a c t th a t it w a s b ro u g h t in w ith o u t e n o u g h
consultation - a lot of experts had deep reservatio ns about it.
ja c k T h a t is a b it w e ird . I s u p p o s e th e re ’s a n a rg u m e n t fo r d o in g th e re s e a rc h n o w w h e n
consumers are fam iliar with this system.
a lic e Y e a h , m a yb e .
ja c k T h e p a rtic ip a n ts in th e s u rv e y w e re q u ite p o s itiv e a b o u t th e tra ffic - lig h t syste m .
a lic e M m m . B u t I d o n ’t th in k th e y t a rg e te d th e rig h t p e o p le . T h e y s h o u ld h a v e fo c u s e d o n
people with low literacy levels because these labels are designed to be accessible to
them.
ja c k Y e a h . B u t it’s g o o d to g e t feedback fro m a ll s o c io - e c o n o m ic groups. A n d th e re w a s n ’t Q29 & Q30
much variatio n in their responses.
a lic e N o . B u t if th e y h a d n't in te rvie w e d p a rtic ip a n ts fa c e - to - fa c e , th e y c o uld h a v e u s e d a
much biaaer sample size. I wonder why they chose that method?
ja c k D unn o . H o w w e re th e y s e le c te d ? D id th e y v o lu n t e e r o r w e re th e y a p p ro a c h e d ?
a lic e I th in k th e y v o lu n te e re d . T h e th in g th a t w a s n ’t s ta te d w a s h o w o fte n th e y b o u g h t
packaged food - all we know is how frequently they used the supermarket.

SECTION 4
In my presentatio n, I’m going to talk about coffee, and its im portance both in economic and
social terms. We thin k it was first drunk in the Arab world , but there’s hardly any documentary
evid ence of it before the 1500s, although of course that doesn't mean that people didn't know
about it before then.
However, there is evid ence that coffee was originally gathered from bushes growing wild
in Ethio pia, in the northeast of Africa. In the early sixteenth century, it was being bought by
traders, and gradually its use as a drink spread throughout the Middle East. It’s also known
that in 1522, in the Turkish city of Constantinople, which was the centre of the Ottoman
Empire, the court physician approved its use as a medicine.
By the mid-1500s, coffee bushes were being cultivated in the Yemen and for the next
hundred years this region produced most of the coffee drunk in Africa and the Arab world .
W hat’s particularly in teresting about coffee is its effect on social life. It was rarely drunk at
home, but instead people went to coffee houses to drink it. These people, usually men, would
116
 Test 4

meet to drink coffee and chat about issues of the day. But at the tim e, this chance to share
id eas and opin ions was seen as something that was potentially dangerous, and in 1623 Q31
the ruler of Constantinople demanded the destruction of all the coffee houses in the citv.
although after his death many new ones opened, and coffee consumption continued. In the
seventeenth century, coffee drinkin g spread to Europe, and here too coffee shoos became Q32
places where ordin ary people, nearly alw ays men, could meet to exchange id eas. Because
of this , some people said that these places performed a sim ilar functio n to univ ersities. The
opportunity they provid ed for people to meet together outside their own homes and to discuss
the topics of the day had an enormous im pact on social life, and many social movements and Q33
political developm ents had their origin s in coffee house discussio ns.

In the late 1600s, the Yemeni monopoly on coffee production broke down and coffee
production started to spread around the world , helped by European colo nis ation. Europeans
set up coffee plantations in Indonesia and the Caribbean and production of coffee in the
colo nies skyrocketed. Different types of coffee were produced in different areas, and it’s Q34
in teresting that the names given to these different types, like Mocha or Java coffee, were
often taken from the port they were shipped to Europe from. But if you look at the labour
system in the different colo nies, there were some significant differences.
In Brazil and the vario us Caribbean colo nies, coffee was grown in huge plantations and the Q35
workers there were alm ost all slaves. But this wasn't the same in all colo nies; for example
in Java, which had been colo nised bv the Dutch, the peasants grew coffee and passed Q36
a proportio n of this on to the Dutch, so it was used as a means of taxatio n. But whatever
system was used, under the European powers of the eighteenth century, coffee production
was very closely linked to colo nis ation. Coffee was grown in ever-in creasin a quantities Q37
to satisfy the growing demand from Europe, and it became nearly as im oortant as sugar
production, which was grown under very sim ilar conditio ns. However, coffee prices were
not yet low enough for people to drink it regularly at home, so most coffee consumption still
took place in public coffee houses and it still remained something of a lu xury item. In Britain ,
however, a new drink was in troduced from Chin a, and started to become popular, gradually
takin g over from coffee, although at first it was so expensive that only the upper classes could
afford it. This was tea, and by the late 1700s it was being wid ely drunk. However, when the Q38
USA gain ed i n d e D e n d e n c e from Britain in 1776. they id entified this drink with Britain , and
coffee remained the preferred drink in the USA, as it still is today.
So, by the early nin eteenth century, coffee was already being wid ely produced and
consumed. But durin g this century, production boomed and coffee prices started to fa ll. This Q39
was partly because new tvoes of transportatio n had been developed which were cheaper and
more efficient. So now, working people could afford to buy coffee - it w asn't just a drink for
the middle classes. And this was at a tim e when large parts of Europe were startin g to work in
in dustries. And sometim es this meant their work didn't stop when it got dark: they might have Q40
to continue throughout the niaht. So, the use of coffee as a stim ulant became im portant - it
wasn’t just a drink people drank in the morning, for breakfast.
There were also changes in cultivatio n ...

117