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ECP PROJECT REPORT

IR BLINKING SENSOR

ECP PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY: ADITYA NATHWANI: EC-049
MANAN PATEL: EC-044
MAHATVA JETHAVA: EC-042

EC SEM5
SUBMITTED TO: VMT SIR

Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

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Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University

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Sr. No. Experiment Page No.

1. Abstract 3

2. Motivation 3

3. Literature Review 3

4. Description Of Components 4

5. Problem Definition 4

6. Design 7

7. Result 7

8. Discussion 8

9. Conclusion 8

10. References 9

11. Annexure

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ABSTARCT
Infrared (IR) sensors have become an integral part of various technological
applications across multiple industries. These sensors are designed to detect and
measure infrared radiation, which is invisible to the human eye but radiated by all
objects with a temperature above absolute zero. This abstract provides an overview of
the key aspects of IR sensors and their wide-ranging applications.
Timer Integrated Circuits (ICs) are essential components in modern electronic
systems, enabling precise timekeeping, synchronization, and control of various
operations. This abstract provides an overview of timer ICs, their functionalities, and
their extensive applications.
In conclusion, IR sensors play a vital role in modern technology, offering a versatile
and effective means of detecting and measuring infrared radiation. Their applications
continue to evolve as new technologies are developed, making them an essential
component in the world of sensing and automation.
In summary, Timer Integrated Circuits are vital components in electronics, serving as
reliable timekeeping and control solutions in a broad spectrum of applications. Their
continued evolution and integration into advanced technologies make them
indispensable for achieving precise timing and synchronization in the ever-expanding
world of electronic systems.
MOTIVATION
The thought of making this circuit is that, the I.R. sensor is a very important component in the
automation industry. And even the 555 Timer I.C. is very usefull in the industry for making
of many projects which includes counting or measuring of time. So we thought that we can
use this two components for making a project which may be useful for everybody. i.e. for
normal everyday use.
The working of sensor and 555 Timer I.C. fascinated us. So when we were asked to
prepare the project for sem-5 we thought why not give a try with sensor circuits.
Because till this semester we have done projects which were more into digital circuits.
So we wanted to try something new and with the help of our professor we decided to
make IR BLINKING SENSOR made by our other fellow batch mates. It was always
interesting to do project in this field as we have been studing about the same in the
current semester so it lead us to more practical visualization of things at the most basic
stages of digital electronics and adjusting it in a way we wanted to make use out of it.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Before and during the World War 2 radar system was developed in the UHF and microwave
ranges, using traveling wave tube. In the recent years, new types of transmitters were
developed due to the need to conserve crowded radio spectrum bandwidth by spread
spectrum (European Academic Research, 2013).

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FM transmitters work on the principle of frequency modulation. Nikola Tesla experimentally

demonstrated the transmission and radiation of radio frequency energy in 1892 and 1893
proposing that it might be used in telecommunication field. The first commercial transatlantic
radio communication service in 1907 between Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay,
Newfoundland.
Inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong is credited with developing features that are used in
today’s radio transmission. He patented three important innovations regeneration, super
heterodyne circuit and wideband frequency modulation.
ADVANTAGES
 We can make use of this two components in many different ways. The way which
we want to make it.
 The I.R. sensor and 555 Timer I.C. is very easy to use.

DISADVANTAGES
 The circuit sometimes becomes very difficult to handle.
 I.R. Sensor is very sensitive to the power supply, so we need to keep a specific power
supply unit for it.
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
1. Monostable Multivibrator

A monostable multivibrator, as the name implies, has only one stable state.
When the transistor conducts, the other remains in non-conducting state. A
stable state is such a state where the transistor remains without being altered,
unless disturbed by some external trigger pulse. As Monostable works on
the same principle, it has another name called as One-shot Multivibrator.

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2. Capacitors
In FM transmitter circuit we have used many ceramic capacitors of values. These
capacitors are used for power decoupling, having smooth power in timing circuits etc.

3. Resistors
Resistors are passive electronic components designed to restrict the flow of electrical
current in a circuit. They are characterized by their resistance value, measured in ohms
(Ω).

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4. Astable Multivibrator

An astable multivibrator has no stable states. Once the Multivibrator is ON,

it just changes its states on its own after a certain time period which is
determined by the RC time constants. A dc power supply or Vcc is given to
the circuit for its operation.

PROBLEM DEFINITION
Here the main problem is of power supply unit, as it is very important for the
healty working of the circuit and the I.R. Sensor. And the second most problem
was of the connection of the I.C. and its output to the the input of the I.R.
Sensor. We also encountered the issue of overheating of the 555 Timer I.C.

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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
1. Power efficiency: power consumption of I.R. sensor is a significant concern in battery
operated devices.
2. Overheating: As we need to continuously give the power supply there was an issue
encountered that was overheating of I.C.
3. It is verry fragile. So we need to carry the circuit very properly and safely.
4. Connection between the 555 Timer I.C. and I.R. Sensor.

Here in this report we have represented how I.R. Blinking Sensor is prepared using the
most basic components.

DESIGN

DISCUSSION
We have used both astable and monostable multivibrator I.C. and its
specification for generating the time delay. Then we use the output of both
the I.C. as an input for the I.R. Sensor. Thus through this we have achieved
our goal.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Infrared (IR) Blinking Sensor presents a fascinating
technology with a myriad of applications across various industries. This
sensor, which operates on the principle of detecting infrared radiation

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emitted or reflected by objects, offers a unique and versatile solution for

numerous tasks.
REFERENCES
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/pulse_circuits/
pulse_circuits_monostable_multivibrator.html
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/pulse_circuits/
pulse_circuits_astable_multivibrator.html

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ANNEXURE

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Electronics and Communication Department, Dharmsinh Desai University